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Nuñez IA, Crane A, Crozier I, Worwa G, Kuhn JH. Treatment of highly virulent mammarenavirus infections-status quo and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:537-551. [PMID: 38606475 PMCID: PMC11069405 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2340494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammarenaviruses are negative-sense bisegmented enveloped RNA viruses that are endemic in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Several are highly virulent, causing acute human diseases associated with high case fatality rates, and are considered to be significant with respect to public health impact or bioterrorism threat. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the status quo of treatment development, starting with drugs that are in advanced stages of evaluation in early clinical trials, followed by promising candidate medical countermeasures emerging from bench analyses and investigational animal research. EXPERT OPINION Specific therapeutic treatments for diseases caused by mammarenaviruses remain limited to the off-label use of ribavirin and transfusion of convalescent sera. Progress in identifying novel candidate medical countermeasures against mammarenavirus infection has been slow in part because of the biosafety and biosecurity requirements. However, novel methodologies and tools have enabled increasingly efficient high-throughput molecular screens of regulatory-agency-approved small-molecule drugs and led to the identification of several compounds that could be repurposed for the treatment of infection with several mammarenaviruses. Unfortunately, most of them have not yet been evaluated in vivo. The most promising treatment under development is a monoclonal antibody cocktail that is protective against multiple lineages of the Lassa virus in nonhuman primate disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
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2
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Khalfi P, Denis Z, McKellar J, Merolla G, Chavey C, Ursic-Bedoya J, Soppa L, Szirovicza L, Hetzel U, Dufourt J, Leyrat C, Goldmann N, Goto K, Verrier E, Baumert TF, Glebe D, Courgnaud V, Gregoire D, Hepojoki J, Majzoub K. Comparative analysis of human, rodent and snake deltavirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012060. [PMID: 38442126 PMCID: PMC10942263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of Hepatitis D (HDV)-like viruses across a wide range of taxa led to the establishment of the Kolmioviridae family. Recent studies suggest that kolmiovirids can be satellites of viruses other than Hepatitis B virus (HBV), challenging the strict HBV/HDV-association dogma. Studying whether kolmiovirids are able to replicate in any animal cell they enter is essential to assess their zoonotic potential. Here, we compared replication of three kolmiovirids: HDV, rodent (RDeV) and snake (SDeV) deltavirus in vitro and in vivo. We show that SDeV has the narrowest and RDeV the broadest host cell range. High resolution imaging of cells persistently replicating these viruses revealed nuclear viral hubs with a peculiar RNA-protein organization. Finally, in vivo hydrodynamic delivery of viral replicons showed that both HDV and RDeV, but not SDeV, efficiently replicate in mouse liver, forming massive nuclear viral hubs. Our comparative analysis lays the foundation for the discovery of specific host factors controlling Kolmioviridae host-shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Khalfi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Zoé Denis
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Joe McKellar
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Merolla
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Chavey
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Department of hepato-gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Lena Soppa
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonora Szirovicza
- Medicum, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Dufourt
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR9004, Montpellier, France
| | - Cedric Leyrat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nora Goldmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kaku Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Medicum, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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3
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Ly H. The ever-expanding diversity and complexity of the Arenaviridae family. Virulence 2023; 14:2279353. [PMID: 37968871 PMCID: PMC10732661 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2279353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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4
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Baggio F, Hetzel U, Prähauser B, Dervas E, Michalopoulou E, Thiele T, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. A Multiplex RT-PCR Method for the Detection of Reptarenavirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2313. [PMID: 38140554 PMCID: PMC10747477 DOI: 10.3390/v15122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses cause Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD), a fatal disease of boid snakes with an economic and ecological impact, as it affects both captive and wild constrictor snakes. The clinical picture of BIBD is highly variable but often only limited. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB), which develop in most cell types including blood cells, are the pathognomonic hallmark of BIBD; their detection represents the diagnostic gold standard of the disease. However, IBs are not consistently present in clinically healthy reptarenavirus carriers, which can, if undetected, lead to and maintain the spread of the disease within and between snake populations. Sensitive viral detection tools are required for screening and control purposes; however, the genetic diversity of reptarenaviruses hampers the reverse transcription (RT) PCR-based diagnostics. Here, we describe a multiplex RT-PCR approach for the molecular diagnosis of reptarenavirus infection in blood samples. The method allows the detection of a wide range of reptarenaviruses with the detection limit reaching 40 copies per microliter of blood. Using 245 blood samples with a reference RT-PCR result, we show that the technique performs as well as the segment-specific RT-PCRs in our earlier studies. It can identify virus carriers and serve to limit reptarenavirus spreading in captive snake collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baggio
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Dervas
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Eleni Michalopoulou
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Tanja Thiele
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- The BIBD Group and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (B.P.); (E.D.); (E.M.); (T.T.); (A.K.); (J.H.)
