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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Sui Y, Meyer TJ, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Dadkhah K, Ma C, LaBranche CC, Breed MW, Kramer JA, Li J, Howe SE, Ferrari G, Williams LD, Cam M, Kelly MC, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Greten TF, Miller CJ, Berzofsky JA. Innate protection against intrarectal SIV acquisition by a live SHIV vaccine. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175800. [PMID: 38912579 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying immune correlates of protection is a major challenge in AIDS vaccine development. Anti-Envelope antibodies have been considered critical for protection against SIV/HIV (SHIV) acquisition. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of an SHIV vaccine against SIVmac251 challenge, where the role of antibody was excluded, as there was no cross-reactivity between SIV and SHIV envelope antibodies. After 8 low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIVmac251, 12 SHIV-vaccinated animals demonstrated efficacy, compared with 6 naive controls, suggesting protection was achieved in the absence of anti-envelope antibodies. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells (and some NK cells) were not essential for preventing viral acquisition, as none of the CD8-depleted macaques were infected by SIVmac251 challenges. Initial investigation of protective innate immunity revealed that protected animals had elevated pathways related to platelet aggregation/activation and reduced pathways related to interferon and responses to virus. Moreover, higher expression of platelet factor 4 on circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates was associated with reduced viral acquisition. Our data highlighted the importance of innate immunity, identified mechanisms, and may provide opportunities for novel HIV vaccines or therapeutic strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Kimia Dadkhah
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Josh A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - LaTonya D Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher J Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Vojdani A, Koksoy S, Vojdani E, Engelman M, Benzvi C, Lerner A. Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells: Complementary Partners against Microorganisms and Cancer. Microorganisms 2024; 12:230. [PMID: 38276215 PMCID: PMC10818828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis. In this review, we look not only at NK and CD8+ T cells but also pay particular attention to their different subpopulations, the immune defenders that include the CD56+CD16dim, CD56dimCD16+, CD57+, and CD57+CD16+ NK cells, the NKT, CD57+CD8+, and KIR+CD8+ T cells, and ILCs. We examine all these cells in relation to their role in the protection of the body against different microorganisms and cancer, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and their clinical importance. Overall, close collaboration between NK cells and CD8+ T cells may play an important role in immune function and disease pathogenesis. The knowledge of how these immune cells interact in defending the body against pathogens and cancers may help us find ways to optimize their defensive and healing capabilities with methods that can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
| | - Sadi Koksoy
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Mark Engelman
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
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Razizadeh MH, Zafarani A, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Khorramdelazad H, Minaeian S, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37749597 PMCID: PMC10519079 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms to suppress viral infections. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to utilize different ways to evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance the response by regulating the cytokine release pattern and changing the proportion of activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations can release these nano-sized vesicles, and it was shown that these vesicles produce identical outcomes to the originating cell from which they are released. In recent years, the role of NK cell-derived exosomes in various diseases including viral infections has been highlighted, drawing attention to utilizing the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. In this article, the role of NK cells in various viral infections and the mechanisms used by viruses to evade these important immune system cells are initially examined. Subsequently, the role of NK cell exosomes in controlling various viral infections is discussed. Finally, the current position of these cells in the treatment of viral infections and the therapeutic potential of their exosomes are reviewed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Karagiannis TT, Dowrey TW, Villacorta-Martin C, Montano M, Reed E, Belkina AC, Andersen SL, Perls TT, Monti S, Murphy GJ, Sebastiani P. Multi-modal profiling of peripheral blood cells across the human lifespan reveals distinct immune cell signatures of aging and longevity. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104514. [PMID: 37005201 PMCID: PMC10114155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in immune cell composition and functionality are associated with multimorbidity and mortality. However, many centenarians delay the onset of aging-related disease suggesting the presence of elite immunity that remains highly functional at extreme old age. METHODS To identify immune-specific patterns of aging and extreme human longevity, we analyzed novel single cell profiles from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a random sample of 7 centenarians (mean age 106) and publicly available single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets that included an additional 7 centenarians as well as 52 people at younger ages (20-89 years). FINDINGS The analysis confirmed known shifts in the ratio of lymphocytes to myeloid cells, and noncytotoxic to cytotoxic cell distributions with aging, but also identified significant shifts from CD4+ T cell to B cell populations in centenarians suggesting a history of exposure to natural and environmental immunogens. We validated several of these findings using flow cytometry analysis of the same samples. Our transcriptional analysis identified cell type signatures specific to exceptional longevity that included genes with age-related changes (e.g., increased expression of STK17A, a gene known to be involved in DNA damage response) as well as genes expressed uniquely in centenarians' PBMCs (e.g., S100A4, part of the S100 protein family studied in age-related disease and connected to longevity and metabolic regulation). INTERPRETATION Collectively, these data suggest that centenarians harbor unique, highly functional immune systems that have successfully adapted to a history of insults allowing for the achievement of exceptional longevity. FUNDING TK, SM, PS, GM, SA, TP are supported by NIH-NIAUH2AG064704 and U19AG023122. MM and PS are supported by NIHNIA Pepper center: P30 AG031679-10. This project is supported by the Flow Cytometry Core Facility at BUSM. FCCF is funded by the NIH Instrumentation grant: S10 OD021587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Karagiannis
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Todd W Dowrey
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monty Montano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Pepper Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Reed
- Data Intensive Study Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George J Murphy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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Natural Killer Cells Regulate Acute SIV Replication, Dissemination, and Inflammation, but Do Not Impact Independent Transmission Events. J Virol 2023; 97:e0151922. [PMID: 36511699 PMCID: PMC9888193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system possessing both cytotoxic and immunoregulatory capabilities, which contribute to their crucial role in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. However, despite significant evidence for NK cell modulation of HIV disease, their specific contribution to transmission and control of acute infection remains less clear. To elucidate the contribution of NK cells during acute SIV infection, we performed an acute necropsy study, where rhesus macaques (RM) were subjected to preinfection depletion of systemic NK cells using established methods of IL-15 neutralization, followed by subsequent challenge with barcoded SIVmac239X. Our study showed that depletion was highly effective, resulting in near total ablation of all NK cell subsets in blood, liver, oral, and rectal mucosae, and lymph nodes (LN) that persisted through the duration of the study. Meanwhile, frequencies and phenotypes of T cells remained virtually unchanged, indicating that our method of NK cell depletion had minimal off-target effects. Importantly, NK cell-depleted RM demonstrated an early and sustained 1 to 2 log increase in viremia over controls, but sequence analysis suggested no difference in the number of independent transmission events. Acute bulk, central memory (CM), and CCR5+ CD4+ T cell depletion was similar between experimental and control groups, while CD8+ T cell activation was higher in NK cell-depleted RM as measured by Ki67 and PD-1 expression. Using 27-plex Luminex analyses, we also found modestly increased inflammatory cytokines in NK cell-depleted RM compared to control animals. In the effort to determine the impact of NK cells on HIV/SIV transmission and acute viremia, future studies will be necessary to better harness these cells for future viral therapies. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are important modulators of lentivirus dissemination and disease but may not have the capacity to independently eliminate individual transmission events. IMPORTANCE Natural killer (NK) cells as major effector cells of the innate immune system can contribute significantly to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) control. However, a specific role for NK cells in blocking lentivirus transmission remains incompletely clear. In this study, we depleted NK cells prior to challenge with a barcoded SIV. Importantly, our studied showed systemic NK cell depletion was associated with a significant increase in acute viremia, but did not impact the number of independent transmission events. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are critical modulators of early lentivirus replication but may not regulate individual transmission events at mucosal portals of entry.
