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Chen X, Du S, Zhang Y, Peng K, Liu L, Wang T, Zhang H, Cai S, Zhu C, Li Y, Tuo W, Wang Y, Wei F, Cai Q. Caspase-mediated AURKA cleavage at Asp 132 is essential for paclitaxel to elicit cell apoptosis. Theranostics 2024; 14:3909-3926. [PMID: 38994036 PMCID: PMC11234276 DOI: 10.7150/thno.97842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a potent oncogene that is often aberrantly expressed during tumorigenesis, and is associated with chemo-resistance in various malignancies. However, the role of AURKA in chemo-resistance remains largely elusive. Methods: The cleavage of AURKA upon viral infection or apoptosis stimuli was assesed by immunoblotting assays in several cancer cells or caspase deficient cell line models. The effect of AURKA cleavage at Asp132 on mitosis was explored by live cell imaging and immunofluorescence staining experiments. The role of Asp132-cleavage of AURKA induced by the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel was investigated using TUNEL, immunohistochemistry assay in mouse tumor xenograft model and patient tissues. Results: The proteolytic cleavage of AURKA at Asp132 commonly occurs in several cancer cell types, regardless of viral infection or apoptosis stimuli. Mechanistically, caspase 3/7/8 cleave AURKA at Asp132, and the Asp132-cleaved forms of AURKA promote cell apoptosis by disrupting centrosome formation and bipolar spindle assembly in metaphase during mitosis. The AURKAD132A mutation blocks the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and EGR1, which leads to reduced therapeutic effects of paclitaxel on colony formation and malignant growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo using a murine xenograft model and cancer patients. Conclusions: This study reveals that caspase-mediated AURKAD132 proteolysis is essential for paclitaxel to elicit cell apoptosis and indicates that AURKAD132 is a potential key target for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Chen
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ke Peng
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lina Liu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
- Expert Workstation, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Cai
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Youhai Li
- Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Tuo
- Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- ShengYushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Expert Workstation, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Y, Dong Z, Gu F, Xu Y, Li Y, Sun W, Rao W, Du S, Zhu C, Wang Y, Wei F, Cai Q. Degradation of TRIM32 is induced by RTA for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0000524. [PMID: 38717113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
TRIM32 is often aberrantly expressed in many types of cancers. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with several human malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas (PELs). Increasing evidence has demonstrated the crucial role of KSHV lytic replication in viral tumorigenesis. However, the role of TRIM32 in herpesvirus lytic replication remains unclear. Here, we reveal that the expression of TRIM32 is upregulated by KSHV in latency, and reactivation of KSHV lytic replication leads to the inhibition of TRIM32 in PEL cells. Strikingly, RTA, the master regulator of lytic replication, interacts with TRIM32 and dramatically promotes TRIM32 for degradation via the proteasome systems. Inhibition of TRIM32 induces cell apoptosis and in turn inhibits the proliferation and colony formation of KSHV-infected PEL cells and facilitates the reactivation of KSHV lytic replication and virion production. Thus, our data imply that the degradation of TRIM32 is vital for the lytic activation of KSHV and is a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-associated cancers. IMPORTANCE TRIM32 is associated with many cancers and viral infections; however, the role of TRIM32 in viral oncogenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of TRIM32 is elevated by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in latency, and RTA (the master regulator of lytic replication) induces TRIM32 for proteasome degradation upon viral lytic reactivation. This finding provides a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Dong
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wutian Rao
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- ShengYushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Development Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Muniraju M, Mutsvunguma LZ, Reidel IG, Escalante GM, Cua S, Musonda W, Calero-Landa J, Farelo MA, Rodriguez E, Li Z, Ogembo JG. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein (KCP) and glycoprotein K8.1 are not required for viral infection in vitro or in vivo. J Virol 2024; 98:e0057624. [PMID: 38767375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causal agent of Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer that appears as tumors on the skin or mucosal surfaces, as well as primary effusion lymphoma and KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease, which are B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against KSHV infection and its associated diseases are needed. To develop these strategies, it is crucial to identify and target viral glycoproteins involved in KSHV infection of host cells. Multiple KSHV glycoproteins expressed on the viral envelope are thought to play a pivotal role in viral infection, but the infection mechanisms involving these glycoproteins remain largely unknown. We investigated the role of two KSHV envelope glycoproteins, KSHV complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1, in viral infection in various cell types in vitro and in vivo. Using our newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP, K8.1, or both, we demonstrated the presence of KCP and K8.1 on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. We showed that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remained infectious in KSHV-susceptible cell lines, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast, when compared to wild-type recombinant KSHV. We also provide the first evidence that KSHV lacking K8.1 or both KCP and K8.1 can infect human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model. Thus, these results suggest that neither KCP nor K8.1 is required for KSHV infection of various host cell types and that these glycoproteins do not determine KSHV cell tropism. IMPORTANCE Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human gamma-herpesvirus associated with the endothelial malignancy Kaposi sarcoma and the lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. Determining how KSHV glycoproteins such as complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1 contribute to the establishment, persistence, and transmission of viral infection will be key for developing effective anti-viral vaccines and therapies to prevent and treat KSHV infection and KSHV-associated diseases. Using newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP and/or K8.1, we show that KCP and K8.1 can be found on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. Furthermore, we show that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remains infectious to diverse cell types susceptible to KSHV in vitro and to human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model, thus providing evidence that these viral glycoproteins are not required for KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Muniraju
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ivana G Reidel
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Simeon Cua
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Webster Musonda
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Calero-Landa
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mafalda A Farelo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Esther Rodriguez
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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4
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Yang Z, Nicholas J. Biologically significant interaction of human herpesvirus 8 viral interferon regulatory factor 4 with ubiquitin-specific protease 7. J Virol 2024; 98:e0025524. [PMID: 38752725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00255-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), associated with Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease, encodes four interferon regulatory factor homologs, vIRFs 1-4, that interact with and inhibit various mediators of host-cell defense against virus infection. A cellular protein targeted by all the vIRFs is ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7); while replication-modulatory and latently infected PEL-cell pro-viability phenotypes of USP7 targeting have been identified for vIRFs 1-3, the significance of the interaction of vIRF-4 with USP7 has remained undetermined. Here we show, through genetic ablation of the vIRF-4-USP7 interaction in infected cells, that vIRF-4 association with USP7 is necessary for optimal expression of vIRF-4 and normal HHV-8 replication. Findings from experiments on transfected and infected cells identified ubiquitination of vIRF-4 via K48-linkage and USP7-binding-associated suppression of vIRF-4 ubiquitination and, in infected cells, increased vIRF-4 expression. Analysis of IFN-I induction and associated signaling as a function of vIRF-4 and its interaction with USP7 identified a role of each in innate-immune suppression. Finally, activation via K63-polyubiquitination of the innate-immune signaling mediator TRAF3 was found to be suppressed by vIRF-4 in a USP7-binding-associated manner in infected cells, but not in transfected cells, likely via binding-regulated expression of vIRF-4. Together, our data identify the first examples of vIRF ubiquitination and a vIRF substrate of USP7, enhanced expression of vIRF-4 via its interaction with USP7, and TRAF3-inhibitory activity of vIRF-4. The findings address, for the first time, the biological significance of the interaction of vIRF-4 with USP7 and reveal a mechanism of vIRF-4-mediated innate-immune evasion and pro-replication activity via TRAF3 regulation. IMPORTANCE HHV-8 homologs of cellular interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), involved in host-cell defense against virus infection, interact in an inhibitory fashion with IRFs and other mediators of antiviral innate immunity. These interactions are of demonstrated or hypothesized importance for successful primary, productive (lytic), and latent (persistent) infection by HHV-8. While HHV-8 vIRF-4 is known to interact physically with USP7 deubiquitinase, a key regulator of various cellular proteins, the functional and biological significance of the interaction has not been addressed. The present study identifies the interaction as important for HHV-8 productive replication and, indeed, for vIRF-4 expression and reveals a new function of vIRF-4 via inhibition of the activity of TRAF3, a pivotal mediator of host-cell antiviral activity through activation of cellular IRFs and induction of type-I interferons. These findings identify potential targets for the development of novel anti-HHV-8 agents, such as those able to disrupt vIRF-4-USP7 interaction or vIRF-4-stabilizing USP7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunlin Yang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Caduff N, Rieble L, Böni M, McHugh D, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Barman S, Trivett M, Bosma DMT, Rühl J, Goebels N, Whitby D, Münz C. KSHV infection of B cells primes protective T cell responses in humanized mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4841. [PMID: 38844783 PMCID: PMC11156630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with around 1% of all human tumors, including the B cell malignancy primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), in which co-infection with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can almost always be found in malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate that KSHV/EBV co-infection of mice with reconstituted human immune systems (humanized mice) leads to IgM responses against both latent and lytic KSHV antigens, and expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Among these, KSHV/EBV dual-infection allows for the priming of CD8+ T cells that are specific for the lytic KSHV antigen K6 and able to kill KSHV/EBV infected B cells. This suggests that K6 may represent a vaccine antigen for the control of KSHV and its associated pathologies in high seroprevalence regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Böni
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Pfizer, Medical Department, Schärenmoosstrasse 99, 8052, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthew Trivett
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Douwe M T Bosma
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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Jang SJ, Atyeo N, Mietzsch M, Chae MY, McKenna R, Toth Z, Papp B. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Roles of KSHV Viral Interferon Regulatory Factors in Oral Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:846. [PMID: 38932139 PMCID: PMC11209080 DOI: 10.3390/v16060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs) of KSHV are known to dysregulate cell signaling pathways to promote viral oncogenesis and to block antiviral immune responses to facilitate infection. However, it remains unknown to what extent each vIRF plays a role in gene regulation. To address this, we performed a comparative analysis of the protein structures and gene regulation of the four vIRFs. Our structure prediction analysis revealed that despite their low amino acid sequence similarity, vIRFs exhibit high structural homology in both their DNA-binding domain (DBD) and IRF association domain. However, despite this shared structural homology, we demonstrate that each vIRF regulates a distinct set of KSHV gene promoters and human genes in epithelial cells. We also found that the DBD of vIRF1 is essential in regulating the expression of its target genes. We propose that the structurally similar vIRFs evolved to possess specialized transcriptional functions to regulate specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Jang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Natalie Atyeo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Min Y. Chae
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bernadett Papp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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7
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Sin SH, Eason AB, Kim Y, Schneider JW, Damania B, Dittmer DP. The complete Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome induces early-onset, metastatic angiosarcoma in transgenic mice. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:755-767.e4. [PMID: 38653242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in persons living with HIV. It is caused by KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). There exists no animal model for KS. Pronuclear injection of the 170,000-bp viral genome induces early-onset, aggressive angiosarcoma in transgenic mice. The tumors are histopathologically indistinguishable from human KS. As in human KS, all tumor cells express the viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). The tumors transcribe most viral genes, whereas endothelial cells in other organs only transcribe the viral latent genes. The tumor cells are of endothelial lineage and exhibit the same molecular pattern of pathway activation as KS, namely phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The KSHV-induced tumors are more aggressive than Ha-ras-induced angiosarcomas. Overall survival is increased by prophylactic ganciclovir. Thus, whole-virus KSHV-transgenic mice represent an accurate model for KS and open the door for the genetic dissection of KS pathogenesis and evaluation of therapies, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johann W Schneider
- National Health Laboratory Service, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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8
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Gulyas L, Glaunsinger BA. The general transcription factor TFIIB is a target for transcriptome control during cellular stress and viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575933. [PMID: 38746429 PMCID: PMC11092454 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Many stressors, including viral infection, induce a widespread suppression of cellular RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription, yet the mechanisms underlying transcriptional repression are not well understood. Here we find that a crucial component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, general transcription factor IIB (TFIIB), is targeted for post-translational turnover by two pathways, each of which contribute to its depletion during stress. Upon DNA damage, translational stress, apoptosis, or replication of the oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), TFIIB is cleaved by activated caspase-3, leading to preferential downregulation of pro-survival genes. TFIIB is further targeted for rapid proteasome-mediated turnover by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM28. KSHV counteracts proteasome-mediated turnover of TFIIB, thereby preserving a sufficient pool of TFIIB for transcription of viral genes. Thus, TFIIB may be a lynchpin for transcriptional outcomes during stress and a key target for nuclear replicating DNA viruses that rely on host transcriptional machinery. Significance Statement Transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) synthesizes all cellular protein-coding mRNA. Many cellular stressors and viral infections dampen RNAPII activity, though the processes underlying this are not fully understood. Here we describe a two-pronged degradation strategy by which cells respond to stress by depleting the abundance of the key RNAPII general transcription factor, TFIIB. We further demonstrate that an oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus antagonizes this process, retaining enough TFIIB to support its own robust viral transcription. Thus, modulation of RNAPII machinery plays a crucial role in dictating the outcome of cellular perturbation.
