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Yang W, Liu LB, Liu FL, Wu YH, Zhen ZD, Fan DY, Sheng ZY, Song ZR, Chang JT, Zheng YT, An J, Wang PG. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the fragility of male spermatogenic cells to Zika virus-induced complement activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2476. [PMID: 37120617 PMCID: PMC10148584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a potential threat to male reproductive health but the mechanisms underlying its influence on testes during ZIKV infection remain obscure. To address this question, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing using testes from ZIKV-infected mice. The results reveal the fragility of spermatogenic cells, especially spermatogonia, to ZIKV infection and show that the genes of the complement system are significantly upregulated mainly in infiltrated S100A4 + monocytes/macrophages. Complement activation and its contribution to testicular damage are validated by ELISA, RT‒qPCR and IFA and further verify in ZIKV-infected northern pigtailed macaques by RNA genome sequencing and IFA, suggesting that this might be the common response to ZIKV infection in primates. On this basis, we test the complement inhibitor C1INH and S100A4 inhibitors sulindac and niclosamide for their effects on testis protection. C1INH alleviates the pathological change in the testis but deteriorates ZIKV infection in general. In contrast, niclosamide effectively reduces S100A4 + monocyte/macrophage infiltration, inhibits complement activation, alleviates testicular damage, and rescues the fertility of male mice from ZIKV infection. This discovery therefore encourages male reproductive health protection during the next ZIKV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Li-Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zi-Da Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zi-Yang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zheng-Ran Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jia-Tong Chang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Doykov I, Baldwin T, Spiewak J, Gilmour KC, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Reynolds CJ, Áine McKnight, Noursadeghi M, Maini MK, Manisty C, Treibel T, Captur G, Fontana M, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, Brooks T, Semper A, Moon JC, Kevin Mills, Heywood WE, Abiodun A, Alfarih M, Alldis Z, Altmann DM, Amin OE, Andiapen M, Artico J, Augusto JB, Baca GL, Bailey SN, Bhuva AN, Boulter A, Bowles R, Boyton RJ, Bracken OV, O’Brien B, Brooks T, Bullock N, Butler DK, Captur G, Carr O, Champion N, Chan C, Chandran A, Coleman T, Couto de Sousa J, Couto-Parada X, Cross E, Cutino-Moguel T, D’Arcangelo S, Davies RH, Douglas B, Di Genova C, Dieobi-Anene K, Diniz MO, Ellis A, Feehan K, Finlay M, Fontana M, Forooghi N, Francis S, Gibbons JM, Gillespie D, Gilroy D, Hamblin M, Harker G, Hemingway G, Hewson J, Heywood W, Hickling LM, Hicks B, Hingorani AD, Howes L, Itua I, Jardim V, Lee WYJ, Jensen M, Jones J, Jones M, Joy G, Kapil V, Kelly C, Kurdi H, Lambourne J, Lin KM, Liu S, Lloyd A, Louth S, Maini MK, Mandadapu V, Manisty C, McKnight Á, Menacho K, Mfuko C, Mills K, Millward S, Mitchelmore O, Moon C, Moon J, Sandoval DM, Murray SM, Noursadeghi M, Otter A, Pade C, Palma S, Parker R, Patel K, Pawarova M, Petersen SE, Piniera B, Pieper FP, Rannigan L, Rapala A, Reynolds CJ, Richards A, Robathan M, Rosenheim J, Rowe C, Royds M, West JS, Sambile G, Schmidt NM, Selman H, Semper A, Seraphim A, Simion M, Smit A, Sugimoto M, Swadling L, Taylor S, Temperton N, Thomas S, Thornton GD, Treibel TA, Tucker A, Varghese A, Veerapen J, Vijayakumar M, Warner T, Welch S, White H, Wodehouse T, Wynne L, Zahedi D. Quantitative, multiplexed, targeted proteomics for ascertaining variant specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100279. [PMID: 35975199 PMCID: PMC9372021 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Determining the protection an individual has to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VoCs) is crucial for future immune surveillance, vaccine development, and understanding of the changing immune response. We devised an informative assay to current ELISA-based serology using multiplexed, baited, targeted proteomics for direct detection of multiple proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody immunocomplex. Serum from individuals collected after infection or first- and second-dose vaccination demonstrates this approach and shows concordance with existing serology and neutralization. Our assays show altered responses of both immunoglobulins and complement to the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.1) VoCs and a reduced response to Omicron (B1.1.1529). We were able to identify individuals who had prior infection, and observed that C1q is closely associated with IgG1 (r > 0.82) and may better reflect neutralization to VoCs. Analyzing additional immunoproteins beyond immunoglobulin (Ig) G, provides important information about our understanding of the response to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Doykov
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health London
| | - Tomas Baldwin
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Justyna Spiewak
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Treibel
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | | | - James C Moon