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Pace M, Ogbe A, Hurst J, Robinson N, Meyerowitz J, Olejniczak N, Thornhill JP, Jones M, Waters A, Lwanga J, Kuldanek K, Hall R, Zacharopoulou P, Martin GE, Brown H, Nwokolo N, Peppa D, Fox J, Fidler S, Frater J. Impact of antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection on natural killer cell function and the association with viral rebound and HIV DNA following treatment interruption. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878743. [PMID: 36110857 PMCID: PMC9468877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a key role in controlling HIV replication, with potential downstream impact on the size of the HIV reservoir and likelihood of viral rebound after antiretroviral therapy (ART) cessation. It is therefore important to understand how primary HIV infection (PHI) disrupts NK cell function, and how these functions are restored by early ART. We examined the impact of commencing ART during PHI on phenotypic and functional NK cell markers at treatment initiation (baseline), 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years in seven well-characterised participants in comparison to HIV seronegative volunteers. We then examined how those NK cell properties differentially impacted by ART related to time to viral rebound and HIV DNA levels in 44 individuals from the SPARTAC trial who stopped ART after 48 weeks treatment, started during PHI. NK cell markers that were significantly different between the seven people with HIV (PWH) treated for 2 years and HIV uninfected individuals included NKG2C levels in CD56dim NK cells, Tim-3 expression in CD56bright NK cells, IFN-γ expressed by CD56dim NK cells after IL-12/IL-18 stimulation and the fraction of Eomes-/T-bet+ in CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells. When exploring time to viral rebound after stopping ART among the 44 SPARTAC participants, no single NK phenotypic marker correlated with control. Higher levels of IL-12/IL-18 mediated NK cell degranulation at baseline were associated with longer times to viral rebound after treatment interruption (P=0.028). Additionally, we found higher fractions of CD56dim NK cells in individuals with lower levels of HIV DNA (P=0.048). NKG2A and NKp30 levels in CD56neg NK cells were higher in patients with lower HIV DNA levels (p=0.00174, r=-0.49 and p=0.03, r= -0.327, respectively) while CD27 levels were higher in those with higher levels of HIV DNA (p=0.026). These data show NK cell functions are heterogeneously impacted by HIV infection with a mixed picture of resolution on ART, and that while NK cells may affect HIV DNA levels and time to viral rebound, no single NK cell marker defined delayed viral rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Etcembly Ltd, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Thornhill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anele Waters
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne Lwanga
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen Kuldanek
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hall
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Genevieve E. Martin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Department of HIV/GUM, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Choudhary MC, Cyktor JC, Riddler SA. Advances in HIV-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor cells to target the HIV-1 reservoir. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100073. [PMID: 35784676 PMCID: PMC9241028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 has dramatically improved outcomes for people living with HIV-1 but requires life-long adherence and can be associated with short and long-term toxicity. Numerous pre-clinical and clinical investigations are underway to develop therapies for immune control of HIV-1 in the absence of ART. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy for hematological malignancy has renewed efforts to develop and investigate CAR cells as strategies to enhance HIV-1 immunity, enable virus control or elimination, and allow ART-free HIV-1 remission. Here, we review the improvements in anti-HIV-1 CAR cell therapy in the two decades since their initial clinical trials were conducted, describe the additional engineering required to protect CAR cells from HIV-1 infection, and preview the current landscape of CAR cell therapies advancing to HIV-1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu C. Choudhary
- Corresponding author. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 510, 3601 5Th Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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10
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Astaneh M, Rezazadeh H, Hossein-Nataj H, Shekarriz R, Zaboli E, Shabani M, Asgarian-Omran H. Tim-3 and PD-1 blocking cannot restore the functional properties of natural killer cells in early clinical stages of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An in vitro study. J Cancer Res Ther 2022; 18:704-711. [PMID: 35900543 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_52_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) are two major immune checkpoint receptors expressed on immune cells and their expression is related to the exhaustion phenotype. In the present in vitro study, blocking of PD-1 and Tim-3 molecules was performed on isolated natural killer (NK) cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to restore their functional properties. Materials and Methods NK cells fraction was positively isolated from fresh peripheral blood of 18 CLL patients, treated with anti-PD-1 and anti-Tim-3 blocking monoclonal antibodies and co-cultured with K562 target cells to evaluate their apoptosis induction by Annexin V-PI method. Blocked NK cells were also incubated with anti-CD107a antibody to assess their degranulation properties by flow cytometry. The level of secreted tumor node factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by NK cells was also measured by ELISA. Results Our results showed similar functional properties in terms of degranulation and apoptosis of K562 target cells by isolated NK cells from CLL patients in PD-1/Tim-3 blocked and control groups. It was also shown that blocking of PD-1 and Tim-3 could not improve the production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines by isolated NK cells from CLL patients. Conclusion Altogether, our results indicated that pretreatment of NK cells with anti-PD-1 and anti-Tim-3 blocking antibodies in CLL patients at early clinical stages cannot improve their functional properties. Besides many other malignancies, the application of checkpoint inhibitors in CLL needs more investigations and complementary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Astaneh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Rezazadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Hossein-Nataj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ramin Shekarriz
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zaboli
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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12
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate immune responses to viral infections. Here, we review recent insights into the role of NK cells in viral infections, with particular emphasis on human studies. We first discuss NK cells in the context of acute viral infections, with flavivirus and influenza virus infections as examples. Questions related to activation of NK cells, homing to infected tissues and the role of tissue-resident NK cells in acute viral infections are also addressed. Next, we discuss NK cells in the context of chronic viral infections with hepatitis C virus and HIV-1. Also covered is the role of adaptive-like NK cell expansions as well as the appearance of CD56- NK cells in the course of chronic infection. Specific emphasis is then placed in viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies affecting NK cells. Not least, studies in this area have revealed an important role for NK cells in controlling several herpesvirus infections. Finally, we address new data with respect to the activation of NK cells and NK cell function in humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) giving rise to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Rascle P, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Planchais C, Lazzerini M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M. NK-B cell cross talk induces CXCR5 expression on natural killer cells. iScience 2021; 24:103109. [PMID: 34622162 PMCID: PMC8479784 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles (BCFs) in lymph nodes (LNs) are generally exempt of CD8+ T and NK cells. African green monkeys (AGMs), a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), display NK cell-mediated viral control in BCF. NK cell migration into BCF in chronically SIVagm-infected AGM is associated with CXCR5+ NK cells. We aimed to identify the mechanism leading to CXCR5 expression on NK cells. We show that CXCR5+ NK cells in LN were induced following SIVagm infection. CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated preferentially in BCF with proliferating B cells. Autologous NK-B cell co-cultures in transwell chambers induced CXCR5+ NK cells. Transcriptome analysis of CXCR5+ NK cells revealed expression of bcl6 and IL6R. IL-6 induced CXCR5 on AGM and human NK cells. IL6 mRNA was detected in LN at higher levels during SIVagm than SIVmac infection and often produced by plasma cells. Our study reveals a mechanism of B cell-dependent NK cell regulation. IL-6 can induce CXCR5 on NK cells CXCR5+ NK cells expressed high levels of bcl6 and IL6R More IL-6+ plasmablast/plasma cells in lymph nodes in SIVagm than SIVmac infection B cells participate in the regulation of NK cell migration into BCF
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lazzerini
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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14