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9
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Zhou Y, Tian X, Wang S, Gao M, Zhang C, Ma J, Cheng X, Bai L, Qin HB, Luo MH, Qin Q, Jiang B, Lan K, Zhang J. Palmitoylation of KSHV pORF55 is required for Golgi localization and efficient progeny virion production. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012141. [PMID: 38626263 PMCID: PMC11051623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a double-stranded DNA virus etiologically associated with multiple malignancies. Both latency and sporadic lytic reactivation contribute to KSHV-associated malignancies, however, the specific roles of many KSHV lytic gene products in KSHV replication remain elusive. In this study, we report that ablation of ORF55, a late gene encoding a tegument protein, does not impact KSHV lytic reactivation but significantly reduces the production of progeny virions. We found that cysteine 10 and 11 (C10 and C11) of pORF55 are palmitoylated, and the palmytoilation is essential for its Golgi localization and secondary envelope formation. Palmitoylation-defective pORF55 mutants are unstable and undergo proteasomal degradation. Notably, introduction of a putative Golgi localization sequence to these palmitoylation-defective pORF55 mutants restores Golgi localization and fully reinstates KSHV progeny virion production. Together, our study provides new insight into the critical role of pORF55 palmitoylation in KSHV progeny virion production and offers potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuezhang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Bin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Dremel SE, Tagawa T, Koparde VN, Hernandez-Perez C, Arbuckle JH, Kristie TM, Krug LT, Ziegelbauer JM. Interferon induced circRNAs escape herpesvirus host shutoff and suppress lytic infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1541-1569. [PMID: 38263330 PMCID: PMC10933408 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To globally profile circRNAs, we employ RNA-Sequencing paired with chimeric junction analysis for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-herpesvirus infection. We find circRNAs are, as a population, resistant to host shutoff. We validate this observation using ectopic expression assays of human and murine herpesvirus endoribonucleases. During lytic infection, four circRNAs are commonly induced across all subfamilies of human herpesviruses, suggesting a shared mechanism of regulation. We test one such mechanism, namely how interferon-stimulation influences circRNA expression. 67 circRNAs are upregulated by either interferon-β or -γ treatment, with half of these also upregulated during lytic infection. Using gain and loss of function studies we find an interferon-stimulated circRNA, circRELL1, inhibits lytic Herpes Simplex Virus-1 infection. We previously reported circRELL1 inhibits lytic Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, suggesting a pan-herpesvirus antiviral activity. We propose a two-pronged model in which interferon-stimulated genes may encode both mRNA and circRNA with antiviral activity. This is critical in cases of host shutoff, such as alpha- and gamma-herpesvirus infection, where the mRNA products are degraded but circRNAs escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dremel
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Vishal N Koparde
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, USA
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Advanced Biomedical Computational Sciences, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, 21701, USA
| | | | - Jesse H Arbuckle
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas M Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, USA.
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11
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Veronese BHS, Nguyen A, Patel K, Paulsen K, Ma Z. ORF48 is required for optimal lytic replication of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582672. [PMID: 38464154 PMCID: PMC10925306 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes persistent infection in the host by encoding a vast network of proteins that aid immune evasion. One of these targeted innate immunity pathways is the cGAS-STING pathway, which inhibits the reactivation of KSHV from latency. Previously, we identified multiple cGAS/STING inhibitors encoded by KSHV, suggesting that the counteractions of this pathway by viral proteins are critical for maintaining a successful KSHV life cycle. However, the detailed mechanisms of how these viral proteins block innate immunity and facilitate KSHV lytic replication remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that ORF48, a previously identified negative regulator of the cGAS/STING pathway, is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication. We used both siRNA and deletion-based systems to evaluate the importance of intact ORF48 in the KSHV lytic cycle. In both systems, loss of ORF48 resulted in defects in lytic gene transcription, lytic protein expression, viral genome replication and infectious virion production. ORF48 genome deletion caused more robust and global repression of the KSHV transcriptome, possibly due to the disruption of RTA promoter activity. Mechanistically, overexpressed ORF48 was found to interact with endogenous STING in HEK293 cells. Compared with the control cell line, HUVEC cells stably expressing ORF48 exhibited repressed STING-dependent innate immune signaling upon ISD or diABZI treatment. However, the loss of ORF48 in our iSLK-based lytic system failed to induce IFNβ production, suggesting a redundant role of ORF48 on STING signaling during the KSHV lytic phase. Thus, ORF48 is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication through additional mechanisms that need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H S Veronese
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khushil Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kimberly Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Knickmann J, Staliunaite L, Puhach O, Ostermann E, Günther T, Nichols J, Jarvis MA, Voigt S, Grundhoff A, Davison AJ, Brune W. A simple method for rapid cloning of complete herpesvirus genomes. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100696. [PMID: 38266652 PMCID: PMC10921015 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses and include important human and veterinary pathogens. Their genomes can be cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and genetically engineered in Escherichia coli using BAC recombineering methods. While the recombineering methods are efficient, the initial BAC-cloning step remains laborious. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a simple, rapid, and efficient BAC-cloning method based on single-step transformation-associated recombination (STAR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The linear viral genome is directly integrated into a vector comprising a yeast centromeric plasmid and a BAC replicon. Following transfer into E. coli, the viral genome can be modified using standard BAC recombineering techniques. We demonstrate the speed, fidelity, and broad applicability of STAR by cloning two strains of both rat cytomegalovirus (a betaherpesvirus) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (a gammaherpesvirus). STAR cloning facilitates the functional genetic analysis of herpesviruses and other large DNA viruses and their use as vaccines and therapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Knickmann
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Olha Puhach
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK; The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, UK
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Wan Q, Tavakoli L, Wang TY, Tucker AJ, Zhou R, Liu Q, Feng S, Choi D, He Z, Gack MU, Zhao J. Hijacking of nucleotide biosynthesis and deamidation-mediated glycolysis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1442. [PMID: 38365882 PMCID: PMC10873312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and multiple types of B cell malignancies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that KSHV reprograms host-cell central carbon metabolic pathways, which contributes to viral persistence and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying KSHV-mediated metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD) is a key enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and was recently identified to deamidate the NF-κB subunit RelA to promote aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. Here we report that KSHV infection exploits CAD for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. Mechanistically, KSHV vCyclin binds to and hijacks cyclin-dependent kinase CDK6 to phosphorylate Ser-1900 on CAD, thereby activating CAD-mediated pyrimidine synthesis and RelA-deamidation-mediated glycolytic reprogramming. Correspondingly, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of CDK6 and CAD potently impeded KSHV lytic replication and thwarted tumorigenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work defines a viral metabolic reprogramming mechanism underpinning KSHV oncogenesis, which may spur the development of new strategies to treat KSHV-associated malignancies and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyuan Wan
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Leah Tavakoli
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Tucker
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ruiting Zhou
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- State Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiheng He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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14
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Majerciak V, Alvarado-Hernandez B, Ma Y, Duduskar S, Lobanov A, Cam M, Zheng ZM. KSHV promotes oncogenic FOS to inhibit nuclease AEN and transactivate RGS2 for AKT phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.27.577582. [PMID: 38410462 PMCID: PMC10896338 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.577582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 is a lytic RNA-binding protein. We applied BCBL-1 cells in lytic KSHV infection and performed UV cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) followed by RNA-seq of the CLIPed RNA fragments (CLIP-seq). We identified ORF57-bound transcripts from 544 host protein-coding genes. By comparing with the RNA-seq profiles from BCBL-1 cells with latent and lytic KSHV infection and from HEK293T cells with and without ORF57 expression, we identified FOS and CITED2 RNAs being two common ORF57-specific RNA targets. FOS dimerizes with JUN as a transcription factor AP-1 involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Knockout of the ORF57 gene from the KSHV genome led BAC16-iSLK cells incapable of FOS expression in KSHV lytic infection. The dysfunctional KSHV genome in FOS expression could be rescued by Lenti-ORF57 virus infection. ORF57 protein does not regulate FOS translation but binds to the 13-nt RNA motif near the FOS RNA 5' end and prolongs FOS mRNA half-life 7.7 times longer than it is in the absence of ORF57. This binding of ORF57 to FOS RNA is competitive to the binding of a host nuclease AEN (also referred to as ISG20L1). KSHV infection inhibits the expression of AEN, but not exosomal RNA helicase MTR4. FOS expression mediated by ORF57 inhibits AEN transcription, but transactivates RGS2, a regulator of G-protein coupled receptors. FOS binds a conserved AP-1 site in the RGS2 promoter and enhances RGS2 expression to phosphorylate AKT. Altogether, we have discovered that KSHV ORF57 specifically binds and stabilizes FOS RNA to increase FOS expression, thereby disturbing host gene expression and inducing pathogenesis during KSHV lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Beatriz Alvarado-Hernandez
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yanping Ma
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shivalee Duduskar
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Alexei Lobanov
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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15
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Li S, Wang M, Van Sciver N, Szymula A, Tumuluri VS, George A, Ramachandran A, Raina K, Costa CN, Zhao B, Kazemian M, Simas JP, Kaye KM. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen broadly regulates viral gene expression and is essential for lytic infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011907. [PMID: 38232124 PMCID: PMC10793894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is a leading cause of malignancy in AIDS and current therapies are limited. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV infection can be latent or lytic. KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is essential for viral genome persistence during latent infection. LANA also maintains latency by antagonizing expression and function of the KSHV lytic switch protein, RTA. Here, we find LANA null KSHV is not capable of lytic replication, indicating a requirement for LANA. While LANA promoted both lytic and latent gene expression in cells partially permissive for lytic infection, it repressed expression in non-permissive cells. Importantly, forced RTA expression in non-permissive cells led to induction of lytic infection and LANA switched to promote, rather than repress, most lytic viral gene expression. When basal viral gene expression levels were high, LANA promoted expression, but repressed expression at low basal levels unless RTA expression was forcibly induced. LANA's effects were broad, but virus gene specific, extending to an engineered, recombinant viral GFP under control of host EF1α promoter, but not to host EF1α. Together, these results demonstrate that, in addition to its essential role in genome maintenance, LANA broadly regulates viral gene expression, and is required for high levels of lytic gene expression during lytic infection. Strategies that target LANA are expected to abolish KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mengbo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nicholas Van Sciver