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Abouelkhair MA, Roozitalab A, Elsakhawy OK. Molecular characterization of a reptarenavirus detected in a Colombian Red-Tailed Boa (Boa constrictor imperator). Virol J 2023; 20:265. [PMID: 37968659 PMCID: PMC10652540 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global decline in biodiversity is a matter of great concern for members of the class Reptilia. Reptarenaviruses infect snakes, and have been linked to various clinical conditions, such as Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) in snakes belonging to the families Boidae and Pythonidae. However, there is a scarcity of information regarding reptarenaviruses found in snakes in both the United States and globally. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of reptarenavirus diversity by molecularly characterizing a reptarenavirus detected in a Colombian Red-Tailed Boa (Boa constrictor imperator). Using a metagenomics approach, we successfully identified, and de novo assembled the whole genomic sequences of a reptarenavirus in a Colombian Red-Tailed Boa manifesting clinically relevant symptoms consistent with BIBD. The analysis showed that the Colombian Red-Tailed Boa in this study carried the University of Giessen virus (UGV-1) S or S6 (UGV/S6) segment and L genotype 7. The prevalence of the UGV/S6 genotype, in line with prior research findings, implies that this genotype may possess specific advantageous characteristics or adaptations that give it a competitive edge over other genotypes in the host population. This research underscores the importance of monitoring and characterizing viral pathogens in captive and wild snake populations. Knowledge of such viruses is crucial for the development of effective diagnostic methods, potential intervention strategies, and the conservation of vulnerable reptilian species. Additionally, our study provides valuable insights for future studies focusing on the evolutionary history, molecular epidemiology, and biological properties of reptarenaviruses in boas and other snake species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abouelkhair
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Ashkan Roozitalab
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ola K Elsakhawy
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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6
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Hastie KM, Melnik LI, Cross RW, Klitting RM, Andersen KG, Saphire EO, Garry RF. The Arenaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S359-S375. [PMID: 37849403 PMCID: PMC10582522 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), Junin virus (JUNV), and several other members of the Arenaviridae family are capable of zoonotic transfer to humans and induction of severe viral hemorrhagic fevers. Despite the importance of arenaviruses as potential pandemic pathogens, numerous gaps exist in scientific knowledge pertaining to this diverse family, including gaps in understanding replication, immunosuppression, receptor usage, and elicitation of neutralizing antibody responses, that in turn complicates development of medical countermeasures. A further challenge to the development of medical countermeasures for arenaviruses is the requirement for use of animal models at high levels of biocontainment, where each model has distinct advantages and limitations depending on, availability of space, animals species-specific reagents, and most importantly the ability of the model to faithfully recapitulate human disease. Designation of LASV and JUNV as prototype pathogens can facilitate progress in addressing the public health challenges posed by members of this important virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lilia I Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Raphaëlle M Klitting
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Zalgen Labs LLC, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Thiele T, Baggio F, Prähauser B, Ruiz Subira A, Michalopoulou E, Kipar A, Hetzel U, Hepojoki J. Reptarenavirus S Segment RNA Levels Correlate with the Presence of Inclusion Bodies and the Number of L Segments in Snakes with Reptarenavirus Infection-Lessons Learned from a Large Breeding Colony. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0506522. [PMID: 37212675 PMCID: PMC10269766 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), a fatal disease particularly impacting captive boa constrictor collections. The development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) comprising reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) in many cell types of affected snakes is characteristic of BIBD. However, snakes can harbor reptarenaviruses without showing IBs, hence representing carriers and a potential source of transmission. The RNA genome of reptarenaviruses comprises a small (S) and a large (L) segment, and the snakes with BIBD commonly carry a swarm of reptarenavirus segments. To design sensitive and reliable tools for the diagnosis of reptarenavirus infection in snake colonies, we used metatranscriptomics to determine the reptarenavirus segments present in a large boa constrictor breeding colony. The analysis identified one reptarenavirus S segment and three L segments in the colony. The sequence data served to design real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the found S segment. This allowed us to identify all infected animals and to quantify the S segment RNA levels, which we found to correlate with the presence of IBs. We further found a positive correlation between the number of L segments and the S segment RNA level, which could suggest that L segment excess also contributes to the IB formation. Information on cohousing of the snakes showed a clear association of reptarenavirus infection with cohousing in general and cohousing with infected animals. Information on breeding and offspring confirmed that vertical transmission occurred. Furthermore, our data suggest that some animals might be able to clear the infection or at least exhibit transient or intermittent viremia. IMPORTANCE Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is caused by reptarenavirus infection, and while reptarenavirus nucleoprotein is the main component of the inclusion bodies (IBs) characteristic of BIBD, not all reptarenavirus-infected snakes demonstrate IBs in their cells. Identification of infected individuals is critical for controlling the spread of the disease; however, the genetic divergence of reptarenaviruses complicates reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-based diagnostics. Here, we tested a next-generation-sequencing-based approach to establish a tailored "colony-specific" set of diagnostic tools for the detection of reptarenavirus small (S) and large (L) genome segments. With this approach, we could demonstrate that an S-segment-specific RT-PCR is highly effective in identifying the infected individuals. We further found the S segment RNA level to positively correlate with the presence of IBs and the number of L segments, which could direct future studies to identify the BIBD pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Thiele
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Baggio
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Ruiz Subira
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Michalopoulou
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Grant DS, Engel EJ, Roberts Yerkes N, Kanneh L, Koninga J, Gbakie MA, Alhasan F, Kanneh FB, Kanneh IM, Kamara FK, Momoh M, Yillah MS, Foday M, Okoli A, Zeoli A, Weldon C, Bishop CM, Zheng C, Hartnett J, Chao K, Shore K, Melnik LI, Mucci M, Bond NG, Doyle P, Yenni R, Podgorski R, Ficenec SC, Moses L, Shaffer JG, Garry RF, Schieffelin JS. Seroprevalence of anti-Lassa Virus IgG antibodies in three districts of Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional, population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010938. [PMID: 36758101 PMCID: PMC9946222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa virus (LASV), the cause of the acute viral hemorrhagic illness Lassa fever (LF), is endemic in West Africa. Infections in humans occur mainly after exposure to infected excrement or urine of the rodent-host, Mastomys natalensis. The prevalence of exposure to LASV in Sierra Leone is crudely estimated and largely unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a baseline point seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to LASV in three administrative districts of Sierra Leone and identify potential risk factors for seropositivity and LASV exposure. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Between 2015 and 2018, over 10,642 participants from Kenema, Tonkolili, and Port Loko Districts were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Previous LASV and LF epidemiological studies support classification of these districts as "endemic," "emerging," and "non-endemic", respectively. Dried blood spot samples were tested for LASV antibodies by ELISA to determine the seropositivity of participants, indicating previous exposure to LASV. Surveys were administered to each participant to assess demographic and environmental factors associated with a higher risk of exposure to LASV. Overall seroprevalence for antibodies to LASV was 16.0%. In Kenema, Port Loko, and Tonkolili Districts, seroprevalences were 20.1%, 14.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, individuals were more likely to be LASV seropositive if they were living in Kenema District, regardless of sex, age, or occupation. Environmental factors contributed to an increased risk of LASV exposure, including poor housing construction and proximity to bushland, forested areas, and refuse. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE In this study we determine a baseline LASV seroprevalence in three districts which will inform future epidemiological, ecological, and clinical studies on LF and the LASV in Sierra Leone. The heterogeneity of the distribution of LASV and LF over both space, and time, can make the design of efficacy trials and intervention programs difficult. Having more studies on the prevalence of LASV and identifying potential hyper-endemic areas will greatly increase the awareness of LF and improve targeted control programs related to LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S. Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Emily J. Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole Roberts Yerkes
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - James Koninga
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael A. Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Franklyn B. Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Mustapha Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Fatima K. Kamara
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed S. Yillah
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Foday
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Adaora Okoli
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ashley Zeoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caroline Weldon
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Crystal Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica Hartnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kayla Shore
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mallory Mucci