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:921-931. [PMID: 34668588 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0821-412rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are well-known for their antiviral functions. Also, their role in HIV has been well established, with rapid responses elicited during early HIV infection. Most immune cells including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, Mϕs, and dendritic cells are readily infected by HIV. Recent evidence from multiple studies has suggested that similar to these cells, in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells also undergo functional exhaustion with impaired cytotoxicity, altered cytokine production, and impaired ADCC. NK-based immunotherapy aims to successfully restore, boost, and modify their activity as has been already demonstrated in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The utilization of NK cell-based strategies for the eradication of HIV from the body provides many advantages over classical ART. The literature search consisted of manually selecting the most relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Some of the treatments currently under consideration are CAR-NK cell therapy, facilitating ADCC, TLR agonists, bNAbs, and BiKEs/TriKEs, blocking inhibitory NK receptors during infection, IL-15 and IL-15 superagonists (eg: ALT-803), and so on. This review aims to discuss the NK cell-based therapies currently under experimentation against HIV infection and finally highlight the challenges associated with NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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15
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Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Stürzel CM, Baquero E, Harper JL, Passaes C, Legendre R, Varet H, Madec Y, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Nattermann J, Saez-Cirion A, Le Grand R, Keith Reeves R, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. SIV-induced terminally differentiated adaptive NK cells in lymph nodes associated with enhanced MHC-E restricted activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1282. [PMID: 33627642 PMCID: PMC7904927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical understudied role during HIV infection in tissues. In a natural host of SIV, the African green monkey (AGM), NK cells mediate a strong control of SIVagm infection in secondary lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that SIVagm infection induces the expansion of terminally differentiated NKG2alow NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs displaying an adaptive transcriptional profile and increased MHC-E-restricted cytotoxicity in response to SIV Env peptides while expressing little IFN-γ. Such NK cell differentiation was lacking in SIVmac-infected macaques. Adaptive NK cells displayed no increased NKG2C expression. This study reveals a previously unknown profile of NK cell adaptation to a viral infection, thus accelerating strategies toward NK-cell directed therapies and viral control in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Eduard Baquero
- grid.462718.eInstitut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Justin L. Harper
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Caroline Passaes
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535 Institut Pasteur; Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- grid.452463.2Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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16
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Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Palgen JL, Stahl-Hennig C, Le Grand R, Beignon AS, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Non-human Primate Determinants of Natural Killer Cells in Tissues at Steady-State and During Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2134. [PMID: 33013901 PMCID: PMC7511519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play essential roles in immunity to viruses and tumors. Their function is genetically determined but also modulated by environmental factors. The distribution and functional regulation of these cells vary depending on the tissue. NK cell behavior in lymphoid tissues is so far understudied. Non-human primate (NHP) models are essential for the development of therapies and vaccines against human diseases, and access to NHP tissues allows insights into spatial regulations of NK cells. Here, we investigated tissue-specific parameters of NK cells from NHP species, i.e., cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), African green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and baboon (Papio anubis). By comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis of NK cells from secondary lymphoid organs, intestinal mucosa, liver, and blood, we identified tissue- and species-specific patterns of NK cell frequencies, phenotypes, and potential activity. Also, we defined the tissue-specific characteristics of NK cells during infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus. Altogether, our results provide a comprehensive anatomic analysis of NK cells in different tissues of primates at steady-state and during a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Louis Palgen
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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17
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Aid M, Ram DR, Bosinger SE, Barouch DH, Reeves RK. Delineation and Modulation of the Natural Killer Cell Transcriptome in Rhesus Macaques During ZIKV and SIV Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:194. [PMID: 32411625 PMCID: PMC7201019 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial regulators of antiviral and anti-tumor immune responses. Although in humans some NK cell transcriptional programs are relatively well-established, NK cell transcriptional networks in non-human primates (NHP) remain poorly delineated. Here we performed RNA-Seq experiments using purified NK cells from experimentally naïve rhesus macaques, providing the first transcriptional characterization of pure NK cells in any NHP species. This novel NK cell transcriptomic signature (NK RMtsig) overlaps with published human NK signatures, allowing us to identify new key signaling and transcription factor networks underlying NK cell function. Finally, we show that applying NK RMtsig to an unrelated rhesus macaque cohort infected with SIVmac251 or ZIKV can sensitively detect NK cell repertoire perturbations, thus confirming applicability of this approach. In sum, we propose this NHP NK cell signature will serve as a useful resource for future studies involving infection, disease or treatment modalities in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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18
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Utay NS, Vigil KJ, Somasunderam A, Aulicino PC, Smulevitz B, Chiadika S, Wolf DS, Kimata JT, Arduino RC. Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Determines Rectal Natural Killer Cell Populations. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:314-323. [PMID: 31838858 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), innate and adaptive immunologic damage persists in the periphery and gut. T memory stem cells (Tscm) and natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal for host defense. Tscm are memory cells capable of antigen response and self-renewal, and circulating and gut NK cell populations may facilitate HIV control. The impact of early ART on circulating and gut Tscm and NK cells is unknown. We enrolled participants who initiated ART during acute versus chronic HIV-1 infection versus no ART in chronic infection. We performed flow cytometry to identify NK and Tscm cells in the blood and rectum and polymerase chain reaction to quantify the HIV-1 reservoir in both sites. We used the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman correlation coefficients for analysis. Participants who started ART in acute infection had lower rectal CD56brightCD16dim cell frequencies than participants who started ART in chronic HIV-1 infection and lower CD56bright and CD56brightCD16- cell frequencies than participants with chronic infection without ART. Higher circulating NK cell, CD56-CD16bright, CD56dim, and CD56dimCD16bright frequencies correlated with higher HIV-1 DNA levels in rectal CD4+ T cells, whereas higher circulating CD4+ T cell counts correlated with higher rectal NK, CD56brightCD16dim, and CD56dimCD16bright frequencies. Peripheral CD56brightCD16- cells were inversely associated with rectal CD56-CD16bright cells. Rectal CD8+ Tscm frequencies were higher in participants without ART than participants with chronic infection on ART. Timing of ART initiation determines rectal NK cell populations, and ART may influence rectal Tscm populations. Whether the gut reservoir contributes to NK cell activation requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya S. Utay
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen J. Vigil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anoma Somasunderam
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paula C. Aulicino
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus, Hospital de Pediatría “Juan P. Garrahan”-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beverly Smulevitz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Simbo Chiadika
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto C. Arduino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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19
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Shah SV, Manickam C, Ram DR, Kroll K, Itell H, Permar SR, Barouch DH, Klatt NR, Reeves RK. CMV Primes Functional Alternative Signaling in Adaptive Δg NK Cells but Is Subverted by Lentivirus Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2766-2774.e3. [PMID: 30517864 PMCID: PMC6372106 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite burgeoning evidence demonstrating the adaptive properties of natural killer (NK) cells, mechanistic data explaining these phenomena are lacking. Following antibody sensitization, NK cells lacking the Fc receptor (FcR) signaling chain (Δg) acquire adaptive features, including robust proliferation, multi-functionality, rapid killing, and mobilization to sites of virus exposure. Using the rhesus macaque model, we demonstrate the systemic distribution of Δg NK cells expressing memory features, including downregulated Helios and Eomes. Furthermore, we find that Δg NK cells abandon typical γ-chain/Syk in lieu of CD3ζ-Zap70 signaling. FCγRIIIa (CD16) density, mucosal homing, and function are all coupled to this alternate signaling, which in itself requires priming by rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV). Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections further expand gut-homing adaptive NK cells but result in pathogenic suppression of CD3ζ-Zap70 signaling and function. Herein, we provide a mechanism of virus-dependent alternative signaling that may explain the acquisition of adaptive features by primate NK cells and could be targeted for future vaccine or curative therapies. Gamma-chain-deficient adaptive NK cells are robust mediators of antiviral immunity via ADCC. Shah et al. demonstrate using macaque models that acquisition of these features requires previous priming with CMV infection and involves alternative signaling via CD3zeta but is actively suppressed by lentivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandan V Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Leite Pereira A, Tchitchek N, Lambotte O, Le Grand R, Cosma A. Characterization of Leukocytes From HIV-ART Patients Using Combined Cytometric Profiles of 72 Cell Markers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1777. [PMID: 31447833 PMCID: PMC6691046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Mass cytometry is a technique used to measure the intensity levels of proteins expressed by cells, at a single cell resolution. This technique is essential to characterize the phenotypes and functions of immune cell populations, but is currently limited to the measurement of 40 cell markers that restricts the characterization of complex diseases. However, algorithms and multi-tube cytometry techniques have been designed for combining phenotypic information obtained from different cytometric panels. The characterization of chronic HIV infection represents a good study case for multi-tube mass cytometry as this disease triggers a complex interactions network of more than 70 cell markers. Method: We collected whole blood from non-viremic HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapies and healthy donors. Leukocytes from each individual were stained using three different mass cytometry panels, which consisted of 35, 32, and 33 cell markers. For each patient and using the CytoBackBone algorithm, we combined phenotypic information from three different antibody panels into a single cytometric profile, reaching a phenotypic resolution of 72 markers. These high-resolution cytometric profiles were analyzed using SPADE and viSNE algorithms to decipher the immune response to HIV. Results: We detected an upregulation of several proteins in HIV-infected patients relative to healthy donors using our profiling of 72 cell markers. Among them, CD11a and CD11b were upregulated in PMNs, monocytes, mDCs, NK cells, and T cells. CD11b was also upregulated on pDCs. Other upregulated proteins included: CD38 on PMNs, monocytes, NK cells, basophils, B cells, and T cells; CD83 on monocytes, mDCs, B cells, and T cells; and TLR2, CD32, and CD64 on PMNs and monocytes. These results were validated using a mass cytometry panel of 25 cells markers. Impacts: We demonstrate here that multi-tube cytometry can be applied to mass cytometry for exploring, at an unprecedented level of details, cell populations impacted by complex diseases. We showed that the monocyte and PMN populations were strongly affected by the HIV infection, as CD11a, CD11b, CD32, CD38, CD64, CD83, CD86, and TLR2 were upregulated in these populations. Overall, these results demonstrate that HIV induced a specific environment that similarly affected multiple immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leite Pereira
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,APHP, Service de Médecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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21
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Wu J, Gao FX, Wang C, Qin M, Han F, Xu T, Hu Z, Long Y, He XM, Deng X, Ren DL, Dai TY. IL-6 and IL-8 secreted by tumour cells impair the function of NK cells via the STAT3 pathway in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:321. [PMID: 31324197 PMCID: PMC6642486 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Recurrence and metastasis are the leading causes of tumour-related death in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Tumour-infiltrating natural killer cells (NK cells) display powerful cytotoxicity to tumour cells and play a pivotal role in tumour therapy. However, the phenotype and functional regulation of NK cells in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains largely unknown. Methods Single cell suspensions from blood and tissue samples were isolated by physical dissociation and filtering through a 70 μm cell strainer. Flow cytometry was applied to profile the activity and function of NK cells, and an antibody chip experiment was used to identify and quantitate cytokine levels. We studied IL-6 and IL-8 function in primary oesophageal squamous carcinoma and NK cell co-cultures in vitro and by a xenograft tumour model in vivo. Western blotting was used to quantitate STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and p-STAT3 levels. Finally, we performed an IHC array to analyse IL-6/IL-8 (interleukin 6/interleukin 8) expression in 103 pairs of tumours and matched adjacent tissues of patients with ESCC to elucidate the correlation between IL-6 or IL-8 and clinical characteristics. Results The percentages of NK cells in both peripheral blood and tumour tissues from patients with ESCC were significantly increased in comparison with those in the controls and correlated with the clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the decrease in activating receptors and increase in inhibitory receptors on the surface of tumour-infiltrating NK cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. The level of granzyme B, the effector molecule of tumour-infiltrating NK cells, was also decreased. Mechanistically, primary ESCC cells activated the STAT3 signalling pathway on NK cells through IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, leading to the downregulation of activating receptors (NKp30 and NKG2D) on the surface of NK cells. An ex vivo study showed that blockade of STAT3 attenuated the IL-6/IL-8-mediated impairment of NK cell function. Moreover, the expression of IL-6 or IL-8 in tumour tissues was validated by immunohistochemistry to be positively correlated with tumour progression and poor survival, respectively. Conclusions Tumour cell-secreted IL-6 and IL-8 impair the activity and function of NK cells via STAT3 signalling and contribute to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma malignancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1310-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng-Xia Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Qin
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Long
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Mei He
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - De-Lian Ren
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tian-Yang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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22
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Ram DR, Manickam C, Lucar O, Shah S, Reeves RK. Adaptive NK cell responses in HIV/SIV infections: A roadmap to cell-based therapeutics? J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1253-1259. [PMID: 30730588 PMCID: PMC6536345 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a critical role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Although current NK cell immune therapies have focused primarily on cancer biology, many of these advances can be readily applied to target HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells. Promising developments include recent reports that CAR NK cells are capable of targeted responses while producing less off-target and toxic side effects than are associated with CAR T cell therapies. Further, CAR NK cells derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells or cell lines may allow for more rapid "off-the-shelf" access. Other work investigating the IL-15 superagonist ALT-803 (now N803) may also provide a recourse for enhancing NK cell responses in the context of the immunosuppressive and inflammatory environment of chronic HIV/SIV infections, leading to enhanced control of viremia. With a broader acceptance of research supporting adaptive functions in NK cells it is likely that novel immunotherapeutics and vaccine modalities will aim to generate virus-specific memory NK cells. In doing so, better targeted NK cell responses against virus-infected cells may usher in a new era of NK cell-tuned immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Spandan Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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23
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Queiroz GAN, Mascarenhas REM, Vieillard V, Andrade RL, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR. Functional capacity of natural killer cells in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:433. [PMID: 31101076 PMCID: PMC6525417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and provide surveillance against viruses and cancers. The ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected cells depends on the balance between the effects of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic profile and the functional capacity of NK cells in the context of HTLV-1 infection. Methods This cross-sectional study sequentially recruited HTLV-1 infected individuals with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and asymptomatic HTLV-1 (AS) from the Integrated and Multidisciplinary HTLV Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples from healthy blood donors served as controls. NK cell surface receptors (NKG2D, KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3, NKp30, NKG2A, NKp46, TIM-3 and PD-1), intracellular cytolytic (Granzyme B, perforin) and functional markers (CD107a for degranulation, IFN-γ) were assayed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of standard K562 target cells. In addition, cytotoxicity assays were performed in the presence or absence of anti-NKp30. Results The frequency of NKp30+ NK cells was significantly decreased in HAM/TSP patients [58%, Interquartile Range (IQR) 30–61] compared to controls (73%, IQR 54–79, p = 0.04). The production of cytolytic (perforin, granzyme B) and functional markers (CD107a and IFN-γ) was higher in unstimulated NK cells from HAM/TSP and AS patients compared to controls. By contrast, stimulation with K562 target cells did not alter the frequency of CD107a+ NK cells in HAM/TSP subjects compared to the other groups. Blockage of the NKp30 receptor was shown to decrease cytotoxic activity (CD107a) and IFN-γ expression only in asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals. Conclusions NK cells from individuals with a diagnosis of HAM/TSP present decreased expression of the activating receptor NKp30, in addition to elevated degranulation activity that remained unaffected after blocking the NKp30 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andrade Nonato Queiroz
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Elizabeth Moreira Mascarenhas
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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24
