1
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Zhu J, Miner MD. Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation. Viruses 2024; 16:1019. [PMID: 39066181 PMCID: PMC11281577 DOI: 10.3390/v16071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the "first responders" to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus-host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Ma C, Wang S, Wu H, Chen X, Ma J, Wang L, Qiu HJ, Sun Y. Advances in the immunoescape mechanisms exploited by alphaherpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1392814. [PMID: 38962133 PMCID: PMC11221368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1392814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses, categorized as viruses with linear DNA composed of two complementary strands, can potentially to induce diseases in both humans and animals as pathogens. Mature viral particles comprise of a core, capsid, tegument, and envelope. While herpesvirus infection can elicit robust immune and inflammatory reactions in the host, its persistence stems from its prolonged interaction with the host, fostering a diverse array of immunoescape mechanisms. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in comprehending the immunoescape tactics employed by alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), feline herpesvirus (FeHV), equine herpesvirus (EHV), and caprine herpesvirus type I (CpHV-1). Researchers have unveiled the intricate adaptive mechanisms existing between viruses and their natural hosts. This review endeavors to illuminate the research advancements concerning the immunoescape mechanisms of alphaherpesviruses by delineating the pertinent proteins and genes involved in virus immunity. It aims to furnish valuable insights for further research on related mechanisms and vaccine development, ultimately contributing to virus control and containment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caoyuan Ma
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuanqi Chen
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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4
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Nua T, Koyuncu OO. Interferon-λ Activates a Differential Response in Peripheral Neurons That Is Effective against Alpha Herpesvirus Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1142. [PMID: 37764950 PMCID: PMC10536099 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesviruses (α-HV) infect host mucosal epithelial cells prior to establishing a life-long latent infection in the peripheral nervous system. The initial spread of viral particles from mucosa to the nervous system and the role of intrinsic immune responses at this barrier is not well understood. Using primary neurons cultured in compartmentalized chambers, prior studies performed on Pseudorabies virus (PRV) have demonstrated that type I and type II interferons (IFNs) induce a local antiviral response in axons via distinct mechanisms leading to a reduction in viral particle transport to the neuronal nucleus. A new class of interferons known as type III IFNs has been shown to play an immediate role against viral infection in mucosal epithelial cells. However, the antiviral effects of type III IFNs within neurons during α-HV infection are largely unknown. In this study, we focused on elucidating the antiviral activity of type III IFN against PRV neuronal infection, and we compared the interferon-stimulated gene (ISGs) induction pattern in neurons to non-neuronal cells. We found that IFN pre-exposure of both primary neurons and fibroblast cells significantly reduces PRV virus yield, albeit by differential STAT activation and ISG induction patterns. Notably, we observed that type III IFNs trigger the expression of a subset of ISGs mainly through STAT1 activation to induce an antiviral state in primary peripheral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.); (T.N.)
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5
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Kropp KA, Sun G, Viejo-Borbolla A. Colonization of peripheral ganglia by herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101333. [PMID: 37267706 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) infect and establish latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system to persist lifelong in the host and to cause recurrent disease. During primary infection, HSV replicates in epithelial cells in the mucosa and skin and then infects neurites, highly dynamic structures that grow or retract in the presence of attracting or repelling cues, respectively. Following retrograde transport in neurites, HSV establishes latency in the neuronal nucleus. Viral and cellular proteins participate in the chromatinization of the HSV genome that regulates gene expression, persistence, and reactivation. HSV-2 modulates neurite outgrowth during primary infection and upon reactivation, probably to facilitate infection and survival of neurons. Whether HSV-1 modulates neurite outgrowth and the underlying mechanism is currently under investigation. This review deals with HSV-1 and HSV-2 colonization of peripheral neurons, with a focus on the modulation of neurite outgrowth by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guorong Sun
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Sun S, Jin L, Zheng Y, Zhu J. Modeling human HSV infection via a vascularized immune-competent skin-on-chip platform. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5481. [PMID: 36123328 PMCID: PMC9485166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) naturally infects skin and mucosal surfaces, causing lifelong recurrent disease worldwide, with no cure or vaccine. Biomimetic human tissue and organ platforms provide attractive alternatives over animal models to recapitulate human diseases. Combining prevascularization and microfluidic approaches, we present a vascularized, three-dimensional skin-on-chip that mimics human skin architecture and is competent to immune-cell and drug perfusion. The endothelialized microvasculature embedded in a fibroblast-containing dermis responds to biological stimulation, while the cornified epidermis functions as a protective barrier. HSV infection of the skin-on-chip displays tissue-level key morphological and pathophysiological features typical of genital herpes infection in humans, including the production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-8, which triggers rapid neutrophil trans-endothelial extravasation and directional migration. Importantly, perfusion with the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits HSV infection in a dose-dependent and time-sensitive manner. Thus, our vascularized skin-on-chip represents a promising platform for human HSV disease modeling and preclinical therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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7
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TLR or NOD receptor signaling skews monocyte fate decision via distinct mechanisms driven by mTOR and miR-155. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109225118. [PMID: 34686603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are rapidly recruited to inflamed tissues where they differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-mac) or dendritic cells (mo-DC). At infection sites, monocytes encounter a broad range of microbial motifs. How pathogen recognition impacts monocyte fate decision is unclear. Here, we show, using an in vitro model allowing the simultaneous differentiation of human mo-mac and mo-DC, that viruses promote mo-mac while Mycobacteria favor mo-DC differentiation. Mechanistically, we found that pathogen sensing through toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands increases mo-mac differentiation via mTORC1. By contrast, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ligands favor mo-DC through the induction of TNF-α secretion and miR-155 expression. We confirmed these results in vivo, in mouse skin and by analyzing transcriptomic data from human individuals. Overall, our findings allow a better understanding of the molecular control of monocyte differentiation and of monocyte plasticity upon pathogen sensing.