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Philip Doyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachael Yenni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel Podgorski
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samuel C. Ficenec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lina Moses
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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9
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Dervas E, Michalopoulou E, Liesegang A, Novacco M, Schwarzenberger F, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Haematology, biochemistry and morphological features of peripheral blood cells in captive Boa constrictor. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad001. [PMID: 36726862 PMCID: PMC9885740 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The common boa (Boa constrictor) belongs to the family Boidae and represents one of the most popular traded and kept snake species in captivity. The early diagnosis, prevention and prophylaxis of diseases in this species, and in reptiles in general, still pose major challenges, also due to the lack of reliable reference values. This prompted us to conduct a study on clinically healthy captive B. constrictor to assess their basic health parameters in the blood (haematological and biochemical values, stress markers). Several parameters differed significantly between younger (<3 years) and older (≥3 years) boas; in the latter, the percentages of eosinophils, the haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, as well as the albumin and total protein levels, were higher. In male snakes, cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in females. Light and electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry served to identify and determine the morphological features of peripheral blood cells, that is, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, azurophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Leukocyte subpopulations, that is, T and B cells and monocytes, were also identified based on specific marker expression. The study provides data on haematological, biochemical and stress hormone levels, suitable as reference values, and on the blood cell morphology of B. constrictor which can serve as a guideline for further research on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Michalopoulou
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Liesegang
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Schwarzenberger
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Hogan V, Johnson WE. Unique Structure and Distinctive Properties of the Ancient and Ubiquitous Gamma-Type Envelope Glycoprotein. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020274. [PMID: 36851488 PMCID: PMC9967133 DOI: 10.3390/v15020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
After the onset of the AIDS pandemic, HIV-1 (genus Lentivirus) became the predominant model for studying retrovirus Env glycoproteins and their role in entry. However, HIV Env is an inadequate model for understanding entry of viruses in the Alpharetrovirus, Gammaretrovirus and Deltaretrovirus genera. For example, oncogenic model system viruses such as Rous sarcoma virus (RSV, Alpharetrovirus), murine leukemia virus (MLV, Gammaretrovirus) and human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II, Deltaretrovirus) encode Envs that are structurally and functionally distinct from HIV Env. We refer to these as Gamma-type Envs. Gamma-type Envs are probably the most widespread retroviral Envs in nature. They are found in exogenous and endogenous retroviruses representing a broad spectrum of vertebrate hosts including amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals and fish. In endogenous form, gamma-type Envs have been evolutionarily coopted numerous times, most notably as placental syncytins (e.g., human SYNC1 and SYNC2). Remarkably, gamma-type Envs are also found outside of the Retroviridae. Gp2 proteins of filoviruses (e.g., Ebolavirus) and snake arenaviruses in the genus Reptarenavirus are gamma-type Env homologs, products of ancient recombination events involving viruses of different Baltimore classes. Distinctive hallmarks of gamma-type Envs include a labile disulfide bond linking the surface and transmembrane subunits, a multi-stage attachment and fusion mechanism, a highly conserved (but poorly understood) "immunosuppressive domain", and activation by the viral protease during virion maturation. Here, we synthesize work from diverse retrovirus model systems to illustrate these distinctive properties and to highlight avenues for further exploration of gamma-type Env structure and function.
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11
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Mammarenavirus Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:265-303. [PMID: 36592249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic. Current knowledge about the biology of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and antennaviruses is very limited and their zoonotic potential is unknown. In contrast, some mammarenaviruses are associated with zoonotic events that pose a threat to human health. This review will focus on mammarenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. Some mammarenaviruses including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are excellent experimental model systems for the investigation of acute and persistent viral infections, whereas others including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa fever (LF) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), respectively, are important human pathogens. Mammarenaviruses were thought to have high degree of intra-and inter-species amino acid sequence identities, but recent evidence has revealed a high degree of mammarenavirus genetic diversity in the field. Moreover, closely related mammarenavirus can display dramatic phenotypic differences in vivo. These findings support a role of genetic variability in mammarenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review the molecular biology of mammarenaviruses, phylogeny, and evolution, as well as the quasispecies dynamics of mammarenavirus populations and their biological implications.
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12
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Alfaro-Alarcón A, Hetzel U, Smura T, Baggio F, Morales JA, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. Boid Inclusion Body Disease Is Also a Disease of Wild Boa Constrictors. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0170522. [PMID: 36094085 PMCID: PMC9602588 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01705-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), a potentially fatal disease, occurring in captive constrictor snakes boas and pythons worldwide. Classical BIBD, characterized by the formation of pathognomonic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), occurs mainly in boas, whereas in pythons, for example, reptarenavirus infection most often manifests as central nervous system signs with limited IB formation. The natural hosts of reptarenaviruses are unknown, although free-ranging/wild constrictor snakes are among the suspects. Here, we report BIBD with reptarenavirus infection in indigenous captive and wild boid snakes in Costa Rica using histology, immunohistology, transmission electron microscopy, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The snakes studied represented diagnostic postmortem cases of captive and wild-caught snakes since 1989. The results from NGS on archival paraffin blocks confirm that reptarenaviruses were already present in wild boa constrictors in Costa Rica in the 1980s. Continuous sequences that were de novo assembled from the low-quality RNA obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue allowed the identification of a distinct pair of reptarenavirus S and L segments in all studied animals; in most cases, reference assembly could recover almost complete segments. Sampling of three prospective cases in 2018 allowed an examination of fresh blood or tissues and resulted in the identification of additional reptarenavirus segments and hartmanivirus coinfection. Our results show that BIBD is not only a disease of captive snakes but also occurs in indigenous wild constrictor snakes in Costa Rica, suggesting boa constrictors to play a role in natural reptarenavirus circulation. IMPORTANCE The literature describes cases of boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) in captive snakes since the 1970s, and in the 2010s, others and ourselves identified reptarenaviruses as the causative agent. BIBD affects captive snakes globally, but the origin and the natural host of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. In this report, we show BIBD and reptarenavirus infections in two native Costa Rican constrictor snake species, and by studying archival samples, we show that both the viruses and the disease have been present in free-ranging/wild snakes in Costa Rica at least since the 1980s. The diagnosis of BIBD in wild boa constrictors suggests that this species plays a role in the circulation of reptarenaviruses. Additional sample collection and analysis would help to clarify this role further and the possibility of, e.g., vector transmission from an arthropod host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesca Baggio
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Alberto Morales
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Plavec Z, Domanska A, Liu X, Laine P, Paulin L, Varjosalo M, Auvinen P, Wolf SG, Anastasina M, Butcher SJ. SARS-CoV-2 Production, Purification Methods and UV Inactivation for Proteomics and Structural Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091989. [PMID: 36146795 PMCID: PMC9505060 DOI: 10.3390/v14091989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. During the pandemic of 2019–2022, at least 500 million have been infected and over 6.3 million people have died from COVID-19. The virus is pleomorphic, and due to its pathogenicity is often handled in very restrictive biosafety containments laboratories. We developed two effective and rapid purification methods followed by UV inactivation that allow easy downstream handling of the virus. We monitored the purification through titering, sequencing, mass spectrometry and electron cryogenic microscopy. Although pelleting through a sucrose cushion, followed by gentle resuspension overnight gave the best particle recovery, infectivity decreased, and the purity was significantly worse than if using the size exclusion resin Capto Core. Capto Core can be used in batch mode, and was seven times faster than the pelleting method, obviating the need for ultracentrifugation in the containment laboratory, but resulting in a dilute virus. UV inactivation was readily optimized to allow handling of the inactivated samples under standard operating conditions. When containment laboratory space is limited, we recommend the use of Capto Core for purification and UV for inactivation as a simple, rapid workflow prior, for instance, to electron cryogenic microscopy or cell activation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatka Plavec
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aušra Domanska
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon G. Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.J.B.); Tel.: +358-5044-84629 (M.A.); +358-5041-55492 (S.J.B.)