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health London
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health London
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Fehling SK, Akoi Bore J, Koundouno FR, Hall Y, Hudson J, Alexander F, Longet S, Taylor S, Gorringe A, Magassouba N, Konde MK, Hiscox J, Strecker T, Carroll M. Complement-Mediated Neutralisation Identified in Ebola Virus Disease Survivor Plasma: Implications for Protection and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857481. [PMID: 35493467 PMCID: PMC9039621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic in West Africa was unprecedented in case numbers and fatalities, and sporadic outbreaks continue to arise. Antibodies to the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) are strongly associated with survival and their use in immunotherapy is often initially based on their performance in neutralisation assays. Other immune effector functions also contribute to EBOV protection but are more complex to measure. Their interactions with the complement system in particular are comparatively under-researched and commonly excluded from cellular immunoassays. Using EBOV convalescent plasma samples from the 2013-2016 epidemic, we investigated antibody and complement-mediated neutralisation and how these interactions can influence immunity in response to EBOV-GP and its secreted form (EBOV-sGP). We defined two cohorts: one with low-neutralising titres in relation to EBOV-GP IgG titres (LN cohort) and the other with a direct linear relationship between neutralisation and EBOV-GP IgG titres (N cohort). Using flow cytometry antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) assays, we found that the LN cohort was equally efficient at mediating ADCD in response to the EBOV-GP but was significantly lower in response to the EBOV-sGP, compared to the N cohort. Using wild-type EBOV neutralisation assays with a cohort of the LN plasma, we observed a significant increase in neutralisation associated with the addition of pooled human plasma as a source of complement. Flow cytometry ADCD was also applied using the GP of the highly virulent Sudan virus (SUDV) of the Sudan ebolavirus species. There are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics against SUDV and it overlaps in endemicity with EBOV. We found that the LN plasma was significantly less efficient at cross-reacting and mediating ADCD. Overall, we found a differential response in ADCD between LN and N plasma in response to various Ebolavirus glycoproteins, and that these interactions could significantly improve EBOV neutralisation for selected LN plasma samples. Preservation of the complement system in immunoassays could augment our understanding of neutralisation and thus protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph Akoi Bore
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.,Department of Research, Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Fara Raymond Koundouno
- Department of Research, Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yper Hall
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hudson
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Alexander
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - N'Faly Magassouba
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Reference Department, Projet Laboratoire Fièvres Hémorragiques, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mandy Kader Konde
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Julian Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Human C1q Regulates Influenza A Virus Infection and Inflammatory Response via Its Globular Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063045. [PMID: 35328462 PMCID: PMC8949502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus (IAV) is a severe respiratory pathogen. C1q is the first subcomponent of the complement system’s classical pathway. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains. Each of these chains contains a collagen-like region located at the N terminus, and a C-terminal globular head region organized as a heterotrimeric structure (ghA, ghB and ghC). This study was aimed at investigating the complement activation-independent modulation by C1q and its individual recombinant globular heads against IAV infection. The interaction of C1q and its recombinant globular heads with IAV and its purified glycoproteins was examined using direct ELISA and far-Western blotting analysis. The effect of the complement proteins on IAV replication kinetics and immune modulation was assessed by qPCR. The IAV entry inhibitory properties of C1q and its recombinant globular heads were confirmed using cell binding and luciferase reporter assays. C1q bound IAV virions via HA, NA and M1 IAV proteins, and suppressed replication in H1N1, while promoting replication in H3N2-infected A549 cells. C1q treatment further triggered an anti-inflammatory response in H1N1 and pro-inflammatory response in H3N2-infected cells as evident from differential expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12 and RANTES. Furthermore, C1q treatment was found to reduce luciferase reporter activity of MDCK cells transfected with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles, indicative of an entry inhibitory role of C1q against infectivity of IAV. These data appear to demonstrate the complement-independent subtype specific modulation of IAV infection by locally produced C1q.
