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Fan J, Xi P, Liu H, Song X, Zhao X, Zhou X, Zou Y, Fu Y, Li L, Jia R, Yin Z. Myricetin inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication by targeting papain-like protease deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1433664. [PMID: 39050632 PMCID: PMC11266173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1433664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Myricetin, a natural flavonoid found in various foods, was investigated for its antiviral effect against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). This α-coronavirus causes significant economic losses in the global swine industry. The study focused on the papain-like protease (PLpro), which plays a crucial role in coronavirus immune evasion by mediating deubiquitination. Targeting PLpro could potentially disrupt viral replication and enhance antiviral responses. The results demonstrated that myricetin effectively inhibited TGEV-induced cytopathic effects in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC50 value of 31.19 μM. Myricetin significantly reduced TGEV viral load within 48 h after an 8-h co-incubation period. Further investigations revealed that myricetin at a concentration of 100 μM directly inactivated TGEV and suppressed its intracellular replication stage. Moreover, pretreatment with 100 μM myricetin conferred a protective effect on PK-15 cells against TGEV infection. Myricetin competitively inhibited PLpro with an IC50 value of 6.563 μM. Molecular docking experiments show that myricetin binds to the Cys102 residue of PLpro through conventional hydrogen bonds, Pi-sulfur, and Pi-alkyl interactions. This binding was confirmed through site-directed mutagenesis experiments, indicating myricetin as a potential candidate for preventing and treating TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Fan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengyuan Xi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimao Liu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Odigie AE, Capozza P, Tempesta M, Decaro N, Pratelli A. Epidemiological investigation of enteric canine coronaviruses in domestic dogs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105289. [PMID: 38749265 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Canine enteric coronavirus (CeCoV) is a globally distributed enteric pathogen that causes significant harm to canines. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the global dissemination of CeCoV and assess the potential for infected canines to be exposed to various CeCoV genotypes and subtypes. With an aggregated prevalence of 18.8%, the study predicted regional variations, indicating that CeCoV is an exceptionally prevalent disease. The increased likelihood that infected canines will be asymptomatic is a significant cause for concern, as undetected cases of CeCoV infection could persist and spread the disease. This underscores the significance of ongoing surveillance of CeCoV in order to avert its transmission. Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary in order to ascertain the moderators that significantly impact the prevalence and distribution of distinct subtypes and genotypes of CeCoV. Hence, it is imperative to undertake randomized clinical trials in order to acquire a more accurate understanding of the variables that influence the prevalence of CeCoV. By conducting ongoing surveillance, regional variations in the prevalence of CeCoV in canines can be accounted for, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the illness and ultimately impeding its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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3
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Cunningham-Oakes E, Pilgrim J, Darby AC, Appleton C, Jewell C, Rowlingson B, Cuartero CT, Newton R, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Fins IS, Brant B, Smith S, Penrice-Randal R, Clegg SR, Roberts APE, Millson SH, Pinchbeck GL, Noble PJM, Radford AD. Emerging Variants of Canine Enteric Coronavirus Associated with Outbreaks of Gastroenteric Disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1240-1244. [PMID: 38782018 PMCID: PMC11139001 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A 2022 canine gastroenteritis outbreak in the United Kingdom was associated with circulation of a new canine enteric coronavirus closely related to a 2020 variant with an additional spike gene recombination. The variants are unrelated to canine enteric coronavirus-like viruses associated with human disease but represent a model for coronavirus population adaptation.
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4
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Zhuang J, Yan Z, Zhou T, Li Y, Wang H. The role of receptors in the cross-species spread of coronaviruses infecting humans and pigs. Arch Virol 2024; 169:35. [PMID: 38265497 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has proven capable of infecting over 30 animal species, highlights the critical need for understanding the mechanisms of cross-species transmission and the emergence of novel coronavirus strains. The recent discovery of CCoV-HuPn-2018, a recombinant alphacoronavirus from canines and felines that can infect humans, along with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pig cells, underscores the potential for coronaviruses to overcome species barriers. This review investigates the origins and cross-species transmission of both human and porcine coronaviruses, with a specific emphasis on the instrumental role receptors play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Huinuan Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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5
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Poonsin P, Wiwatvisawakorn V, Chansaenroj J, Poovorawan Y, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Canine respiratory coronavirus in Thailand undergoes mutation and evidences a potential putative parent for genetic recombination. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0226823. [PMID: 37707446 PMCID: PMC10581155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02268-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Although its detection has been reported worldwide, the genomic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of this virus remain poorly defined. In this study, 21 CRCoV sequences obtained from dogs in Thailand during two episodes (2013-2015, group A; 2021-2022, group B) were characterized and analyzed. The genomic characteristics of Thai CRCoVs changed from 2013 to 2022 and showed a distinct phylogenetic cluster. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) genes divided the analyzed CRCoV strains into five clades. The full-length genome characterization revealed that all Thai CRCoVs possessed a nonsense mutation within the nonstructural gene located between the S and envelope genes, leading to a truncated putative nonstructural protein. Group B Thai CRCoV strains represented the signature nonsynonymous mutations in the S gene that was not identified in group A Thai CRCoVs, suggesting the ongoing evolutionary process of Thai CRCoVs. Although no evidence of recombination of Thai CRCoV strains was found, our analysis identified one Thai CRCoV strain as a potential parent virus for a CRCoV strain found in the United States. Selective pressure analysis of the hypervariable S region indicated that the CRCoV had undergone purifying selection during evolution. Evolutionary analysis suggested that the CRCoV was emerged in 1992 and was first introduced in Thailand in 2004, sharing a common ancestor with Korean CRCoV strains. These findings regarding the genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis of CRCoVs add to the understanding of CRCoVs. IMPORTANCE Knowledge of genomic characterization of the CRCoV is still limited and its evolution remains poorly investigated. We, therefore, investigated the full-length genome of CRCoV in Thailand for the first time and analyzed the evolutionary dynamic of CRCoV. Genomic characterization of Thai CRCoV strains revealed that they possess unique genome structures and have undergone nonsynonymous mutations, which have not been reported in previously described CRCoV strains. Our work suggests that the Thai CRCoVs were not undergone mutation through genetic recombination for their evolution. However, one Thai CRCoV strain PP158_THA_2015 was found to be a potential parent virus for the CRCoV strains found in the United States. This study provides an understanding of the genomic characterization and highlights the signature mutations and ongoing evolutionary process of CRCoV that could be crucial for monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Poonsin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Decaro N, Galgano M, Pratelli A. A One Health Perspective on Canine Coronavirus: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040921. [PMID: 37110344 PMCID: PMC10143937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a positive-strand RNA virus generally responsible for mild-to-severe gastroenteritis in dogs. In recent years, new CCoVs with acquired pathogenic characteristics have emerged, turning the spotlight on the evolutionary potential of CCoVs. To date, two genotypes are known, CCoV type I and CCoV type II, sharing up to 96% nucleotide identity in the genome but highly divergent in the spike gene. In 2009, the detection of a novel CCoV type II, which likely originated from a double recombination event with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), led to the proposal of a new classification: CCoV type IIa, including classical CCoVs and CCoV type IIb, including TGEV-like CCoV. Recently, a virus strictly correlated to CCoV was isolated from children with pneumonia in Malaysia. The HuPn-2018 strain, classified as a novel canine–feline-like recombinant virus, is supposed to have jumped from dogs into people. A novel CoV of canine origin, HuCCoV_Z19Haiti, closely related to the Malaysian strain was also detected in a man with fever after travel to Haiti, suggesting that infection with Malaysian-like strains may occur. These data and the emergence of highly pathogenic CoVs in humans underscore the significant threat that CoV spillovers pose to humans and how we should mitigate this hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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7
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Dong B, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhang G, Li C, Lin W. Epidemiological investigation of canine coronavirus infection in Chinese domestic dogs: A systematic review and data synthesis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Wang X, Ren Z, Wang L, Chen J, Zhang P, Chen JP, Chen X, Li L, Lin X, Qi N, Luo S, Xiang R, Yuan Z, Zhang J, Wang G, Sun MH, Huang Y, Hua Y, Zou J, Hou F, Huang Z, Du S, Xiang H, Sun M, Liu Q, Liao M. Identification of Coronaviruses in Farmed Wild Animals Reveals their Evolutionary Origins in Guangdong, Southern China. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac049. [PMID: 35795295 PMCID: PMC9252129 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections cause diseases that range from mild to severe in mammals and birds. In this study, we detected coronavirus infections in 748 farmed wild animals of 23 species in Guangdong, southern China, by RT-PCR and metagenomic analysis. We identified four coronaviruses in these wild animals and analysed their evolutionary origins. Coronaviruses detected in Rhizomys sinensis were genetically grouped into canine and rodent coronaviruses, which were likely recombinants of canine and rodent coronaviruses. The coronavirus found in Phasianus colchicus was a recombinant pheasant coronavirus of turkey coronavirus and infectious bronchitis virus. The coronavirus in Paguma larvata had a high nucleotide identity (94.6–98.5 per cent) with a coronavirus of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates). These findings suggested that the wildlife coronaviruses may have experienced homologous recombination and/or crossed the species barrier, likely resulting in the emergence of new coronaviruses. It is necessary to reduce human–animal interactions by prohibiting the eating and raising of wild animals, which may contribute to preventing the emergence of the next coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhaowen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Jin-Ping Chen
