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Cao X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Jiang M. The Role of Tripartite Motif Family Proteins in Chronic Liver Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1038. [PMID: 39199424 PMCID: PMC11352684 DOI: 10.3390/biom14081038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide impact of liver diseases is increasing steadily, with a consistent upswing evidenced in incidence and mortality rates. Chronic liver diseases (CLDs) refer to the liver function's progressive deterioration exceeding six months, which includes abnormal clotting factors, detoxification failure, and hepatic cholestasis. The most common etiologies of CLDs are mainly composed of chronic viral hepatitis, MAFLD/MASH, alcoholic liver disease, and genetic factors, which induce inflammation and harm to the liver, ultimately resulting in cirrhosis, the irreversible final stage of CLDs. The latest research has shown that tripartite motif family proteins (TRIMs) function as E3 ligases, which participate in the progression of CLDs by regulating gene and protein expression levels through post-translational modification. In this review, our objective is to clarify the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of TRIMs in CLDs and provide insights for therapy guidelines and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Cao
- The Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Yinni Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230002, China;
| | - Meixiu Jiang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, China;
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Cheng Y, Wang R, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang A, Wu Z, Sun F, Zhu S. Advancements in Research on Duck Tembusu Virus Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:811. [PMID: 38793692 PMCID: PMC11126125 DOI: 10.3390/v16050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV) is a pathogen of the Flaviviridae family that causes infections in poultry, leading to significant economic losses in the duck farming industry in recent years. Ducks infected with this virus exhibit clinical symptoms such as decreased egg production and neurological disorders, along with serious consequences such as ovarian hemorrhage, organ enlargement, and necrosis. Variations in morbidity and mortality rates exist across different age groups of ducks. It is worth noting that DTMUV is not limited to ducks alone; it can also spread to other poultry such as chickens and geese, and antibodies related to DTMUV have even been found in duck farm workers, suggesting a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. This article provides a detailed overview of DTMUV research, delving into its genomic characteristics, vaccines, and the interplay with host immune responses. These in-depth research findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's transmission mechanism and pathogenic process, offering crucial scientific support for epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Ruoheng Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Jinying Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Anping Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Zhi Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
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3
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Fiacre L, Lowenski S, Bahuon C, Dumarest M, Lambrecht B, Dridi M, Albina E, Richardson J, Zientara S, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Pardigon N, Gonzalez G, Lecollinet S. Evaluation of NS4A, NS4B, NS5 and 3'UTR Genetic Determinants of WNV Lineage 1 Virulence in Birds and Mammals. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051094. [PMID: 37243180 DOI: 10.3390/v15051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is amplified in an enzootic cycle involving birds as amplifying hosts. Because they do not develop high levels of viremia, humans and horses are considered to be dead-end hosts. Mosquitoes, especially from the Culex genus, are vectors responsible for transmission between hosts. Consequently, understanding WNV epidemiology and infection requires comparative and integrated analyses in bird, mammalian, and insect hosts. So far, markers of WNV virulence have mainly been determined in mammalian model organisms (essentially mice), while data in avian models are still missing. WNV Israel 1998 (IS98) is a highly virulent strain that is closely genetically related to the strain introduced into North America in 1999, NY99 (genomic sequence homology > 99%). The latter probably entered the continent at New York City, generating the most impactful WNV outbreak ever documented in wild birds, horses, and humans. In contrast, the WNV Italy 2008 strain (IT08) induced only limited mortality in birds and mammals in Europe during the summer of 2008. To test whether genetic polymorphism between IS98 and IT08 could account for differences in disease spread and burden, we generated chimeric viruses between IS98 and IT08, focusing on the 3' end of the genome (NS4A, NS4B, NS5, and 3'UTR regions) where most of the non-synonymous mutations were detected. In vitro and in vivo comparative analyses of parental and chimeric viruses demonstrated a role for NS4A/NS4B/5'NS5 in the decreased virulence of IT08 in SPF chickens, possibly due to the NS4B-E249D mutation. Additionally, significant differences between the highly virulent strain IS98 and the other three viruses were observed in mice, implying the existence of additional molecular determinants of virulence in mammals, such as the amino acid changes NS5-V258A, NS5-N280K, NS5-A372V, and NS5-R422K. As previously shown, our work also suggests that genetic determinants of WNV virulence can be host-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Bahuon
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Maha Dridi
- SCIENSANO, Avian Virology and Immunology, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Miguel-Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Adam A, Lee C, Wang T. Rational Development of Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccines. Pathogens 2023; 12:194. [PMID: 36839466 PMCID: PMC9963317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has caused outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and, more recently, in the Americas. ZIKV has been associated with the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome in fetuses and infants, including microcephaly, spontaneous abortion, and intrauterine growth restriction. It is considered to be a major threat to global public health due to its unprecedented clinical impact on humans. Currently, there are no specific prophylactics or therapeutics available to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. The development of a safe and efficacious ZIKV vaccine remains a global health priority. Since the recent outbreak, multiple platforms have been used in the development of candidate ZIKV vaccines. The candidate vaccines have been shown to elicit strong T cell and neutralization antibody responses and protect against ZIKV infection in animal models. Some candidates have progressed successfully to clinical trials. Live-attenuated vaccines, which induce rapid and durable protective immunity, are one of the most important strategies for controlling flavivirus diseases. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development of candidate live-attenuated ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christy Lee
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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5
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Bialosuknia SM, Dupuis II AP, Zink SD, Koetzner CA, Maffei JG, Owen JC, Landwerlen H, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Adaptive evolution of West Nile virus facilitated increased transmissibility and prevalence in New York State. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:988-999. [PMID: 35317702 PMCID: PMC8982463 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2056521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) was introduced to New York State (NYS) in 1999 and rapidly expanded its range through the continental United States (US). Apart from the displacement of the introductory NY99 genotype with the WN02 genotype, there has been little evidence of adaptive evolution of WNV in the US. WNV NY10, characterized by shared amino acid substitutions R1331K and I2513M, emerged in 2010 coincident with increased WNV cases in humans and prevalence in mosquitoes. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in frequency of NY10 strains in NYS and evidence of positive selection. Here, we present updated surveillance and sequencing data for WNV in NYS and investigate if NY10 genotype strains are associated with phenotypic change consistent with an adaptive advantage. Results confirm a significant increase in prevalence in mosquitoes though 2018, and updated sequencing demonstrates a continued dominance of NY10. We evaluated NY10 strains in Culex pipiens mosquitoes to assess vector competence and found that the NY10 genotype is associated with both increased infectivity and transmissibility. Experimental infection of American robins (Turdus migratorius) was additionally completed to assess viremia kinetics of NY10 relative to WN02. Modelling the increased infectivity and transmissibility of the NY10 strains together with strain-specific viremia demonstrates a mechanistic basis for selection that has likely contributed to the increased prevalence of WNV in NYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Bialosuknia
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alan P. Dupuis II
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Steven D. Zink
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Cheri A. Koetzner
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Joseph G. Maffei
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hannah Landwerlen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA
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6
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Alam MM, Mavian C, Okech BA, White SK, Stephenson CJ, Elbadry MA, Blohm GM, Loeb JC, Louis R, Saleem C, Madsen Beau de Rochars VE, Salemi M, Lednicky JA, Morris JG. Analysis of Zika Virus Sequence Data Associated with a School Cohort in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:873-880. [PMID: 36096408 PMCID: PMC9651511 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infections occurred in epidemic form in the Americas in 2014-2016, with some of the earliest isolates in the region coming from Haiti. We isolated ZIKV from 20 children with acute undifferentiated febrile illness who were part of a cohort of children seen at a school clinic in the Gressier region of Haiti. The virus was also isolated from three pools of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected at the same location. On phylogenetic analysis, three distinct ZIKV clades were identified. Strains from all three clades were present in Haiti in 2014, making them among the earliest isolates identified in the Western Hemisphere. Strains from all three clades were also isolated in 2016, indicative of their persistence across the time period of the epidemic. Mosquito isolates were collected in 2016 and included representatives from two of the three clades; in one instance, ZIKV was isolated from a pool of male mosquitoes, suggestive of vertical transmission of the virus. The identification of multiple ZIKV clades in Haiti at the beginning of the epidemic suggests that Haiti served as a nidus for transmission within the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahbubul Alam