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8
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St. Leger AJ, Koelle DM, Kinchington PR, Verjans GMGM. Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723809. [PMID: 34603296 PMCID: PMC8479180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic reactivations. The ganglionic immune response to HSV-1 infection includes cell-intrinsic responses in neurons, innate sensing by several cell types, and the infiltration and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells. The mechanisms specifying the contrasting fates of HSV-1 in neurons and epithelial cells may include differential genome silencing and chromatinization, dictated by variation in access of immune modulating viral tegument proteins to the cell body, and protection of neurons by autophagy. Innate responses have the capacity of recruiting additional immune cells and paracrine activity on parenchymal cells, for example via chemokines and type I interferons. In both mice and humans, HSV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cells are recruited to ganglia, with mechanistic studies suggesting active roles in immune surveillance and control of reactivation. In this review we focus mainly on HSV-1 and the TG, comparing and contrasting where possible observational, interventional, and in vitro studies between humans and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Peng T, Phasouk K, Sodroski CN, Sun S, Hwangbo Y, Layton ED, Jin L, Klock A, Diem K, Magaret AS, Jing L, Laing K, Li A, Huang ML, Mertens M, Johnston C, Jerome KR, Koelle DM, Wald A, Knipe DM, Corey L, Zhu J. Tissue-Resident-Memory CD8 + T Cells Bridge Innate Immune Responses in Neighboring Epithelial Cells to Control Human Genital Herpes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735643. [PMID: 34552595 PMCID: PMC8450389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident-memory T cells (TRM) populate the body's barrier surfaces, functioning as frontline responders against reencountered pathogens. Understanding of the mechanisms by which CD8TRM achieve effective immune protection remains incomplete in a naturally recurring human disease. Using laser capture microdissection and transcriptional profiling, we investigate the impact of CD8TRM on the tissue microenvironment in skin biopsies sequentially obtained from a clinical cohort of diverse disease expression during herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation. Epithelial cells neighboring CD8TRM display elevated and widespread innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral signature expression, largely related to IFNG expression. Detailed evaluation via T-cell receptor reconstruction confirms that CD8TRM recognize viral-infected cells at the specific HSV-2 peptide/HLA level. The hierarchical pattern of core IFN-γ signature expression is well-conserved in normal human skin across various anatomic sites, while elevation of IFI16, TRIM 22, IFITM2, IFITM3, MX1, MX2, STAT1, IRF7, ISG15, IFI44, CXCL10 and CCL5 expression is associated with HSV-2-affected asymptomatic tissue. In primary human cells, IFN-γ pretreatment reduces gene transcription at the immediate-early stage of virus lifecycle, enhances IFI16 restriction of wild-type HSV-2 replication and renders favorable kinetics for host protection. Thus, the adaptive immune response through antigen-specific recognition instructs innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral machinery to control herpes reactivation, a reversal of the canonical thinking of innate activating adaptive immunity in primary infection. Communication from CD8TRM to surrounding epithelial cells to activate broad innate resistance might be critical in restraining various viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik D. Layton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amalia S. Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alvason Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Max Mertens
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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10
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Feng E, Balint E, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA. Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724618. [PMID: 34484233 PMCID: PMC8416247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that disproportionately impacts women worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or curative treatments, resulting in life-long infection. The mucosal environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is home to a complex array of local immune defenses that must be carefully coordinated to protect against genital HSV-2 infection, while preventing excessive inflammation to prevent disease symptoms. Crucial to the defense against HSV-2 infection in the FRT are three classes of highly related and integrated cytokines, type I, II, and III interferons (IFN). These three classes of cytokines control HSV-2 infection and reduce tissue damage through a combination of directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as regulating the function of resident immune cells. In this review, we will examine how interferons are induced and their critical role in how they shape the local immune response to HSV-2 infection in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Lebratti T, Lim YS, Cofie A, Andhey P, Jiang X, Scott J, Fabbrizi MR, Ozantürk AN, Pham C, Clemens R, Artyomov M, Dinauer M, Shin H. A sustained type I IFN-neutrophil-IL-18 axis drives pathology during mucosal viral infection. eLife 2021; 10:e65762. [PMID: 34047696 PMCID: PMC8163503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil responses against pathogens must be balanced between protection and immunopathology. Factors that determine these outcomes are not well-understood. In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, which results in severe genital inflammation, antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion reduced disease. Comparative single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of vaginal cells against a model of genital HSV-1 infection, which results in mild inflammation, demonstrated sustained expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) only after HSV-2 infection primarily within the neutrophil population. Both therapeutic blockade of IFNα/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and genetic deletion of IFNAR1 in neutrophils concomitantly decreased HSV-2 genital disease severity and vaginal IL-18 levels. Therapeutic neutralization of IL-18 also diminished genital inflammation, indicating an important role for this cytokine in promoting neutrophil-dependent immunopathology. Our study reveals that sustained type I interferon (IFN) signaling is a driver of pathogenic neutrophil responses and identifies IL-18 as a novel component of disease during genital HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/metabolism
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/innervation
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Neutrophil Activation/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/virology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Vero Cells
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lebratti
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ying Shiang Lim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Prabhakar Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ayşe Naz Ozantürk
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Regina Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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12
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Li X, Wang J, Mou T, Gao Y, Wang L, Fan S, Xu X, Jiang G, Cui P, Xu X, Duan S, Zhang J, Li D, Liao Y, Yu L, Zhao H, Lu M, Zhu H, Gu R, Zhang Y, Dong W, Li Q. Immunological Identification and Characterization of the Capsid Scaffold Protein Encoded by UL26.5 of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649722. [PMID: 34123868 PMCID: PMC8187855 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), a pathogen that causes genital herpes lesions, interferes with the host immune system via various known and unknown mechanisms. This virus has been used to study viral antigenic composition. Convalescent serum from HSV2-infected patients was used to identify viral antigens via 2-D protein electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The serum predominantly recognized several capsid scaffold proteins encoded by gene UL26.5, mainly ICP35. This protein has been primarily reported to function temporarily in viral assembly but is not expressed in mature virus particles. Further immunological studies suggested that this protein elicits specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in mice, but these responses do not result in a clinical protective effect in response to HSV2 challenge. The data suggested that immunodominance of ICP35 might be used to design an integrated antigen with other viral glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Tangwei Mou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Pingfang Cui
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangxiong Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Suqin Duan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Hailian Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Reproductive & Gynecology Department, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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13