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Linmiao Li
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ziguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue Center , Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue Center , Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue Center , Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital) of Jinan University , Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University , Foshan 528225, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510600, China
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9
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Vlasova AN, Diaz A, Damtie D, Xiu L, Toh TH, Lee JSY, Saif LJ, Gray GC. Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Patient With Pneumonia in East Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:446-454. [PMID: 34013321 PMCID: PMC8194511 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the validation of a highly sensitive panspecies coronavirus (CoV) seminested reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, we found canine CoV (CCoV) RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 8 of 301 patients (2.5%) hospitalized with pneumonia during 2017-2018 in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most patients were children living in rural areas with frequent exposure to domesticated animals and wildlife. METHODS Specimens were further studied with universal and species-specific CoV and CCoV 1-step RT-PCR assays, and viral isolation was performed in A72 canine cells. Complete genome sequencing was conducted using the Sanger method. RESULTS Two of 8 specimens contained sufficient amounts of CCoVs as confirmed by less-sensitive single-step RT-PCR assays, and 1 specimen demonstrated cytopathic effects in A72 cells. Complete genome sequencing of the virus causing cytopathic effects identified it as a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus (genotype II) that we named CCoV-human pneumonia (HuPn)-2018. Most of the CCoV-HuPn-2018 genome is more closely related to a CCoV TN-449, while its S gene shared significantly higher sequence identity with CCoV-UCD-1 (S1 domain) and a feline CoV WSU 79-1683 (S2 domain). CCoV-HuPn-2018 is unique for a 36-nucleotide (12-amino acid) deletion in the N protein and the presence of full-length and truncated 7b nonstructural protein, which may have clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus isolated from a human patient with pneumonia. If confirmed as a pathogen, it may represent the eighth unique coronavirus known to cause disease in humans. Our findings underscore the public health threat of animal CoVs and a need to conduct better surveillance for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Annika Diaz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University Global One Health LLC, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leshan Xiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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10
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Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Elia G, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. The knotty biology of canine coronavirus: A worrying model of coronaviruses' danger. Res Vet Sci 2021; 144:190-195. [PMID: 34838321 PMCID: PMC8605815 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe clinical diseases associated to αCoronavirus (αCoV) infections were recently demonstrated for the first time in humans and a closely related but distinct canine CoV (CCoV) variant was identified in the nasopharyngeal swabs of children with pneumonia hospitalized in Malaysia, in 2017-2018. The complete genome sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain, CCoV-HuPn-2018, was a novel canine-feline-like recombinant virus with a unique nucleoprotein. The occurrence of three human epidemics/pandemic caused by CoVs in the recent years and the detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018, raises questions about the ability of these viruses to overcome species barriers from their reservoirs jumping to humans. Interestingly, in this perspective, it is interesting to consider the report concerning new CCoV strains with a potential dual recombinant origin through partial S-gene exchange with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) identified in pups died with acute gastroenteritis in 2009. The significance of the ability of CCoVs to evolve is still unclear, but several questions arisen on the biology of these viruses, focusing important epidemiological outcomes in the field, in terms of both virus evolution and prophylaxis. The new CCoV-Hupn-2018 should lead researchers to pay more attention to the mechanisms of recombination among CoVs, rather than to the onset of variants as a result of mutations, suggesting a continuous monitoring of these viruses and in particular of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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11
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Pratelli A, Buonavoglia A, Lanave G, Tempesta M, Camero M, Martella V, Decaro N. One world, one health, one virology of the mysterious labyrinth of coronaviruses: the canine coronavirus affair. LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e646-e647. [PMID: 34778852 PMCID: PMC8577845 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
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12
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Nova N. Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence? Front Public Health 2021; 9:717941. [PMID: 34660513 PMCID: PMC8514784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.717941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the well-being of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses' potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or well-being of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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13
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Parkhe P, Verma S. Evolution, Interspecies Transmission, and Zoonotic Significance of Animal Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:719834. [PMID: 34738021 PMCID: PMC8560429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.719834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that affect humans and a wide variety of animal species, including livestock, wild animals, birds, and pets. These viruses have an affinity for different tissues, such as those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and birds and the hepatic and nervous tissues of rodents and porcine. As coronaviruses target different host cell receptors and show divergence in the sequences and motifs of their structural and accessory proteins, they are classified into groups, which may explain the evolutionary relationship between them. The interspecies transmission, zoonotic potential, and ability to mutate at a higher rate and emerge into variants of concern highlight their importance in the medical and veterinary fields. The contribution of various factors that result in their evolution will provide better insight and may help to understand the complexity of coronaviruses in the face of pandemics. In this review, important aspects of coronaviruses infecting livestock, birds, and pets, in particular, their structure and genome organization having a bearing on evolutionary and zoonotic outcomes, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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14
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Ellis J. All in the family: A comparative look at coronaviruses. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2021; 62:825-833. [PMID: 34341593 PMCID: PMC8281949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, members of the order Nidovirales, the largest and most complex of the positive-stranded RNA viruses, have been recognized as important causes of disease in veterinary medicine for nearly a century. In contrast, in human medicine, especially until the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, they were unimportant viruses associated with the common cold. This is a brief comparative review of the biology of coronaviral infections emphasizing the commonalities among the various members of the family and considering how the veterinary experience with coronaviruses can inform the response to SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are perhaps best viewed as mutation machines whose genetic sequences can readily change through genetic drift, recombination, and deletions from a large genome. However, to be of clinical concern, variants must have the perfect set of amino acids in the S protein receptor binding domain and in their replication-mediating nonstructural proteins. Extensive experience with veterinary coronaviral vaccines suggests that optimal clinical immunity is a tandem of mucosal and systemic responses induced by a combination of mucosal and parenteral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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15
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Genome-wide comparison of coronaviruses derived from veterinary animals: A canine and feline perspective. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101654. [PMID: 33957463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline- and canine-derived coronaviruses (FCoVs and CCoVs) are widespread among dog and cat populations. This study was to understand the route of disease origin and viral transmission in veterinary animals and in human through comparative pan-genomic analysis of coronavirus sequences, especially retrieved from genomes of FCoV and CCoV. Average nucleotide identity based on complete genomes might clustered CoV strains according to their infected host, with an exception of type II of CCoV (accession number KC175339) that was clustered closely to virulent FCoVs. In contrast, the hierarchical clustering based on gene repertories retrieved from pan-genome analysis might divided the examined coronaviruses into host-independent clusters, and formed obviously the cluster of Alphacoronaviruses into sub-clusters of feline-canine, only feline, feline-canine-human coronavirus. Also, functional analysis of genomic subsets might help to divide FCoV and CCoV pan-genomes into (i) clusters of core genes encoding spike, membrane, nucleocapsid proteins, and ORF1ab polyprotein; (ii) clusters of core-like genes encoding nonstructural proteins; (iii) clusters of accessory genes encoding the ORF1A; and (iv) two singleton genes encoding nonstructural protein and polyprotein 1ab. Seven clusters of gene repertories were categorized as common to the FCoV and/or CCoV genomes including pantropic and high virulent strains, illustrating that distinct core-like genes/accessory genes concerning to their pathogenicity should be exploited in further biotype analysis of new isolate. In conclusion, the phylogenomic analyses have allowed the identification of trends in the viral genomic data, especially in developing a specific control measures against coronavirus disease, such as the selection of good markers for differentiating new species from common and/or pantropic isolates.