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Flórez-Álvarez L, Hernandez JC, Zapata W. NK Cells in HIV-1 Infection: From Basic Science to Vaccine Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2290. [PMID: 30386329 PMCID: PMC6199347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a key role in immune response against HIV infection. These cells can destroy infected cells and contribute to adequate and strong adaptive immune responses, by acting on dendritic, T, B, and even epithelial cells. Increased NK cell activity reflected by higher cytotoxic capacity, IFN-γ and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) production, has been associated with resistance to HIV infection and delayed AIDS progression, demonstrating the importance of these cells in the antiviral response. Recently, a subpopulation of NK cells with adaptive characteristics has been described and associated with lower HIV viremia and control of infection. These evidences, together with some degree of protection shown in vaccine trials based on boosting NK cell activity, suggest that these cells can be a feasible option for new treatment and vaccination strategies to overcome limitations that, classical vaccination approaches, might have for this virus. This review is focus on the NK cells role during the immune response against HIV, including all the effector mechanisms associated to these cells; in addition, changes including phenotypic, functional and frequency modifications during HIV infection will be pointed, highlighting opportunities to vaccine development based in NK cells effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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25
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Sestak K, Dufour JP, Liu DX, Rout N, Alvarez X, Blanchard J, Faldas A, Laine DJ, Clarke AW, Doyle AG. Beneficial Effects of Human Anti-Interleukin-15 Antibody in Gluten-Sensitive Rhesus Macaques with Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1603. [PMID: 30050538 PMCID: PMC6050360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of interleukin-15 (IL-15) is linked with immunopathology of several autoimmune disorders including celiac disease. Here, we utilized an anti-human IL-15 antibody 04H04 (anti-IL-15) to reverse immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Anti-IL-15 was administered to six gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques with celiac disease characteristics including gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), and the following celiac-related metrics were evaluated: morphology (villous height/crypt depth ratio) of small intestine, counts of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, plasma levels of anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase IgG antibodies, as well as peripheral effector memory (CD3+CD28-CD95+) T cells. Anti-IL-15 treatment reversed the clinically relevant disease endpoints, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, and villous height/crypt depth ratios within jejunal biopsies to normal levels (P < 0.001). Additionally, intestinal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production was reduced (P < 0.05). Extra-intestinally, anti-IL-15 treatment reduced peripheral NK cell counts (P < 0.001), but otherwise, non-NK peripheral lymphocytes including effector memory T cells and serum blood chemistry were unaffected. Overall, providing the beneficial disease-modulatory and immunomodulatory effects observed, anti-IL-15 treatment might be considered as a novel therapy to normalize intestinal lymphocyte function in celiac disease patients with GSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- PreCliniTria LLC, Mandeville, LA, United States
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - David X. Liu
- Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Anne Faldas
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Laine
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam W. Clarke
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Doyle
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Porichis F, Hart MG, Massa A, Everett HL, Morou A, Richard J, Brassard N, Veillette M, Hassan M, Ly NL, Routy JP, Freeman GJ, Dubé M, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Immune Checkpoint Blockade Restores HIV-Specific CD4 T Cell Help for NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:971-981. [PMID: 29934472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is an important feature of chronic infections, such as HIV, and a barrier to effective immunity against cancer. This dysfunction is in part controlled by inhibitory immune checkpoints. Blockade of the PD-1 or IL-10 pathways can reinvigorate HIV-specific CD4 T cell function in vitro, as measured by cytokine secretion and proliferative responses upon Ag stimulation. However, whether this restoration of HIV-specific CD4 T cells can improve help to other cell subsets impaired in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we examine a cohort of chronically infected subjects prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and individuals with suppressed viral load on ART. We show that IFN-γ induction in NK cells upon PBMC stimulation by HIV Ag varies inversely with viremia and depends on HIV-specific CD4 T cell help. We demonstrate in both untreated and ART-suppressed individuals that dual PD-1 and IL-10 blockade enhances cytokine secretion of NK cells via restored HIV-specific CD4 T cell function, that soluble factors contribute to these immunotherapeutic effects, and that they depend on IL-2 and IL-12 signaling. Importantly, we show that inhibition of the PD-1 and IL-10 pathways also increases NK degranulation and killing of target cells. This study demonstrates a previously underappreciated relationship between CD4 T cell impairment and NK cell exhaustion in HIV infection, provides a proof of principle that reversal of adaptive immunity exhaustion can improve the innate immune response, and suggests that immune checkpoint modulation that improves CD4/NK cell cooperation can be used as adjuvant therapy in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Meghan G Hart
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alexandra Massa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Holly L Everett
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Antigoni Morou
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Muska Hassan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ngoc Le Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; .,Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037
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27
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Ram DR, Manickam C, Hueber B, Itell HL, Permar SR, Varner V, Reeves RK. Tracking KLRC2 (NKG2C)+ memory-like NK cells in SIV+ and rhCMV+ rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007104. [PMID: 29851983 PMCID: PMC5997355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells classically typify the nonspecific effector arm of the innate immune system, but have recently been shown to possess memory-like properties against multiple viral infections, most notably CMV. Expression of the activating receptor NKG2C is elevated on human NK cells in response to infection with CMV as well as HIV, and may delineate cells with memory and memory-like functions. A better understanding of how NKG2C+ NK cells specifically respond to these pathogens could be significantly advanced using nonhuman primate (NHP) models but, to date, it has not been possible to distinguish NKG2C from its inhibitory counterpart, NKG2A, in NHP because of unfaithful antibody cross-reactivity. Using novel RNA-based flow cytometry, we identify for the first time true memory NKG2C+ NK cells in NHP by gene expression (KLRC2), and show that these cells have elevated frequencies and diversify their functional repertoire specifically in response to rhCMV and SIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Brady Hueber
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hannah L. Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- * E-mail:
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28
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Contribution of NK Cell Education to both Direct and Anti-HIV-1 Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions. J Virol 2018. [PMID: 29514913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02146-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody Fc-dependent functions are linked to prevention and control of HIV-1 infection. Basic NK cell biology is likely key to understanding the contributions that anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent NK cell activation and cytolysis make to HIV-1 susceptibility and disease progression. The importance of NK cell education through inhibitory receptors specific for self-HLA-I in determining the potency of anti-HIV-1 antibody-mediated NK cell activation and cytolysis is controversial. To address this issue more definitively, we utilized HLA-I genotyping, flow cytometry staining panels, and cytolysis assays to assess the functionality of educated and noneducated peripheral blood NK cells. We now demonstrate that educated NK cells are superior in terms of their capacity to become activated and/or mediate cytolysis following anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent stimulation. The profiles of activation observed were similar to those observed upon direct stimulation of NK cells with target cells devoid of HLA-I. Noneducated NK cells make significantly lower contributions to total NK cell activation than would be expected from their frequency within the total NK cell population (i.e., they are hypofunctional), and educated NK cells make contributions similar to or higher than their frequency in the total NK cell population. Finally, NK cells educated through at least one killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and NKG2A exhibited the most significant difference between actual and expected contributions to the total NK cell response, based on their frequency within the total NK cell population, suggesting that summation of NK cell education through inhibitory receptors determines overall NK cell functionality. These observations have potential implications for understanding HIV-1 vaccine efficacy and disease progression.IMPORTANCE NK cells are major mediators of anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent functions, including cytokine production and cytolysis. The mechanisms controlling the capacity of individual NK cells to mediate antibody-dependent functions remain poorly defined. We now show that NK cell education determines the capacity of NK cells to exhibit anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent activation and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These observations suggest that the process of NK cell education could be of importance for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis and designing immune-based prophylactics or therapeutics.