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Ford ES, Sholukh AM, Boytz R, Carmack SS, Klock A, Phasouk K, Shao D, Rossenkhan R, Edlefsen PT, Peng T, Johnston C, Wald A, Zhu J, Corey L. B cells, antibody-secreting cells, and virus-specific antibodies respond to herpes simplex virus 2 reactivation in skin. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142088. [PMID: 33784252 PMCID: PMC8087200 DOI: 10.1172/jci142088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-based T cells are important effectors in the prevention and control of mucosal viral infections; less is known about tissue-based B cells. We demonstrate that B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are present in inflammatory infiltrates in skin biopsy specimens from study participants during symptomatic herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation and early healing. Both CD20+ B cells, most of which are antigen inexperienced based on their coexpression of IgD, and ASCs - characterized by dense IgG RNA expression in combination with CD138, IRF4, and Blimp-1 RNA - were found to colocalize with T cells. ASCs clustered with CD4+ T cells, suggesting the potential for crosstalk. HSV-2-specific antibodies to virus surface antigens were also present in tissue and increased in concentration during HSV-2 reactivation and healing, unlike in serum, where concentrations remained static over time. B cells, ASCs, and HSV-specific antibody were rarely detected in biopsies of unaffected skin. Evaluation of samples from serial biopsies demonstrated that B cells and ASCs followed a more migratory than resident pattern of infiltration in HSV-affected genital skin, in contrast to T cells. Together, these observations suggest the presence of distinct phenotypes of B cells in HSV-affected tissue; dissecting their role in reactivation may reveal new therapeutic avenues to control these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Anton M. Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - RuthMabel Boytz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
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14
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Zhang M, Fu M, Li M, Hu H, Gong S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Inhibits Type I IFN Signaling Mediated by the Novel E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Activity of Viral Protein ICP22. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1281-1292. [PMID: 32699158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs play an important role in innate immunity against viral infections by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encode effectors with various antiviral functions. We and others previously reported that HSV type 2 (HSV-2) inhibits the synthesis of type I IFNs, but how HSV-2 suppresses IFN-mediated signaling is less understood. In the current study, after the demonstration of HSV-2 replication resistance to IFN-β treatment in human epithelial cells, we reveal that HSV-2 and the viral protein ICP22 significantly decrease the expression of ISG54 at both mRNA and protein levels. Likewise, us1 del HSV-2 (ICP22-deficient HSV-2) replication is more sensitive to IFN-β treatment, indicating that ICP22 is a vital viral protein responsible for the inhibition of type I IFN-mediated signaling. In addition, overexpression of HSV-2 ICP22 inhibits the expression of STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), resulting in the blockade of ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) nuclear translocation, and mechanistically, this is due to ICP22-induced ubiquitination of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. HSV-2 ICP22 appears to interact with STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and several other ubiquitinated proteins. Following further biochemical study, we show that HSV-2 ICP22 functions as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Taken together, we demonstrate that HSV-2 interferes with type I IFN-mediated signaling by degrading the proteins of ISGF3, and we identify HSV-2 ICP22 as a novel E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the degradation of ISGF3. Findings in this study highlight a new mechanism by which HSV-2 circumvents the host antiviral responses through a viral E3 ubiquitin protein ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.,The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 440106, China; and
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; .,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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15
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Tognarelli EI, Palomino TF, Corrales N, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Evasion of Early Host Antiviral Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 31114761 PMCID: PMC6503643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years and are present at a high prevalence in the population worldwide. HSV infections are responsible for several illnesses including skin and mucosal lesions, blindness and even life-threatening encephalitis in both, immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages. Therefore, diseases caused by HSVs represent significant public health burdens. Similar to other herpesviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 produce lifelong infections in the host by establishing latency in neurons and sporadically reactivating from these cells, eliciting recurrences that are accompanied by viral shedding in both, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The ability of HSVs to persist and recur in otherwise healthy individuals is likely given by the numerous virulence factors that these viruses have evolved to evade host antiviral responses. Here, we review and discuss molecular mechanisms used by HSVs to evade early innate antiviral responses, which are the first lines of defense against these viruses. A comprehensive understanding of how HSVs evade host early antiviral responses could contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines to counteract these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Guan X, Zhang M, Fu M, Luo S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Immediate Early Protein ICP27 Inhibits IFN-β Production in Mucosal Epithelial Cells by Antagonizing IRF3 Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:290. [PMID: 30863402 PMCID: PMC6399465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the main cause of genital herpes and infections are common in the lower genital tract. Although neuronal and immune cells can be infected, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes are the primary HSV-2 target cells. HSV-2 establishes latency by evading the host immune system and its infection can also increase the risk of HIV-1 sexual transmission. Our pervious study found that HSV-2 immediate early protein ICP22, inhibited IFN-β production by interfering with the IRF3 pathway. However, ICP22-null HSV-2 did not completely lose the capability of suppressing IFN-β induction, suggesting the involvement of other viral components in the process. In this study, by using an ex vivo cervical explant model, we first demonstrated that HSV-2 can indeed inhibit IFN-β induction in human mucosal tissues. We further identified HSV-2 immediate early protein ICP27 as a potent IFN-β antagonist. ICP27 significantly suppresses the Sendai virus or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced IFN-β production in human mucosal epithelial cells, showing that ICP27 inhibits the IFN-β promoter activation, and IFN-β production at both mRNA and protein levels. Additional studies revealed that ICP27 directly associates with IRF3 and inhibits its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, resulting in the inhibition of IFN-β induction. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying HSV-2 mucosal immune evasion, and information for the design of HSV-2 mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sukun Luo
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Coates M, Blanchard S, MacLeod AS. Innate antimicrobial immunity in the skin: A protective barrier against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007353. [PMID: 30522130 PMCID: PMC6283644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Coates
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Blanchard
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda S. MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sehrawat S, Kumar D, Rouse BT. Herpesviruses: Harmonious Pathogens but Relevant Cofactors in Other Diseases? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:177. [PMID: 29888215 PMCID: PMC5981231 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrates are infected with one or more herpesviruses and remain so for the rest of their lives. The relationship of immunocompetent healthy host with herpesviruses may sometime be considered as harmonious. However, clinically severe diseases can occur when host immunity is compromised due to aging, during some stress response, co-infections or during neoplastic disease conditions. Discord can also occur during iatrogenic immunosuppression used for controlling graft rejection, in some primary genetic immunodeficiencies as well as when the virus infects a non-native host. In this review, we discuss such issues and their influence on host-herpesvirus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Dhaneshwar Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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19
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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20