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16
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Li D, Li Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Jiao W, Feng H, Wei Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Isolation and Identification of a Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus With a Novel Insertion in S1 Domain. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667084. [PMID: 33959119 PMCID: PMC8093569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major pathogen that causes diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets with devastating impact to the pig industry. Recombination and mutation are the main driving forces of viral evolution and genetic diversity of PEDV. In 2016, an outbreak of diarrhea in piglets occurred in an intensive pig farm in Central China. A novel PEDV isolate (called HNAY) was successfully isolated from clinical samples. Sequence analysis and alignment showed that HNAY possessed 21-nucleotide (nt) insertion in its S1 gene, which has never been reported in other PEDV isolates. Moreover, the sequence of the insertion was identical with the sequence fragment in PEDV N gene. Notably, the HNAY strain exhibited two unique mutations (T500A and L521Y) in the neutralizing epitopes of the S1 protein that were different from those of other PEDV variant strains and CV777-based vaccine strains. Additionally, PEDV HNAY might be derived from a natural recombination between two Chinese variant PEDV strains. Animal experiments demonstrated that HNAY displayed higher pathogenicity compared with two other clinical isolates. This study lays the foundation for better understanding of the genetic evolution and molecular pathogenesis of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Jiao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jucai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Colina SE, Serena MS, Echeverría MG, Metz GE. Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses. Virus Res 2021; 297:198382. [PMID: 33705799 PMCID: PMC7938195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animal species. The replication strategy of coronaviruses involves recombination and mutation events that lead to the possibility of cross-species transmission. The high plasticity of the viral receptor due to a continuous modification of the host species habitat may be the cause of cross-species transmission that can turn into a threat to other species including the human population. The successive emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in 2012, and the recent SARS-CoV-2 has incentivized a number of studies on the molecular basis of the coronavirus and its pathogenesis. The high degree of interrelatedness between humans and wild and domestic animals and the modification of animal habitats by human urbanization, has favored new viral spreads. Hence, knowledge on the main clinical signs of coronavirus infection in the different hosts and the distinctive molecular characteristics of each coronavirus is essential to prevent the emergence of new coronavirus diseases. The coronavirus infections routinely studied in veterinary medicine must be properly recognized and diagnosed not only to prevent animal disease but also to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Emanuel Colina
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Serena
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Ernesto Metz
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina.
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18
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Ghosh S, Malik YS. Drawing Comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 and the Animal Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1840. [PMID: 33238451 PMCID: PMC7700164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, has infected 46,182 million people, resulting in 1,197,026 deaths (as of 1 November 2020), with devastating and far-reaching impacts on economies and societies worldwide. The complex origin, extended human-to-human transmission, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and various clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 have presented serious challenges in understanding and combating the pandemic situation. Human CoVs gained attention only after the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002-2003. On the other hand, animal CoVs have been studied extensively for many decades, providing a plethora of important information on their genetic diversity, transmission, tissue tropism and pathology, host immunity, and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, some of which have striking resemblance to those seen with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the evolution of human CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, is intermingled with those of animal CoVs. In this comprehensive review, attempts have been made to compare the current knowledge on evolution, transmission, pathogenesis, immunopathology, therapeutics, and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 with those of various animal CoVs. Information on animal CoVs might enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2, and accordingly, benefit the development of effective control and prevention strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
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19
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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20
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Villas-Boas GR, Rescia VC, Paes MM, Lavorato SN, de Magalhães-Filho MF, Cunha MS, Simões RDC, de Lacerda RB, de Freitas-Júnior RS, Ramos BHDS, Mapeli AM, Henriques MDST, de Freitas WR, Lopes LAF, Oliveira LGR, da Silva JG, Silva-Filho SE, da Silveira APS, Leão KV, Matos MMDS, Fernandes JS, Cuman RKN, Silva-Comar FMDS, Comar JF, Brasileiro LDA, dos Santos JN, Oesterreich SA. The New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Comprehensive Review on Immunity and the Application of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling to the Discovery of Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E4086. [PMID: 32906733 PMCID: PMC7571161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease surprised the scientific and medical community. Based on the latest reports, news, and scientific articles published, there is no doubt that the coronavirus has overloaded health systems globally. Practical actions against the recent emergence and rapid expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 require the development and use of tools for discovering new molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets. Thus, this review presents bioinformatics and molecular modeling strategies that aim to assist in the discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Besides, we reviewed the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity, since understanding the structures involved in this infection can contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics is a technology that assists researchers in coping with diseases by investigating genetic sequencing and seeking structural models of potential molecular targets present in SARS-CoV2. The details provided in this review provide future points of consideration in the field of virology and medical sciences that will contribute to clarifying potential therapeutic targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and virulence of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R. Villas-Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Vanessa C. Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Marina M. Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Stefânia N. Lavorato
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Manoel F. de Magalhães-Filho
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Mila S. Cunha
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Rafael da C. Simões
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Roseli B. de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, Curitiba CEP 81531-990, PR, Brazil;
| | - Renilson S. de Freitas-Júnior
- Clinical Health is Life-Integrated Health Center, Rua dos Andrades, 99, Barreirinhas, Barreiras CEP 47810-689, BA, Brazil;
| | - Bruno H. da S. Ramos
- Institute of the Spine and Pain Clinic, Rua Dr. Renato Gonçalves, 108, Renato Gonçalves, Barreiras CEP 47806-021, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ana M. Mapeli
- Research Group on Biomolecules and Catalyze, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil;
| | - Matheus da S. T. Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Toxins (LabTox), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry (PPGFQM), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, RJ, Brazil;
| | - William R. de Freitas
- Research Group on Biodiversity and Health (BIOSA), Center for Training in Health Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Praça Joana Angélica, 58, São José, Teixeira de Freitas, Teixeira de Freitas CEP 45988-058, Brazil;
| | - Luiz A. F. Lopes
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (HU-UFGD), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rua Ivo Alves da Rocha, 558, Altos do Indaiá, Dourados CEP 79823-501, MS, Brazil;
| | - Luiz G. R. Oliveira
- Nucleus of Studies on Infectious Agents and Vectors (Naive), Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil;
| | - Jonatas G. da Silva
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Saulo E. Silva-Filho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition College, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/nº, Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande CEP 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. S. da Silveira
- Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center Unigran Capital, Rua Balbina de Matos, 2121, Jd. University, Dourados CEP 79.824-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Katyuscya V. Leão
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Maria M. de S. Matos
- Health Sciences at ABC Health University Center, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 667, Bairro Princípe de Gales, Santo André CEP 09060-870, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jamille S. Fernandes
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Roberto K. N. Cuman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.K.N.C.); (F.M.d.S.S.-C.)