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vinayak Sadasivam Tumuluri
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Athira George
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akshaya Ramachandran
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Komal Raina
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catarina N. Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, Portugal
| | - Bo Zhao
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J. Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M. Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Morales AE, Gumenick R, Genovese CM, Jang YY, Ouedraogo A, Ibáñez de Garayo M, Pannellini T, Patel S, Bott ME, Alvarez J, Mun SS, Totonchy J, Gautam A, Delgado de la Mora J, Chang S, Wirth D, Horenstein M, Dao T, Scheinberg DA, Rubinstein PG, Semeere A, Martin J, Godfrey CC, Moser CB, Matining RM, Campbell TB, Borok MZ, Krown SE, Cesarman E. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is overexpressed in Kaposi Sarcoma and is regulated by KSHV vFLIP. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011881. [PMID: 38190392 PMCID: PMC10898863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a vascular neoplasm caused by KS herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Individuals living with HIV, receiving otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy, may present with extensive disease requiring chemotherapy. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several hematologic and solid malignancies and has shown promise as an immunotherapeutic target. We found that WT1 was overexpressed in >90% of a total 333 KS biopsies, as determined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Our largest cohort from ACTG, consisting of 294 cases was further analyzed demonstrating higher WT1 expression was associated with more advanced histopathologic subtypes. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of infected cells within KS tissues, assessed by expression of the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), and WT1 positivity. Areas with high WT1 expression showed sparse T-cell infiltrates, consistent with an immune evasive tumor microenvironment. We show that major oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are overexpressed in primary KS tissue and observed WT1 upregulation upon de novo infection of endothelial cells with KSHV. KSHV latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) upregulated total and major isoforms of WT1, but upregulation was not seen after expression of mutant vFLIP that is unable to bind IKKƴ and induce NFκB. siRNA targeting of WT1 in latent KSHV infection resulted in decreased total cell number and pAKT, BCL2 and LANA protein expression. Finally, we show that ESK-1, a T cell receptor-like monoclonal antibody that recognizes WT1 peptides presented on MHC HLA-A0201, demonstrates increased binding to endothelial cells after KSHV infection or induction of vFLIP expression. We propose that oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are upregulated by KSHV to promote tumorigenesis and immunotherapy directed against WT1 may be an approach for KS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana E. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruby Gumenick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn M. Genovese
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yun Yeong Jang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ariene Ouedraogo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maite Ibáñez de Garayo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Bott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Gautam
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesus Delgado de la Mora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Chang
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo Horenstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Rubinstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County (Cook County Hospital), Ruth M. Rothstein Core Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aggrey Semeere
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Godfrey
- Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, Department of State, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Carlee B. Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roy M. Matining
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret Z. Borok
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Susan E. Krown
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (emerita), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Wang S, Tian X, Zhou Y, Xie J, Gao M, Zhong Y, Zhang C, Yu K, Bai L, Qin Q, Zhong B, Lin D, Feng P, Lan K, Zhang J. Non-canonical regulation of the reactivation of an oncogenic herpesvirus by the OTUD4-USP7 deubiquitinases. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011943. [PMID: 38215174 PMCID: PMC10810452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) remove ubiquitin from substrates and play crucial roles in diverse biological processes. However, our understanding of deubiquitination in viral replication remains limited. Employing an oncogenic human herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) to probe the role of protein deubiquitination, we found that Ovarian tumor family deubiquitinase 4 (OTUD4) promotes KSHV reactivation. OTUD4 interacts with the replication and transcription activator (K-RTA), a key transcription factor that controls KSHV reactivation, and enhances K-RTA stability by promoting its deubiquitination. Notably, the DUB activity of OTUD4 is not required for K-RTA stabilization; instead, OTUD4 functions as an adaptor protein to recruit another DUB, USP7, to deubiquitinate K-RTA and facilitate KSHV lytic reactivation. Our study has revealed a novel mechanism whereby KSHV hijacks OTUD4-USP7 deubiquitinases to promote lytic reactivation, which could be potentially harnessed for the development of new antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuezhang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keying Yu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Lan
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Lee SC, Naik NG, Tombácz D, Gulyás G, Kakuk B, Boldogkői Z, Hall K, Papp B, Boulant S, Toth Z. Hypoxia and HIF-1α promote lytic de novo KSHV infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0097223. [PMID: 37909728 PMCID: PMC10688315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00972-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The current view is that the default pathway of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is the establishment of latency, which is a prerequisite for lifelong infection and viral oncogenesis. This view about KSHV infection is supported by the observations that KSHV latently infects most of the cell lines cultured in vitro in the absence of any environmental stresses that may occur in vivo. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of hypoxia, a natural stress stimulus, on primary KSHV infection. Our data indicate that hypoxia promotes euchromatin formation on the KSHV genome following infection and supports lytic de novo KSHV infection. We also discovered that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is required and sufficient for allowing lytic KSHV infection. Based on our results, we propose that hypoxia promotes lytic de novo infection in cells that otherwise support latent infection under normoxia; that is, the environmental conditions can determine the outcome of KSHV primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Chi Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nenavath Gopal Naik
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kevin Hall
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bernadett Papp
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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19
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Yang Z, Xiang Q, Nicholas J. Direct and biologically significant interactions of human herpesvirus 8 interferon regulatory factor 1 with STAT3 and Janus kinase TYK2. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011806. [PMID: 37983265 PMCID: PMC10695398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) encodes four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs) that target cellular IRFs and/or other innate-immune and stress signaling regulators and suppress the cellular response to viral infection and replication. For vIRF-1, cellular protein targets include IRFs, p53, p53-activating ATM kinase, BH3-only proteins, and antiviral signaling effectors MAVS and STING; vIRF-1 inhibits each, with demonstrated or likely promotion of HHV-8 de novo infection and productive replication. Here, we identify direct interactions of vIRF-1 with STAT3 and STAT-activating Janus kinase TYK2 (the latter reported previously by us to be inhibited by vIRF-1) and suppression by vIRF-1 of cytokine-induced STAT3 activation. Suppression of active, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) by vIRF-1 was evident in transfected cells and vIRF-1 ablation in lytically-reactivated recombinant-HHV-8-infected cells led to increased levels of pSTAT3. Using a panel of vIRF-1 deletion variants, regions of vIRF-1 required for interactions with STAT3 and TYK2 were identified, which enabled correlation of STAT3 signaling inhibition by vIRF-1 with TYK2 binding, independently of STAT3 interaction. A viral mutant expressing vIRF-1 deletion-variant Δ198-222 refractory for TYK2 interaction and pSTAT3 suppression was severely compromised for productive replication. Conversely, expression of phosphatase-resistant, protractedly-active STAT3 led to impaired HHV-8 replication. Cells infected with HHV-8 mutants expressing STAT3-refractory vIRF-1 deletion variants or depleted of STAT3 displayed reduced vIRF-1 expression, while custom-peptide-promoted STAT3 interaction could effect increased vIRF-1 expression and enhanced virus replication. Taken together, our data identify vIRF-1 targeting and inhibition of TYK2 as a mechanism of STAT3-signaling suppression and critical for HHV-8 productive replication, the importance of specific pSTAT3 levels for replication, positive roles of STAT3 and vIRF-1-STAT3 interaction in vIRF-1 expression, and significant contributions to lytic replication of STAT3 targeting by vIRF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunlin Yang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qiwang Xiang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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20
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Liu S, Großkopf AK, Yang X, Mannheim ME, Backovic M, Scribano S, Schlagowski S, Ensser A, Hahn AS. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus glycoprotein K8.1 is critical for infection in a cell-specific manner and functions at the attachment step on keratinocytes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0083223. [PMID: 37796128 PMCID: PMC10617506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00832-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of several B cell malignancies and Kaposi's sarcoma. We analyzed the function of K8.1, the major antigenic component of the KSHV virion in the infection of different cells. To do this, we deleted K8.1 from the viral genome. It was found that K8.1 is critical for the infection of certain epithelial cells, e.g., a skin model cell line but not for infection of many other cells. K8.1 was found to mediate attachment of the virus to cells where it plays a role in infection. In contrast, we did not find K8.1 or a related protein from a closely related monkey virus to activate fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, at least not under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that K8.1 functions in a highly cell-specific manner during KSHV entry, playing a crucial role in the attachment of KSHV to, e.g., skin epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchuan Liu
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna K. Großkopf
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian E. Mannheim
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Scribano
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlagowski
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Hahn
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Zhang S, Xie N, Liu Y, Qin C, Savas AC, Wang TY, Li S, Rao Y, Shambayate A, Chou TF, Brenner C, Huang C, Feng P. The Interferon-inducible NAMPT acts as a protein phosphoribosylase to restrict viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562112. [PMID: 37905103 PMCID: PMC10614811 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses often activate host metabolic enzymes to supply intermediates that support progeny production. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the salvage NAD+ synthesis, is an interferon-inducible protein that inhibits the replication of several RNA and DNA viruses with unknown mechanism. Here we report that NAMPT restricts herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication via phosphoribosyl-hydrolase activity toward key viral structural proteins, independent of NAD+ synthesis. Deep mining of enriched phosphopeptides of HSV-1-infected cells identified phosphoribosylated viral structural proteins, particularly glycoproteins and tegument proteins. Indeed, NAMPT de-phosphoribosylates viral proteins in vitro and in cells. Chimeric and recombinant HSV-1 carrying phosphoribosylation-resistant mutations show that phosphoribosylation promotes the incorporation of structural proteins into HSV-1 virions and subsequent virus entry. Moreover, loss of NAMPT renders mice highly susceptible to HSV-1 infection. The work describes a hidden enzyme activity of a metabolic enzyme in viral infection and host defense, offering a system to interrogate roles of phosphoribosylation in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shutong Li