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Ramirez-Fort MK, Zeng J, Feily A, Ramirez-Pacheco LA, Jenrette JM, Mayhew DL, Syed T, Cooper SL, Linden C, Graybill WS, French LE, Lange CS. Radiotherapy-induced reactivation of neurotrophic human herpes viruses: Overview and management. J Clin Virol 2017; 98:18-27. [PMID: 29197712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infection by Human Herpes Viruses (HHV) types 1-3, are prevalent throughout the world. It is known that radiotherapy can reactivate HHVs, but it is unclear how and to what extent reactivations can interact with or affect radiotherapeutic efficacy, patient outcomes and mortality risk. Herein, we aim to summarize what is known about Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1,2 and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) pathophysiology as it relates to tumor biology, radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, diagnosis and management so as to optimize cancer treatment in the setting of active HHV infection. Our secondary aim is to emphasize the need for further research to elucidate the potential adverse effects of active HHV infection in irradiated tumor tissue and to design optimal management strategies to incorporate into cancer management guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature regarding herpetic infection, herpetic reactivation, and recurrence occurring during radiotherapy and that regarding treatment guidelines for herpetic infections are reviewed. We aim to provide the oncologist with a reference for the infectious dangers of herpetic reactivation in patients under their care and well established methods for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of such infections. Pain management is also considered. CONCLUSIONS In the radiotherapeutic setting, serologic assays for HSV-1 and HSV-2 are feasible and can alert the clinician to patients at risk for viral reactivation. RT-PCR is specific in identifying the exact viral culprit and is the preferred diagnostic method to measure interventional efficacy. It can also differentiate between herpetic infection and radionecrosis. The MicroTrak® HSV1/HSV2/VZV staining kit has high sensitivity and specificity in acute lesions, is also the most rapid means to confirm diagnosis. Herpetic reactivation and recurrences during radiotherapy can cause interruptions, cessations, or prolongations of the radiotherapeutic course, thus decreasing the biologically effective dose, to sub-therapeutic levels. Active HHV infection within the treatment volume results in increased tumor radio-resistance and potentially sub-therapeutic care if left untreated. Visceral reactivations may result in fatality and therefore, a high index of suspicion is important to identify these active infections. The fact that such infections may be mistaken for acute and/or late radiation effects, leading to less than optimal treatment decisions, makes knowledge of this problem even more relevant. To minimize the risk of these sequelae, prompt anti-viral therapy is recommended, lasting the course of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marigdalia K Ramirez-Fort
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Urological Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianying Zeng
- Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Amir Feily
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Joseph M Jenrette
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - David L Mayhew
- Radiation Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Talal Syed
- Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - S Lewis Cooper
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Craig Linden
- Radiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Witney S Graybill
- Gynecology Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lars E French
- Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher S Lange
- Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
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21
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Selective Expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by Circulating Human Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00810-17. [PMID: 28701399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is restricted to epithelial cells and neurons and is controlled by CD8 T cells. These cells both traffic to epithelial sites of recurrent lytic infection and to ganglia and persist at the dermal-epidermal junction for up to 12 weeks after lesion resolution. We previously showed that cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a functional E-selectin ligand (ESL), is selectively expressed on circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells. CLA/ESL mediates adhesion of T cells to inflamed vascular endothelium. Later stages in T-cell homing involve chemokines (Ch) and lymphocyte chemokine receptors (ChR) for vascular wall arrest and diapedesis. Several candidate ChR have been implicated in skin homing. We measured cell surface ChR on HSV-specific human peripheral blood CD8 T cells and extended our studies to HSV-1. We observed preferential cell surface expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by HSV-specific CD8 T cells compared to CD8 T cells specific for control viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), and compared to bulk memory CD8 T cells. CXCR3 ligand mRNA levels were selectively increased in skin biopsy specimens from persons with recurrent HSV-2, while the mRNA levels of the CCR10 ligand CCL27 were equivalent in lesion and control skin. Our data are consistent with a model in which CCL27 drives baseline recruitment of HSV-specific CD8 T cells expressing CCR10, while interferon-responsive CXCR3 ligands recruit additional cells in response to virus-driven inflammation.IMPORTANCE HSV-2 causes very localized recurrent infections in the skin and genital mucosa. Virus-specific CD8 T cells home to the site of recurrent infection and participate in viral clearance. The exit of T cells from the blood involves the use of chemokine receptors on the T-cell surface and chemokines that are present in infected tissue. In this study, circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells were identified using specific fluorescent tetramer reagents, and their expression of several candidate skin-homing-associated chemokine receptors was measured using flow cytometry. We found that two chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CCR10, are upregulated on HSV-specific CD8 T cells in blood. The chemokines corresponding to these receptors are also expressed in infected tissues. Vaccine strategies to prime CD8 T cells to home to HSV lesions should elicit these chemokine receptors if possible to increase the homing of vaccine-primed cells to sites of infection.
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22
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Peng T, Chanthaphavong RS, Sun S, Trigilio JA, Phasouk K, Jin L, Layton ED, Li AZ, Correnti CE, De van der Schueren W, Vazquez J, O'Day DR, Glass IA, Knipe DM, Wald A, Corey L, Zhu J. Keratinocytes produce IL-17c to protect peripheral nervous systems during human HSV-2 reactivation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2315-2329. [PMID: 28663436 PMCID: PMC5551564 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, peripheral nerve destruction and sensory anesthesia are rare. We discovered that skin biopsies obtained during asymptomatic human HSV-2 reactivation exhibit a higher density of nerve fibers relative to biopsies during virological and clinical quiescence. We evaluated the effects of HSV infection on keratinocytes, the initial target of HSV replication, to better understand this observation. Keratinocytes produced IL-17c during HSV-2 reactivation, and IL-17RE, an IL-17c-specific receptor, was expressed on nerve fibers in human skin and sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia. In ex vivo experiments, exogenous human IL-17c provided directional guidance and promoted neurite growth and branching in microfluidic devices. Exogenous murine IL-17c pretreatment reduced apoptosis in HSV-2-infected primary neurons. These results suggest that IL-17c is a neurotrophic cytokine that protects peripheral nerve systems during HSV reactivation. This mechanism could explain the lack of nerve damage from recurrent HSV infection and may provide insight to understanding and treating sensory peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James A Trigilio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvason Z Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Julio Vazquez
- Shared Resources Scientific Imaging, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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Tsalenchuck Y, Steiner I, Panet A. Innate defense mechanisms against HSV-1 infection in the target tissues, skin and brain. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:641-649. [PMID: 27098517 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) initiates productive infection in mucocutaneous tissues to cause cold sores and establishes latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia. Under certain circumstances, HSV-1 may cause encephalitis. Here, we compared host innate defenses against HSV-1 in the two clinically relevant tissues, skin and brain, using a unique ex vivo system of organ culture. Upon HSV-1 infection and spread, apoptosis induction was observed in the skin, but not in brain tissues. While the two tissues elicited interferon (IFN-β) response upon HSV1 infection, IFN induction was more robust in the skin compared to the brain. Moreover, antiviral response to exogenous IFNβ treatment was much stronger in the skin compared to brain tissues. This observation was not related to the availability of the IFN receptor on cells' surface. Taken together, our study demonstrates differential innate antiviral responses to HSV-1 infection that may be exploited in future development of selective and tissue-specific anti-viral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Tsalenchuck
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Campus Beilinson, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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24
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Evasion of early antiviral responses by herpes simplex viruses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593757. [PMID: 25918478 PMCID: PMC4396904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
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25
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Wang P, Guan X, He S, Luo S, Li C, Hu K, Jin W, Du T, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng Z, Wang H, Hu Q. HSV-2 immediate-early protein US1 inhibits IFN-β production by suppressing association of IRF-3 with IFN-β promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3102-15. [PMID: 25712217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HSV-2 is the major cause of genital herpes, and its infection increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission. After initial infection, HSV-2 can establish latency within the nervous system and thus maintains lifelong infection in humans. It has been suggested that HSV-2 can inhibit type I IFN signaling, but the underlying mechanism has yet to be determined. In this study, we demonstrate that productive HSV-2 infection suppresses Sendai virus (SeV) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced IFN-β production. We further reveal that US1, an immediate-early protein of HSV-2, contributes to such suppression, showing that US1 inhibits IFN-β promoter activity and IFN-β production at both mRNA and protein levels, whereas US1 knockout significantly impairs such capability in the context of HSV-2 infection. US1 directly interacts with DNA binding domain of IRF-3, and such interaction suppresses the association of nuclear IRF-3 with the IRF-3 responsive domain of IFN-β promoter, resulting in the suppression of IFN-β promoter activation. Additional studies demonstrate that the 217-414 aa domain of US1 is critical for the suppression of IFN-β production. Our results indicate that HSV-2 US1 downmodulates IFN-β production by suppressing the association of IRF-3 with the IRF-3 responsive domain of IFN-β promoter. Our findings highlight the significance of HSV-2 US1 in inhibiting IFN-β production and provide insights into the molecular mechanism by which HSV-2 evades the host innate immunity, representing an unconventional strategy exploited by a dsDNA virus to interrupt type I IFN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Xinmeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Siyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Sukun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Tao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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26