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.J.B.); Tel.: +358-5044-84629 (M.A.); +358-5041-55492 (S.J.B.)
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14
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Abstract
Mammarenaviruses establish a persistent infection in their rodent and bat hosts, and the evidence suggests that reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses found in captive snakes act similarly. In snakes, reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), which is often associated with secondary infections. Snakes with BIBD usually carry more than a single pair of reptarenavirus S and L segments and occasionally demonstrate hartmanivirus coinfection. Here, we reported the generation of cell lines persistently infected with a single or two reptarenavirus(es) and a cell line with persistent reptarenavirus-hartmanivirus coinfection. By RT-PCR we demonstrated that the amount of viral RNA within the persistently infected cells remains at levels similar to those observed following initial infection. Using antibodies against the glycoproteins (GPs) and nucleoprotein (NP) of reptarenaviruses, we studied the levels of viral protein in cells passaged 10 times after the original inoculation and observed that the expression of GPs declines dramatically during persistent infection, unlike the expression of NP. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining served to demonstrate differences in the distribution of NP within the persistently infected compared to freshly infected cells. IF staining of cells inoculated with the viruses secreted from the persistently infected cell lines produced similar NP staining compared to cells infected with a traditionally passaged virus, suggesting that the altered NP expression pattern of persistently infected cells does not relate to changes in the virus. The cell cultures described herein can serve as tools for studying the coinfection and superinfection interplay between reptarenaviruses and studying the BIBD pathogenesis mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Mammarenaviruses cause a persistent infection in their natural rodent and bat hosts. Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) in constrictor snakes, but it is unclear whether snakes are the natural host of these viruses. In this study, we showed that reptarenaviruses established a persistent infection in cultured Boa constrictor cells and that the persistently infected cells continued to produce infectious virus. Our results showed that persistent infection results from subsequent passaging of cells inoculated with a single reptarenavirus, two reptarenaviruses, or even when inoculating the cells with reptarenavirus and hartmanivirus (another arenavirus genus). The results further suggested that coinfection would not result in overt competition between the different reptarenaviruses, thus helping to explain the frequent reptarenavirus coinfections in snakes with BIBD. The established cell culture models of persistent infection could help to elucidate the role of coinfection and superinfection and potential immunosuppression as the pathogenic mechanisms behind BIBD.
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15
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Stenglein MD. The Case for Studying New Viruses of New Hosts. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:157-172. [PMID: 35671564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virology has largely focused on viruses that are pathogenic to humans or to the other species that we care most about. There is no doubt that this has been a worthwhile investment. But many transformative advances have been made through the in-depth study of relatively obscure viruses that do not appear on lists of prioritized pathogens. In this review, I highlight the benefits that can accrue from the study of viruses and hosts off the beaten track. I take stock of viral sequence diversity across host taxa as an estimate of the bias that exists in our understanding of host-virus interactions. I describe the gains that have been made through the metagenomic discovery of thousands of new viruses in previously unsampled hosts as well as the limitations of metagenomic surveys. I conclude by suggesting that the study of viruses that naturally infect existing and emerging model organisms represents an opportunity to push virology forward in useful and hard to predict ways.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stenglein
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
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16
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Szirovicza L, Hetzel U, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. Short '1.2× Genome' Infectious Clone Initiates Kolmiovirid Replication in Boa constrictor Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:107. [PMID: 35062311 PMCID: PMC8778117 DOI: 10.3390/v14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatitis D virus (HDV) depends on hepatitis B virus co-infection and its glycoproteins for infectious particle formation. HDV was the sole known deltavirus for decades and believed to be a human-only pathogen. However, since 2018, several groups reported finding HDV-like agents from various hosts but without co-infecting hepadnaviruses. In vitro systems enabling helper virus-independent replication are key for studying the newly discovered deltaviruses. Others and we have successfully used constructs containing multimers of the deltavirus genome for the replication of various deltaviruses via transfection in cell culture. Here, we report the establishment of deltavirus infectious clones with 1.2× genome inserts bearing two copies of the genomic and antigenomic ribozymes. We used Swiss snake colony virus 1 as the model to compare the ability of the previously reported "2× genome" and the "1.2× genome" infectious clones to initiate replication in cell culture. Using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, immuno- and northern blotting, we found the 2× and 1.2× genome clones to similarly initiate deltavirus replication in vitro and both induced a persistent infection of snake cells. The 1.2× genome constructs enable easier introduction of modifications required for studying deltavirus replication and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora Szirovicza
- Medicum, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Medicum, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (U.H.); (A.K.)