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra Shambayate
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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22
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Dremel SE, Tagawa T, Koparde VN, Arbuckle JH, Kristie TM, Krug LT, Ziegelbauer JM. Interferon induced circRNAs escape herpesvirus host shutoff and suppress lytic infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.07.556698. [PMID: 37886542 PMCID: PMC10602050 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.556698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A first line of defense during infection is expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene products which suppress viral lytic infection. To combat this, herpesviruses express endoribonucleases to deplete host RNAs. Here we demonstrate that IFN-induced circular RNAs (circRNAs) can escape viral-mediated degradation. We performed comparative circRNA expression profiling for representative alpha- (Herpes simplex virus-1, HSV-1), beta- (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV), and gamma-herpesviruses (Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, KSHV; murine gamma-herpesvirus 68, MHV68). Strikingly, we found that circRNAs are, as a population, resistant to host shutoff. This observation was confirmed by ectopic expression assays of human and murine herpesvirus endoribonucleases. During primary lytic infection, ten circRNAs were commonly regulated across all subfamilies of human herpesviruses, suggesting a common mechanism of regulation. We tested one such mechanism, namely how interferon-stimulation influences circRNA expression. 67 circRNAs were upregulated by either IFN-β or -γ treatment, with half of these also upregulated during lytic infection. Using gain and loss of function studies we found an interferon-stimulated circRNA, circRELL1, inhibited lytic HSV-1 infection. We have previously reported circRELL1 inhibits lytic KSHV infection, suggesting a pan-herpesvirus antiviral activity. We propose a two-pronged model in which interferon-stimulated genes may encode both mRNA and circRNA with antiviral activity. This is critical in cases of host shutoff, such as alpha- and gamma-herpesvirus infection, where the mRNA products are degraded but circRNAs escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Dremel
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vishal N. Koparde
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jesse H. Arbuckle
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas M. Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph M. Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Olson AT, Kang Y, Ladha AM, Zhu S, Lim CB, Nabet B, Lagunoff M, Gujral TS, Geballe AP. Polypharmacology-based kinome screen identifies new regulators of KSHV reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011169. [PMID: 37669313 PMCID: PMC10503724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several human diseases including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a leading cause of cancer in Africa and in patients with AIDS. KS tumor cells harbor KSHV predominantly in a latent form, while typically <5% contain lytic replicating virus. Because both latent and lytic stages likely contribute to cancer initiation and progression, continued dissection of host regulators of this biological switch will provide insights into fundamental pathways controlling the KSHV life cycle and related disease pathogenesis. Several cellular protein kinases have been reported to promote or restrict KSHV reactivation, but our knowledge of these signaling mediators and pathways is incomplete. We employed a polypharmacology-based kinome screen to identify specific kinases that regulate KSHV reactivation. Those identified by the screen and validated by knockdown experiments included several kinases that enhance lytic reactivation: ERBB2 (HER2 or neu), ERBB3 (HER3), ERBB4 (HER4), MKNK2 (MNK2), ITK, TEC, and DSTYK (RIPK5). Conversely, ERBB1 (EGFR1 or HER1), MKNK1 (MNK1) and FRK (PTK5) were found to promote the maintenance of latency. Mechanistic characterization of ERBB2 pro-lytic functions revealed a signaling connection between ERBB2 and the activation of CREB1, a transcription factor that drives KSHV lytic gene expression. These studies provided a proof-of-principle application of a polypharmacology-based kinome screen for the study of KSHV reactivation and enabled the discovery of both kinase inhibitors and specific kinases that regulate the KSHV latent-to-lytic replication switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel T. Olson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yuqi Kang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anushka M. Ladha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Songli Zhu
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chuan Bian Lim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taranjit S. Gujral
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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24
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Lee MJ, Park J, Choi S, Yoo SM, Park C, Kim HS, Lee MS. HMGB1, a potential regulator of tumor microenvironment in KSHV-infected endothelial cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1202993. [PMID: 37520371 PMCID: PMC10374257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein that binds to DNA and participates in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, and inflammation. It is also associated with cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Despite its known role in promoting tumor growth and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment, the contribution of HMGB1 to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is not well understood. We investigated the effect of HMGB1 on KS pathogenesis using immortalized human endothelial cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpes virus (KSHV). Our results showed that a higher amount of HMGB1 was detected in the supernatant of KSHV-infected cells compared to that of mock-infected cells, indicating that KSHV infection induced the secretion of HMGB1 in human endothelial cells. By generating HMGB1 knockout clones from immortalized human endothelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9, we elucidated the role of HMGB1 in KSHV-infected endothelial cells. Our findings indicate that the absence of HMGB1 did not induce lytic replication in KSHV-infected cells, but the cell viability of KSHV-infected cells was decreased in both 2D and 3D cultures. Through the antibody array for cytokines and growth factors, CXCL5, PDGF-AA, G-CSF, Emmprin, IL-17A, and VEGF were found to be suppressed in HMGB1 KO KSHV-infected cells compared to the KSHV-infected wild-type control. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of p38 would be associated with transcriptional regulation of CXCL5, PDGF-A and VEGF. These observations suggest that HMGB1 may play a critical role in KS pathogenesis by regulating cytokine and growth factor secretion and emphasize its potential as a therapeutic target for KS by modulating the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Zhang X, Lan Q, Zhang M, Wang F, Shi K, Li X, Kuang E. Inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome activation by SOX/ORF37 promotes lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300204120. [PMID: 37364111 PMCID: PMC10318979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300204120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are one kind of important innate immune defense against viral and bacterial infections. Several inflammasome-forming sensors detect molecular patterns of invading pathogens and then trigger inflammasome activation and/or pyroptosis in infected cells, and viruses employ unique strategies to hijack or subvert inflammasome activation. Infection with herpesviruses induces the activation of diverse inflammasomes, including AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes; however, how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) counteracts inflammasome activation largely remains unclear. Here, we reveal that the KSHV ORF37-encoded SOX protein suppresses AIM2 inflammasome activation independent of its viral DNA exonuclease activity and host mRNA turnover. SOX interacts with the AIM2 HIN domain through the C-terminal Motif VII region and disrupts AIM2:dsDNA polymerization and ASC recruitment and oligomerization. The Y443A or F444A mutation of SOX abolishes the inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome without disrupting SOX nuclease activity, and a short SOX peptide is capable of inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome activation; consequently, infection with SOX-null, Y443A, or F444A Bac16 recombinant viruses results in robust inflammasome activation, suppressed lytic replication, and increased pyroptosis in human lymphatic endothelial cells in an AIM2-dependent manner. These results reveal that KSHV SOX suppresses AIM2 inflammasome activation to promote KSHV lytic replication and inhibit pyroptosis, representing a unique mechanism for evasion of inflammasome activation during KSHV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Qingping Lan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Keyi Shi
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei430061, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
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26
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Vo MT, Choi CY, Choi YB. The mitophagy receptor NIX induces vIRF-1 oligomerization and interaction with GABARAPL1 for the promotion of HHV-8 reactivation-induced mitophagy. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011548. [PMID: 37459327 PMCID: PMC10374065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, viruses have been shown to regulate selective autophagy for productive infections. For instance, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), activates selective autophagy of mitochondria, termed mitophagy, thereby inhibiting antiviral innate immune responses during lytic infection in host cells. We previously demonstrated that HHV-8 viral interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF-1) plays a crucial role in lytic replication-activated mitophagy by interacting with cellular mitophagic proteins, including NIX and TUFM. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which these interactions lead to mitophagy activation remain to be determined. Here, we show that vIRF-1 binds directly to mammalian autophagy-related gene 8 (ATG8) proteins, preferentially GABARAPL1 in infected cells, in an LC3-interacting region (LIR)-independent manner. Accordingly, we identified key residues in vIRF-1 and GABARAPL1 required for mutual interaction and demonstrated that the interaction is essential for mitophagy activation and HHV-8 productive replication. Interestingly, the mitophagy receptor NIX promotes vIRF-1-GABARAPL1 interaction, and NIX/vIRF-1-induced mitophagy is significantly inhibited in GABARAPL1-deficient cells. Moreover, a vIRF-1 variant defective in GABARAPL1 binding substantially loses the ability to induce vIRF-1/NIX-induced mitophagy. These results suggest that NIX supports vIRF-1 activity as a mitophagy mediator. In addition, we found that NIX promotes vIRF-1 aggregation and stabilizes aggregated vIRF-1. Together, these findings indicate that vIRF-1 plays a role as a viral mitophagy mediator that can be activated by a cellular mitophagy receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tram Vo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young Bong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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27
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Iwaisako Y, Watanabe T, Suzuki Y, Nakano T, Fujimuro M. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF67.5 Functions as a Component of the Terminase Complex. J Virol 2023; 97:e0047523. [PMID: 37272800 PMCID: PMC10308961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) gammaherpesvirus with a poorly characterized lytic replication cycle. However, the lytic replication cycle of the alpha- and betaherpesviruses are well characterized. During lytic infection of alpha- and betaherpesviruses, the viral genome is replicated as a precursor form, which contains tandem genomes linked via terminal repeats (TRs). One genomic unit of the precursor form is packaged into a capsid and is cleaved at the TR by the terminase complex. While the alpha- and betaherpesvirus terminases are well characterized, the KSHV terminase remains poorly understood. KSHV open reading frame 7 (ORF7), ORF29, and ORF67.5 are presumed to be components of the terminase complex based on their homology to other terminase proteins. We previously reported that ORF7-deficient KSHV formed numerous immature soccer ball-like capsids and failed to cleave the TRs. ORF7 interacted with ORF29 and ORF67.5; however, ORF29 and ORF67.5 did not interact with each other. While these results suggested that ORF7 is important for KSHV terminase function and capsid formation, the function of ORF67.5 was completely unknown. Therefore, to analyze the function of ORF67.5, we constructed ORF67.5-deficient BAC16. ORF67.5-deficient KSHV failed to produce infectious virus and cleave the TRs, and numerous soccer ball-like capsids were observed in ORF67.5-deficient KSHV-harboring cells. Furthermore, ORF67.5 promoted the interaction between ORF7 and ORF29, and ORF29 increased the interaction between ORF67.5 and ORF7. Thus, our data indicated that ORF67.5 functions as a component of the KSHV terminase complex by contributing to TR cleavage, terminase complex formation, capsid formation, and virus production. IMPORTANCE Although the formation and function of the alpha- and betaherpesvirus terminase complexes are well understood, the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) terminase complex is still largely uncharacterized. This complex presumably contains KSHV open reading frame 7 (ORF7), ORF29, and ORF67.5. We were the first to report the presence of soccer ball-like capsids in ORF7-deficient KSHV-harboring lytic-induced cells. Here, we demonstrated that ORF67.5-deficient KSHV also formed soccer ball-like capsids in lytic-induced cells. Moreover, ORF67.5 was required for terminal repeat (TR) cleavage, infectious virus production, and enhancement of the interaction between ORF7 and ORF29. ORF67.5 has several highly conserved regions among its human herpesviral homologs. These regions were necessary for virus production and for the interaction of ORF67.5 with ORF7, which was supported by the artificial intelligence (AI)-predicted structure model. Importantly, our results provide the first evidence showing that ORF67.5 is essential for terminase complex formation and TR cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwaisako