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Liu H, Chen K, Feng W, Guo J, Li H. HSV-2 increases TLR4-dependent phosphorylated IRFs and IFN-β induction in cervical epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94806. [PMID: 24722640 PMCID: PMC3983257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that HSV-2 infection up-regulates TLR4 expression and induces NF-kB activity, thereby facilitating innate immune response in human cervical epithelial cells. This process requires involvement of TLR4 adaptors, Mal and MyD88. In the current study, we found that HSV-2 infection increases levels of phosphoryalted IRF3 and IRF7, then regulating expression of type I IFN. As expected, these changes induced by HSV-2 infection depended upon TLR4. Knockdown of TRIF and/or TRAM by siRNAs indicated that TRIF/TRAM might be involved in expression of IFN-β. Our results demonstrate for the first time that IRF3 and IRF7 are both involved in inducing TLR4-dependent IFN-β expression in response to HSV-2 in its primary infected genital epithelial cells. Thus, TLR4-Mal/MyD88 and TLR4-TRIF/TRAM signaling may synergize and/or cooperate in innate immune response of cervical epithelial cells to HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shengzhen R&D Center of State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Central Blood Station of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shengzhen R&D Center of State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Juanjuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shengzhen R&D Center of State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shengzhen R&D Center of State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhu XP, Muhammad ZS, Wang JG, Lin W, Guo SK, Zhang W. HSV-2 vaccine: current status and insight into factors for developing an efficient vaccine. Viruses 2014; 6:371-90. [PMID: 24469503 PMCID: PMC3939461 DOI: 10.3390/v6020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a globally sexually transmitted virus, and also one of the main causes of genital ulcer diseases, increases susceptibility to HIV-1. Effective vaccines to prevent HSV-2 infection are not yet available, but are currently being developed. To facilitate this process, the latest progress in development of these vaccines is reviewed in this paper. A summary of the most promising HSV-2 vaccines tested in animals in the last five years is presented, including the main factors, and new ideas for developing an effective vaccine from animal experiments and human clinical trials. Experimental results indicate that future HSV-2 vaccines may depend on a strategy that targets mucosal immunity. Furthermore, estradiol, which increases the effectiveness of vaccines, may be considered as an adjuvant. Therefore, this review is expected to provide possible strategies for development of future HSV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Zhu
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zaka S Muhammad
- School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Guang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wu Lin
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shi-Kun Guo
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
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28
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Rapid host immune response and viral dynamics in herpes simplex virus-2 infection. Nat Med 2013; 19:280-90. [PMID: 23467247 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is periodically shed throughout the human genital tract. Although a high viral load correlates with the development of genital ulcers, shedding also commonly occurs even when ulcers are absent, allowing for silent transmission during coitus and contributing to high seroprevalence of HSV-2 worldwide. Frequent viral reactivation occurs within ganglia despite diverse and complementary host and viral mechanisms that predispose toward latency, suggesting that viral replication may be constantly occurring in a small minority of neurons at these sites. Within genital mucosa, the in vivo expansion and clearance rates of HSV-2 are extremely rapid. Resident dendritic cells and memory HSV-2 specific T cells persist at prior sites of genital tract reactivation and, in conjunction with prompt innate recognition of infected cells, lead to rapid containment of infected cells. The fact that immune responses usually control viral replication in genital skin before lesions develop provides hope that enhancing such responses could lead to effective vaccines and immunotherapies.
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29
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Cherpes TL, Harvey SAK, Phillips JM, Vicetti Miguel RD, Melan MA, Quispe Calla NE, Hendricks RL. Use of transcriptional profiling to delineate the initial response of mice to intravaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:172-9. [PMID: 23638732 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravaginal (ivag) infection of mice with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) causes genital tissue damage, quickly followed by development of fatal encephalopathy. To delineate initial host responses generated by HSV-2 infection, here oligonucleotide microarrays compared gene expression in vaginal tissue from uninfected mice and mice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days after ivag infection with 10(4) pfu HSV-2. While comparison of mRNA expression in uninfected and HSV-infected vaginal tissue detected few changes during the first 2 days post infection (dpi), there were 156 genes whose expression was first significantly altered 3 dpi that remained significantly modified at all later time points examined. These 156 genes were significantly enriched in canonical pathways associated with interferon (IFN) signaling, activation of IFN elements by intracellular pattern recognition receptors, and antiviral immunity induced by cytosolic RIG-like receptors. Evaluation of this gene set with the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene and INTERFEROME databases corroborated pathway analysis, as function of most (53%) were linked to IFN-mediated host immunity. In the final set of experiments, ivag administration of the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) 24 h before ivag HSV-2 infection reduced the incidence of genital pathology and encephalopathy, while these poly I:C-treated mice were subsequently protected from ocular HSV-2 challenge lethal to uninfected controls. The latter results imply that the exuberant antiviral immunity produced in our experimental model is simply formed too late to prevent viral replication and dissemination, and that poly I:C-induced formation of an antiviral state protecting against primary ivag infection also permits development of HSV-specific protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Cherpes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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30
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Dendritic cell recruitment in response to skin antigen tests in HIV-1-infected individuals correlates with the level of T-cell infiltration. AIDS 2013; 27:1071-80. [PMID: 23324660 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835ecaca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study whether in-vivo recruitment of dendritic cells in response to antigen administration in the skin is altered during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Skin punch biopsies were collected from HIV-1-positive as well as seronegative individuals at 48 h after intradermal injection of inactivated antigens of mumps virus, Candida albicans, or purified protein derivate (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS Cryosections were analyzed by in-situ staining and computerized imaging. RESULTS Control skin biopsies showed that there was no difference in the number of skin-resident dendritic cells between seronegative and HIV-1-positive individuals. Antigen injection resulted in substantial infiltration of dendritic cells compared to the frequencies found in donor-matched control skin. In HIV-1-positive individuals, CD123(+)/CD303(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells and CD11c myeloid dendritic cells, including the CD141(+) cross-presenting subset, were recruited at lower levels compared to healthy controls in response to PPD and mumps but not C. albicans. The level of dendritic cell recruitment correlated with the frequencies of T cells infiltrating the respective antigen sites. Ki67(+) cycling T cells at the injection sites were much more frequent in response to each of the antigens in the HIV-1-positive individuals, including those with AIDS, compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION Multiple dendritic cell subsets infiltrate the dermis in response to antigen exposure. There was no obvious depletion or deficiency in mobilization of dendritic cells in response to antigen skin tests during chronic HIV-1 infection. Instead, the levels of antigen-specific memory T cells that accumulate at the antigen site may determine the level of dendritic cell infiltration.