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17
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Baggio F, Hetzel U, Nufer L, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. A subpopulation of arenavirus nucleoprotein localizes to mitochondria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21048. [PMID: 34702948 PMCID: PMC8548533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses need cells for their replication and, therefore, ways to hijack cellular functions. Mitochondria play fundamental roles within the cell in metabolism, immunity and regulation of homeostasis due to which some viruses aim to alter mitochondrial functions. Herein we show that the nucleoprotein (NP) of arenaviruses enters the mitochondria of infected cells, affecting the mitochondrial morphology. Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) that is characterized, especially in boas, by the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) comprising reptarenavirus NP within the infected cells. We initiated this study after observing electron-dense material reminiscent of IBs within the mitochondria of reptarenavirus infected boid cell cultures in an ultrastructural study. We employed immuno-electron microscopy to confirm that the mitochondrial inclusions indeed contain reptarenavirus NP. Mutations to a putative N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS), identified via software predictions in both mamm- and reptarenavirus NPs, did not affect the mitochondrial localization of NP, suggesting that it occurs independently of MTS. In support of MTS-independent translocation, we did not detect cleavage of the putative MTSs of arenavirus NPs in reptilian or mammalian cells. Furthermore, in vitro translated NPs could not enter isolated mitochondria, suggesting that the translocation requires cellular factors or conditions. Our findings suggest that MTS-independent mitochondrial translocation of NP is a shared feature among arenaviruses. We speculate that by targeting the mitochondria arenaviruses aim to alter mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis or affect the cellular defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baggio
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisbeth Nufer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Simo Tchetgna H, Descorps-Declère S, Selekon B, Kwasiborski A, Vandenbogaert M, Manuguerra JC, Gessain A, Caro V, Nakouné E, Berthet N. Molecular characterization of a new highly divergent Mobala related arenavirus isolated from Praomys sp. rodents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10188. [PMID: 33986310 PMCID: PMC8119949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses represent a family of viruses that are naturally present in rodents belonging to subfamily Murinae, Neotominae or Sigmodontinae. Except for Lassa virus, little information is available on other Old-World arenaviruses. Here, we describe strain AnRB3214, a virus isolated from a presumed Praomys sp. rodent in the Central African Republic in 1981 and assigned to Ippy virus based on antigenic similarity. The strain was simultaneously sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and MinION Mk1B devices and analysed with various bioinformatics tools. We show that the best genome coverage and depth were obtained with the Kaiju and Minimap2 classification and identification tools, on either the MinION or the Illumina reads. The genetic analysis of AnRB3214 fragments showed 68% to 79% similarity with the Mobala and Gairo mammarenaviruses at the nucleic acid level. Strain AnRB3214 had a truncated nucleoprotein smaller than that of other Old World arenaviruses. Molecular clock analysis suggests that this strain diverged from Mobala virus at least 400 years ago. Finally, this study illustrates the importance of genomics in the identification of archived viruses and expands on the diversity of African arenaviruses, because strain AnRB3214 is either a variant or a close relative of Mobala virus, and not Ippy virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huguette Simo Tchetgna
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Stephane Descorps-Declère
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurelia Kwasiborski
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Vandenbogaert
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Berthet
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Paris, France.
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Hetzel U, Korzyukov Y, Keller S, Szirovicza L, Pesch T, Vapalahti O, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. Experimental Reptarenavirus Infection of Boa constrictor and Python regius. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01968-20. [PMID: 33441344 PMCID: PMC8092697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01968-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) causes losses in captive snake populations globally. BIBD is associated with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), which mainly comprise reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP). In 2017, BIBD was reproduced by cardiac injection of boas and pythons with reptarenaviruses, thus demonstrating a causative link between reptarenavirus infection and the disease. Here, we report experimental infections of Python regius (n = 16) and Boa constrictor (n = 16) with three reptarenavirus isolates. First, we used pythons (n = 8) to test two virus delivery routes: intraperitoneal injection and tracheal instillation. Viral RNAs but no IBs were detected in brains and lungs at 2 weeks postinoculation. Next, we inoculated pythons (n = 8) via the trachea. During the 4 months following infection, snakes showed transient central nervous system (CNS) signs but lacked detectable IBs at the time of euthanasia. One of the snakes developed severe CNS signs; we succeeded in reisolating the virus from the brain of this individual and could demonstrate viral antigen in neurons. In a third attempt, we tested cohousing, vaccination, and sequential infection with multiple reptarenavirus isolates on boas (n = 16). At 10 months postinoculation, all but one snake tested positive for viral RNA in lung, brain, and/or blood, but none exhibited the characteristic IBs. Three of the four vaccinated snakes seemed to sustain challenge with the same reptarenavirus; however, neither of the two snakes rechallenged with different reptarenaviruses remained uninfected. Comparison of the antibody responses in experimentally versus naturally reptarenavirus-infected animals indicated differences in the responses.IMPORTANCE In the present study, we experimentally infected pythons and boas with reptarenavirus via either intraperitoneal injection or tracheal instillation. The aims were to experimentally induce boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) and to develop an animal model for studying disease transmission and pathogenesis. Both virus delivery routes resulted in infection, and infection via the trachea could reflect the natural route of infection. In the experimentally infected snakes, we did not find evidence of inclusion body (IB) formation, characteristic of BIBD, in pythons or boas. Most of the boas (11/12) remained reptarenavirus infected after 10 months, which suggests that they developed a persistent infection that could eventually have led to BIBD. We demonstrated that vaccination using recombinant protein or an inactivated virus preparation prevented infection by a homologous virus in three of four snakes. Comparison of the antibody responses of experimentally and naturally reptarenavirus-infected snakes revealed differences that merit further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Korzyukov
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Keller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Szirovicza
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Pesch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Hulswit RJG, Paesen GC, Bowden TA, Shi X. Recent Advances in Bunyavirus Glycoprotein Research: Precursor Processing, Receptor Binding and Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:353. [PMID: 33672327 PMCID: PMC7926653 DOI: 10.3390/v13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric projections or spikes on the virion surface and play a crucial role in virus entry, assembly, morphogenesis. Bunyavirus glycoproteins are encoded by a single RNA segment as a polyprotein precursor that is co- and post-translationally cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield two mature glycoproteins, Gn and Gc (or GP1 and GP2 in arenaviruses). These glycoproteins undergo extensive N-linked glycosylation and despite their cleavage, remain associated to the virion to form an integral transmembrane glycoprotein complex. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of bunyavirus glycoproteins, including their processing, structure, and known interactions with host factors that facilitate cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J. G. Hulswit
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (R.J.G.H.); (G.C.P.)