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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28
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Ludwig CH, Thurm AR, Morgens DW, Yang KJ, Tycko J, Bassik MC, Glaunsinger BA, Bintu L. High-throughput discovery and characterization of viral transcriptional effectors in human cells. Cell Syst 2023; 14:482-500.e8. [PMID: 37348463 PMCID: PMC10350249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Viruses encode transcriptional regulatory proteins critical for controlling viral and host gene expression. Given their multifunctional nature and high sequence divergence, it is unclear which viral proteins can affect transcription and which specific sequences contribute to this function. Using a high-throughput assay, we measured the transcriptional regulatory potential of over 60,000 protein tiles across ∼1,500 proteins from 11 coronaviruses and all nine human herpesviruses. We discovered hundreds of transcriptional effector domains, including a conserved repression domain in all coronavirus Spike homologs, dual activation-repression domains in viral interferon regulatory factors (VIRFs), and an activation domain in six herpesvirus homologs of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein that we show is important for viral replication and late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). For the effector domains we identified, we investigated their mechanisms via high-throughput sequence and chemical perturbations, pinpointing sequence motifs essential for function. This work massively expands viral protein annotations, serving as a springboard for studying their biological and health implications and providing new candidates for compact gene regulation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor H Ludwig
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abby R Thurm
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin J Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Josh Tycko
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Britt A Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lacramioara Bintu
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Moore LN, Holmes DL, Sharma A, Landazuri Vinueza J, Lagunoff M. Bcl-xL is required to protect endothelial cells latently infected with KSHV from virus induced intrinsic apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011385. [PMID: 37163552 PMCID: PMC10202281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), a highly vascularized tumor common in AIDS patients and many countries in Africa. KSHV is predominantly in the latent state in the main KS tumor cell, the spindle cell, a cell expressing endothelial cell markers. To identify host genes important for KSHV latent infection of endothelial cells we previously used a global CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes necessary for the survival or proliferation of latently infected cells. In this study we rescreened top hits and found that the highest scoring gene necessary for infected cell survival is the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL. Knockout of Bcl-xL or treatment with a Bcl-xL inhibitor leads to high levels of cell death in latently infected endothelial cells but not their mock counterparts. Cell death occurs through apoptosis as shown by increased PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-3/7. Knockout of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, eliminates the requirement for Bcl-xL. Interestingly, neither Bcl-2 nor Mcl-1, related and often redundant anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family, are necessary for the survival of latently infected endothelial cells, likely due to their lack of expression in all the endothelial cell types we have examined. Bcl-xL is not required for the survival of latently infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells or other cell types tested. Expression of the KSHV major latent locus alone in the absence of KSHV infection led to sensitivity to the absence of Bcl-xL, indicating that viral gene expression from the latent locus induces intrinsic apoptosis leading to the requirement for Bcl-xL in endothelial cells. The critical requirement of Bcl-xL during KSHV latency makes it an intriguing therapeutic target for KS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey N. Moore
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Holmes
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anjali Sharma
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Lagunoff
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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30
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Tian X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Gao M, Xia Y, Li Y, Zhong Y, Xu W, Bai L, Fu B, Zhou Y, Lee HR, Deng H, Lan K, Feng P, Zhang J. Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies SMCHD1 as a Restriction Factor for Herpesviruses. mBio 2023; 14:e0054923. [PMID: 37010434 PMCID: PMC10128004 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00549-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is the frontline of host defense against invading pathogens. To combat viral infection, mammalian hosts deploy cell-intrinsic effectors to block viral replication prior to the onset of innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, SMCHD1 is identified as a pivotal cellular factor that restricts Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic reactivation through a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen. Genome-wide chromatin profiling revealed that SMCHD1 associates with the KSHV genome, most prominently the origin of lytic DNA replication (ORI-Lyt). SMCHD1 mutants defective in DNA binding could not bind ORI-Lyt and failed to restrict KSHV lytic replication. Moreover, SMCHD1 functioned as a pan-herpesvirus restriction factor that potently suppressed a wide range of herpesviruses, including alpha, beta, and gamma subfamilies. SMCHD1 deficiency facilitated the replication of a murine herpesvirus in vivo. These findings uncovered SMCHD1 as a restriction factor against herpesviruses, and this could be harnessed for the development of antiviral therapies to limit viral infection. IMPORTANCE Intrinsic immunity represents the frontline of host defense against invading pathogens. However, our understanding of cell-intrinsic antiviral effectors remains limited. In this study, we identified SMCHD1 as a cell-intrinsic restriction factor that controlled KSHV lytic reactivation. Moreover, SMCHD1 restricted the replication of a wide range of herpesviruses by targeting the origins of viral DNA replication (ORIs), and SMCHD1 deficiency facilitated the replication of a murine herpesvirus in vivo. This study helps us to better understand intrinsic antiviral immunity, which may be harnessed to develop new therapeutics for the treatment of herpesvirus infection and the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhang Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin Xia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Bai
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bishi Fu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
- Department of Lab Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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31
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McCollum CO, Didychuk AL, Liu D, Murray-Nerger LA, Cristea IM, Glaunsinger BA. The viral packaging motor potentiates Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression late in infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011163. [PMID: 37068108 PMCID: PMC10138851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
β- and γ-herpesviruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. This process is directed by a complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins that hijack cellular RNA polymerase II and an unknown set of additional factors. We employed proximity labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, followed by CRISPR and siRNA screening to identify proteins functionally associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) late gene transcriptional complex. These data revealed that the catalytic subunit of the viral DNA packaging motor, ORF29, is both dynamically associated with the viral transcriptional activator complex and potentiates gene expression late in infection. Through genetic mutation and deletion of ORF29, we establish that its catalytic activity potentiates viral transcription and is required for robust accumulation of essential late proteins during infection. Thus, we propose an expanded role for ORF29 that encompasses its established function in viral packaging and its newly discovered contributions to viral transcription and late gene expression in KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe O. McCollum
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Didychuk
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Britt A. Glaunsinger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Atyeo N, Chae MY, Toth Z, Sharma A, Papp B. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Immediate Early Proteins Trigger FOXQ1 Expression in Oral Epithelial Cells, Engaging in a Novel Lytic Cycle-Sustaining Positive Feedback Loop. J Virol 2023; 97:e0169622. [PMID: 36815831 PMCID: PMC10062149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01696-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that can replicate in oral epithelial cells to promote viral transmission via saliva. To identify novel regulators of KSHV oral infection, we performed a transcriptome analysis of KSHV-infected primary human gingival epithelial (HGEP) cells, which identified the gene coding for the host transcription factor FOXQ1 as the top induced host gene. FOXQ1 is nearly undetectable in uninfected HGEP and telomerase-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK) cells but is highly expressed within hours of KSHV infection. We found that while the FOXQ1 promoter lacks activating histone acetylation marks in uninfected oral epithelial cells, these marks accumulate in the FOXQ1 promoter in infected cells, revealing a rapid epigenetic reprogramming event. To evaluate FOXQ1 function, we depleted FOXQ1 in KSHV-infected TIGK cells, which resulted in reduced accumulation of KSHV lytic proteins and viral DNA over the course of 4 days of infection, uncovering a novel lytic cycle-sustaining role of FOXQ1. A screen of KSHV lytic proteins demonstrated that the immediate early proteins ORF45 and replication and transcription activator (RTA) were both sufficient for FOXQ1 induction in oral epithelial cells, indicating active involvement of incoming and rapidly expressed factors in altering host gene expression. ORF45 is known to sustain extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) pathway activity to promote lytic infection. We found that an ORF45 mutant lacking RSK activation function failed to induce FOXQ1 in TIGK cells, revealing that ORF45 uses a shared mechanism to rapidly induce both host and viral genes to sustain lytic infection in oral epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE The oral cavity is a primary site of initial contact and entry for many viruses. Viral replication in the oral epithelium promotes viral shedding in saliva, allowing interpersonal transmission, as well as spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. Understanding the regulation of KSHV infection in the oral epithelium would allow for the design of universal strategies to target the first stage of viral infection, thereby halting systemic viral pathogenesis. Overall, we uncover a novel positive feedback loop in which immediate early KSHV factors drive rapid host reprogramming of oral epithelial cells to sustain the lytic cycle in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Atyeo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Min Young Chae