| | - Francielli M. de S. Silva-Comar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.K.N.C.); (F.M.d.S.S.-C.)
| | - Jurandir F. Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Luana do A. Brasileiro
- Nacional Cancer Institute (INCA), Rua Visconde de Santa Isabel, 274, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20560-121, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Silvia A. Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa postal 364, Dourados CEP 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;
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Gönültaş S, Karabağlı M, Baştuğ Y, Çilesiz NC, Kadıoğlu A. COVID-19 and animals: What do we know? Turk J Urol 2020; 46:tud.2020.140520. [PMID: 32420863 PMCID: PMC7360157 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2020.140520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread. However, due to the widespread host diversity, a detailed examination of the role of animals in this pandemic is essential to effectively fight against the outbreak. Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans. Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Gönültaş
- Department of Urology, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Karabağlı
- Department of Surgery, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Veterinary, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Baştuğ
- Department of Urology, Haydarpaşa Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ateş Kadıoğlu
- Department of Urology, İstanbul, University, İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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22
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Decaro N, Lorusso A. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108693. [PMID: 32402329 PMCID: PMC7195271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
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23
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Decaro N, Martella V, Saif LJ, Buonavoglia C. COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:21-23. [PMID: 32278960 PMCID: PMC7138383 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, CFAES, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
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24
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[Basis of coronavirus infection, and SARS-CoV-2]. Uirusu 2020; 70:155-166. [PMID: 34544930 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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De Luca E, Crisi PE, Marcacci M, Malatesta D, Di Sabatino D, Cito F, D'Alterio N, Puglia I, Berjaoui S, Colaianni ML, Tinelli A, Ripà P, Vincifori G, Di Teodoro G, Dondi F, Savini G, Boari A, Lorusso A. Epidemiology, pathological aspects and genome heterogeneity of feline morbillivirus in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2020; 240:108484. [PMID: 31902482 PMCID: PMC7127367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) is an emerging morbillivirus first described in cats less than a decade ago. FeMV has been associated with chronic kidney disease of cats characterized by tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), although this aspect is still controversial and not demonstrated with certainty. To investigate FeMV prevalence and genomic characteristics, an epidemiological survey was conducted in a total number of 127 household cats originating from two Italian regions, Abruzzi and Emilia-Romagna. A total number of 69 cats originating from three feline colonies were also enrolled for the study. Correlation with TIN was investigated by employing a total number of 35 carcasses. Prevalence of FeMV RNA was higher in urine samples collected from cats of colonies (P = 31.8%, CI 95% 22.1-43.6) compared to household cats (P = 8.66%, CI 95% 4.9-14.9) and in young and middle-aged cats while prevalence of FeMV Abs was higher in old cats. Sequences obtained straight from infected biological samples, either partial or complete, cluster into two clades within FeMV genotype 1, distantly related to FeMV genotype 2. Immunohistochemistry analysis of kidney sections of FeMV RNA positive cats revealed immunoreactivity within epithelial cells of renal tubuli and inflammatory cells. However, statistically significant association between FeMV and renal damages, including TIN, was not demonstrated (p= 0.0695, Fisher exact test). By virus histochemistry performed with FeMV-negative feline tissues and a FeMV isolate, tropism for different cellular types such as inflammatory cells residing in blood vessels of kidney and brain, airway epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages and to a lesser extent, the central nervous system, was demonstrated. Additional studies are warranted in order to establish viral tropism and immune response during the early phases of infection and to disentangle the role of FeMV in co-infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Ripà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.
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26
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Wang Q, Vlasova AN, Kenney SP, Saif LJ. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:39-49. [PMID: 30654269 PMCID: PMC7102852 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses are emerging/reemerging in pigs. The three porcine coronaviruses may have originated from other species. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. No cross-protection among the three porcine coronaviruses. Individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (CoVs). They cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Sequence analyses suggest that PEDV and SADS-CoV may have originated from bat CoVs and PDCoV from a sparrow CoV, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of CoVs. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. Necrosis of infected intestinal epithelial cells occurs, causing villous atrophy that results in malabsorptive diarrhea. The severe diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration and death of piglets. Natural infection induces protective immunity, but there is no cross-protection among the three viruses. Besides strict biosecurity measures, individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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27
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Li C, Liu Q, Kong F, Guo D, Zhai J, Su M, Sun D. Circulation and genetic diversity of Feline coronavirus type I and II from clinically healthy and FIP-suspected cats in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:763-775. [PMID: 30468573 PMCID: PMC7168551 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal infectious disease of wild and domestic cats, and the occurrence of FIP is frequently reported in China. To trace the evolution of type I and II feline coronavirus in China, 115 samples of ascetic fluid from FIP-suspected cats and 54 fecal samples from clinically healthy cats were collected from veterinary hospitals in China. The presence of FCoV in the samples was detected by RT-PCR targeting the 6b gene. The results revealed that a total of 126 (74.6%, 126/169) samples were positive for FCoV: 75.7% (87/115) of the FIP-suspected samples were positive for FCoV, and 72.2% (39/54) of the clinically healthy samples were positive for FCoV. Of the 126 FCoV-positive samples, 95 partial S genes were successfully sequenced. The partial S gene-based genotyping indicated that type I FCoV and type II FCoV accounted for 95.8% (91/95) and 4.2% (4/95), respectively. The partial S gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that the 91 type I FCoV strains exhibited genetic diversity; the four type II FCoV strains exhibited a close relationship with type II FCoV strains from Taiwan. Three type I FCoV strains, HLJ/HRB/2016/10, HLJ/HRB/2016/11 and HLJ/HRB/2016/13, formed one potential new clade in the nearly complete genome-based phylogenetic trees. Further analysis revealed that FCoV infection appeared to be significantly correlated with a multi-cat environment (p < 0.01) and with age (p < 0.01). The S gene of the three type I FCoV strains identified in China, BJ/2017/27, BJ/2018/22 and XM/2018/04, exhibited a six nucleotide deletion (C4035 AGCTC4040 ). Our data provide evidence that type I and type II FCoV strains co-circulate in the FIP-affected cats in China. Type I FCoV strains exhibited high prevalence and genetic diversity in both FIP-affected cats and clinically healthy cats, and a multi-cat environment and age (<6 months) were significantly associated with FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qiujin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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28
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Molecular identification of Betacoronavirus in bats from Sardinia (Italy): first detection and phylogeny. Virus Genes 2018; 55:60-67. [PMID: 30426315 PMCID: PMC7089328 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bats may be natural reservoirs for a large variety of emerging viruses, including mammalian coronaviruses (CoV). The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans, with evidence that these viruses may have their ancestry in bats, highlights the importance of virus surveillance in bat populations. Here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a bat β-Coronavirus, detected during a viral survey carried out on different bat species in the island of Sardinia (Italy). Cutaneous, oral swabs, and faecal samples were collected from 46 bats, belonging to 15 different species, and tested for viral presence. Coronavirus RNA was detected in faecal samples from three different species: the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), and the European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis). Phylogenetic analyses based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences assigned the detected CoV to clade 2b within betacoronaviruses, clustering with SARS-like bat CoVs previously reported. These findings point to the need for continued surveillance of bat CoV circulating in Sardinian bats, and extend the current knowledge on CoV ecology with novel sequences detected in bat species not previously described as β-Coronavirus hosts.