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bernard A. Okech
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah K. White
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caroline J. Stephenson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maha A. Elbadry
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gabriela M. Blohm
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julia C. Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rigan Louis
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- State University of Haiti Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Cyrus Saleem
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Valery E. Madsen Beau de Rochars
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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INMI1 Zika Virus NS4B Antagonizes the Interferon Signaling by Suppressing STAT1 Phosphorylation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122448. [PMID: 34960717 PMCID: PMC8705506 DOI: 10.3390/v13122448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evasion of the Interferon response has important implications in Zika virus (ZIKV) disease. Mutations in ZIKV viral protein NS4B, associated with modulation of the interferon (IFN) system, have been linked to increased pathogenicity in animal models. In this study, we unravel ZIKV NS4B as antagonist of the IFN signaling cascade. Firstly, we reported the genomic characterization of NS4B isolated from a strain of the 2016 outbreak, ZIKV Brazil/2016/INMI1, and we predicted its membrane topology. Secondly, we analyzed its phylogenetic correlation with other flaviviruses, finding a high similarity with dengue virus 2 (DEN2) strains; in particular, the highest conservation was found when NS4B was aligned with the IFN inhibitory domain of DEN2 NS4B. Hence, we asked whether ZIKV NS4B was also able to inhibit the IFN signaling cascade, as reported for DEN2 NS4B. Our results showed that ZIKV NS4B was able to strongly inhibit the IFN stimulated response element and the IFN-γ-activated site transcription, blocking IFN-I/-II responses. mRNA expression levels of the IFN stimulated genes ISG15 and OAS1 were also strongly reduced in presence of NS4B. We found that the viral protein was acting by suppressing the STAT1 phosphorylation and consequently blocking the nuclear transport of both STAT1 and STAT2.
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Zhang W, Zeng M, Jiang B, Lu T, Guo J, Hu T, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Ou X, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Cheng A, Chen S. Amelioration of Beta Interferon Inhibition by NS4B Contributes to Attenuating Tembusu Virus Virulence in Ducks. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671471. [PMID: 34079553 PMCID: PMC8165282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that duck Tembusu virus nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is a major inhibitor of the IFNβ signaling pathway through competitively binding to STING with TBK1, leading to a reduction in TBK1 phosphorylation. Duck TMUV NS2B3 could cleave and bind STING to subvert the IFNβ signaling pathway. Here, we found that overexpression of duck TMUV NS4B could compete with TBK1 in binding to STING, reducing TBK1 phosphorylation and inhibiting the IFNβ signaling pathway by using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System and the NanoBiT protein-protein interaction (PPI) assay. We further identified the E2, M3, G4, W5, K10 and D34 residues in NS4B that were important for its interaction with STING and its inhibition of IFNβ induction, which were subsequently introduced into a duck TMUV replicon and an infectious cDNA clone. We found that the NS4B M3A mutant enhanced RNA replication and exhibited significantly higher titer levels than WT at 48-72 hpi but significantly decreased mortality (80%) in duck embryos compared to WT (100%); the NS4B G4A and R36A mutants slightly reduced RNA replication but exhibited the same titer levels as WT. However, the NS4B R36A mutant did not attenuate the virulence in duck embryos, whereas the G4A mutant significantly decreased the mortality (70%) of duck embryos. In addition, the NS4B W5A mutant did not affect viral replication, whereas the D34A mutant slightly reduced RNA replication, and both mutants exhibited significantly lower titer levels than the WT and significantly decreased mortality (90% and 70%, respectively) in duck embryos. Hence, our findings provide new insight into the development of attenuated flaviviruses by targeting the disabling viral strategies used to evade the innate defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
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9
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Adam A, Fontes-Garfias CR, Sarathy VV, Liu Y, Luo H, Davis E, Li W, Muruato AE, Wang B, Ahatov R, Mahmoud Y, Shan C, Osman SR, Widen SG, Barrett ADT, Shi PY, Wang T. A genetically stable Zika virus vaccine candidate protects mice against virus infection and vertical transmission. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:27. [PMID: 33597526 PMCID: PMC7889622 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have been effective in the control of flavivirus infections, to date they have been excluded from Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine trials due to safety concerns. We have previously reported two ZIKV mutants, each of which has a single substitution in either envelope (E) glycosylation or nonstructural (NS) 4B P36 and displays a modest reduction in mouse neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness, respectively. Here, we generated a ZIKV mutant, ZE4B-36, which combines mutations in both E glycosylation and NS4B P36. The ZE4B-36 mutant is stable and attenuated in viral replication. Next-generation sequence analysis showed that the attenuating mutations in the E and NS4B proteins are retained during serial cell culture passages. The mutant exhibits a significant reduction in neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence and low infectivity in mosquitoes. It induces robust ZIKV-specific memory B cell, antibody, and T cell-mediated immune responses in type I interferon receptor (IFNR) deficient mice. ZIKV-specific T cell immunity remains strong months post-vaccination in wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Vaccination with ZE4B-36 protects mice from ZIKV-induced diseases and vertical transmission. Our results suggest that combination mutations in E glycosylation and NS4B P36 contribute to a candidate LAV with significantly increased safety but retain strong immunogenicity for prevention and control of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Camila R Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Renat Ahatov
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yoseph Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha R Osman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Fiacre L, Pagès N, Albina E, Richardson J, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239117. [PMID: 33266206 PMCID: PMC7731113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-43967376
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
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12
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Guo M, Hui L, Nie Y, Tefsen B, Wu Y. ZIKV viral proteins and their roles in virus-host interactions. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:709-719. [PMID: 33068285 PMCID: PMC7568452 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. Until today, many related studies have successively reported the role of various viral proteins of ZIKV in the process of ZIKV infection and pathogenicity. These studies have provided significant insights for the treatment and prevention of ZIKV infection. Here we review the current research advances in the functional characterization of the interactions between each ZIKV viral protein and its host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moujian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lixia Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yiwen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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13
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Martin MF, Nisole S. West Nile Virus Restriction in Mosquito and Human Cells: A Virus under Confinement. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E256. [PMID: 32485916 PMCID: PMC7350012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds. However, WNV has a broad host range and can be transmitted from mosquitoes to several mammalian species, including humans, through infected saliva during a blood meal. Although WNV infections are mostly asymptomatic, 20% to 30% of cases are symptomatic and can occasionally lead to severe symptoms, including fatal meningitis or encephalitis. Over the past decades, WNV-carrying mosquitoes have become increasingly widespread across new regions, including North America and Europe, which constitutes a public health concern. Nevertheless, mosquito and human innate immune defenses can detect WNV infection and induce the expression of antiviral effectors, so-called viral restriction factors, to control viral propagation. Conversely, WNV has developed countermeasures to escape these host defenses, thus establishing a constant arms race between the virus and its hosts. Our review intends to cover most of the current knowledge on viral restriction factors as well as WNV evasion strategies in mosquito and human cells in order to bring an updated overview on WNV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling Team, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France;
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14
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Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein NS5 Dysregulates HSP90 to Broadly Inhibit JAK/STAT Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040899. [PMID: 32272626 PMCID: PMC7226784 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic flaviviruses antagonize host cell Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling downstream of interferons α/β. Here, we show that flaviviruses inhibit JAK/STAT signaling induced by a wide range of cytokines beyond interferon, including interleukins. This broad inhibition was mapped to viral nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) binding to cellular heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), resulting in reduced Janus kinase-HSP90 interaction and thus destabilization of unchaperoned JAKs (and other kinase clients) of HSP90 during infection by Zika virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Our studies implicate viral dysregulation of HSP90 and the JAK/STAT pathway as a critical determinant of cytokine signaling control during flavivirus infection.