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29
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Huot N, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Reeves RK, Müller-Trutwin M. Lymph Node Cellular and Viral Dynamics in Natural Hosts and Impact for HIV Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29725327 PMCID: PMC5916971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) efficiently control HIV replication leading to undetectable viremia and drastic increases in lifespan of people living with HIV. However, cART does not cure HIV infection as virus persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, from which the virus generally rebounds soon after cART cessation. One major anatomical reservoir are lymph node (LN) follicles, where HIV persists through replication in follicular helper T cells and is also trapped by follicular dendritic cells. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, generally do not progress to disease although displaying persistently high viremia. Strikingly, these hosts mount a strong control of viral replication in LN follicles shortly after peak viremia that lasts throughout infection. Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts. We furthermore detail the differences that exist between non-pathogenic SIV infection in natural hosts and pathogenic HIV/SIV infection in humans and macaques regarding virus target cells and replication dynamics in LNs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in the strong control of viral replication in natural host's LNs, such as NK cell-mediated control, that will be reviewed here, together with lessons and limitations of in vivo cell depletion studies that have been performed in natural hosts. Finally, we discuss the impact that these insights on viral dynamics and host responses in LNs of natural hosts have for the development of strategies toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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Zheng M, Sun H, Tian Z. Natural killer cells in liver diseases. Front Med 2018; 12:269-279. [PMID: 29675689 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver has been characterized as a frontline lymphoid organ with complex immunological features such as liver immunity and liver tolerance. Liver tolerance plays an important role in liver diseases including acute inflammation, chronic infection, autoimmune disease, and tumors. The liver contains a large proportion of natural killer (NK) cells, which exhibit heterogeneity in phenotypic and functional characteristics. NK cell activation, well known for its role in the immune surveillance against tumor and pathogen-infected cells, depends on the balance between numerous activating and inhibitory signals. In addition to the innate direct "killer" functions, NK cell activity contributes to regulate innate and adaptive immunity (helper or regulator). Under the setting of liver diseases, NK cells are of great importance for stimulating or inhibiting immune responses, leading to either immune activation or immune tolerance. Here, we focus on the relationship between NK cell biology, such as their phenotypic features and functional diversity, and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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Nabatanzi R, Cose S, Joloba M, Jones SR, Nakanjako D. Effects of HIV infection and ART on phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, natural killer, and innate lymphoid cells. AIDS Res Ther 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29544508 PMCID: PMC5853105 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-018-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection causes upregulation of markers of inflammation, immune activation and apoptosis of host adaptive, and innate immune cells particularly monocytes, natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) restores CD4 T-cell counts, the persistent aberrant activation of monocytes, NK and ILCs observed likely contributes to the incomplete recovery of T-cell effector functions. A better understanding of the effects of HIV infection and ART on the phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, NK, and ILCs is required to guide development of novel therapeutic interventions to optimize immune recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Nabatanzi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Bronnimann MP, Skinner PJ, Connick E. The B-Cell Follicle in HIV Infection: Barrier to a Cure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29422894 PMCID: PMC5788973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of HIV replication occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Within SLOs, HIV RNA+ cells are concentrated in the B-cell follicle during chronic untreated infection, and emerging data suggest that they are a major source of replication in treated disease as well. The concentration of HIV RNA+ cells in the B-cell follicle is mediated by several factors. Follicular CD4+ T-cell subsets including T-follicular helper cells and T-follicular regulatory cells are significantly more permissive to HIV than extrafollicular subsets. The B cell follicle also contains a large reservoir of extracellular HIV virions, which accumulate on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in germinal centers. FDC-bound HIV virions remain infectious even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies and can persist for months or even years. Moreover, the B-cell follicle is semi-immune privileged from CTL control. Frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CTL are lower in B-cell follicles compared to extrafollicular regions as the majority of CTL do not express the follicular homing receptor CXCR5. Additionally, CTL in the B-cell follicle may be less functional than extrafollicular CTL as many exhibit the recently described CD8 T follicular regulatory phenotype. Other factors may also contribute to the follicular concentration of HIV RNA+ cells. Notably, the contribution of NK cells and γδ T cells to control and/or persistence of HIV RNA+ cells in secondary lymphoid tissue remains poorly characterized. As HIV research moves increasingly toward the development of cure strategies, a greater understanding of the barriers to control of HIV infection in B-cell follicles is critical. Although no strategy has as of yet proven to be effective, a range of novel therapies to address these barriers are currently being investigated including genetically engineered CTL or chimeric antigen receptor T cells that express the follicular homing molecule CXCR5, treatment with IL-15 or an IL-15 superagonist, use of bispecific antibodies to harness the killing power of the follicular CD8+ T cell population, and disruption of the follicle through treatments such as rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Bronnimann
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Natural killer cells migrate into and control simian immunodeficiency virus replication in lymph node follicles in African green monkeys. Nat Med 2017; 23:1277-1286. [PMID: 29035370 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in antiviral immunity, but knowledge of their function in secondary lymphoid organs is incomplete. Lymph node follicles constitute a major viral reservoir during infections with HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac). In contrast, during nonpathogenic infection with SIV from African green monkeys (SIVagm), follicles remain generally virus free. We show that NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs from chronically SIVagm-infected African green monkeys (AGMs) were frequently CXCR5+ and entered and persisted in lymph node follicles throughout the follow-up (240 d post-infection). These follicles were strongly positive for IL-15, which was primarily presented in its membrane-bound form by follicular dendritic cells. NK cell depletion through treatment with anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody during chronic SIVagm infection resulted in high viral replication rates in follicles and the T cell zone and increased viral DNA in lymph nodes. Our data suggest that, in nonpathogenic SIV infection, NK cells migrate into follicles and play a major role in viral reservoir control in lymph nodes.