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5
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Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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6
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Kumar NA, Kunnakkadan U, Thomas S, Johnson JB. In the Crosshairs: RNA Viruses OR Complement? Front Immunol 2020; 11:573583. [PMID: 33133089 PMCID: PMC7550403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses. Among the major groups of viruses, RNA viruses contribute significantly to the global mortality and morbidity index associated with viral infection. Despite multiple routes of entry adopted by these viruses, facing complement is inevitable. The initial interaction with complement and the nature of this interaction play an important role in determining host resistance versus susceptibility to the viral infection. Many RNA viruses are potent activators of complement, often resulting in virus neutralization. Yet, another facet of virus-induced activation is the exacerbation in pathogenesis contributing to the overall morbidity. The severity in disease and death associated with RNA virus infections shows a tip in the scale favoring viruses. Growing evidence suggest that like their DNA counterparts, RNA viruses have co-evolved to master ingenious strategies to remarkably restrict complement. Modulation of host genes involved in antiviral responses contributed prominently to the adoption of unique strategies to keep complement at bay, which included either down regulation of activation components (C3, C4) or up regulation of complement regulatory proteins. All this hints at a possible “hijacking” of the cross-talk mechanism of the host immune system. Enveloped RNA viruses have a selective advantage of not only modulating the host responses but also recruiting membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs). This review aims to highlight the significant progress in the understanding of RNA virus–complement interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Asok Kumar
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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7
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Burger CA, Jiang D, Li F, Samuel MA. C1q Regulates Horizontal Cell Neurite Confinement in the Outer Retina. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:583391. [PMID: 33177995 PMCID: PMC7596380 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.583391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons generate excess processes which are then eliminated in concert with circuit maturation. C1q is the initiating protein in the complement cascade and has been implicated in this process, but whether C1q-mediated elimination is targeted to particular neural compartments is unclear. Using the murine retina, we identify C1q as a specific regulator of horizontal cell neurite confinement. Subsets of horizontal cell dendritic and axonal neurites extend into the outer retina suggesting that complement achieves both cellular and subcellular selectivity. These alterations emerge as outer retina synapses become mature. C1q expression is restricted to retina microglia, and the loss of C1q results in decreased microglia activation. This pathway appears independent of the C3a receptor (C3aR) and complement receptor 3 (CR3), as horizontal cells are normal when either protein is absent. Together, these data identify a new role for C1q in cell and neurite-specific confinement and implicate microglia-mediated phagocytosis in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Burger
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Danye Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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9
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Agrawal P, Sharma S, Pal P, Ojha H, Mullick J, Sahu A. The imitation game: a viral strategy to subvert the complement system. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2518-2542. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Samriddhi Sharma
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Pradipta Pal
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Microbial Containment Complex ICMR‐National Institute of Virology Pune 411021 India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
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A Factor I-Like Activity Associated with Chikungunya Virus Contributes to Its Resistance to the Human Complement System. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02062-19. [PMID: 31941783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02062-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging pathogen capable of causing explosive outbreaks. Prior studies showed that exacerbation in arthritogenic alphavirus-induced pathogenesis is attributed to its interaction with multiple immune components, including the complement system. Viremia concomitant to CHIKV infection makes exposure of the virus to complement unavoidable, yet very little is known about CHIKV-complement interactions. Here, we show that CHIKV activated serum complement to modest levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, but the virus effectively resisted complement-mediated neutralization. Heat-inactivated serum from seropositive donors could actively neutralize CHIKV due to the presence of potent anti-CHIKV antibodies. Deposition of key complement components C3 and C4 did not alter the resistance of CHIKV to complement. Further, we identified a factor I-like activity in CHIKV that limited complement by inactivating C3b into inactive C3b (iC3b), the complement component known to significantly contribute to disease severity in vivo, but this activity had no effect on C4b. Inactivation of C3b by CHIKV was largely dependent on the concentration of the soluble host cofactor factor H and the virus concentration. A factor I function-blocking antibody had only a negligible effect on the factor I-like activity associated with CHIKV, suggesting that this activity is independent of host factor I and could be of viral origin. Thus, our findings suggest a complement modulatory action of CHIKV which not only helps the virus to evade human complement but may also have implications in alphavirus-induced arthritogenic symptoms.IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus is a vector-borne pathogen of global significance. The morbidity associated with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, neurovirulence and adaptability to Aedes albopictus, necessitates a deeper understanding of the interaction of CHIKV with the host immune system. Here, we demonstrate that CHIKV is resistant to neutralization by one of the potent barriers of the innate immune arm, the complement system. Chikungunya virus showed marked resistance to complement despite activation and deposition of complement proteins. Interestingly the C3 component associated with the virion was found to be inactive C3b (iC3b), a key factor implicated in the pathogenesis and disease severity in the mouse model of Ross River virus infection. CHIKV also had an associated unique factor I-like activity that mediated the inactivation of C3b into iC3b. We have unraveled a smart strategy adopted by CHIKV to limit complement which has serious implications in viral dissemination, pathogenesis, and disease.
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Carr JM, Cabezas-Falcon S, Dubowsky JG, Hulme-Jones J, Gordon DL. Dengue virus and the complement alternative pathway. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2543-2555. [PMID: 31943152 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dengue disease is an inflammatory-driven pathology, and complement overactivation is linked to disease severity and vascular leakage. Additionally, dysregulation of complement alternative pathway (AP) components has been described, such as upregulation of complement factor D and downregulation of complement factor H (FH), which activate and inhibit the AP, respectively. Thus, the pathology of severe dengue could in part result from AP dysfunction, even though complement and AP activation usually provide protection against viral infections. In dengue virus-infected macrophages and endothelial cells (ECs), the site of replication and target for vascular pathology, respectively, the AP is activated. The AP activation, reduced FH and vascular leakage seen in dengue disease in part parallels other complement AP pathologies associated with FH deficiency, such as atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). aHUS can be therapeutically targeted with inhibitors of complement terminal activity, raising the idea that strategies such as inhibition of complement or delivery of FH or other complement regulatory components to EC may be beneficial to combat the vascular leakage seen in severe dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Carr
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sheila Cabezas-Falcon
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,TGR Biosciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joshua G Dubowsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jarrod Hulme-Jones
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David L Gordon
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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