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Abstract
Griffithsin, which binds N-linked glycans on gp120 to prevent HIV entry, has the most potent HIV-1 inhibitory activity described for any antiviral lectin and is being developed for topical preexposure prophylaxis. The current studies were designed to further assess its potential by exploring its activity against herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), a cofactor for HIV acquisition, in vitro and in a murine model. Safety was evaluated by examining its impact on epithelial barrier integrity in polarized cultures and testing whether repeated intravaginal dosing potentiates the susceptibility of mice to genital herpes. Griffithsin displayed modest inhibitory activity against HSV-2 if present during viral entry but completely blocked plaque formation if present postentry, reduced plaque size, and prevented cell-to-cell spread. These in vitro findings translated to significant protection against genital herpes in mice treated with 0.1% griffithsin gel. Griffithsin, but not placebo gel, prevented viral spread (visualized with a luciferase-expressing virus), significantly reduced disease scores, and resulted in greater survival (P < 0.05, log rank test). Protection persisted when HSV-2 was introduced in seminal plasma. Although griffithsin triggered a small decline in transepithelial electrical resistance in polarized cultures, this did not translate to any significant increase in the ability of HIV to migrate from the apical to the basolateral chamber nor to an increase in susceptibility to HSV-2 in mice treated with griffithsin gel for 7 days. These findings demonstrate that griffithsin inhibits HSV-2 by a unique mechanism of blocking cell-to-cell spread and support its further development for HIV and HSV-2 prevention.
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32
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Gershon AA. Varicella zoster vaccines and their implications for development of HSV vaccines. Virology 2013; 435:29-36. [PMID: 23217613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines to prevent varicella and zoster have been available in the US for the past 17 years, with a resultant dramatic decrease in varicella incidence and a predicted future decrease in the incidence of zoster. The pathogenesis and immune responses to varicella zoster virus (VZV) as well as the safety and effectiveness of VZV vaccines are reviewed. The lack of sterilizing immunity provided by VZV vaccines has not prevented them from being safe and effective. Virological and pathological information concerning parallels and differences between VZV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are highlighted. Although VZV and HSV are distinct pathogens, they appear to have similarities in target organs and immunity that provide an expectation of a high likelihood for the success of vaccination against HSV, and predicted to be similar to that of VZV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, NY 10032, USA.
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33
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Changes in the soluble mucosal immune environment during genital herpes outbreaks. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 61:194-202. [PMID: 22820806 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31826867ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital tract secretions provide variable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) ex vivo. We hypothesize that the anti-HSV activity may prevent the spread of virus from the more commonly affected sites, such as the external genitalia, to the upper genital tract. METHODS The antimicrobial activity of cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and concentrations of mucosal immune mediators were measured in 10 HIV-seronegative women with an active external herpetic lesion and compared with 10 HIV-seronegative women who were HSV-1 and HSV-2 seronegative. Samples were obtained at the time of a symptomatic external lesion (day 0), after 1 week of oral acyclovir (day 7), and 1 week after completing treatment (day 14). Controls were evaluated at parallel intervals. RESULTS The anti-HSV activity was higher in CVL obtained from cases compared to controls at presentation (day 0) (54.3% vs. 28%), fell to similar levels on day 7, and then rebounded on day 14 (69% vs. 25%). The anti-HSV activity correlated positively and significantly with the concentrations of several inflammatory proteins; the concentrations of these proteins tended to be higher in cases compared with controls and followed a similar temporal pattern. CONCLUSIONS Increases in inflammatory immune mediators and anti-HSV activity were detected in CVL at the time of clinical outbreaks and after completion of a short course of acyclovir. These mucosal responses may protect against HSV spread but could facilitate HIV infection and contribute to the clinical observation that, independent of clinical lesions, HSV-2 is a risk factor for HIV acquisition.
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34
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Roth K, Ferreira VH, Kaushic C. HSV-2 vaccine: current state and insights into development of a vaccine that targets genital mucosal protection. Microb Pathog 2012; 58:45-54. [PMID: 23159485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2 is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that result in significant morbidity and financial burden on health systems around the world. Recurrent and asymptomatic re-activation accompanied by viral shedding is common among sero-positive individuals, leading to relatively high efficiency of transmission. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines are the best and cheapest option to address the problems associated with HSV-2 infections globally. However, despite persistent efforts, the search for an efficacious vaccine for HSV-2 remains elusive. In this review, the current state of HSV-2 vaccines and the outcome of past human trials are examined. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence and strategies from experimental mouse models that have been successful in inducing protective immunity in the genital tract against HSV-2, following immunization. Future vaccination strategies that focus on induction of robust mucosal immunity in the genital tract may hold the key for a successful vaccine against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Roth
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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35
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An effector phenotype of CD8+ T cells at the junction epithelium during clinical quiescence of herpes simplex virus 2 infection. J Virol 2012; 86:10587-96. [PMID: 22811543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01237-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 infection is characterized by cycles of viral quiescence and reactivation. CD8(+) T cells persist at the site of viral reactivation, at the genital dermal-epidermal junction contiguous to neuronal endings of sensory neurons, for several months after herpes lesion resolution. To evaluate whether these resident CD8(+) T cells frequently encounter HSV antigen even during times of asymptomatic viral infection, we analyzed the transcriptional output of CD8(+) T cells captured by laser microdissection from human genital skin biopsy specimens during the clinically quiescent period of 8 weeks after lesion resolution. These CD8(+) T cells expressed a characteristic set of genes distinct from those of three separate control cell populations, and network and pathway analyses revealed that these T cells significantly upregulated antiviral genes such as GZMB, PRF1, INFG, IL-32, and LTA, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism-related genes such as GLUT-1, and chemotaxis and recruitment genes such as CCL5 and CCR1, suggesting a possible feedback mechanism for the recruitment of CD8(+) T cells to the site of infection. Many of these transcripts are known to have half-lives of <48 h, suggesting that cognate antigen is released frequently into the mucosa and that resident CD8(+) T cells act as functional effectors in controlling viral spread.