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29
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Florek D, Ehmann R, Kristen-Burmann C, Lemmermeyer T, Lochnit G, Ziebuhr J, Thiel HJ, Tekes G. Identification and characterization of a Golgi retention signal in feline coronavirus accessory protein 7b. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2017-2029. [PMID: 28758629 PMCID: PMC7212014 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses encode five accessory proteins with largely elusive functions. Here, one of these proteins, called 7b (206 residues), was investigated using a reverse genetic approach established for feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain 79–1146. Recombinant FIPVs (rFPIVs) expressing mutant and/or FLAG-tagged forms of 7b were generated and used to investigate the expression, processing, glycosylation, localization and trafficking of the 7b protein in rFIPV-infected cells, focusing on a previously predicted ER retention signal, KTEL, at the C-terminus of 7b. The study revealed that 7b is N-terminally processed by a cellular signalase. The cleavage site, 17-Ala|Thr-18, was unambiguously identified by N-terminal sequence analysis of a 7b processing product purified from rFIPV-infected cells. Based on this information, rFIPVs expressing FLAG-tagged 7b proteins were generated and the effects of substitutions in the C-terminal 202KTEL206 sequence were investigated. The data show that (i) 7b localizes to and is retained in the medial- and/or trans-Golgi compartment, (ii) the C-terminal KTEL sequence acts as a Golgi [rather than an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)] retention signal, (iii) minor changes in the KTEL motif (such as KTE, KTEV, or the addition of a C-terminal tag) abolish Golgi retention, resulting in relocalization and secretion of 7b, and (iv) a KTEL-to-KDEL replacement causes retention of 7b in the ER of rFIPV-infected feline cells. Taken together, this study provides interesting new insights into an efficient Golgi retention signal that controls the cellular localization and trafficking of the FIPV 7b protein in virus-infected feline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Florek
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Lemmermeyer
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.,Present address: JOTEC GmbH, Lotzenäcker 23, 72379 Hechingen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Gergely Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Accessory Protein 4a Inhibits PKR-Mediated Antiviral Stress Responses. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005982. [PMID: 27783669 PMCID: PMC5081173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory infections that can be life-threatening. To establish an infection and spread, MERS-CoV, like most other viruses, must navigate through an intricate network of antiviral host responses. Besides the well-known type I interferon (IFN-α/β) response, the protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated stress response is being recognized as an important innate response pathway. Upon detecting viral dsRNA, PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, leading to the inhibition of cellular and viral translation and the formation of stress granules (SGs), which are increasingly recognized as platforms for antiviral signaling pathways. It is unknown whether cellular infection by MERS-CoV activates the stress response pathway or whether the virus has evolved strategies to suppress this infection-limiting pathway. Here, we show that cellular infection with MERS-CoV does not lead to the formation of SGs. By transiently expressing the MERS-CoV accessory proteins individually, we identified a role of protein 4a (p4a) in preventing activation of the stress response pathway. Expression of MERS-CoV p4a impeded dsRNA-mediated PKR activation, thereby rescuing translation inhibition and preventing SG formation. In contrast, p4a failed to suppress stress response pathway activation that is independent of PKR and dsRNA. MERS-CoV p4a is a dsRNA binding protein. Mutation of the dsRNA binding motif in p4a disrupted its PKR antagonistic activity. By inserting p4a in a picornavirus lacking its natural PKR antagonist, we showed that p4a exerts PKR antagonistic activity also under infection conditions. However, a recombinant MERS-CoV deficient in p4a expression still suppressed SG formation, indicating the expression of at least one other stress response antagonist. This virus also suppressed the dsRNA-independent stress response pathway. Thus, MERS-CoV interferes with antiviral stress responses using at least two different mechanisms, with p4a suppressing the PKR-dependent stress response pathway, probably by sequestering dsRNA. MERS-CoV p4a represents the first coronavirus stress response antagonist described.
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The review summarizes our current knowledge of the genome and proteome of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), focusing on the viral surface (spike) protein S and the five accessory proteins. We also review the current classification of FCoVs into distinct serotypes and biotypes, cellular receptors of FCoVs and their presumed role in viral virulence, and discuss other aspects of FIPV-induced pathogenesis. Our current knowledge of genetic differences between FECVs and FIPVs has been mainly based on comparative sequence analyses that revealed “discriminatory” mutations that are present in FIPVs but not in FECVs. Most of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the S protein and these may have a critical role in the switch from FECV to FIPV. In most cases, the precise roles of these mutations in the molecular pathogenesis of FIP have not been tested experimentally in the natural host, mainly due to the lack of suitable experimental tools including genetically engineered virus mutants. We discuss the recent progress in the development of FCoV reverse genetics systems suitable to generate recombinant field viruses containing appropriate mutations for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - H-J Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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32
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Góes LGB, Campos ACDA, Carvalho CD, Ambar G, Queiroz LH, Cruz-Neto AP, Munir M, Durigon EL. Genetic diversity of bats coronaviruses in the Atlantic Forest hotspot biome, Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:510-513. [PMID: 27473780 PMCID: PMC7106056 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bats are notorious reservoirs of genetically-diverse and high-profile pathogens, and are playing crucial roles in the emergence and re-emergence of viruses, both in human and in animals. In this report, we identified and characterized previously unknown and diverse genetic clusters of bat coronaviruses in the Atlantic Forest Biome, Brazil. These results highlight the virus richness of bats and their possible roles in the public health. We describe the circulation of CoV lineages, 13 α-CoV and two β-CoV in AFB bats. Coronaviruses were detected in 15 bat samples from eight bat species (50% positivity). A cluster of α-CoVs were detected in Sturnira bat that grouped with α-CoVs lineage-1. We identified two distinct β-CoV that clustered within MERS-CoV containing lineage C. Results highlight the virus richness of bats and their possible roles in the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Bentim Góes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Dept. Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Cristiano de Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Dept. de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Ambar
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Dept. Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Dept. de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Muhammad Munir
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Dept. Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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33
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Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against feline coronavirus accessory protein 7b. Vet Microbiol 2015; 184:11-9. [PMID: 26854339 PMCID: PMC7117465 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Generation of monoclonal antibodies against accessory protein 7b of feline coronavirus. Identification of reactive epitopes. Relevance of glycosylation site for antigenicity.
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) encode five accessory proteins termed 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b of unknown function. These proteins are dispensable for viral replication in vitro but are supposed to play a role in virulence. In the current study, we produced and characterized 7b-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A recombinant form of the 7b protein was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and used as immunogen. Two hybridoma lines, 5B6 and 14D8, were isolated that expressed mAbs that recognized 7b proteins of both FCoV serotypes. Using an extensive set of N- and C-terminally truncated 7b proteins expressed in E. coli and a synthetic peptide, the binding sites of mAbs 5B6 and 14D8 were mapped to an 18-residue region that comprises the only potential N-glycosylation site of the FCoV 7b protein. The two mAbs were suitable to detect a 24-kDa protein, which represents the nonglycosylated form of 7b in FCoV-infected cells. We speculate that glycosylation of 7b is part of the viral evasion strategy to prevent an immune response against this antigenic site.
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Decaro N, Mari V, Elia G, Lanave G, Dowgier G, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Full-length genome analysis of canine coronavirus type I. Virus Res 2015. [PMID: 26221765 PMCID: PMC7114546 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The full-length genome of canine coronavirus type I was determined. Sequence analysis showed unique features with respect to canine coronavirus type II. By phylogeny, canine coronavirus type I formed a separate cluster. The results may contribute to the understanding of the Alphacoronavirus-1 evolution.