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Ries M, Reynolds MR, Bashkueva K, Crosno K, Capuano S, Prall TM, Wiseman R, O’Connor DH, Rakasz EG, Uno H, Lifson JD, Evans DT. KIR3DL01 upregulation on gut natural killer cells in response to SIV infection of KIR- and MHC class I-defined rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006506. [PMID: 28708886 PMCID: PMC5529027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells provide an important early defense against viral pathogens and are regulated in part by interactions between highly polymorphic killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells and their MHC class I ligands on target cells. We previously identified MHC class I ligands for two rhesus macaque KIRs: KIR3DL01 recognizes Mamu-Bw4 molecules and KIR3DL05 recognizes Mamu-A1*002. To determine how these interactions influence NK cell responses, we infected KIR3DL01+ and KIR3DL05+ macaques with and without defined ligands for these receptors with SIVmac239, and monitored NK cell responses in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. NK cell responses in blood were broadly stimulated, as indicated by rapid increases in the CD16+ population during acute infection and sustained increases in the CD16+ and CD16-CD56- populations during chronic infection. Markers of proliferation (Ki-67), activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and antiviral activity (CD107a & TNFα) were also widely expressed, but began to diverge during chronic infection, as reflected by sustained CD107a and TNFα upregulation by KIR3DL01+, but not by KIR3DL05+ NK cells. Significant increases in the frequency of KIR3DL01+ (but not KIR3DL05+) NK cells were also observed in tissues, particularly in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, where this receptor was preferentially upregulated on CD56+ and CD16-CD56- subsets. These results reveal broad NK cell activation and dynamic changes in the phenotypic properties of NK cells in response to SIV infection, including the enrichment of KIR3DL01+ NK cells in tissues that support high levels of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Ries
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ksenia Bashkueva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trent M. Prall
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Roger Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hajime Uno
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Luo Z, Li Z, Martin L, Hu Z, Wu H, Wan Z, Kilby M, Heath SL, Huang L, Jiang W. Increased Natural Killer Cell Activation in HIV-Infected Immunologic Non-Responders Correlates with CD4+ T Cell Recovery after Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167640. [PMID: 28076376 PMCID: PMC5226712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cell function in HIV disease especially in the setting of long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral suppression is not fully understood. In the current study, we have investigated NK cell activation in healthy controls and aviremic ART-treated HIV+ subjects with different degrees of immune restoration. We performed a cross sectional study in 12 healthy controls and 24 aviremic ART-treated HIV-infected subjects including 13 HIV+ subjects with CD4+ T cells above 500 cells/μL defined as "immunologic responders" and 11 HIV+ subjects with CD4+ T cells below 350 cells/μL defined as "immunologic non-responders". We analyzed NK cell number, subset, and activation by expression of CD107a and NKG2D and co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against uninfected CD4+ T cells was tested in vitro. We found that NK cell absolute number, percentage of NK cells, and percentage of NK cell subsets were similar in the three study groups. The increased NK cell activation was found predominantly in CD56dimCD16+ subset of immunologic non-responders but not immunologic responders compared to healthy controls. The activation of NK cells was inversely correlated with the peripheral CD4+ T cell count in HIV+ subjects, even after controlling for chronic T cell activation, sex, and age, potential contributors for CD4+ T cell counts in HIV disease. Interestingly, NK cells from immunologic non-responders mediated cytotoxicity against uninfected CD4+ T cells ex vivo. NK cells may play a role in blunted CD4+ T cell recovery in ART-treated HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Xitoutiao, You’an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Lisa Martin
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Xitoutiao, You’an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Michael Kilby
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Lei Huang
- The 302 Hospital of PLA, Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LH)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LH)
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral immunity. In the setting of HIV infection, epidemiologic and functional evidence support a role for NK cells in both protection from new infection and in viral control. Specifically, NK cells directly mediate immune pressure leading to virus evolution, and NK cell receptor genotypic profiles, clonal repertoires, and functional capacity have all been implicated in virus containment. In addition, indirect NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity has been linked to vaccine-induced protective immunity against HIV infection. With recent advances in our understanding of NK cell deficiency, development, memory-like responses, and editing of the adaptive immune system, the opportunities to direct and exploit NK cell antiviral immunity to target HIV have exponentially grown. In this review, we seek to highlight the intersections between discoveries in basic NK cell biology and the challenges of HIV chronic infection, vaccine development, and cure/eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Scully
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- />Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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37
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Ying O, Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M. Evaluation of Functional NK Cell Responses in Vaccinated and SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2016; 7:340. [PMID: 27630641 PMCID: PMC5005425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are crucial components of the innate immune system due to their capacity to exert rapid cytotoxic and immunomodulatory function in the absence of prior sensitization. NK cells can become activated by exposure to target cells and/or by cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we examined the effects of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimen and subsequent SIV infection on the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory functions of circulatory NK cells. While vaccination did not significantly impact the capacity of NK cells to kill MHC-devoid 721.221 target cells, SIV-infection led to a significant decrease in target cell killing. NK cells from uninfected macaques were responsive to a low dose (5 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation, leading to significant increases in their cytotoxic potential, however, NK cells from SIV-infected macaques required a higher dose (50 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation in order to significantly increase their cytotoxic potential. By contrast, no differences were observed in the capacity of NK cells from vaccinated and SIV-infected macaques to respond to IL-12 and IL-18. Similarly, NK cells both before and after infection exhibited equivalent responses to Fc-mediated activation. Collectively, our results show that early SIV-infection impairs the natural cytotoxic capacity of circulatory NK cells without affecting Fc-mediated or cytokine-producing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Olivia Ying
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Huot N, Rascle P, Garcia-Tellez T, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Innate immune cell responses in non pathogenic versus pathogenic SIV infections. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:37-44. [PMID: 27447445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1/SIVmac infections deeply disturb innate host responses. Most studies have focused on the impact on dendritic cells and NK cells. A few but insufficient data are available on other innate immune cell types, such as neutrophils. It has been shown that innate lymphoid cells are depleted early and irreversibly during SIVmac/HIV-1 infections. Studies in natural hosts of SIV have contributed to pinpoint that early control of inflammation is crucial. In natural hosts, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, myeloid dendritic cells and NK cells are depleted during acute infection but return to normal levels by the end of acute infection. We summarize here the similarities and differences of various types of innate immune responses in natural hosts compared to pathogenic HIV/SIV mac infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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Modulation of innate immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1261-8. [PMID: 27344341 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A recent report from the Center for Disease Control identified melanoma as being among the highest causes of cancer-related mortalities in the USA. While interventions such as checkpoint blockade have made substantial impact in terms of improving response rates and overall survival, a significant number of patients fail to respond to treatment or become resistant to therapy. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment in these patients becomes imperative for identifying immune suppressive mechanisms that impact the development of effective anti-tumor immune responses. We have investigated innate immune cells (dendritic cells, NK cells) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in order to devise effective targeted anticancer immune therapies. We find that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), secreted from melanoma cells and stromal cells, cleaves IFNAR1 and stimulates TLR-2 on dendritic cells (DC) within the TME. Both these events independently culminate in programing the DCs to promote pro-tumorigenic TH2 T cell differentiation. In addition, we have shown that NK cells become functionally exhausted in melanoma patients. We identified the expression of Tim-3 as one of the factors responsible for NK cell exhaustion and showed that anti-Tim3 antibodies partially reversed this exhaustion. We have initiated local intervention strategies such as intra-tumoral administration of DC activating Poly-ICLC and compared the efficacy of different TLR agonists and melanoma antigens for use as combination tumor vaccine in clinical trials. Such approaches will provide a unique insight into tumor biology and will facilitate in development of highly effective and cell type-specific immune therapies.