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15
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Kaufusi PH, Tseng AC, Kelley JF, Nerurkar VR. Selective Reactivity of Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS4B Antibody Towards Different Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E212. [PMID: 32075019 PMCID: PMC7077296 DOI: 10.3390/v12020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating West Nile virus (WNV) NS4B protein function are hindered by the lack of an antibody recognizing WNV NS4B protein. Few laboratories have produced WNV NS4B antibodies, and none have been shown to work consistently. In this report, we describe a NS4B antibody against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS4B protein that cross-reacts with the NS4B protein of WNV but not of dengue virus (DENV). This JEV NS4B antibody not only recognizes WNV NS4B in infected cells, but also recognizes the NS4B protein expressed using transfection. It is evident from this data that the JEV NS4B antibody is specific to NS4B of WNV but not to NS4B of the four DENV serotypes. The specificity of this antibody may be due to the notable differences that exist between the amino acid sequence identity and antigenic relationships within the NS4B protein of the WNV, DENV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakieli H. Kaufusi
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.C.T.); (J.F.K.)
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alanna C. Tseng
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.C.T.); (J.F.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - James F. Kelley
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.C.T.); (J.F.K.)
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- World Health Organization of the Western Pacific Region, Malaria, Other Vector-borne and Parasitic Diseases Unit, United Nations Ave, Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Vivek R. Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.C.T.); (J.F.K.)
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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16
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Tan G, Yi Z, Song H, Xu F, Li F, Aliyari R, Zhang H, Du P, Ding Y, Niu J, Wang X, Su L, Qin FXF, Cheng G. Type-I-IFN-Stimulated Gene TRIM5γ Inhibits HBV Replication by Promoting HBx Degradation. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3551-3563.e3. [PMID: 31825835 PMCID: PMC6996557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms that mediate the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) effect of interferon (IFN) therapy, we conduct high-throughput bimolecular fluorescence complementation screening to identify potential physical interactions between the HBx protein and 145 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Seven HBx-interacting ISGs have consistent and significant inhibitory effects on HBV replication, among which TRIM5γ suppresses HBV replication by promoting K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of the HBx protein on the K95 ubiquitin site. The B-Box domain of TRIM5γ under overexpression conditions is sufficient to trigger HBx degradation and is responsible both for interacting with HBx and recruiting TRIM31, which is an ubiquitin ligase that triggers HBx ubiquitination. High expression levels of TRIM5γ in IFN-α-treated HBV patients might indicate a better therapeutic effect. Thus, our studies identify a crucial role for TRIM5γ and TRIM31 in promoting HBx degradation, which may facilitate the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with IFN-resistant HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun Tan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Zhaohong Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roghiyh Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Peishuang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Li G, Adam A, Luo H, Shan C, Cao Z, Fontes-Garfias CR, Sarathy VV, Teleki C, Winkelmann ER, Liang Y, Sun J, Bourne N, Barrett ADT, Shi PY, Wang T. An attenuated Zika virus NS4B protein mutant is a potent inducer of antiviral immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:48. [PMID: 31815005 PMCID: PMC6883050 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are one of the most important strategies to control flavivirus diseases. The flavivirus nonstructural (NS) 4B proteins are a critical component of both the virus replication complex and evasion of host innate immunity. Here we have used site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the highly conserved N-terminal and central hydrophobic regions of Zika virus (ZIKV) NS4B protein to identify candidate attenuating mutations. Three single-site mutants were generated, of which the NS4B-C100S mutant was more attenuated than the other two mutants (NS4B-C100A and NS4B-P36A) in two immunocompromised mouse models of fatal ZIKV disease. The ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant triggered stronger type 1 interferons and interleukin-6 production, and higher ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, but induced similar titers of neutralization antibodies compared with the parent wild-type ZIKV strain and a previously reported candidate ZIKV LAV with a 10-nucleotide deletion in 3'-UTR (ZIKV-3'UTR-Δ10). Vaccination with ZIKV NS4B-C100S protected mice from subsequent WT ZIKV challenge. Furthermore, either passive immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S immune sera or active immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S followed by the depletion of T cells affords full protection from lethal WT ZIKV challenge. In summary, our results suggest that the ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant may serve as a candidate ZIKV LAV due to its attenuated phenotype and high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Camila R. Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Vanessa V. Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Cody Teleki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Evandro R. Winkelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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18
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Nelson BR, Roby JA, Dobyns WB, Rajagopal L, Gale M, Adams Waldorf KM. Immune Evasion Strategies Used by Zika Virus to Infect the Fetal Eye and Brain. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:22-37. [PMID: 31687902 PMCID: PMC6978768 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that caused a public health emergency in the Americas when an outbreak in Brazil became linked to congenital microcephaly. Understanding how ZIKV could evade the innate immune defenses of the mother, placenta, and fetus has become central to determining how the virus can traffic into the fetal brain. ZIKV, like other flaviviruses, evades host innate immune responses by leveraging viral proteins and other processes that occur during viral replication to allow spread to the placenta. Within the placenta, there are diverse cell types with coreceptors for ZIKV entry, creating an opportunity for the virus to establish a reservoir for replication and infect the fetus. The fetal brain is vulnerable to ZIKV, particularly during the first trimester, when it is beginning a dynamic process, to form highly complex and specialized regions orchestrated by neuroprogenitor cells. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework to understand the different routes for viral trafficking into the fetal brain and the eye, which are most likely to occur early and later in pregnancy. Based on the injury profile in human and nonhuman primates, ZIKV entry into the fetal brain likely occurs across both the blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus and the blood/brain barrier. ZIKV can also enter the eye by trafficking across the blood/retinal barrier. Ultimately, the efficient escape of innate immune defenses by ZIKV is a key factor leading to viral infection. However, the host immune response against ZIKV can lead to injury and perturbations in developmental programs that drive cellular division, migration, and brain growth. The combined effect of innate immune evasion to facilitate viral propagation and the maternal/placental/fetal immune response to control the infection will determine the extent to which ZIKV can injure the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Tan G, Xu F, Song H, Yuan Y, Xiao Q, Ma F, Qin FXF, Cheng G. Identification of TRIM14 as a Type I IFN-Stimulated Gene Controlling Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Targeting HBx. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1872. [PMID: 30150992 PMCID: PMC6100580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major cause of hepatic disease that threatens human health worldwide. Type I IFN (IFN-I) therapy is an important therapeutic option for HBV patients. The antiviral effect of IFN is mainly mediated via upregulation of the expressions of the downstream IFN-stimulated genes. However, the mechanisms by which IFN induces ISG production and inhibits HBV replication are yet to be clarified. TRIM14 was recently reported as a key molecule in the IFN-signaling pathway that regulates IFN production in response to viral infection. In this study, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which IFN restricts HBV replication. We confirmed that TRIM14 is an ISG in the hepatic cells, and that the pattern-recognition receptor ligands polyI:C and polydAdT induce TRIM14 dependent on IFN-I production. In addition, IFN-I-activated STAT1 (but not STAT3) directly bound to the TRIM14 promoter and mediated the induction of TRIM14. Interestingly, TRIM14 played an important role in IFN-I-mediated inhibition of HBV, and the TRIM14 SPRY domain interacted with the C-terminal of HBx, which might block the role of HBx in facilitating HBV replication by inhibiting the formation of the Smc-HBx–DDB1 complex. Thus, our study clearly demonstrates that TRIM14 is a STAT1-dependent ISG, and that the IFN-I–TRIM14–HBx axis shows an alternative way to understand the mechanism by which IFN-I inhibits virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun Tan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingfei Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Tan G, Song H, Xu F, Cheng G. When Hepatitis B Virus Meets Interferons. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1611. [PMID: 30072974 PMCID: PMC6058040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection imposes a severe burden on global public health. Currently, there are no curative therapies for millions of chronic HBV-infected patients (Lok et al., 2017). Interferon (IFN; including pegylated IFN) is an approved anti-HBV drug that not only exerts direct antiviral activity, but also augments immunity against HBV infection. Through a systematic review of the literature, here we summarize and present recent progress in research regarding the interactions between IFN and HBV as well as dissect the antiviral mechanisms of IFN. We focus on inhibition of HBV replication by IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as well as inhibition of IFN signaling by HBV and viral proteins. Finally, we briefly discuss current IFN-based HBV treatment strategies. This review may help to better understand the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic action of IFN as well as the crosstalk between IFN and HBV, and facilitate the development of both direct-acting and immunology-based new HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun Tan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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21