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aria Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bernadett Papp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Lam AK, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Zhen J, Kurland AP, Cheng C, Huang H, Teng PL, Harelson C, Gong D, Tam YK, Radu CG, Epeldegui M, Johnson JR, Zhou ZH, Whitby D, Wu TT. Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Vesicles of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Role for Antibodies Targeting ORF4 in Activating Complement-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160022. [PMID: 36757205 PMCID: PMC9972917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause severe consequences, such as cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. Whole inactivated viruses (WIV) with chemically destroyed genetic materials have been used as antigens in several licensed vaccines. During KSHV productive replication, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that lack capsids and viral genomes are generated along with virions. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of KSHV VLVs produced from a viral mutant that was defective in capsid formation and DNA packaging. Mice immunized with adjuvanted VLVs generated KSHV-specific T cell and antibody responses. Neutralization of KSHV infection by the VLV immune serum was low but was markedly enhanced in the presence of the complement system. Complement-enhanced neutralization and complement deposition on KSHV-infected cells was dependent on antibodies targeting viral open reading frame 4 (ORF4). However, limited complement-mediated enhancement was detected in the sera of a small cohort of KSHV-infected humans which contained few neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, vaccination that induces antibody effector functions can potentially improve infection-induced humoral immunity. Overall, our study highlights a potential benefit of engaging complement-mediated antibody functions in future KSHV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE KSHV is a virus that can lead to cancer after infection. A vaccine that prevents KSHV infection or transmission would be helpful in preventing the development of these cancers. We investigated KSHV VLV as an immunogen for vaccination. We determined that antibodies targeting the viral protein ORF4 induced by VLV immunization could engage the complement system and neutralize viral infection. However, ORF4-specific antibodies were seldom detected in the sera of KSHV-infected humans. Moreover, these human sera did not potently trigger complement-mediated neutralization, indicating an improvement that immunization can confer. Our study suggests a new antibody-mediated mechanism to control KSHV infection and underscores the benefit of activating the complement system in a future KSHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu-Lin Teng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claire Harelson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Olson AT, Kang Y, Ladha AM, Lim CB, Lagunoff M, Gujral TS, Geballe AP. Polypharmacology-based kinome screen identifies new regulators of KSHV reactivation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526589. [PMID: 36778430 PMCID: PMC9915688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several human diseases including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a leading cause of cancer in Africa and in patients with AIDS. KS tumor cells harbor KSHV predominantly in a latent form, while typically <5% contain lytic replicating virus. Because both latent and lytic stages likely contribute to cancer initiation and progression, continued dissection of host regulators of this biological switch will provide insights into fundamental pathways controlling the KSHV life cycle and related disease pathogenesis. Several cellular protein kinases have been reported to promote or restrict KSHV reactivation, but our knowledge of these signaling mediators and pathways is incomplete. We employed a polypharmacology-based kinome screen to identifiy specific kinases that regulate KSHV reactivation. Those identified by the screen and validated by knockdown experiments included several kinases that enhance lytic reactivation: ERBB2 (HER2 or neu ), ERBB3 (HER3), ERBB4 (HER4), MKNK2 (MNK2), ITK, TEC, and DSTYK (RIPK5). Conversely, ERBB1 (EGFR1 or HER1), MKNK1 (MNK1) and FRK (PTK5) were found to promote the maintenance of latency. Mechanistic characterization of ERBB2 pro-lytic functions revealed a signaling connection between ERBB2 and the activation of CREB1, a transcription factor that drives KSHV lytic gene expression. These studies provided a proof-of-principle application of a polypharmacology-based kinome screen for the study of KSHV reactivation and enabled the discovery of both kinase inhibitors and specific kinases that regulate the KSHV latent-to-lytic replication switch. Author Summary Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer particularly prevalent in Africa. In cancer cells, the virus persists in a quiescent form called latency, in which only a few viral genes are made. Periodically, the virus switches into an active replicative cycle in which most of the viral genes are made and new virus is produced. What controls the switch from latency to active replication is not well understood, but cellular kinases, enzymes that control many cellular processes, have been implicated. Using a cell culture model of KSHV reactivation along with an innovative screening method that probes the effects of many cellular kinases simultaneously, we identified drugs that significantly limit KSHV reactivation, as well as specific kinases that either enhance or restrict KSHV replicative cycle. Among these were the ERBB kinases which are known to regulate growth of cancer cells. Understanding how these and other kinases contribute to the switch leading to production of more infectious virus helps us understand the mediators and mechanisms of KSHV diseases. Additionally, because kinase inhibitors are proving to be effective for treating other diseases including some cancers, identifying ones that restrict KSHV replicative cycle may lead to new approaches to treating KSHV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel T. Olson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuqi Kang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anushka M. Ladha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chuan Bian Lim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taran S. Gujral
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Enhances the Phosphorylation of MEK and the Infectivity of Progeny Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021238. [PMID: 36674756 PMCID: PMC9867424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Although the functions of the viral thymidine kinases (vTK) of herpes simplex virus-1/2 are well understood, that of KSHV ORF21 (an ortholog of vTK) is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ORF21 in lytic replication and infection by generating two ORF21-mutated KSHV BAC clones: ORF21-kinase activity deficient KSHV (21KD) and stop codon-induced ORF21-deleted KSHV (21del). The results showed that both ORF21 mutations did not affect viral genome replication, lytic gene transcription, or the production of viral genome-encapsidated particles. The ORF21 molecule-dependent function, other than the kinase function of ORF21, was involved in the infectivity of the progeny virus. ORF21 was expressed 36 h after the induction of lytic replication, and endogenously expressed ORF21 was localized in the whole cytoplasm. Moreover, ORF21 upregulated the MEK phosphorylation and anchorage-independent cell growth. The inhibition of MEK signaling by U0126 in recipient target cells suppressed the number of progeny virus-infected cells. These suggest that ORF21 transmitted as a tegument protein in the progeny virus enhances the new infection through MEK up-regulation in the recipient cell. Our findings indicate that ORF21 plays key roles in the infection of KSHV through the manipulation of the cellular function.
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Lee MJ, Lee J, Kang SK, Wirth D, Yoo SM, Park C, Lee MS. CXCL1 confers a survival advantage in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected human endothelial cells through STAT3 phosphorylation. J Med Virol 2023; 95. [PMID: 35869037 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many cytokines produced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of KSHV. Determination of the exact role of cytokines in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) pathogenesis is limited, however, by the difficulty to manipulate the target genes in human endothelial cells. In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of cytokines in KSHV-infected human immortalized endothelial cell line (HuARLT cells) by knockout (KO) of the corresponding target genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The cytokine production profile of KSHV-infected HuARLT cells was analyzed using a protein array, and several cytokines were found to be highly upregulated following KSHV infection. This study focused on CXCL1, which was investigated by knocked out in HuARLT cells. KSHV-infected CXCL1 KO cells underwent increased cell death compared to KSHV-infected wild-type (WT) cells and mock-infected CXCL1 KO cells. Lytic replication was not observed in KSHV-infected WT nor CXCL1 KO cells. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was significantly suppressed in KSHV-infected CXCL1 KO cells. Additionally, inhibitors of STAT3 and CXCL1 induced cell death in KSHV-infected endothelial cells. Our results show that CXCL1 production is required for the survival of KSHV-infected endothelial cells, and the CXCL1 to STAT3 phosphorylation signaling pathway may be a therapeutic target for KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Schlesinger M, McDonald C, Ahuja A, Canete CA, Nuñez del Prado Z, Naipauer J, Lampidis T, Mesri EA. Glucose and mannose analogs inhibit KSHV replication by blocking N-glycosylation and inducing the unfolded protein response. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28314. [PMID: 36380418 PMCID: PMC9839548 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an HIV/AIDS-associated malignancy. Effective treatments against KS remain to be developed. The sugar analog 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2-DG) is an anticancer agent that is well-tolerated and safe in patients and was recently demonstrated to be a potent antiviral, including KSHV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Because 2-DG inhibits glycolysis and N-glycosylation, identifying its molecular targets is challenging. Here we compare the antiviral effect of 2-DG with 2-fluoro-deoxy- d-glucose, a glycolysis inhibitor, and 2-deoxy-fluoro- d-mannose (2-DFM), a specific N-glycosylation inhibitor. At doses similar to those clinically achievable with 2-DG, the three drugs impair KSHV replication and virion production in iSLK.219 cells via downregulation of viral structural glycoprotein expression (K8.1 and gB), being 2-DFM the most potent KSHV inhibitor. Consistently with the higher potency of 2-DFM, we found that d-mannose rescues KSHV glycoprotein synthesis and virus production, indicating that inhibition of N-glycosylation is the main antiviral target using d-mannose competition experiments. Suppression of N-glycosylation by the sugar drugs triggers ER stress. It activates the host unfolded protein response (UPR), counteracting KSHV-induced inhibition of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch, particularly activating transcription factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein expression. Finally, we demonstrate that sugar analogs induce autophagy (a prosurvival mechanism) and, thus, inhibit viral replication playing a protective role against KSHV-induced cell death, further supporting their direct antiviral effect and potential therapeutic use. Our work identifies inhibition of N-glycosylation leading to ER stress and UPR as an antienveloped virus target and sugar analogs such as 2-DG and the newly identified 2-DFM as antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schlesinger
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Christian McDonald
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Anuj Ahuja
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Carolina Alvarez Canete
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Zelmira Nuñez del Prado
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,UM-CFAR/ SCCC Argentina Consortium for AIDS Malignancies,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Julian Naipauer, Ph.D, IFIBYNE – CONICET – UBA, Pabellón IFIByNE, Ingreso por Av. Costanera, Rafael Obligado – Ciudad Universitaria, CABA – Buenos Aires,
| | - Theodore Lampidis
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,UM-CFAR/ SCCC Argentina Consortium for AIDS Malignancies
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Hartenian E, Mendez AS, Didychuk AL, Khosla S, Glaunsinger B. DNA processing by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus alkaline exonuclease SOX contributes to viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:182-197. [PMID: 36537232 PMCID: PMC9841436 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline exonucleases (AE) are present in several large DNA viruses including bacteriophage λ and herpesviruses, where they play roles in viral DNA processing during genome replication. Given the genetic conservation of AEs across viruses infecting different kingdoms of life, these enzymes likely assume central roles in the lifecycles of viruses where they have yet to be well characterized. Here, we applied a structure-guided functional analysis of the bifunctional AE in the oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), called SOX. In addition to identifying a preferred DNA substrate preference for SOX, we define key residues important for DNA binding and DNA processing, and how SOX activity on DNA partially overlaps with its functionally separable cleavage of mRNA. By engineering these SOX mutants into KSHV, we reveal roles for its DNase activity in viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Our results provide mechanistic insight into gammaherpesviral AE activity as well as areas of functional conservation between this mammalian virus AE and its distant relative in phage λ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron S Mendez
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Aaron S. Mendez.