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36
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Kumamoto Y, Iwasaki A. Unique features of antiviral immune system of the vaginal mucosa. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:411-6. [PMID: 22673876 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A vast majority of human vaccines rely on neutralizing antibodies for protection. With the exception of vaccines against human papillomavirus, despite a great amount of dedicated effort by the scientific community, development of vaccines against sexually transmitted viruses has generally been unsuccessful. Understanding the immunobiology of the genital tract is key to designing vaccines that prevent spreading of these viruses. Recent studies demonstrate that adaptive immunity in the vaginal mucosa is uniquely regulated compared to other mucosal organs. In particular, development of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is critically important for antiviral defense in vagina. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of a wide spectrum of immune responses in vagina--from innate viral sensing to memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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Kadeppagari RK, Sanchez RL, Foster TP. HSV-2 inhibits type-I interferon signaling via multiple complementary and compensatory STAT2-associated mechanisms. Virus Res 2012; 167:273-84. [PMID: 22634037 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN)-mediated responses are a crucial first line of defense against viral infections and are critical for generating both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, viruses have necessarily evolved mechanisms to impede the IFN response. HSV-2 was found to completely abolish type-1 IFN-mediated signaling via multiple STAT2-associated mechanisms. Although the extent and kinetics of this inactivation were indistinguishable between the various cell-lines examined, there were distinct differences in the mechanisms HSV-2 employed to subvert IFN-signaling among the cell-lines. These mechanistic differences could be segregated into two categories dependent on the phase of the HSV replicative cycle that was responsible for this inhibition: (1) early phase-inhibited cells which exhibited abrogation of IFN-signaling prior to viral DNA replication; (2) late phase-inhibited cells where early phase inhibition mechanisms were not functional, but viral functions expressed following DNA replication compensated for their ineffectiveness. In early phase-inhibited cells, HSV-2 infection targeted STAT2 protein for proteosomal degradation and prevented de novo expression of STAT2 by degrading its mRNA. In contrast, HSV-2 infected late phase-inhibited cells exhibited no apparent changes in STAT2 transcript or protein levels. However, in these cells STAT2 was not activated by phosphorylation and failed to translocate to the cell nucleus, thereby preventing transactivation of antiviral genes. In primary human fibroblasts, HSV-2 failed to fully degrade STAT2 and therefore, both early and late phase mechanisms functioned cooperatively to subvert IFN-mediated antiviral gene expression. Taken together, these results indicate the importance that HSV-2 has assigned to STAT2, investing significant genomic currency throughout its replicative lifecycle for continuous targeted destruction and inhibition of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi-Kumar Kadeppagari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Tsambaos D, Rodi M, Pasmatzi E, Monastirli A, Papadaki H, Mouzaki A. Long-term remission of recurrent herpes labialis following topical imiquimod application on distant healthy skin: a clinical and immunological study. Antivir Ther 2012; 16:863-9. [PMID: 21900718 DOI: 10.3851/imp1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the limitations of current antiviral therapies, safer and more effective approaches to the management of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) are needed. METHODS A patient with a 23-year history of RHL and 14 healthy individuals were studied. The patient applied imiquimod to distant healthy skin for 3 weeks. Peripheral blood (PB) samples were collected from the patient during treatment and 21 months after its discontinuation; samples were collected from the controls once. The distribution of lymphocyte populations in PB were analysed by flow cytometry and PB cytokine levels were measured using cytometric bead arrays. RESULTS The patient showed long-term remission of the disorder subsequent to a 3-week imiquimod application to distant healthy skin. Imiquimod treatment induced the activation and proliferation of T-helper and cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells and T-regulatory cells. In addition, there was a very strong transient increase of T-helper 1 cells (resulting in interferon-γ secretion) and type 1 (pro-inflammatory) polarization of the immune response accompanied by a sustainable interferon-α production. At follow-up 21 months after treatment cessation, with the patient remaining relapse-free, the patient had control levels of all cytokines, increased levels of activated cytotoxic T-cells, continuous production of new T-helper cells and B-cells and near-to-normal levels of T-regulatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that topical application of imiquimod to healthy skin is capable of causing systemic immunomodulation. This treatment might represent a new and effective alternative to established therapeutic and prophylactic regimens for RHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios Tsambaos
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In addition to recurrent genital ulcers, HSV-2 causes neonatal herpes, and it is associated with a 3-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition. Although many HSV-2 vaccines have been studied in animal models, few have reached clinical trials, and those that have been tested in humans were not consistently effective. Here, we review HSV-2 pathogenesis, with a focus on novel understanding of mucosal immunobiology of HSV-2, and vaccine efforts to date, in an attempt to stimulate thinking about future directions for development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Schiffer JT, Wald A, Selke S, Corey L, Magaret A. The kinetics of mucosal herpes simplex virus-2 infection in humans: evidence for rapid viral-host interactions. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:554-61. [PMID: 21791657 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) reactivations in the genital tract are responsible for mucocutaneous lesions and transmission and manifest as discrete shedding episodes. METHODS We analyzed duration, peak copy number, and expansion and decay rates of 1020 shedding episodes in 531 immunocompetent HSV-2-seropositive persons from whom daily swabs of genital secretions were collected. RESULTS Viral quantity varied by as much as a multiple of 10 million in a single person over time. Peak episode copy number was distributed approximately evenly from 10(3) through 10(8) HSV DNA copies/mL. Median rate of increase was 10(7.6) HSV DNA copies/day during the first 12 hours of an episode and 10(5) copies/d from episode initiation to peak. These values depended only moderately on episode duration. Median decay rate was -10(6.2) HSV DNA copies/d during the final 12 hours of an episode and -10(3.6) copies/d from peak to termination. Episodes lasted a median of 3 days (interquartile range, 1-8 days). Prolonged (>5 days) episodes were associated with nonmonotonic decay. CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 shedding episodes are notable for rapid expansion and decay and extreme heterogeneity of duration and viral production. The net effect of these dynamic episodes is frequent shedding at high copy numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Yao XD, Rosenthal KL. Herpes simplex virus type 2 virion host shutoff protein suppresses innate dsRNA antiviral pathways in human vaginal epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1981-1993. [PMID: 21632561 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that establish persistent infections have evolved numerous strategies to evade host innate antiviral responses. We functionally assessed the role of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) virion host shutoff (vhs) protein on innate immune sensing pathways in human vaginal epithelial cells (VK2 ECs). Infection of cells with wild-type (WT) HSV-2 significantly decreased expression of innate immune sensors of viral infection, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR3, retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (Mda-5), relative to cells infected with a mutant that lacks vhs (vhsB) or mock-infected cells. Transfection with HSV-2 vhs similarly decreased expression of TLR2, TLR3, RIG-I and Mda-5, which was also confirmed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. vhsB infection of VK2 cells caused robust increases in the active form of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)3 and its translocation to the nucleus compared with the WT. Additionally, IRF3 activation by Sendai virus and polyinosinic : polycytidylic acid-induced stimulation of beta interferon (IFN-β) was significantly inhibited in vhs-transfected cells. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence that HSV-2 vhs plays roles in selectively inhibiting TLR3 and RIG-I/Mda-5, as well as TLR2-mediated antiviral pathways for sensing dsRNA and effectively suppresses IFN-β antiviral responses in human vaginal ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Yao
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee Rosenthal
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Bond E, Liang F, Sandgren KJ, Smed-Sörensen A, Bergman P, Brighenti S, Adams WC, Betemariam SA, Rangaka MX, Lange C, Wilkinson RJ, Andersson J, Loré K. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells infiltrate the skin in positive tuberculin skin test indurations. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:114-23. [PMID: 21850028 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are rarely present in normal skin but have been shown to infiltrate lesions of infections or autoimmune disorders. Here, we report that several DC subsets including CD123(+) BDCA-2/CD303(+) pDCs accumulate in the dermis in indurations induced by the tuberculin skin test (TST), used to screen immune sensitization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the purified protein derivate (PPD) used in the TST did not itself induce pDC recruitment or IFN-α production, the positive skin reactions showed high expression of the IFN-α-inducible protein MxA. In contrast, the local immune response to PPD was associated with substantial cell death and high expression of the cationic antimicrobial peptide LL37, which together can provide a means for pDC activation and IFN-α production. In vitro, pDCs showed low uptake of PPD compared with CD11c(+) and BDCA-3/CD141(+) myeloid DC subsets. Furthermore, supernatants from pDCs activated with LL37-DNA complexes reduced the high PPD uptake in myeloid DCs, as well as decreased their capacity to activate T-cell proliferation. Infiltrating pDCs in the TST reaction site may thus have a regulatory effect upon the antigen processing and presentation functions of surrounding potent myeloid DC subsets to limit potentially detrimental and excessive immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bond
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
To assess the role of Fas in lesion development during genital HSV-2 infection, we used a well-established HSV-2 murine model applied to MRL-Fas(lpr)/J (Fas-/-) and C3-Fasl(gld)/J (FasL-/-) C57BL6 mice. In vitro infection of murine keratinocytes and epithelial cells was used to clarify molecular details of HSV-2 infection. Despite upregulation of Fas and FasL, HSV-2-infected keratinocytes and epithelial cells showed a moderate level of apoptosis due to upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2, Akt kinase and NF-κB. Inflammatory lesions within the HSV-2-infected epithelium of C57BL6 mice consisted of infected cells upregulating Fas, FasL and Bcl-2, uninfected cells upregulating Fas and neutrophils expressing both Fas and FasL. Apoptosis was detected in HSV-2-infected cells and to even higher extent in non-infected cells surrounding HSV-2 infection sites. HSV-2 infection of Fas- and FasL-deficient mice led to increased apoptosis and stronger recruitment of neutrophils within the infection sites. We conclude that the Fas pathway participates in regulation of inflammatory response in the vaginal epithelium at the initial stage of HSV-2 infection.