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Cedillo-Barrón L, García-Cordero J, Shrivastava G, Carrillo-Halfon S, León-Juárez M, Bustos Arriaga J, León Valenzuela P, Gutiérrez Castañeda B. The Role of Flaviviral Proteins in the Induction of Innate Immunity. Subcell Biochem 2018; 88:407-442. [PMID: 29900506 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive, single-stranded, enveloped cytoplasmic sense RNA viruses that cause a variety of important diseases worldwide. Among them, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Dengue virus have the potential to cause severe disease. Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the structure and replication strategies of flaviviruses, and current studies are aiming to unravel the complex molecular interactions between the virus and host during the very early stages of infection. The outcomes of viral infection and rapid establishment of the antiviral state, depends on viral detection by pathogen recognition receptors and rapid initiation of signalling cascades to induce an effective innate immune response. Extracellular and intracellular pathogen recognition receptors play a crucial role in detecting flavivirus infection and inducing a robust antiviral response. One of the main hallmarks of flaviviral nonstructural proteins is their multiple strategies to antagonise the interferon system. In this chapter, we summarize the molecular characteristics of flaviviral proteins and discuss how viral proteins target different components of the interferon signalling pathway by blocking phosphorylation, enhancing degradation, and downregulating the expression of major components of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. We also discuss how the interactions of viral proteins with host proteins facilitate viral pathogenesis. Due to the lack of antivirals or prophylactic treatments for many flaviviral infections, it is necessary to fully elucidate how these viruses disrupt cellular processes to influence pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico.
| | - J García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - G Shrivastava
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - S Carrillo-Halfon
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - M León-Juárez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, National Institute of Perinatology, México City, Mexico
| | - J Bustos Arriaga
- Unidad de Biomedicina. Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Pc León Valenzuela
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - B Gutiérrez Castañeda
- Immunology Department UMF Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
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22
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Weng JR, Hua CH, Chen CH, Huang SH, Wang CY, Lin YJ, Wan L, Lin CW. Anti-apoptotic activity of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 protein in human medulloblastoma cells treated with interferon-β. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:456-464. [PMID: 28559152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) non-structural protein 5 (NS5) exhibits type I interferon (IFN) antagonists, contributing to immune escape, and even inducing viral anti-apoptosis. This study investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanism of JEV NS5 protein on type I IFN-induced apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells. METHODS Vector control and NS5-expressing cells were treated with IFN-β, and then harvested for analyzing apoptotic pathways with flow cytometry, Western blotting, subcellular localization, etc. RESULTS: Annexin V-FITC/PI staining indicated that IFN-β triggered apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells, but JEV NS5 protein significantly inhibited IFN-β-induced apoptosis. Phage display technology and co-immunoprecipitation assay identified the anti-apoptotic protein Hsp70 as a NS5-interacting protein. In addition, Western blotting demonstrated that NS5 protein up-regulated the Hsp70 expression, and reduced IFN-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK2, p38 MAPK and STAT1. Hsp70 down-regulation by quercetin significantly recovered IFN-β-induced apoptosis of NS5-expressing cells, correlating with the increase in the phosphorylation of ERK2, p38 MAPK, and STAT1. Inhibiting the ATPase activity of Hsp70 by VER-155008 resulted in the elevated IFN-β-induced apoptosis in vector control and NS5-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated Hsp70 up-regulation by JEV NS5 not only involved in type I IFN antagonism, but also responded to the anti-apoptotic action of JEV NS5 protein through the blocking IFN-β-induced p38 MAPK/STAT1-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan.
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23
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Kaiser JA, Wang T, Barrett AD. Virulence determinants of West Nile virus: how can these be used for vaccine design? Future Virol 2017; 12:283-295. [PMID: 28919920 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus, has become endemic in the USA and parts of Europe since 1999. There is no licensed WNV vaccine for humans. Considering the robust immunity from immunization with live, attenuated vaccines, a live WNV vaccine is an ideal platform for disease control. Animal and mosquito studies have identified a number of candidate attenuating mutations, including the structural proteins premembrane/membrane and envelope, and the nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5, and the 3' UTR. Many of the mutations that have been examined attenuate WNV using different mechanisms, thus providing a greater understanding of WNV virulence while also identifying specific mutations as candidates to include in a WNV live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan Dt Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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24
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Vidotto A, Morais ATS, Ribeiro MR, Pacca CC, Terzian ACB, Gil LHVG, Mohana-Borges R, Gallay P, Nogueira ML. Systems Biology Reveals NS4B-Cyclophilin A Interaction: A New Target to Inhibit YFV Replication. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1542-1555. [PMID: 28317380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. YFV NS4B is reported to be involved in viral replication and immune evasion. Here interactions between NS4B and human proteins were determined using a GST pull-down assay and analyzed using 1-DE and LC-MS/MS. We present a total of 207 proteins confirmed using Scaffold 3 Software. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the positive regulation of flavivirus replication, was identified as a possible NS4B partner. 59 proteins were found to be significantly increased when compared with a negative control, and CypA exhibited the greatest difference, with a 22-fold change. Fisher's exact test was significant for 58 proteins, and the p value of CypA was the most significant (0.000000019). The Ingenuity Systems software identified 16 pathways, and this analysis indicated sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor of CypA. Immunofluorescence and viral plaque assays showed a significant reduction in YFV replication using sirolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) as inhibitors. Furthermore, YFV replication was strongly inhibited in cells treated with both inhibitors using reporter BHK-21-rep-YFV17D-LucNeoIres cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CypA-NS4B interaction regulates YFV replication. Finally, we present the first evidence that YFV inhibition may depend on NS4B-CypA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vidotto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana T S Morais
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Milene R Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Pacca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Terzian
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) - Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Philippe Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute - La Jolla , San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Mauricio L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
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25
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MAVS Is Essential for Primary CD4 + T Cell Immunity but Not for Recall T Cell Responses following an Attenuated West Nile Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02097-16. [PMID: 28077630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) agonists and the molecular mechanisms involved have been the major focus of research in individual vaccine development. West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant has several features for an ideal vaccine candidate, including significantly reduced neuroinvasiveness, induction of strong adaptive immunity, and protection of mice from wild-type (WT) WNV infection. Here, we determined the role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), the adaptor protein for RIG-I-like receptor in regulating host immunity against the NS4B-P38G vaccine. We found that Mavs-/- mice were more susceptible to NS4B-P38G priming than WT mice. Mavs-/- mice had a transiently reduced production of antiviral cytokines and an impaired CD4+ T cell response in peripheral organs. However, antibody and CD8+ T cell responses were minimally affected. NS4B-P38G induced lower type I interferon (IFN), IFN-stimulating gene, and proinflammatory cytokine responses in Mavs-/- dendritic cells and subsequently compromised the antigen-presenting capacity for CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, Mavs-/- mice surviving NS4B-P38G priming were all protected from a lethal WT WNV challenge. NS4B-P38G-primed Mavs-/- mice exhibited equivalent levels of protective CD4+ T cell recall response, a modestly reduced WNV-specific IgM production, but more robust CD8+ T cell recall response. Taken together, our results suggest that MAVS is essential for boosting optimal primary CD4+ T cell responses upon NS4B-P38G vaccination and yet is dispensable for host protection and recall T cell responses during secondary WT WNV infection.IMPORTANCE The production of innate cytokines induced by the recognition of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) via their cognate ligands are critical for enhancing antigen-presenting cell functions and influencing T cell responses during microbial infection. The use of PRR agonists and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been the major focus in individual vaccine development. Here, we determined the role of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), the adaptor protein for RIG-I like receptor in regulating host immunity against the live attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine strain, the nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant. We found that MAVS is important for boosting optimal primary CD4+ T cell response during NS4B-P38G vaccination. However, MAVS is dispensable for memory T cell development and host protection during secondary wild-type WNV infection. Overall, these results may be utilized as a paradigm to aid in the rational development of other efficacious live attenuated flavivirus vaccines.