| | - Allison L Didychuk
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shivani Khosla
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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The PNUTS-PP1 complex acts as an intrinsic barrier to herpesvirus KSHV gene expression and replication. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7447. [PMID: 36460671 PMCID: PMC9718767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of RNA Polymerase II (pol II) elongation is a critical component of gene expression in mammalian cells. The PNUTS-PP1 complex controls elongation rates, slowing pol II after polyadenylation sites to promote termination. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) co-opts pol II to express its genes, but little is known about its regulation of pol II elongation. We identified PNUTS as a suppressor of a KSHV reporter gene in a genome-wide CRISPR screen. PNUTS depletion enhances global KSHV gene expression and overall viral replication. Mechanistically, PNUTS requires PP1 interaction, binds viral RNAs downstream of polyadenylation sites, and restricts transcription readthrough of viral genes. Surprisingly, PNUTS also represses productive elongation at the 5´ ends of the KSHV reporter and the KSHV T1.4 RNA. From these data, we conclude that PNUTS' activity constitutes an intrinsic barrier to KSHV replication likely by suppressing pol II elongation at promoter-proximal regions.
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Bennett SJ, Yalcin D, Privatt SR, Ngalamika O, Lidenge SJ, West JT, Wood C. Antibody epitope profiling of the KSHV LANA protein using VirScan. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011033. [PMID: 36534707 PMCID: PMC9810164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral antibody response against Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in infected individuals has been characterized demonstrating the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) as the most antigenic KSHV protein. Despite the antigenicity of the protein, specific LANA epitopes have not been systematically characterized. Here, we utilized a bacteriophage T7 library, which displays 56-amino acid KSHV LANA peptides with 28-amino acid overlap (VirScan), to define those epitopes in LANA targeted by antibodies from a cohort of 62 sub-Saharan African Kaposi sarcoma (KS) patients and 22 KSHV-infected asymptomatic controls. Intra- and inter-patient breadth and magnitude of the anti-LANA responses were quantified at the peptide and amino acid levels. From these data, we derived a detailed epitope annotation of the entire LANA protein, with a high-resolution focus on the N- and C-termini. Overall, the central repeat region was highly antigenic, but the responses to this region could not be confidently mapped due to its high variability. The highly conserved N-terminus was targeted with low breadth and magnitude. In a minority of individuals, antibodies specific to the nuclear localization sequence and a portion of the proline-rich regions of the N-terminus were evident. In contrast, the first half of the conserved C-terminal domain was consistently targeted with high magnitude. Unfortunately, this region was not included in LANA partial C-terminal crystal structures, however, it was predicted to adopt predominantly random-coil structure. Coupled with functional and secondary structure domain predictions, VirScan revealed fine resolution epitope mapping of the N- and C-terminal domains of LANA that is consistent with previous antigenicity studies and may prove useful to correlate KSHV humoral immunity with pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney J. Bennett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dicle Yalcin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Privatt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shiftless Restricts Viral Gene Expression and Influences RNA Granule Formation during Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication. J Virol 2022; 96:e0146922. [PMID: 36326276 PMCID: PMC9682979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 5 years, SHFL has emerged as a novel and integral piece of the innate immune response to viral infection. SHFL has been reported to restrict the replication of multiple viruses, including several flaviviruses and the retrovirus HIV-1.
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The ORF45 Protein of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Its Critical Role in the Viral Life Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092010. [PMID: 36146816 PMCID: PMC9506158 DOI: 10.3390/v14092010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) protein ORF45 is a virion-associated tegument protein that is unique to the gammaherpesvirus family. Generation of KSHV ORF45-knockout mutants and their subsequent functional analyses have permitted a better understanding of ORF45 and its context-specific and vital role in the KSHV lytic cycle. ORF45 is a multifaceted protein that promotes infection at both the early and late phases of the viral life cycle. As an immediate-early protein, ORF45 is expressed within hours of KSHV lytic reactivation and plays an essential role in promoting the lytic cycle, using multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of the host interferon response. As a tegument protein, ORF45 is necessary for the proper targeting of the viral capsid for envelopment and release, affecting the late stage of the viral life cycle. A growing list of ORF45 interaction partners have been identified, with one of the most well-characterized being the association of ORF45 with the host extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) signaling cascade. In this review, we describe ORF45 expression kinetics, as well as the host and viral interaction partners of ORF45 and the significance of these interactions in KSHV biology. Finally, we discuss the role of ORF45 homologs in gammaherpesvirus infections.
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The Contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF7 and Its Zinc-Finger Motif to Viral Genome Cleavage and Capsid Formation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0068422. [PMID: 36073924 PMCID: PMC9517700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00684-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic infection, lytic-related proteins are synthesized, viral genomes are replicated as a tandemly repeated form, and subsequently, capsids are assembled. The herpesvirus terminase complex is proposed to package an appropriate genome unit into an immature capsid, by cleavage of terminal repeats (TRs) flanking tandemly linked viral genomes. Although the mechanism of capsid formation in alpha- and betaherpesviruses are well-studied, in KSHV, it remains largely unknown. It has been proposed that KSHV ORF7 is a terminase subunit, and ORF7 harbors a zinc-finger motif, which is conserved among other herpesviral terminases. However, the biological significance of ORF7 is unknown. We previously reported that KSHV ORF17 is essential for the cleavage of inner scaffold proteins in capsid maturation, and ORF17 knockout (KO) induced capsid formation arrest between the procapsid and B-capsid stages. However, it remains unknown if ORF7-mediated viral DNA cleavage occurs before or after ORF17-mediated scaffold collapse. We analyzed the role of ORF7 during capsid formation using ORF7-KO-, ORF7&17-double-KO (DKO)-, and ORF7-zinc-finger motif mutant-KSHVs. We found that ORF7 acted after ORF17 in the capsid formation process, and ORF7-KO-KSHV produced incomplete capsids harboring nonspherical internal structures, which resembled soccer balls. This soccer ball-like capsid was formed after ORF17-mediated B-capsid formation. Moreover, ORF7-KO- and zinc-finger motif KO-KSHV failed to appropriately cleave the TR on replicated genome and had a defect in virion production. Interestingly, ORF17 function was also necessary for TR cleavage. Thus, our data revealed ORF7 contributes to terminase-mediated viral genome cleavage and capsid formation. IMPORTANCE In herpesviral capsid formation, the viral terminase complex cleaves the TR sites on newly synthesized tandemly repeating genomes and inserts an appropriate genomic unit into an immature capsid. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL28 is a subunit of the terminase complex that cleaves the replicated viral genome. However, the physiological importance of the UL28 homolog, KSHV ORF7, remains poorly understood. Here, using several ORF7-deficient KSHVs, we found that ORF7 acted after ORF17-mediated scaffold collapse in the capsid maturation process. Moreover, ORF7 and its zinc-finger motif were essential for both cleavage of TR sites on the KSHV genome and virus production. ORF7-deficient KSHVs produced incomplete capsids that resembled a soccer ball. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing ORF7-KO-induced soccer ball-like capsids production and ORF7 function in the KSHV capsid assembly process. Our findings provide insights into the role of ORF7 in KSHV capsid formation.