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Dong CX, Hayashi K, Mizukoshi Y, Lee JB, Hayashi T. Structures of acidic polysaccharides from Basella rubra L. and their antiviral effects. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pica F, Volpi A, Gaziano R, Garaci E. Interferon-lambda in immunocompetent individuals with a history of recurrent herpes labialis. Antivir Ther 2010; 15:737-43. [PMID: 20710055 DOI: 10.3851/imp1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes labialis (HL) is the most common manifestation of recurrent oral herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection. Between 20% and 40% of the population is affected by recurrent HL. The biological basis for the difference between HSV-1-infected individuals who do and who do not suffer recurrences, has long been investigated. Interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-lambda are essential for antiviral immunity, but the precise role of IFN-lambda in vivo is not yet well understood. METHODS Healthy immunocompetent patients with or without a history of recurrent HL were recruited from the Policlinico of the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Rome, Italy), and HSV-1-seronegative individuals were recruited from the Department of Experimental Medicine of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, between July 2007 and December 2008. Participants were interviewed by medically trained investigators and underwent a blood test. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from heparinized blood of patients and stimulated in vitro with intact HSV-1 strain F1 (1 plaque-forming unit/cell). PBMC supernatants were assayed for IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma and IFN-lambda production by ELISA at 24 and 48 h after viral challenge. RESULTS PBMC from patients with a history of recurrent HL produced markedly lower levels of IFN-lambda and marginally lower levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma than those from the history-negative HSV-1-seropositive controls. Among individuals with HL recurrences, those with more frequent and severe manifestations showed a significant trend towards lower levels of IFN-lambda production. CONCLUSIONS A reduced IFN-lambda response might correlate with the development of recurrent HSV-1 infection in immunocompetent individuals. Testing for IFN-lambda response might be useful to predict individual patterns of antiviral response, contributing to more successful therapeutic or prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pica
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Loss of the type I interferon pathway increases vulnerability of mice to genital herpes simplex virus 2 infection. J Virol 2010; 85:1625-33. [PMID: 21147921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01715-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse model of genital herpes relies on medoxyprogesterone treatment of female mice to render the vaginal lumen susceptible to inoculation with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). In the present study, we report that mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I interferon receptor (CD118(-/-)) are susceptible to HSV-2 in the absence of medroxyprogesterone preconditioning. In the absence of hormone pretreatment, 2,000 PFU of a clinical isolate of HSV-2 was sufficient to establish a productive infection in the vagina of 75% ± 17% and in the spinal cord of 71% ± 14% of CD118(-/-) mice, whereas the same dose of HSV-2 replicated to detectable levels in only 13% ± 13% of vaginal samples and 0% of spinal cord samples from wild-type mice, as determined at day 5 postinfection. The susceptibility to HSV-2 infection in the CD118(-/-) mice was associated with a significant reduction in the infiltration of HSV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the vaginal tissue, the local production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and the expression of T cell-recruiting chemokines CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10. Collectively, the results underscore the significant contribution of type I IFNs in resistance to genital HSV-2 infection.
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Mucosal host immune response predicts the severity and duration of herpes simplex virus-2 genital tract shedding episodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18973-8. [PMID: 20956313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006614107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) shedding episodes in humans vary markedly in duration and virologic titer within an infected person over time, an observation that is unexplained. To evaluate whether host or virological factors more closely accounted for this variability, we combined measures of viral replication and CD8(+) lymphocyte density in genital biopsies, with a stochastic mathematical model of HSV-2 infection. Model simulations reproduced quantities of virus and duration of shedding detected in 1,003 episodes among 386 persons. In the simulations, local CD8(+) lymphocyte density in the mucosa at episode onset predicted peak HSV DNA copy number and whether genital lesions or subclinical shedding occurred. High density of CD8(+) T cells in the mucosa correlated with decreased infected cell lifespan and fewer infected epithelial cells before episode clearance. If infected cell lifespan increased by 15 min because of CD8(+) lymphocyte decay, then there was potential for a thousandfold increase in the number of infected cells. The model suggests that the rate of containment of infected cells by the peripheral mucosal immune system is the major driver of duration and severity of HSV-2 reactivation in the immunocompetent host.
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West JA, Damania B. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and innate immunity. Future Virol 2010; 5:185-196. [PMID: 20414330 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human herpesvirus, first isolated and identified from a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion in 1994. It is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, a vascular lesion that is the predominant cancer among AIDS patients. KSHV is also the primary etiological agent of two B-cell lymphomas, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV can exist in either a lytic phase, in which the viral DNA is actively replicated and virions are assembled, or in a latent phase, in which the viral genome is tethered to the host chromosome via protein-protein interactions. The lytic cycle generally occurs following primary infection, and within 72-96 h in most cell types, the virus enters the latent state. Reactivation from latency also leads to the intiation of the lytic cycle, which is necessary for virus propagation and survival in the host. Several KSHV proteins have been implicated in modulation of the host immune response to viral infection. This article summarizes recent discoveries involving the innate immune response to KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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