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26
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The Many Faces of the Flavivirus NS5 Protein in Antagonism of Type I Interferon Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01970-16. [PMID: 27881649 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01970-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The vector-borne flaviviruses cause severe disease in humans on every inhabited continent on earth. Their transmission by arthropods, particularly mosquitoes, facilitates large emergence events such as witnessed with Zika virus (ZIKV) or West Nile virus in the Americas. Every vector-borne flavivirus examined thus far that causes disease in humans, from dengue virus to ZIKV, antagonizes the host type I interferon (IFN-I) response by preventing JAK-STAT signaling, suggesting that suppression of this pathway is an important determinant of infection. The most direct and potent viral inhibitor of this pathway is the nonstructural protein NS5. However, the mechanisms utilized by NS5 from different flaviviruses are often quite different, sometimes despite close evolutionary relationships between viruses. The varied mechanisms of NS5 as an IFN-I antagonist are also surprising given that the evolution of NS5 is restrained by the requirement to maintain function of two enzymatic activities critical for virus replication, the methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This review discusses the different strategies used by flavivirus NS5 to evade the antiviral effects of IFN-I and how this information can be used to better model disease and develop antiviral countermeasures.
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27
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Gack MU, Diamond MS. Innate immune escape by Dengue and West Nile viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:119-128. [PMID: 27792906 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue (DENV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses are mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease severity and pathogenesis of DENV and WNV infections in humans depend on many factors, including pre-existing immunity, strain virulence, host genetics and virus-host interactions. Among the flavivirus-host interactions, viral evasion of type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity has a critical role in modulating pathogenesis. DENV and WNV have evolved effective strategies to evade immune surveillance pathways that lead to IFN induction and to block signaling downstream of the IFN-α/β receptor. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which DENV and WNV antagonize the type I IFN response in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Wang HJ, Liu L, Li XF, Ye Q, Deng YQ, Qin ED, Qin CF. In vitro and in vivo characterization of chimeric duck Tembusu virus based on Japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain SA14-14-2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1551-1556. [PMID: 27100268 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a newly identified flavivirus, has rapidly spread to China, Malaysia and Thailand. The potential threats to public health have been well-highlighted; however its virulence and pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, by using reverse genetics, a recombinant chimeric DTMUV based on Japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain SA14-14-2 was obtained by substituting the corresponding prM and E genes (named ChinDTMUV). In vitro characterization demonstrated that ChinDTMUV replicated efficiently in mammalian cells with small-plaque phenotype in comparison with its parental viruses. Mouse tests showed ChinDTMUV exhibited avirulent phenotype in terms of neuroinvasiveness, while it retained neurovirulence from its parental virus DTMUV. Furthermore, immunization with ChinDTMUV was evidenced to elicit robust IgG and neutralizing antibody responses in mice. Overall, we successfully developed a viable chimeric DTMUV, and these results provide a useful platform for further investigation of the pathogenesis of DTMUV and development of a live attenuated DTMUV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Wang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Long Liu
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - E-De Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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Szentpáli-Gavallér K, Lim SM, Dencső L, Bányai K, Koraka P, Osterhaus ADME, Martina BEE, Bakonyi T, Bálint Á. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Mutations in the NS Region of Lineage 2 West Nile Virus Associated with Neuroinvasiveness in a Mammalian Model. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020049. [PMID: 26907325 PMCID: PMC4776204 DOI: 10.3390/v8020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) strains may differ significantly in neuroinvasiveness in vertebrate hosts. In contrast to genetic lineage 1 WNVs, molecular determinants of pathogenic lineage 2 strains have not been experimentally confirmed so far. A full-length infectious clone of a neurovirulent WNV lineage 2 strain (578/10; Central Europe) was generated and amino acid substitutions that have been shown to attenuate lineage 1 WNVs were introduced into the nonstructural proteins (NS1 (P250L), NS2A (A30P), NS3 (P249H) NS4B (P38G, C102S, E249G)). The mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of each mutant virus was examined following intraperitoneal inoculation of C57BL/6 mice. Only the NS1-P250L mutation was associated with a significant attenuation of virulence in mice compared to the wild-type. Multiplication kinetics in cell culture revealed significantly lower infectious virus titres for the NS1 mutant compared to the wild-type, as well as significantly lower amounts of positive and negative stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Lim
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - László Dencső
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Byron E E Martina
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
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Dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Compromises Innate and Adaptive T Cell Responses and Host Resistance to an Attenuated West Nile Virus Infection in Old Mice. J Virol 2015; 90:1333-44. [PMID: 26581984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02488-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms, mostly in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Recent work showed that an attenuated WNV, a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced no lethality but strong immune responses in young (6- to 10-week-old) mice. While studying protective efficacy, we found unexpectedly that old (21- to 22-month) mice were susceptible to WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection but were protected from subsequent lethal wild-type WNV challenge. Compared to responses in young mice, the NS4B-P38G mutant triggered higher inflammatory cytokine and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, a delayed γδ T cell expansion, and lower antibody and WNV-specific T cell responses in old mice. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is expressed on multiple types of cells. Impaired TLR7 signaling in old mice led to dendritic cell (DC) antigen-presenting function compromise and a reduced γδ T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion during NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848, a TLR7 agonist, decreased host vulnerability in NS4B-P38G-infected old mice by enhancing γδ T cell and Treg expansion and the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, thereby promoting T cell responses. In summary, our results suggest that dysregulation of TLR7 partially contributes to impaired innate and adaptive T cell responses and an enhanced vulnerability in old mice during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848 increases the safety and efficacy during immunization of old mice with the WNV NS4B-P38G mutant. IMPORTANCE The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms more frequently in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Here, we used an aged mouse model to investigate the protective efficacy of an attenuated WNV, the nonstructural 4B-P38G mutant, which was previously shown to induce no lethality but strong immune responses in young adult mice. Studies that contribute to a mechanistic understanding of immune defects in the elderly will allow the development of strategies to improve responses to infectious diseases and to increase vaccine efficacy and safety in aging individuals.