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Maeda Y, Watanabe T, Izumi T, Kuriyama K, Ohno S, Fujimuro M. Biomolecular Fluorescence Complementation Profiling and Artificial Intelligence Structure Prediction of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF18 and ORF30 Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9647. [PMID: 36077046 PMCID: PMC9456320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. During KSHV lytic infection, lytic-related genes, categorized as immediate-early, early, and late genes, are expressed in a temporal manner. The transcription of late genes requires the virus-specific pre-initiation complex (vPIC), which consists of viral transcription factors. However, the protein-protein interactions of the vPIC factors have not been completely elucidated. KSHV ORF18 is one of the vPIC factors, and its interaction with other viral proteins has not been sufficiently revealed. In order to clarify these issues, we analyzed the interaction between ORF18 and another vPIC factor, ORF30, in living cells using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. We identified four amino-acid residues (Leu29, Glu36, His41, and Trp170) of ORF18 that were responsible for its interaction with ORF30. Pull-down assays also showed that these four residues were required for the ORF18-ORF30 interaction. The artificial intelligence (AI) system AlphaFold2 predicted that the identified four residues are localized on the surface of ORF18 and are in proximity to each other. Thus, our AI-predicted model supports the importance of the four residues for binding ORF18 to ORF30. These results indicated that wet experiments in combination with AI may enhance the structural characterization of vPIC protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Maeda
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kazushi Kuriyama
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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45
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Choi UY, Lee JJ, Park A, Jung KL, Lee SA, Choi YJ, Lee HR, Lai CJ, Eoh H, Jung JU. Herpesvirus-induced spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination for viral episomal maintenance. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111234. [PMID: 35977517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is essential for cellular growth and acts as a prerequisite of hypusination, a post-translational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), allowing the translation of polyproline-containing proteins. Here, we show that oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) increases spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination to enhance expression of polyproline-containing latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) for viral episomal maintenance. KSHV upregulates intracellular spermidine levels by dysregulating polyamine metabolic pathways in three-dimensional (3D) culture and 2D de novo infection conditions. Increased intracellular spermidine leads to increased eIF5A hypusination, ultimately enhancing LANA expression. In contrast, inhibition of spermidine synthesis or eIF5A hypusination alleviates LANA expression, decreasing viral episomal maintenance and KSHV-infected cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, which is reversed by spermidine supplement. This demonstrates that KSHV hijacks spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination pathways to enhance LANA expression for viral episomal maintenance, suggesting polyamine metabolism and eIF5A hypusination as therapeutic targets for KSHV-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kyle L Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Lin CI, Wang SS, Hung CH, Chang PJ, Chen LW. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF50 Protein Represses Cellular MDM2 Expression via Suppressing the Sp1- and p53-Mediated Transactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158673. [PMID: 35955808 PMCID: PMC9369062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded ORF50 protein is a potent transcriptional activator essential for triggering KSHV lytic reactivation. Despite extensive studies, little is known about whether ORF50 possesses the ability to repress gene expression or has an antagonistic action to cellular transcription factors. Previously, we demonstrated that human oncoprotein MDM2 can promote the degradation of ORF50 protein. Herein, we show that abundant ORF50 expression in cells can conversely downregulate MDM2 expression via repressing both the upstream (P1) and internal (P2) promoters of the MDM2 gene. Deletion analysis of the MDM2 P1 promoter revealed that there were two ORF50-dependent negative response elements located from −102 to −63 and from −39 to +1, which contain Sp1-binding sites. For the MDM2 P2 promoter, the ORF50-dependent negative response element was identified in the region from −110 to −25, which is coincident with the location of two known p53-binding sites. Importantly, we further demonstrated that overexpression of Sp1 or p53 in cells indeed upregulated MDM2 expression; however, coexpression with ORF50 protein remarkably reduced the Sp1- or p53-mediated MDM2 upregulation. Collectively, our findings propose a reciprocal negative regulation between ORF50 and MDM2 and uncover that ORF50 decreases MDM2 expression through repressing Sp1- and p53-mediated transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Shan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5362-8800 (ext. 2235)
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47
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Lytic Reactivation of the Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Is Accompanied by Major Nucleolar Alterations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081720. [PMID: 36016343 PMCID: PMC9412354 DOI: 10.3390/v14081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is a subnuclear compartment whose primary function is the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits. Certain viral infections affect the morphology and composition of the nucleolar compartment and influence ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and maturation. However, no description of nucleolar morphology and function during infection with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is available to date. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we documented extensive destruction of the nuclear and nucleolar architecture during the lytic reactivation of KSHV. This was manifested by the redistribution of key nucleolar proteins, including the rRNA transcription factor UBF. Distinct delocalization patterns were evident; certain nucleolar proteins remained together whereas others dissociated, implying that nucleolar proteins undergo nonrandom programmed dispersion. Significantly, the redistribution of UBF was dependent on viral DNA replication or late viral gene expression. No significant changes in pre-rRNA levels and no accumulation of pre-rRNA intermediates were found by RT-qPCR and Northern blot analysis. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), combined with immunofluorescence, revealed an overlap between Fibrillarin and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), which represents the primary product of the pre-rRNA, suggesting that the processing of rRNA proceeds during lytic reactivation. Finally, small changes in the levels of pseudouridylation (Ψ) and 2′-O-methylation (Nm) were documented across the rRNA; however, none were localized to the functional domain. Taken together, our results suggest that despite dramatic changes in the nucleolar organization, rRNA transcription and processing persist during lytic reactivation of KSHV. Whether the observed nucleolar alterations favor productive infection or signify cellular anti-viral responses remains to be determined.
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48
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Majerciak V, Alvarado-Hernandez B, Lobanov A, Cam M, Zheng ZM. Genome-wide regulation of KSHV RNA splicing by viral RNA-binding protein ORF57. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010311. [PMID: 35834586 PMCID: PMC9321434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing plays an essential role in the expression of eukaryotic genes. We previously showed that KSHV ORF57 is a viral splicing factor promoting viral lytic gene expression. In this report, we compared the splicing profile of viral RNAs in BCBL-1 cells carrying a wild-type (WT) versus the cells containing an ORF57 knock-out (57KO) KSHV genome during viral lytic infection. Our analyses of viral RNA splice junctions from RNA-seq identified 269 RNA splicing events in the WT and 255 in the 57KO genome, including the splicing events spanning large parts of the viral genome and the production of vIRF4 circRNAs. No circRNA was detectable from the PAN region. We found that the 57KO alters the RNA splicing efficiency of targeted viral RNAs. Two most susceptible RNAs to ORF57 splicing regulation are the K15 RNA with eight exons and seven introns and the bicistronic RNA encoding both viral thymidylate synthase (ORF70) and membrane-associated E3-ubiquitin ligase (K3). ORF57 inhibits splicing of both K15 introns 1 and 2. ORF70/K3 RNA bears two introns, of which the first intron is within the ORF70 coding region as an alternative intron and the second intron in the intergenic region between the ORF70 and K3 as a constitutive intron. In the WT cells expressing ORF57, most ORF70/K3 transcripts retain the first intron to maintain an intact ORF70 coding region. In contrast, in the 57KO cells, the first intron is substantially spliced out. Using a minigene comprising of ORF70/K3 locus, we further confirmed ORF57 regulation of ORF70/K3 RNA splicing, independently of other viral factors. By monitoring protein expression, we showed that ORF57-mediated retention of the first intron leads to the expression of full-length ORF70 protein. The absence of ORF57 promotes the first intron splicing and expression of K3 protein. Altogether, we conclude that ORF57 regulates alternative splicing of ORF70/K3 bicistronic RNA to control K3-mediated immune evasion and ORF70 participation of viral DNA replication in viral lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, Unites States of America
- * E-mail: (VM); (Z-MZ)
| | - Beatriz Alvarado-Hernandez
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, Unites States of America
| | - Alexei Lobanov
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Unites States of America
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Unites States of America
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, Unites States of America
- * E-mail: (VM); (Z-MZ)
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49
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Kumar A, Lyu Y, Yanagihashi Y, Chantarasrivong C, Majerciak V, Salemi M, Wang KH, Inagaki T, Chuang F, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Nakano K, Izumiya C, Shimoda M, Nakajima KI, Merleev A, Zheng ZM, Campbell M, Izumiya Y. KSHV episome tethering sites on host chromosomes and regulation of latency-lytic switch by CHD4. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110788. [PMID: 35545047 PMCID: PMC9153692 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes a latent infection in the cell nucleus, but where KSHV episomal genomes are tethered and the mechanisms underlying KSHV lytic reactivation are unclear. Here, we study the nuclear microenvironment of KSHV episomes and show that the KSHV latency-lytic replication switch is regulated via viral long non-coding (lnc)RNA-CHD4 (chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4) interaction. KSHV episomes localize with CHD4 and ADNP proteins, components of the cellular ChAHP complex. The CHD4 and ADNP proteins occupy the 5'-region of the highly inducible lncRNAs and terminal repeats of the KSHV genome together with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Viral lncRNA binding competes with CHD4 DNA binding, and KSHV reactivation sequesters CHD4 from the KSHV genome, which is also accompanied by detachment of KSHV episomes from host chromosome docking sites. We propose a model in which robust KSHV lncRNA expression determines the latency-lytic decision by regulating LANA/CHD4 binding to KSHV episomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Frank Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ryan R Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kazushi Nakano
- Lifescience Division, Lifematics, Osaka, Osaka 541-0046, Japan
| | - Chie Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Alexander Merleev
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mel Campbell
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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50
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The SUMO E3 ligase activity of ORF45 determines KSHV lytic replication. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010504. [PMID: 35482828 PMCID: PMC9089915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RSK1, an essential cellular kinase for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) replication, is highly phosphorylated and SUMOylated during KSHV lytic cycle, which determine the substrate phosphorylation and specificity of RSK1, respectively. However, the SUMO E3 ligase responsible for attaching SUMO to RSK1 has not yet been identified. By genome-wide screening, we found that KSHV ORF45 is necessary and sufficient to enhance RSK1 SUMOylation. Mechanistically, KSHV ORF45 binds to SUMOs via two classic SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) and functions as a SIM-dependent SUMO E3 ligase for RSK1. Mutations on these ORF45 SIMs resulted in much lower lytic gene expressions, viral DNA replication, and mature progeny virus production. Interestingly, KSHV ORF45 controls RSK1 SUMOylation and phosphorylation via two separated functional regions: SIMs and amino acid 17-90, respectively, which do not affect each other. Similar to KSHV ORF45, ORF45 of Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus has only one SIM and also increases RSK1 SUMOylation in a SIM-dependent manner, while other ORF45 homologues do not have this function. Our work characterized ORF45 as a novel virus encoded SUMO E3 ligase, which is required for ORF45-RSK1 axis-mediated KSHV lytic gene expression.
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