Canine coronavirus types I (CCoV-I) and II (CCoV-II) are usually responsible for mild enteritis in dogs. While the CCoV-II genome has been completely sequenced, to date there are no complete genomic sequence data available publicly for CCoV-I. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the full-length genome of a CCoV-I prototype strain that had been recovered from a dog with diarrhea in Italy. CCoV-I strain 23/03 has a genome of 30,000 nucleotides, excluding the 3′ poly(A) tail, displaying the typical Alphacoronavirus-1 organization and the highest genetic relatedness to CCoV-II. However, two distinct features were observed in the CCoV-I genome: (i) the presence of an additional ORF between the spike (S) protein gene and ORF3a; (ii) the diversity of the S protein, which is more closely related to that of feline coronavirus type I and presents a furin cleavage site. The present study may contribute to a better understanding of the Alphacoronavirus-1 evolutionary pattern and may be paradigmatic of how coronaviruses evolve through gene losses, acquisition and exchanges among different members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Dowgier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Characterisation of different forms of the accessory gp3 canine coronavirus type I protein identified in cats. Virus Res 2015; 202:160-7. [PMID: 25665789 PMCID: PMC7114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accessory proteins of coronaviruses play a role in virus adaptation to a new host. Some FCoV harbour truncated gp3 proteins, an accessory protein peculiar of CCoV-I. Deletions of gp3 do not influence their basic features. Deletions impact the expression proteins levels in feline but not in canine cells. All proteins localise in the ER despite the absence of a specific retention signal.
ORF3 is a supplemental open reading frame coding for an accessory glycoprotein gp3 of unknown function, only present in genotype I canine strain (CCoV-I) and some atypical feline FCoV strains. In these latter hosts, the ORF3 gene systematically displays one or two identical deletions leading to the synthesis of truncated proteins gp3-Δ1 and gp3-Δ2. As deletions in CoV accessory proteins have already been involved in tissue or host switch, studies of these different gp3 proteins were conducted in canine and feline cell. All proteins oligomerise through covalent bonds, are N-glycosylated and are maintained in the ER in non-infected but also in CCoV-II infected cells, without any specific retention signal. However, deletions influence their level of expression. In canine cells, all proteins are expressed with similar level whereas in feline cells, the expression of gp3-Δ1 is higher than the two other forms of gp3. None of the gp3 proteins modulate the viral replication cycle of heterologous genotype II CCoV in canine cell line, leading to the conclusion that the gp3 proteins are probably advantageous only for CCoV-I and atypical FCoV strains.
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Thiel V, Thiel HJ, Tekes G. Tackling feline infectious peritonitis via reverse genetics. Bioengineered 2014; 5:396-400. [PMID: 25482087 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.32133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) and represents one of the most important lethal infectious diseases of cats. To date, there is no efficacious prevention and treatment, and our limited knowledge on FIP pathogenesis is mainly based on analysis of experiments with field isolates. In a recent study, we reported a promising approach to study FIP pathogenesis using reverse genetics. We generated a set of recombinant FCoVs and investigated their pathogenicity in vivo. The set included the type I FCoV strain Black, a type I FCoV strain Black with restored accessory gene 7b, two chimeric type I/type II FCoVs and the highly pathogenic type II FCoV strain 79-1146. All recombinant FCoVs and the reference strain isolates were found to establish productive infections in cats. While none of the type I FCoVs and chimeric FCoVs induced FIP, the recombinant type II FCoV strain 79-1146 was as pathogenic as the parental isolate. Interestingly, an intact ORF 3c was confirmed to be restored in all viruses (re)isolated from FIP-diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Thiel
- a Institute of Virology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen ; Giessen , Germany
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Terada Y, Matsui N, Noguchi K, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Soma T, Mochizuki M, Maeda K. Emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses in cats by homologous recombination between feline and canine coronaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106534. [PMID: 25180686 PMCID: PMC4152292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II feline coronavirus (FCoV) emerged via double recombination between type I FCoV and type II canine coronavirus (CCoV). In this study, two type I FCoVs, three type II FCoVs and ten type II CCoVs were genetically compared. The results showed that three Japanese type II FCoVs, M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627, also emerged by homologous recombination between type I FCoV and type II CCoV and their parent viruses were genetically different from one another. In addition, the 3'-terminal recombination sites of M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627 were different from one another within the genes encoding membrane and spike proteins, and the 5'-terminal recombination sites were also located at different regions of ORF1. These results indicate that at least three Japanese type II FCoVs emerged independently. Sera from a cat experimentally infected with type I FCoV was unable to neutralize type II CCoV infection, indicating that cats persistently infected with type I FCoV may be superinfected with type II CCoV. Our previous study reported that few Japanese cats have antibody against type II FCoV. All of these observations suggest that type II FCoV emerged inside the cat body and is unable to readily spread among cats, indicating that these recombination events for emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses occur frequently.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus, Canine/classification
- Coronavirus, Canine/genetics
- Coronavirus, Canine/pathogenicity
- Coronavirus, Feline/classification
- Coronavirus, Feline/genetics
- Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dogs
- Genes, Viral
- Homologous Recombination
- Japan
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Canine enteric coronaviruses: emerging viral pathogens with distinct recombinant spike proteins. Viruses 2014; 6:3363-76. [PMID: 25153347 PMCID: PMC4147700 DOI: 10.3390/v6083363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) is an alphacoronavirus infecting dogs that is closely related to enteric coronaviruses of cats and pigs. While CCoV has traditionally caused mild gastro-intestinal clinical signs, there are increasing reports of lethal CCoV infections in dogs, with evidence of both gastrointestinal and systemic viral dissemination. Consequently, CCoV is now considered to be an emerging infectious disease of dogs. In addition to the two known serotypes of CCoV, novel recombinant variants of CCoV have been found containing spike protein N-terminal domains (NTDs) that are closely related to those of feline and porcine strains. The increase in disease severity in dogs and the emergence of novel CCoVs can be attributed to the high level of recombination within the spike gene that can occur during infection by more than one CCoV type in the same host.
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MERS: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 5:58-62. [PMID: 24584035 PMCID: PMC4028407 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2012 a novel coronavirus emerged in the Middle East region. MERS-CoV causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans. Dromedary camels were found to be positive for MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV chains of transmission in humans do not seem to be self-sustaining. Isolation of MERS patients combined with limiting the zoonotic events may be crucial in controlling the outbreak.
A novel coronavirus (CoV) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, emerged in the Middle East region in 2012. This virus, named Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, is phylogenetically related to bat CoVs, but other animal species like dromedary camels may potentially act as intermediate hosts by spreading the virus to humans. Although human to human transmission has been demonstrated, analysis of human MERS clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not self-sustaining, especially when infection control was implemented. Thus, timely identification of new MERS cases followed by their quarantine, combined with measures to limit spread of the virus from the (intermediate) host to humans, may be crucial in controlling the outbreak of this emerging CoV.
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Regulation of ROS in transmissible gastroenteritis virus-activated apoptotic signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:33-7. [PMID: 24225120 PMCID: PMC7092821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TGEV infection induced ROS accumulation. ROS accumulation is involved in TGEV-induced mitochondrial integrity impairment. ROS is associated with p53 activation and apoptosis occurrence in TGEV-infected cells.
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe lethal watery diarrhea and dehydration in piglets. Previous studies indicate that TGEV infection induces cell apoptosis in host cells. In this study, we investigated the roles and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TGEV-activated apoptotic signaling. The results showed that TGEV infection induced ROS accumulation, whereas UV-irradiated TGEV did not promote ROS accumulation. In addition, TGEV infection lowered mitochondrial transmembrane potential in PK-15 cell line, which could be inhibited by ROS scavengers, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic (PDTC) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, the two scavengers significantly inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and p53 and further blocked apoptosis occurrence through suppressing the TGEV-induced Bcl-2 reduction, Bax redistribution, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that oxidative stress pathway might be a key element in TGEV-induced apoptosis and TGEV pathogenesis.