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Zmurko J, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Flaviviral NS4b, chameleon and jack-in-the-box roles in viral replication and pathogenesis, and a molecular target for antiviral intervention. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:205-23. [PMID: 25828437 PMCID: PMC4864441 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus and other flaviviruses such as the yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses are emerging vector-borne human pathogens that affect annually more than 100 million individuals and that may cause debilitating and potentially fatal hemorrhagic and encephalitic diseases. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs for the treatment of flavivirus-associated disease. A better understanding of the flavivirus-host interactions during the different events of the flaviviral life cycle may be essential when developing novel antiviral strategies. The flaviviral non-structural protein 4b (NS4b) appears to play an important role in flaviviral replication by facilitating the formation of the viral replication complexes and in counteracting innate immune responses such as the following: (i) type I IFN signaling; (ii) RNA interference; (iii) formation of stress granules; and (iv) the unfolded protein response. Intriguingly, NS4b has recently been shown to constitute an excellent target for the selective inhibition of flavivirus replication. We here review the current knowledge on NS4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zmurko
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
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Dengue Virus NS Proteins Inhibit RIG-I/MAVS Signaling by Blocking TBK1/IRF3 Phosphorylation: Dengue Virus Serotype 1 NS4A Is a Unique Interferon-Regulating Virulence Determinant. mBio 2015; 6:e00553-15. [PMID: 25968648 PMCID: PMC4436066 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00553-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) replication is inhibited by the prior addition of type I interferon or by RIG-I agonists that elicit RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3-dependent protective responses. DENV infection of primary human endothelial cells (ECs) results in a rapid increase in viral titer, which suggests that DENV inhibits replication-restrictive RIG-I/interferon beta (IFN-β) induction pathways within ECs. Our findings demonstrate that DENV serotype 4 (DENV4) nonstructural (NS) proteins NS2A and NS4B inhibited RIG-I-, MDA5-, MAVS-, and TBK1/IKKε-directed IFN-β transcription (>80%) but failed to inhibit IFN-β induction directed by STING or constitutively active IRF3-5D. Expression of NS2A and NS4B dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, which suggests that they function at the level of TBK1 complex activation. NS2A and NS4B from DENV1/2/4, as well as the West Nile virus NS4B protein, commonly inhibited TBK1 phosphorylation and IFN-β induction. A comparative analysis of NS4A proteins across DENVs demonstrated that DENV1, but not DENV2 or DENV4, NS4A proteins uniquely inhibited TBK1. These findings indicate that DENVs contain conserved (NS2A/NS4B) and DENV1-specific (NS4A) mechanisms for inhibiting RIG-I/TBK1-directed IFN responses. Collectively, our results define DENV NS proteins that restrict IRF3 and IFN responses and thereby facilitate DENV replication and virulence. Unique DENV1-specific NS4A regulation of IFN induction has the potential to be a virulence determinant that contributes to the increased severity of DENV1 infections and the immunodominance of DENV1 responses during tetravalent DENV1-4 vaccination. Our findings demonstrate that NS2A and NS4B proteins from dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, and 4 are inhibitors of RIG-I/MDA5-directed interferon beta (IFN-β) induction and that they accomplish this by blocking TBK1 activation. We determined that IFN inhibition is functionally conserved across NS4B proteins from West Nile virus and DENV1, -2, and -4 viruses. In contrast, DENV1 uniquely encodes an extra IFN regulating protein, NS4A, that inhibits TBK1-directed IFN induction. DENV1 is associated with an increase in severe patient disease, and added IFN regulation by the DENV1 NS4A protein may contribute to increased DENV1 replication, immunodominance, and virulence. The regulation of IFN induction by nonstructural (NS) proteins suggests their potential roles in enhancing viral replication and spread and as potential protein targets for viral attenuation. DENV1-specific IFN regulation needs to be considered in vaccine strategies where enhanced DENV1 replication may interfere with DENV2-4 seroconversion within coadministered tetravalent DENV1-4 vaccines.
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Ma DY, Suthar MS. Mechanisms of innate immune evasion in re-emerging RNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 12:26-37. [PMID: 25765605 PMCID: PMC4470747 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses passively evade host detection by masking viral PAMPs and replicating within vesicles. Many emerging viruses harbor multiple strategies for innate immune evasion. Viral antagonists have been found to target the pattern recognition receptor and interferon signaling pathways. Knowledge of host–pathogen interactions is essential for vaccine/therapeutic development and understanding innate immunity.
Recent outbreaks of Ebola, West Nile, Chikungunya, Middle Eastern Respiratory and other emerging/re-emerging RNA viruses continue to highlight the need to further understand the virus–host interactions that govern disease severity and infection outcome. As part of the early host antiviral defense, the innate immune system mediates pathogen recognition and initiation of potent antiviral programs that serve to limit virus replication, limit virus spread and activate adaptive immune responses. Concordantly, viral pathogens have evolved several strategies to counteract pathogen recognition and cell-intrinsic antiviral responses. In this review, we highlight the major mechanisms of innate immune evasion by emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses, focusing on pathogens that pose significant risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Y Ma
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Xie G, Luo H, Tian B, Mann B, Bao X, McBride J, Tesh R, Barrett AD, Wang T. A West Nile virus NS4B-P38G mutant strain induces cell intrinsic innate cytokine responses in human monocytic and macrophage cells. Vaccine 2015; 33:869-78. [PMID: 25562791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that an attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant induces stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than wild-type WNV in mice, which has important applications to vaccine development. To investigate the mechanism of immunogenicity, we characterized WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection in two human cell lines-THP-1 cells and THP-1 macrophages. Although the NS4B-P38G mutant produced more viral RNA than the parental WNV NY99 in both cell types, there was no detectable infectious virus in the supernatant of either cell type. Nonetheless, the attenuated mutant boosted higher innate cytokine responses than virulent parental WNV NY99 in these cells. The NS4B-P38G mutant infection of THP-1 cells led to more diverse and robust innate cytokine responses than that seen in THP-1 macrophages, which were mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1(RIG-I) signaling pathways. Overall, these results suggest that a defective viral life cycle during NS4B-P38G mutant infection in human monocytic and macrophage cells leads to more potent cell intrinsic innate cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Brian Mann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jere McBride
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Alan D Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
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Beasley DWC, McAuley AJ, Bente DA. Yellow fever virus: genetic and phenotypic diversity and implications for detection, prevention and therapy. Antiviral Res 2014; 115:48-70. [PMID: 25545072 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the prototypical hemorrhagic fever virus, yet our understanding of its phenotypic diversity and any molecular basis for observed differences in disease severity and epidemiology is lacking, when compared to other arthropod-borne and haemorrhagic fever viruses. This is, in part, due to the availability of safe and effective vaccines resulting in basic YFV research taking a back seat to those viruses for which no effective vaccine occurs. However, regular outbreaks occur in endemic areas, and the spread of the virus to new, previously unaffected, areas is possible. Analysis of isolates from endemic areas reveals a strong geographic association for major genotypes, and recent epidemics have demonstrated the emergence of novel sequence variants. This review aims to outline the current understanding of YFV genetic and phenotypic diversity and its sources, as well as the available animal models for characterizing these differences in vivo. The consequences of genetic diversity for detection and diagnosis of yellow fever and development of new vaccines and therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W C Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Dennis A Bente
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Comparison of genotypes I and III in Japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity. J Virol 2014; 88:11469-79. [PMID: 25056890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02050-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the Asia-Pacific region. The causative agent, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), has been phylogenetically divided into five genotypes. Recent surveillance data indicate that genotype I (GI) is gradually replacing genotype III (GIII) as the dominant genotype. To investigate the mechanism behind the genotype shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human cases, and virus dissemination, we collected (i) all full-length and partial JEV molecular sequences and (ii) associated genotype and host information comprising a data set of 873 sequences. We then examined differences between the two genotypes at the genetic and epidemiological level by investigating amino acid mutations, positive selection, and host range. We found that although GI is dominant, it has fewer sites predicted to be under positive selection, a narrower host range, and significantly fewer human isolates. For the E protein, the sites under positive selection define a haplotype set for each genotype that shows striking differences in their composition and diversity, with GIII showing significantly more variety than GI. Our results suggest that GI has displaced GIII by achieving a replication cycle that is more efficient but is also more restricted in its host range. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the Asia-Pacific region. The causative agent, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), has been divided into five genotypes based on sequence similarity. Recent data indicate that genotype I (GI) is gradually replacing genotype III (GIII) as the dominant genotype. Understanding the reasons behind this shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human cases, and virus dissemination is important for controlling the spread of the virus and reducing human fatalities. We collected all available full-length and partial JEV molecular sequences and associated genotype and host information. We then examined differences between the two genotypes at the genetic and epidemiological levels by investigating amino acid mutations, positive selection, and host range. Our results suggest that GI has displaced GIII by achieving a replication cycle that is more efficient but more restricted in host range.