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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21
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Andersson KE, Adamovicz L, Mumm LE, Winter JM, Glowacki G, Teixeira-Neto R, Adkesson MJ, Hostnik ET, Haynes E, Allender MC. Detection of a novel herpesvirus associated with squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Blanding's turtle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:348-351. [PMID: 33491592 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721989302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of both infectious and noninfectious diseases through wildlife populations is of increasing concern. Neoplastic diseases are rarely associated with population-level impacts in wildlife; however, impacts on individual health can be severe and might reflect deteriorating environmental conditions. An adult male free-ranging Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) originally captured in 2005 and deemed healthy, was recaptured in 2018 with a 1 × 1.5 cm intra-oral broad-based right mandibular mass. An excisional biopsy was performed, and histopathology revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Consensus herpesvirus PCR identified a novel herpesvirus (proposed name Emydoidea herpesvirus 2 [EBHV-2]) within the tumor. EBHV-2 shares 85% sequence homology with Terrapene herpesvirus 2 (TerHV-2), a herpesvirus linked to fibropapillomas in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Virus-associated fibropapillomas have been identified in multiple marine turtle species and have had debilitating effects on their populations, but to date, virus-associated SCCs are rarely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Andersson
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Laura Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Lauren E Mumm
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - John M Winter
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Gary Glowacki
- Lake County Forest Preserve District, Libertyville, IL
| | - Rachel Teixeira-Neto
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Ellen Haynes
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL.,Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL
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22
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Gascho D, Hetzel U, Schmid N, Martinez RM, Thali MJ, Richter H. Virtopsy of a gravid Boa constrictor using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100150. [PMID: 33089008 PMCID: PMC7566950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents radiologic examinations of a deeply sedated Boa constrictor with boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) as an adjunction to the subsequent necropsy. This method is known as virtopsy. The Boa constrictor in the present case was gravid. Computed tomography (CT) allowed for the detailed depiction of a fetal skeleton at the rear end of the adult snake. Furthermore, tiny gas formation was detected inside the cranium of the fetus, which was deemed a radiologic sign for decomposition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) delineated the soft tissue at high resolution. This article illustrates the use of CT and MRI for the examination of a gravid Boa constrictor before necropsy and demonstrates the detection of "normal" postmortem findings leading to the confirmation of fetal death in situ.
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Key Words
- BIBD, boid inclusion body disease
- Boa constrictor
- CT, computed tomography
- Computed tomography
- IHC, immunohistochemical
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Postmortem imaging
- RAVs, reptarenaviruses
- TE, echo time
- TR, repitition time
- Virtopsy
- Virtual necropsy
- kVp, kilovoltage peak
- mAs, milliampere seconds
- ms, milliseconds
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gascho
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Dominic Gascho, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Telephone number: +41 44 635 5611, Fax number: +41 44 635 6851
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schmid
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosa M Martinez
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Thali
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Diagnostic Imaging Research Unit (DIRU), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Latney LV, Wellehan JFX. Selected Emerging Infectious Diseases of Squamata: An Update. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:353-371. [PMID: 32327041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article details emerging infectious diseases that have devastating impacts on captive and wild squamates. Treatment advances have been attempted for Cryptosporidium infections in squamates. Gram-positive bacteria, Devriesea agamarum and Austwickia chelonae, are contributing to severe disease in captive and now in wild reptiles, some critically endangered. Nannizziposis, Paranannizziopsis, and Ophidiomyces continue to cause fatal disease as primary pathogens in wild and captive populations of squamates and sphenodontids. Nidovirus, bornavirus, paramyxovirus, sunshine virus, and arenavirus have emerged to be significant causes of neurorespiratory disease in snakes. Controlled studies evaluating environmental stability, disinfection, transmission control, and treatment are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- La'Toya V Latney
- Avian and Exotic Medicine & Surgery, The Animal Medical Center, 610 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Zoological Medicine Service, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100126, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608-0125, USA
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24
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PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS OF PLASMA SAMPLES FROM BOA CONSTRICTORS WITH AND WITHOUT REPTARENAVIRUS INFECTION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:350-356. [PMID: 32549564 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses infect a variety of boid and pythonid snake species worldwide and have been shown to be the cause of inclusion body disease (IBD). Little is known about the correlations between virus infection and clinical disease, as well as the effects of viral infection on the immune system and the blood protein fractions. The goal of this study was to examine the differences in the plasma protein fractions in reptarenavirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-negative and -positive tested snakes with and without clinical signs of disease. Blood from a total of 111 boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) was evaluated. Reverse transcription PCRs and H&E staining for inclusion bodies were carried out on each sample for the detection of reptarenavirus, and the plasma protein fractions were evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Thirty four of the 111 evaluated snakes were positive by RT-PCR and 19 of the 34 showed clinical signs of disease. In comparison with IBD-negative healthy boa constrictors, the positive snakes with clinical signs had significantly lower albumin levels (P = 0.0052), lower A: G ratios (P = 0.0037), and lower α-globulin levels (P = 0.0073), while their γ-globulin levels were significantly higher (P = 0.0004). In the same comparison, clinically healthy arenavirus-positive boas showed only significantly lower α-globulin (P = 0.0124) and higher γ-globulin levels (P = 0.0394). The results of the present study indicate that reptarenavirus infection may influence plasma protein fractions in boa constrictors.
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25
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Identification of Reptarenaviruses, Hartmaniviruses, and a Novel Chuvirus in Captive Native Brazilian Boa Constrictors with Boid Inclusion Body Disease. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00001-20. [PMID: 32238580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00001-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, which can persist over several years without overt signs but is generally associated with the eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed the existence of reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, but there is no evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects boa species within the subfamily Boinae and pythons in the family Pythonidae, the habitats of which do not naturally overlap. Here, we studied Brazilian captive snakes with BIBD using a metatranscriptomic approach, and we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a new species in the family Chuviridae The reptarenavirus L segments identified are divergent enough to represent six novel species, while we found only a single novel reptarenavirus S segment. Until now, hartmaniviruses had been identified only in European captive boas with BIBD, and the present results increase the number of known hartmaniviruses from four to six. The newly identified chuvirus showed 38.4%, 40.9%, and 48.1% amino acid identity to the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively, of its closest relative, Guangdong red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the found viruses originated from imported snakes, the results suggest that the viruses could circulate in indigenous snake populations.IMPORTANCE Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), caused by reptarenavirus infection, affects captive snake populations worldwide, but the reservoir hosts of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. Here, we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a chuvirus in captive Brazilian boas with BIBD. Three of the four snakes studied showed coinfection with all three viruses, and one of the snakes harbored three novel reptarenavirus L segments and one novel S segment. The samples originated from collections with Brazilian indigenous snakes only, which could indicate that these viruses circulate in wild snakes. The findings could further indicate that boid snakes are the natural reservoir of reptarena- and hartmaniviruses commonly found in captive snakes. The snakes infected with the novel chuvirus all suffered from BIBD; it is therefore not possible to comment on its potential pathogenicity and contribution to the observed changes in the present case material.