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Le Poder S, Pham-Hung d'Alexandry d'Orangiani AL, Duarte L, Fournier A, Horhogea C, Pinhas C, Vabret A, Eloit M. Infection of cats with atypical feline coronaviruses harbouring a truncated form of the canine type I non-structural ORF3 gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:488-94. [PMID: 24121017 PMCID: PMC7106123 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
FCoV and CCoV have close genetic relationships. Molecular characterization of FCoV was conducted in cats living or not with dogs. Presence of dogs in households does not predispose to coronavirus infection of cats. Identification of atypical FCoV strains harbouring the CCoV-I ORF3 gene is reported. ORF3 genes recovered from infected cats exhibited shared deletions never described.
Feline and canine coronaviruses (FCoV and CCoV, respectively) are common pathogens of cats and dogs sometimes leading to lethal infections named feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and canine pantropic coronavirus infection. FCoV and CCoV are each subdivided into two serotypes, FCoV-I/II and CCoV-I/II. A phylogenetic relationship is evident between, on one hand, CCoV-I/FCoV-I, and on the other hand, CCoV-II/FCoV-II, suggesting that interspecies transmission can occur. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of coronavirus (CoV)-infected cats according to their contact with dogs and to genetically analyse the CoV strains infecting cats. From 2003 to 2009, we collected 88 faecal samples from healthy cats and 11 ascitic fluids from FIP cats. We investigated the possible contact with dog in the household and collected dogs samples if appropriate. Out of 99 cat samples, 26 were coronavirus positive, with six cats living with at least one dog, thus showing that contact with dogs does not appear as a predisposing factor for cats CoV infections. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of FCoV strains were conducted using partial N and S sequences. Six divergent strains were identified with the N gene clustering with CCoV-I whereas the 3′ end of S was related to FCoV-I. Further analysis on those six samples was attempted by researching the presence of the ORF3 gene, the latter being peculiar to CCoV-I to date. We succeeded to amplify the ORF3 gene in five samples out of six. Thus, our data strongly suggest the circulation of atypical FCoV strains harbouring the CCoV-I ORF3 gene among cats. Moreover, the ORF3 genes recovered from the feline strains exhibited shared deletions, never described before, suggesting that these deletions could be critical in the adaptation of these strains to the feline host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Poder
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie INRA ENVA ANSES, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France.
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Complete genome sequence analysis of a reassortant strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 from Italy. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00622-13. [PMID: 23969049 PMCID: PMC3751604 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00622-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a reassortant field strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16), isolated from cattle in the Apulia region of Italy in 2002, has been determined by Illumina sequencing. Sequence comparisons of segment 1 (Seg-1) to Seg-10, except Seg-5, show that BTV-16 strain ITL2002 belongs to the major eastern topotype of BTV.
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Huang Y, Ding L, Li Z, Dai M, Zhao X, Li W, Du Q, Xu X, Tong D. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces cell apoptosis via activation of p53 signalling. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1807-1817. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection induced apoptosis in several cell lines in vitro. Our previous studies demonstrated that TGEV could activate FasL- and mitochondria-mediated pathways to induce apoptosis in PK-15 cells. In this study, we investigated the regulation of p53 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathways in the interaction of TGEV with host cells. We observed that TGEV infection decreased p300/CBP, downregulated MDM2 and promoted p53 phosphorylation at serines 15, 20 and 46, resulting in accumulation and activation of p53 in PK-15 cells. TGEV infection induced the transient activation of p38 MAPK in the early phase of inoculation and constant activation in the later phase of infection. However, UV-irradiated TGEV did not promote the activation of p53 and p38 MAPK in the later phase, whereas it only triggered the transient activation of p38 MAPK in the early phase. Blocking of p53 activation significantly inhibited the occurrence of apoptosis through suppressing the TGEV-induced FasL expression, Bcl-2 reduction, Bax and cytochrome c redistribution, while inhibition of p38 activity moderately blocked apoptosis induction and partly attenuated the accumulation and activation of p53. However, inhibition of p38 and p53 activity had no significant effects on viral gene transcription at 12 and 24 h post-infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TGEV infection promoted the activation of p38 MAPK and p53 signalling, and p53 signalling might play a dominant role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into the function of p53 and p38 MAPK in the interaction of TGEV with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Li Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhaocai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Abstract
The small size of RNA virus genomes (2-to-32 kb) has been attributed to high mutation rates during replication, which is thought to lack proof-reading. This paradigm is being revisited owing to the discovery of a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) in nidoviruses, a monophyletic group of positive-stranded RNA viruses with a conserved genome architecture. ExoN, a homolog of canonical DNA proof-reading enzymes, is exclusively encoded by nidoviruses with genomes larger than 20 kb. All other known non-segmented RNA viruses have smaller genomes. Here we use evolutionary analyses to show that the two- to three-fold expansion of the nidovirus genome was accompanied by a large number of replacements in conserved proteins at a scale comparable to that in the Tree of Life. To unravel common evolutionary patterns in such genetically diverse viruses, we established the relation between genomic regions in nidoviruses in a sequence alignment-free manner. We exploited the conservation of the genome architecture to partition each genome into five non-overlapping regions: 5' untranslated region (UTR), open reading frame (ORF) 1a, ORF1b, 3'ORFs (encompassing the 3'-proximal ORFs), and 3' UTR. Each region was analyzed for its contribution to genome size change under different models. The non-linear model statistically outperformed the linear one and captured >92% of data variation. Accordingly, nidovirus genomes were concluded to have reached different points on an expansion trajectory dominated by consecutive increases of ORF1b, ORF1a, and 3'ORFs. Our findings indicate a unidirectional hierarchical relation between these genome regions, which are distinguished by their expression mechanism. In contrast, these regions cooperate bi-directionally on a functional level in the virus life cycle, in which they predominantly control genome replication, genome expression, and virus dissemination, respectively. Collectively, our findings suggest that genome architecture and the associated region-specific division of labor leave a footprint on genome expansion and may limit RNA genome size.