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37
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Suen WW, Prow NA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Mechanism of West Nile virus neuroinvasion: a critical appraisal. Viruses 2014; 6:2796-825. [PMID: 25046180 PMCID: PMC4113794 DOI: 10.3390/v6072796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains poorly understood. Hypotheses of hematogenous and transneural entry have been proposed for WNV neuroinvasion, which revolve mainly around the concepts of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and retrograde axonal transport, respectively. However, an over‑representation of in vitro studies without adequate in vivo validation continues to obscure our understanding of the mechanism(s). Furthermore, WNV infection in the current rodent models does not generate a similar viremia and character of CNS infection, as seen in the common target hosts, humans and horses. These differences ultimately question the applicability of rodent models for pathogenesis investigations. Finally, the role of several barriers against CNS insults, such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CSF-brain and the blood-spinal cord barriers, remain largely unexplored, highlighting the infancy of this field. In this review, a systematic and critical appraisal of the current evidence relevant to the possible mechanism(s) of WNV neuroinvasion is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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38
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Mlera L, Melik W, Bloom ME. The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:137-63. [PMID: 24737600 PMCID: PMC4154581 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, vector borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. These viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of RNA by RT PCR and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. Viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, and insect cell lines in culture. Although some research has focused on the potential roles of defective virus particles, evasion of the immune response through the manipulation of autophagy and/or apoptosis, the precise mechanism of flavivirus persistence is still not well understood. We propose additional research for further understanding of how viral persistence is established in different systems. Avenues for additional studies include determining whether the multifunctional flavivirus protein NS5 has a role in viral persistence, the development of relevant animal models of viral persistence, and investigating the host responses that allow vector borne flavivirus replication without detrimental effects on infected cells. Such studies might shed more light on the viral–host relationships and could be used to unravel the mechanisms for establishment of persistence. Persistent infections by vector borne flaviviruses are an important, but inadequately studied topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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39
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Morrison CR, Scholle F. Abrogation of TLR3 inhibition by discrete amino acid changes in the C-terminal half of the West Nile virus NS1 protein. Virology 2014; 456-457:96-107. [PMID: 24889229 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, which causes significant disease in humans. The innate immune system is a first-line defense against invading microorganism and many flaviviruses, including WNV, have evolved multifunctional proteins, which actively suppress its activation and antiviral actions. The WNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) inhibits signal transduction originating from Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and also critically contributes to virus genome replication. In this study we developed a novel FACS-based screen to attempt to separate these two functions. The individual amino acid changes P320S and M333V in NS1 restored TLR3 signaling in virus-infected HeLa cells. However, virus replication was also attenuated, suggesting that the two functions are not easily separated and may be contained within overlapping domains. The residues we identified are completely conserved among several mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses, indicating that they are of biological importance to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton R Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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40
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Kaufusi PH, Kelley JF, Yanagihara R, Nerurkar VR. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication-competent membrane structures by West Nile virus non-structural protein 4B. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84040. [PMID: 24465392 PMCID: PMC3896337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) occurs in specialized virus-induced membrane structures (IMS). The cellular composition of these IMS varies for different flaviviruses implying different organelle origins for IMS biogenesis. The role of flavivirus non-structural (NS) proteins for the alteration of IMS remains controversial. In this report, we demonstrate that West Nile virus strain New York 99 (WNVNY99) remodels the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to generate specialized IMS. Within these structures, we observed an element of the cis-Golgi, viral double-stranded RNA, and viral-envelope, NS1, NS4A and NS4B proteins using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Biochemical analysis and microscopy revealed that NS4B lacking the 2K-signal peptide associates with the ER membrane where it initiates IMS formation in WNV-infected cells. Co-transfection studies indicated that NS4A and NS4B always remain co-localized in the IMS and are associated with the same membrane fractions, suggesting that these proteins function cooperatively in virus replication and may be an ideal target for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakieli H. Kaufusi
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - James F. Kelley
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Vivek R. Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Donadieu E, Bahuon C, Lowenski S, Zientara S, Coulpier M, Lecollinet S. Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2856-80. [PMID: 24284878 PMCID: PMC3856419 DOI: 10.3390/v5112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donadieu
- Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), the causative agent of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease in humans, has become endemic in many countries in all continents. Concerns on long-term mobility from WNV have arisen from recent studies that reported chronic kidney disease in patients who recovered from WNV infection, supported by data from animal models that showed prolonged excretion of the virus with urine. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the results of studies in the literature that investigated WNV infection of the kidney in humans and in animal models and WNV excretion with urine, the potential damage to the kidney caused by WNV infection, the risk of WNV disease in kidney transplant recipients, the significance of detecting WNV in urine and its use in the diagnosis of WNV infection, and kidney involvement by other mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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43
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Quicke KM, Suthar MS. The innate immune playbook for restricting West Nile virus infection. Viruses 2013; 5:2643-58. [PMID: 24178712 PMCID: PMC3856407 DOI: 10.3390/v5112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes annual epidemics of encephalitic disease throughout the world. Despite the ongoing risk to public health, no approved vaccines or therapies exist for use in humans to prevent or combat WNV infection. The innate immune response is critical for controlling WNV replication, limiting virus-induced pathology, and programming protective humoral and cell-mediated immunity to WNV infection. The RIG-I like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and Nod-like receptors detect and respond to WNV by inducing a potent antiviral defense program, characterized by production of type I IFN, IL-1β and expression of antiviral effector genes. Recent research efforts have focused on uncovering the mechanisms of innate immune sensing, antiviral effector genes that inhibit WNV, and countermeasures employed by WNV to antagonize innate immune cellular defenses. In this review, we highlight the major research findings pertaining to innate immune regulation of WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Quicke
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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44
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Pauli G, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Gürtler L, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Montag-Lessing T, Offergeld R, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Strobel J, Willkommen H. West nile virus. Transfus Med Hemother 2013; 40:265-84. [PMID: 24179475 PMCID: PMC3776406 DOI: 10.1159/000353698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Seitz
- Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger»
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45
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A West Nile virus NS4B-P38G mutant strain induces adaptive immunity via TLR7-MyD88-dependent and independent signaling pathways. Vaccine 2013; 31:4143-51. [PMID: 23845800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prior work shows that an attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), the nonstructural (NS)4B-P38G mutant infection in mice induced strong immune responses and protected host from subsequent lethal wild-type WNV infection. Here, we investigated NS4B-P38G mutant infection in myeloid differentiation factor 88-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) and Toll-like receptor 7-deficient (TLR7(-/-)) mice and found they had enhanced susceptibility compared to wild-type mice. Both groups had lower WNV-specific IgM response and reduced effector T cell functions. Dendritic cells (DCs) also exhibited a reduced maturation and impaired antigen-presenting functions compared to wild-type DCs. Moreover, infection with NS4B-P38G mutant in TLR7(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice provided full and partial protection respectively from subsequent challenge with lethal wild-type WNV. There were reduced T cell responses in MyD88(-/-) and interleukin-1 receptor deficient (IL-1R(-/-)) mice during secondary challenge with wild-type WNV. In contrast, TLR7(-/-) mice displayed normal T cell functions. Collectively, these results suggest that TLR7-dependent MyD88 signaling is required for T cell priming during NS4B-P38G mutant infection, whereas the TLR7-independent MyD88 signaling pathways are involved in memory T cell development, which may contribute to host protection during secondary challenge with wild-type WNV.