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26
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Differences in Tissue and Species Tropism of Reptarenavirus Species Studied by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040395. [PMID: 32252443 PMCID: PMC7232232 DOI: 10.3390/v12040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses cause Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD), and co-infections by several reptarenaviruses are common in affected snakes. Reptarenaviruses have only been found in captive snakes, and their reservoir hosts remain unknown. In affected animals, reptarenaviruses appear to replicate in most cell types, but their complete host range, as well as tissue and cell tropism are unknown. As with other enveloped viruses, the glycoproteins (GPs) present on the virion's surface mediate reptarenavirus cell entry, and therefore, the GPs play a critical role in the virus cell and tissue tropism. Herein, we employed single cycle replication, GP deficient, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (scrVSV∆G-eGFP) pseudotyped with different reptarenavirus GPs to study the virus cell tropism. We found that scrVSV∆G-eGFPs pseudotyped with reptarenavirus GPs readily entered mammalian cell lines, and some mammalian cell lines exhibited higher, compared to snake cell lines, susceptibility to reptarenavirus GP-mediated infection. Mammarenavirus GPs used as controls also mediated efficient entry into several snake cell lines. Our results confirm an important role of the virus surface GP in reptarenavirus cell tropism and that mamma-and reptarenaviruses exhibit high cross-species transmission potential.
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27
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Abstract
Satellite viruses, most commonly found in plants, rely on helper viruses to complete their replication cycle. The only known example of a human satellite virus is the hepatitis D virus (HDV), and it is generally thought to require hepatitis B virus (HBV) to form infectious particles. Until 2018, HDV was the sole representative of the genus Deltavirus and was thought to have evolved in humans, the only known HDV host. The subsequent identification of HDV-like agents in birds, snakes, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates indicated that the evolutionary history of deltaviruses is likely much longer than previously hypothesized. Interestingly, none of the HDV-like agents were found in coinfection with an HBV-like agent, suggesting that these viruses use different helper virus(es). Here we show, using snake deltavirus (SDeV), that HBV and hepadnaviruses represent only one example of helper viruses for deltaviruses. We cloned the SDeV genome into a mammalian expression plasmid, and by transfection could initiate SDeV replication in cultured snake and mammalian cell lines. By superinfecting persistently SDeV-infected cells with reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses, or by transfecting their surface proteins, we could induce production of infectious SDeV particles. Our findings indicate that deltaviruses can likely use a multitude of helper viruses or even viral glycoproteins to form infectious particles. This suggests that persistent infections, such as those caused by arenaviruses and orthohantaviruses used in this study, and recurrent infections would be beneficial for the spread of deltaviruses. It seems plausible that further human or animal disease associations with deltavirus infections will be identified in the future.IMPORTANCE Deltaviruses need a coinfecting enveloped virus to produce infectious particles necessary for transmission to a new host. Hepatitis D virus (HDV), the only known deltavirus until 2018, has been found only in humans, and its coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is linked with fulminant hepatitis. The recent discovery of deltaviruses without a coinfecting HBV-like agent in several different taxa suggested that deltaviruses could employ coinfection by other enveloped viruses to complete their life cycle. In this report, we show that snake deltavirus (SDeV) efficiently utilizes coinfecting reptarena- and hartmaniviruses to form infectious particles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cells expressing the envelope proteins of arenaviruses and orthohantaviruses produce infectious SDeV particles. As the envelope proteins are responsible for binding and infecting new host cells, our findings indicate that deltaviruses are likely not restricted in their tissue tropism, implying that they could be linked to animal or human diseases other than hepatitis.
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28
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Simard J, Marschang RE, Leineweber C, Hellebuyck T. Prevalence of inclusion body disease and associated comorbidity in captive collections of boid and pythonid snakes in Belgium. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229667. [PMID: 32119716 PMCID: PMC7051093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is caused by reptarenaviruses and constitutes one of the most notorious viral diseases in snakes. Although central nervous system disease and various other clinical signs have been attributed to IBD in boid and pythonid snakes, studies that unambiguously reveal the clinical course of natural IBD and reptarenavirus infection are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of IBD and reptarenaviruses in captive snake collections and the correlation of IBD and reptarenavirus infection with the clinical status of the sampled snakes were investigated. In three IBD positive collections, long-term follow-up during a three- to seven-year period was performed. A total of 292 snakes (178 boas and 114 pythons) from 40 collections in Belgium were sampled. In each snake, blood and buffy coat smears were evaluated for the presence of IBD inclusion bodies (IB) and whole blood was tested for reptarenavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Of all tested snakes, 16.5% (48/292) were positive for IBD of which all were boa constrictors (34.0%; 48/141) and 17.1% (50/292) were reptarenavirus RT-PCR positive. The presence of IB could not be demonstrated in any of the tested pythons, while 5.3% (6/114) were reptarenavirus positive. In contrast to pythons, the presence of IB in peripheral blood cells in boa constrictors is strongly correlated with reptarenavirus detection by RT-PCR (P<0.0001). Although boa constrictors often show persistent subclinical infection, long-term follow-up indicated that a considerable number (22.2%; 6/27) of IBD/reptarenavirus positive boas eventually develop IBD associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Simard
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tom Hellebuyck
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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29
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Blahak S, Jenckel M, Höper D, Beer M, Hoffmann B, Schlottau K. Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons. Virol J 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 31952524 PMCID: PMC6969405 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia and stomatitis represent severe and often fatal diseases in different captive snakes. Apart from bacterial infections, paramyxo-, adeno-, reo- and arenaviruses cause these diseases. In 2014, new viruses emerged as the cause of pneumonia in pythons. In a few publications, nidoviruses have been reported in association with pneumonia in ball pythons and a tiger python. The viruses were found using new sequencing methods from the organ tissue of dead animals. Methods Severe pneumonia and stomatitis resulted in a high mortality rate in a captive breeding collection of green tree pythons. Unbiased deep sequencing lead to the detection of nidoviral sequences. A developed RT-qPCR was used to confirm the metagenome results and to determine the importance of this virus. A total of 1554 different boid snakes, including animals suffering from respiratory diseases as well as healthy controls, were screened for nidoviruses. Furthermore, in addition to two full-length sequences, partial sequences were generated from different snake species. Results The assembled full-length snake nidovirus genomes share only an overall genome sequence identity of less than 66.9% to other published snake nidoviruses and new partial sequences vary between 99.89 and 79.4%. Highest viral loads were detected in lung samples. The snake nidovirus was not only present in diseased animals, but also in snakes showing no typical clinical signs. Conclusions Our findings further highlight the possible importance of snake nidoviruses in respiratory diseases and proof multiple circulating strains with varying disease potential. Nidovirus detection in clinical healthy individuals might represent testing during the incubation period or reconvalescence. Our investigations show new aspects of nidovirus infections in pythons. Nidoviruses should be included in routine diagnostic workup of diseased reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Blahak