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40
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Schafer JL, Müller-Trutwin MC, Reeves RK. NK cell exhaustion: bad news for chronic disease? Oncotarget 2016; 6:21797-8. [PMID: 26392410 PMCID: PMC4673125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Schafer
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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Hodara VL, Parodi LM, Keckler MS, Giavedoni LD. Increases in NKG2C Expression on T Cells and Higher Levels of Circulating CD8 + B Cells Are Associated with Sterilizing Immunity Provided by a Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1125-1134. [PMID: 26986800 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are highly effective immunogens in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque animal model and offer the possibility of studying correlates of protection against infection with virulent virus. We utilized a tether system for studying, in naive macaques and animals vaccinated with a live-attenuated vaccine, the acute events after challenge with pathogenic SIV. This approach allowed for the frequent sampling of small blood volumes without sedation or restraining of the animals, thus reducing the confounding effect of sampling stress. Before challenge, vaccinated animals presented significantly higher levels of proliferating and activated B cells than naive macaques, which were manifested by high expression of CD8 on B cells. After SIV challenge, the only changes observed in protected vaccinated macaques were significant increases in expression of the NK marker NKG2C on CD4 and CD8 T cells. We also identified that infection of naive macaques with SIV resulted in a transient peak of expression of CD20 on CD8 T cells and a constant rise in the number of B cells expressing CD8. Finally, analysis of a larger cohort of vaccinated animals identified that, even when circulating levels of vaccine virus are below the limit of detection, live attenuated vaccines induce systemic increases of IP-10 and perforin. These studies indicate that components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of animals inoculated with a live-attenuated SIV vaccine respond to and control infection with virulent virus. Persistence of the vaccine virus in tissues may explain the elevated cytokine and B-cell activation levels. In addition, our report underpins the utility of the tether system for the intensive study of acute immune responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida L. Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laura M. Parodi
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - M. Shannon Keckler
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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Evans TI, Li H, Schafer JL, Klatt NR, Hao XP, Traslavina RP, Estes JD, Brenchley JM, Reeves RK. SIV-induced Translocation of Bacterial Products in the Liver Mobilizes Myeloid Dendritic and Natural Killer Cells Associated With Liver Damage. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:361-9. [PMID: 26238685 PMCID: PMC4704667 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the mucosal epithelium during lentivirus infections permits translocation of microbial products into circulation, causing immune activation and driving disease. Although the liver directly filters blood from the intestine and is the first line of defense against gut-derived antigens, the effects of microbial products on the liver are unclear. In livers of normal macaques, minute levels of bacterial products were detectable, but increased 20-fold in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals. Increased microbial products in the liver induced production of the chemoattractant CXCL16 by myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), causing subsequent recruitment of hypercytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells expressing the CXCL16 receptor, CXCR6. Microbial accumulation, mDC activation, and cytotoxic NK cell frequencies were significantly correlated with markers of liver damage, and SIV-infected animals consistently had evidence of hepatitis and fibrosis. Collectively, these data indicate that SIV-associated accumulation of microbial products in the liver initiates a cascade of innate immune activation, resulting in liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan I. Evans
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough
| | - Haiying Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamie L. Schafer
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xing-Pei Hao
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory
| | - Ryan P. Traslavina
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nabatov AA, Raginov IS. The DC-SIGN-CD56 interaction inhibits the anti-dendritic cell cytotoxicity of CD56 expressing cells. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:49. [PMID: 26692894 PMCID: PMC4676137 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to clarify interactions of the pattern-recognition receptor DC-SIGN with cells from the HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Methods Cells from control and HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures were tested for the surface expression of DC-SIGN ligands. The DC-SIGN ligand expressing cells were analyzed for the role of DC-SIGN-ligand interaction in their functionality. Results In the vast majority of experiments HIV-infected lymphocytes did not express detectable DC-SIGN ligands on their cell surfaces. In contrast, non-infected cells, carrying NK-specific marker CD56, expressed cell surface DC-SIGN ligands. The weakly polysialylated CD56 was identified as a novel DC-SIGN ligand. The treatment of DC-SIGN expressing dendritic cells with anti-DC-SIGN antibodies increased the anti-dendritic cell cytotoxicity of CD56pos cells. The treatment of CD56pos cells with a peptide, blocking the weakly polysialylated CD56-specifc trans-homophilic interactions, inhibited their anti-dendritic cells cytotoxicity. Conclusions The interaction between DC-SIGN and CD56 inhibits homotypic intercellular interactions of CD56pos cells and protects DC-SIGN expressing dendritic cells against CD56pos cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This finding can have an impact on the development of approaches to HIV infection and cancer therapy as well as in transplantation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Nabatov
- Science Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 33, Universiade Village, Kazan, 420138 Russia ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan S Raginov
- Republican Clinical Hospital, 138 Orenburgsky tract, Kazan, 420064 RUSSIA ; Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, 18 Kremlyovskaya ul., Kazan, 423000 RUSSIA
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Waggoner SN, Reighard SD, Gyurova IE, Cranert SA, Mahl SE, Karmele EP, McNally JP, Moran MT, Brooks TR, Yaqoob F, Rydyznski CE. Roles of natural killer cells in antiviral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 16:15-23. [PMID: 26590692 PMCID: PMC4821726 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NK cells can kill virus-infected cells and protect against severe infections. Long-lived memory NK cells may develop after vaccination or infection. NK cells are potent regulatory of antiviral T and B cell responses. The role of NK cells in human infection is complex and context-dependent.
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in immune defense against virus infections. This is predominantly considered a function of rapid, innate NK-cell killing of virus-infected cells. However, NK cells also prime other immune cells through the release of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and other cytokines. Additionally, NK cells share features with long-lived adaptive immune cells and can impact disease pathogenesis through the inhibition of adaptive immune responses by virus-specific T and B cells. The relative contributions of these diverse and conflicting functions of NK cells in humans are poorly defined and likely context-dependent, thereby complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Here we focus on the contributions of NK cells to disease in diverse virus infections germane to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Seth D Reighard
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stacey A Cranert
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarah E Mahl
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Erik P Karmele
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P McNally
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael T Moran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Taylor R Brooks
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Fazeela Yaqoob
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Carolyn E Rydyznski
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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