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46
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Suthar MS, Diamond MS, Gale Jr M. West Nile virus infection and immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:115-28. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Faggioni G, Pomponi A, De Santis R, Masuelli L, Ciammaruconi A, Monaco F, Di Gennaro A, Marzocchella L, Sambri V, Lelli R, Rezza G, Bei R, Lista F. West Nile alternative open reading frame (N-NS4B/WARF4) is produced in infected West Nile Virus (WNV) cells and induces humoral response in WNV infected individuals. Virol J 2012; 9:283. [PMID: 23173701 PMCID: PMC3574045 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile Virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that requires an efficient humoral and cellular host response for the control of neuroinvasive infection. We previously reported the existence of six alternative open reading frame proteins in WNV genome, one of which entitled WARF4 is exclusively restricted to the lineage I of the virus. WARF4 is able to elicit antibodies in WNV infected horses; however, there was no direct experimental proof of the existence of this novel protein. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the in vitro production of WARF4 protein following WNV infection of cultured VERO cells and its immunity in WNV infected individuals. Results We produced a monoclonal antibody against WARF4 protein (MAb 3A12) which detected the novel protein in WNV lineage I-infected, cultured VERO cells while it did not react with WNV lineage II infected cells. MAb 3A12 specificity to WARF4 protein was confirmed by its reactivity to only one peptide among four analyzed that cover the full WARF4 amino acids sequence. In addition, WARF4 protein was expressed in the late phase of WNV lineage I infection. Western blotting and bioinformatics analyses strongly suggest that the protein could be translated by programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting process. Since WARF4 is embedded in the NS4B gene, we rename this novel protein N-NS4B/WARF4. Furthermore, serological analysis shows that N-NS4B/WARF4 is able to elicit antibodies in WNV infected individuals. Conclusions N-NS4B/WARF4 is the second Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) protein that has been demonstrated to be produced following WNV infection and might represent a novel tool for a better characterization of immune response in WNV infected individuals. Further serological as well as functional studies are required to characterize the function of the N-NS4B/WARF4 protein. Since the virus might actually make an extensive use of ARFs, it appears important to investigate the novel six ARF putative proteins of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Faggioni
- Histology and Molecular Biology Section, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4 00184 Rome, Italy.
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Bahuon C, Desprès P, Pardigon N, Panthier JJ, Cordonnier N, Lowenski S, Richardson J, Zientara S, Lecollinet S. IS-98-ST1 West Nile virus derived from an infectious cDNA clone retains neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence properties of the original virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47666. [PMID: 23110088 PMCID: PMC3479121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious clones of West Nile virus (WNV) have previously been generated and used to decipher the role of viral proteins in WNV virulence. The majority of molecular clones obtained to date have been derived from North American, Australian, or African isolates. Here, we describe the construction of an infectious cDNA clone of a Mediterranean WNV strain, IS-98-ST1. We characterized the biological properties of the recovered recombinant virus in cell culture and in mice. The growth kinetics of recombinant and parental WNV were similar in Vero cells. Moreover, the phenotype of recombinant and parental WNV was indistinguishable as regards viremia, viral load in the brain, and mortality in susceptible and resistant mice. Finally, the pathobiology of the infectious clone was examined in embryonated chicken eggs. The capacity of different WNV strains to replicate in embryonated chicken eggs closely paralleled their ability to replicate in mice, suggesting that inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs could provide a practical in vivo model for the study of WNV pathogenesis. In conclusion, the IS-98-ST1 infectious clone will allow assessment of the impact of selected mutations and novel genomic changes appearing in emerging European strains pathogenicity and endemic or epidemic potential. This will be invaluable in the context of an increasing number of outbreaks and enhanced severity of infections in the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bahuon
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Infectious clones of novel lineage 1 and lineage 2 West Nile virus strains WNV-TX02 and WNV-Madagascar. J Virol 2012; 86:7704-9. [PMID: 22573862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00401-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the generation of West Nile virus (WNV) infectious clones for the pathogenic lineage 1 Texas-HC2002 and nonpathogenic lineage 2 Madagascar-AnMg798 strains. The infectious clones exhibited biological properties similar to those of the parental virus isolates. We generated chimeric viruses and found that viral factors within the structural and nonstructural regions of WNV-TX contribute to the control of type I interferon defenses. These infectious clones provide new reagents to study flavivirus immune regulation and pathogenesis.
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50
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Evidence for a genetic and physical interaction between nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS4B that modulates replication of West Nile virus. J Virol 2012; 86:7360-71. [PMID: 22553322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00157-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus NS1 is a nonstructural glycoprotein that is expressed on the cell surface and secreted into the extracellular space. Despite its transit through the secretory pathway, NS1 is an essential gene linked to early viral RNA replication. How this occurs has remained a mystery given the disparate localization of NS1 and the viral RNA replication complex, as the latter is present on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We recently identified an N-terminal di-amino acid motif in NS1 that modulates protein targeting and affected viral replication. Exchange of two amino acids at positions 10 and 11 from dengue virus (DENV) into West Nile virus (WNV) NS1 (RQ10NK) changed its relative surface expression and secretion and attenuated infectivity. However, the phenotype of WNV containing NS1 RQ10NK was unstable, as within two passages heterogeneous plaque variants were observed. Here, using a mutant WNV encoding the NS1 RQ10NK mutation, we identified a suppressor mutation (F86C) in NS4B, a virally encoded transmembrane protein with loops on both the luminal and cytoplasmic sides of the ER membrane. Introduction of NS4B F86C specifically rescued RNA replication of mutant WNV but did not affect the wild-type virus. Mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation studies established a novel physical interaction between NS1 and NS4B, suggesting a mechanism for how luminal NS1 conveys signals to the cytoplasm to regulate RNA replication.
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