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45
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Lauber C, Goeman JJ, Parquet MDC, Thi Nga P, Snijder EJ, Morita K, Gorbalenya AE. The footprint of genome architecture in the largest genome expansion in RNA viruses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003500. [PMID: 23874204 PMCID: PMC3715407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The small size of RNA virus genomes (2-to-32 kb) has been attributed to high mutation rates during replication, which is thought to lack proof-reading. This paradigm is being revisited owing to the discovery of a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) in nidoviruses, a monophyletic group of positive-stranded RNA viruses with a conserved genome architecture. ExoN, a homolog of canonical DNA proof-reading enzymes, is exclusively encoded by nidoviruses with genomes larger than 20 kb. All other known non-segmented RNA viruses have smaller genomes. Here we use evolutionary analyses to show that the two- to three-fold expansion of the nidovirus genome was accompanied by a large number of replacements in conserved proteins at a scale comparable to that in the Tree of Life. To unravel common evolutionary patterns in such genetically diverse viruses, we established the relation between genomic regions in nidoviruses in a sequence alignment-free manner. We exploited the conservation of the genome architecture to partition each genome into five non-overlapping regions: 5' untranslated region (UTR), open reading frame (ORF) 1a, ORF1b, 3'ORFs (encompassing the 3'-proximal ORFs), and 3' UTR. Each region was analyzed for its contribution to genome size change under different models. The non-linear model statistically outperformed the linear one and captured >92% of data variation. Accordingly, nidovirus genomes were concluded to have reached different points on an expansion trajectory dominated by consecutive increases of ORF1b, ORF1a, and 3'ORFs. Our findings indicate a unidirectional hierarchical relation between these genome regions, which are distinguished by their expression mechanism. In contrast, these regions cooperate bi-directionally on a functional level in the virus life cycle, in which they predominantly control genome replication, genome expression, and virus dissemination, respectively. Collectively, our findings suggest that genome architecture and the associated region-specific division of labor leave a footprint on genome expansion and may limit RNA genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lauber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Goeman
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria del Carmen Parquet
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Phan Thi Nga
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Zirkel F, Roth H, Kurth A, Drosten C, Ziebuhr J, Junglen S. Identification and characterization of genetically divergent members of the newly established family Mesoniviridae. J Virol 2013; 87:6346-58. [PMID: 23536661 PMCID: PMC3648093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently established family Mesoniviridae (order Nidovirales) contains a single species represented by two closely related viruses, Cavally virus (CavV) and Nam Dinh virus (NDiV), which were isolated from mosquitoes collected in Côte d'Ivoire and Vietnam, respectively. They represent the first nidoviruses to be discovered in insects. Here, we report the molecular characterization of four novel mesoniviruses, Hana virus, Méno virus, Nsé virus, and Moumo virus, all of which were identified in a geographical region in Côte d'Ivoire with high CavV prevalence. The viruses were found with prevalences between 0.5 and 2.8%, and genome sequence analyses and phylogenetic studies suggest that they represent at least three novel species. Electron microscopy revealed prominent club-shaped surface projections protruding from spherical, enveloped virions of about 120 nm. Northern blot data show that the four mesoniviruses analyzed in this study produce two major 3'-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs containing two types of 5' leader sequences resulting from the use of different pairs of leader and body transcription-regulating sequences that are conserved among mesoniviruses. Protein sequencing, mass spectroscopy, and Western blot data show that mesonivirus particles contain eight major structural protein species, including the putative nucleocapsid protein (25 kDa), differentially glycosylated forms of the putative membrane protein (20, 19, 18, and 17 kDa), and the putative spike (S) protein (77 kDa), which is proteolytically cleaved at a conserved site to produce S protein subunits of 23 and 57 kDa. The data provide fundamental new insight into common and distinguishing biological properties of members of this newly identified virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Roth
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Center for Biological Safety, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Ntafis V, Mari V, Decaro N, Papanastassopoulou M, Pardali D, Rallis TS, Kanellos T, Buonavoglia C, Xylouri E. Canine coronavirus, Greece. Molecular analysis and genetic diversity characterization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:129-36. [PMID: 23410992 PMCID: PMC7106183 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an etiologic agent of diarrhea in dogs and is known to have spread worldwide. Mild disease or asymptomatic carriage are probably in many cases common outcomes of infection. To date, two different genotypes of CCoV are known, CCoV type I (CCoV-I) and CCoV type II (CCoV-II). CCoV type II is divided in two subtypes, CCoV-IIa (classical strains) and CCoV-IIb, with CCoV-IIb emerging as a result of a putative recombination between CCoV-IIa and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of CCoV in Greece and to genetically analyze the circulating strains. Between December 2007 and December 2009, 206 fecal samples were collected from dogs with diarrhea from kennels, pet shops and veterinary clinics of different country regions. RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR assays were used for CCoV detection and characterization. CCoV was identified in 65.1% of the dogs presenting diarrhea, being more frequently detected in animals younger than 3 months old and in animals housed in groups. In 47% of the positive samples more than one CCoV genotype/subtype were detected, with triple CCoV-I/CCoV-IIa/CCoV-IIb infections being identified for the first time. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CCoV-I Greek strains share low genetic relatedness to each other and to the prototype CCoV-I strains in the 5’ end of the S gene. Moreover, a divergent CCoV-IIa strain was identified. The circulation of highly variable CCoV-I and CCoV-IIb emerging strains, as well as the detection of the divergent strain, raise concerns on the importance of these new strains as primary pathogens of diarrhoeic syndromes diagnosed in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Ntafis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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Dedeurwaerder A, Desmarets LM, Olyslaegers DAJ, Vermeulen BL, Dewerchin HL, Nauwynck HJ. The role of accessory proteins in the replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus in peripheral blood monocytes. Vet Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23182908 PMCID: PMC7117191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to productively infect monocytes/macrophages is the most important difference between the low virulent feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and the lethal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). In vitro, the replication of FECV in peripheral blood monocytes always drops after 12h post inoculation, while FIPV sustains its replication in the monocytes from 45% of the cats. The accessory proteins of feline coronaviruses have been speculated to play a prominent role in virulence as deletions were found to be associated with attenuated viruses. Still, no functions have been ascribed to them. In order to investigate if the accessory proteins of FIPV are important for sustaining its replication in monocytes, replication kinetics were determined for FIPV 79-1146 and its deletion mutants, lacking either accessory protein open reading frame 3abc (FIPV-Δ3), 7ab (FIPV-Δ7) or both (FIPV-Δ3Δ7). Results showed that the deletion mutants FIPV-Δ7 and FIPV-Δ3Δ7 could not maintain their replication, which was in sharp contrast to wt-FIPV. FIPV-Δ3 could still sustain its replication, but the percentage of infected monocytes was always lower compared to wt-FIPV. In conclusion, this study showed that ORF7 is crucial for FIPV replication in monocytes/macrophages, giving an explanation for its importance in vivo, its role in the development of FIP and its conservation in field strains. The effect of an ORF3 deletion was less pronounced, indicating only a supportive role of ORF3 encoded proteins during the infection of the in vivo target cell by FIPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelike Dedeurwaerder
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lowiese M Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique A J Olyslaegers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ben L Vermeulen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hannah L Dewerchin
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63. J Virol 2012; 86:12816-25. [PMID: 22993147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00906-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between bats and coronaviruses (CoVs) has received considerable attention since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoV was identified in the Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophidae) in 2005. Since then, several bats throughout the world have been shown to shed CoV sequences, and presumably CoVs, in the feces; however, no bat CoVs have been isolated from nature. Moreover, there are very few bat cell lines or reagents available for investigating CoV replication in bat cells or for isolating bat CoVs adapted to specific bat species. Here, we show by molecular clock analysis that alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) sequences derived from the North American tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) are predicted to share common ancestry with human CoV (HCoV)-NL63, with the most recent common ancestor between these viruses occurring approximately 563 to 822 years ago. Further, we developed immortalized bat cell lines from the lungs of this bat species to determine if these cells were capable of supporting infection with HCoVs. While SARS-CoV, mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (MA15), and chimeric SARS-CoVs bearing the spike genes of early human strains replicated inefficiently, HCoV-NL63 replicated for multiple passages in the immortalized lung cells from this bat species. These observations support the hypothesis that human CoVs are capable of establishing zoonotic-reverse zoonotic transmission cycles that may allow some CoVs to readily circulate and exchange genetic material between strains found in bats and other mammals, including humans.
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Regan AD, Millet JK, Tse LPV, Chillag Z, Rinaldi VD, Licitra BN, Dubovi EJ, Town CD, Whittaker GR. Characterization of a recombinant canine coronavirus with a distinct receptor-binding (S1) domain. Virology 2012; 430:90-9. [PMID: 22609354 PMCID: PMC3377836 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Canine alphacoronaviruses (CCoV) exist in two serotypes, type I and II, both of which can cause severe gastroenteritis. Here, we characterize a canine alphacoronavirus, designated CCoV-A76, first isolated in 1976. Serological studies show that CCoV-A76 is distinct from other CCoVs, such as the prototype CCoV-1-71. Efficient replication of CCoV-A76 is restricted to canine cell lines, in contrast to the prototypical type II strain CCoV-1-71 that more efficiently replicates in feline cells. CCoV-A76 can use canine aminopeptidase N (cAPN) receptor for infection of cells, but was unable to use feline APN (fAPN). In contrast, CCoV-1-71 can utilize both. Genomic analysis shows that CCoV-A76 possesses a distinct spike, which is the result of a recombination between type I and type II CCoV, that occurred between the N- and C-terminal domains (NTD and C-domain) of the S1 subunit. These data suggest that CCoV-A76 represents a recombinant coronavirus form, with distinct host cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Regan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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