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office, Westerfeldstraße 1, D-32758, Detmold, Germany
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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30
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Windbichler K, Michalopoulou E, Palamides P, Pesch T, Jelinek C, Vapalahti O, Kipar A, Hetzel U, Hepojoki J. Antibody response in snakes with boid inclusion body disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221863. [PMID: 31498825 PMCID: PMC6733472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) is a potentially fatal disease reported in captive boid snakes worldwide that is caused by reptarenavirus infection. Although the detection of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB) in blood cells serves as the gold standard for the ante mortem diagnosis of BIBD, the mechanisms underlying IB formation and the pathogenesis of BIBD are unknown. Knowledge on the reptile immune system is sparse compared to the mammalian counterpart, and in particular the response towards reptarenavirus infection is practically unknown. Herein, we investigated a breeding collection of 70 Boa constrictor snakes for BIBD, reptarenavirus viraemia, anti-reptarenavirus IgM and IgY antibodies, and population parameters. Using NGS and RT-PCR on pooled blood samples of snakes with and without BIBD, we could identify three different reptarenavirus S segments in the collection. The examination of individual samples by RT-PCR indicated that the presence of University of Giessen virus (UGV)-like S segment strongly correlates with IB formation. We could also demonstrate a negative correlation between BIBD and the presence of anti-UGV NP IgY antibodies. Further evidence of an association between antibody response and BIBD is the finding that the level of anti-reptarenavirus antibodies measured by ELISA was lower in snakes with BIBD. Furthermore, female snakes had a significantly lower body weight when they had BIBD. Taken together our findings suggest that the detection of the UGV-/S6-like S segment and the presence of anti-reptarenavirus IgY antibodies might serve as a prognostic tool for predicting the development of BIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Windbichler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Michalopoulou
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Palamides
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Pesch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Jelinek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Stass R, Ng WM, Kim YC, Huiskonen JT. Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:35-71. [PMID: 31522708 PMCID: PMC7112279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped viruses, including the envelope proteins and their protein-protein interactions on the viral surface, is of paramount importance. These structures can reveal how the virions are assembled and released by budding from the infected host cell, how the progeny virions infect new cells by membrane fusion, and how antibodies bind surface epitopes to block infection. In this chapter, we discuss the uses of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) in elucidating structures of enveloped virions. Starting from a detailed outline of data collection and processing strategies, we highlight how cryo-EM has been successfully utilized to provide unique insights into enveloped virus entry, assembly, and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE and Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest that the Antennavirus Glycoprotein Complex Includes a Class I Viral Fusion Protein (α-Penetrene) with an Internal Zinc-Binding Domain and a Stable Signal Peptide. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080750. [PMID: 31416162 PMCID: PMC6722660 DOI: 10.3390/v11080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A metatranscriptomic study of RNA viruses in cold-blooded vertebrates identified two related viruses from frogfish (Antennarius striatus) that represent a new genus Antennavirus in the family Arenaviridae (Order: Bunyavirales). Computational analyses were used to identify features common to class I viral fusion proteins (VFPs) in antennavirus glycoproteins, including an N-terminal fusion peptide, two extended alpha-helices, an intrahelical loop, and a carboxyl terminal transmembrane domain. Like mammarenavirus and hartmanivirus glycoproteins, the antennavirus glycoproteins have an intracellular zinc-binding domain and a long virion-associated stable signal peptide (SSP). The glycoproteins of reptarenaviruses are also class I VFPs, but do not contain zinc-binding domains nor do they encode SSPs. Divergent evolution from a common progenitor potentially explains similarities of antennavirus, mammarenavirus, and hartmanivirus glycoproteins, with an ancient recombination event resulting in a divergent reptarenavirus glycoprotein.
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Hyndman TH, Marschang RE, Bruce M, Clark P, Vitali SD. Reptarenaviruses in apparently healthy snakes in an Australian zoological collection. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:93-102. [PMID: 30919443 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a disease of snakes with a global distribution and has recently been shown to be caused by reptarenaviruses. Testing for this group of viruses in asymptomatic snakes allows the association between infection and disease to be further elucidated. METHODS A reptarenavirus was detected by RT-PCR in a reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) from an Australian zoological collection that was open-mouth breathing and had erythematous oral mucosa. Another 27 pythons, 4 elapids, 2 colubrids and 2 boas from this collection were then screened. From these animals, swabs, whole blood and/or tissue were tested for reptarenaviruses by RT-PCR. Additionally, blood films from 10 snakes were examined by light microscopy for the presence of inclusion bodies. The majority of samples were collected over a 484-day period. RESULTS A total of 8 animals were RT-PCR-positive (8/36 = 22.2%): 6 were pythons, 1 was a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) and 1 was a Madagascar tree boa (Sanzinia madagascariensis). From them, 57 samples were collected, but only one from each animal was RT-PCR-positive (8/57 = 14.0%). From all 36 animals in this study, 8/182 samples were RT-PCR-positive (4.4%). Inclusion bodies were not recognised in any of the blood films. Only the reticulated python showed signs of illness, which improved without any further intervention. All other RT-PCR-positive snakes were apparently healthy throughout the duration of the study. CONCLUSION This study showed a weak association between the presence of reptarenaviruses and disease. Testing serially collected swab and whole-blood samples increased the number of animals in which reptarenaviruses were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - M Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - S D Vitali
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, South Perth, WA, Australia
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Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) forms the genus Deltavirus unassigned to any virus family. HDV is a satellite virus and needs hepatitis B virus (HBV) to make infectious particles. Deltaviruses are thought to have evolved in humans, since for a long time, they had not been identified elsewhere. Herein we report, prompted by the recent discovery of an HDV-like agent in birds, the identification of a deltavirus in snakes (Boa constrictor) designated snake HDV (sHDV). The circular 1,711-nt RNA genome of sHDV resembles human HDV (hHDV) in its coding strategy and size. We discovered sHDV during a metatranscriptomic study of brain samples of a Boa constrictor breeding pair with central nervous system signs. Applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) to brain, blood, and liver samples from both snakes, we did not find reads matching hepadnaviruses. Sequence comparison showed the snake delta antigen (sHDAg) to be 55% and 37% identical to its human and avian counterparts. Antiserum raised against recombinant sHDAg was used in immunohistology and demonstrated a broad viral target cell spectrum, including neurons, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Using RT-PCR, we also detected sHDV RNA in two juvenile offspring and in a water python (Liasis mackloti savuensis) in the same snake colony, potentially indicating vertical and horizontal transmission. Screening of 20 randomly selected boas from another breeder by RT-PCR revealed sHDV infection in three additional snakes. The observed broad tissue tropism and the failure to detect accompanying hepadnavirus suggest that sHDV could be a satellite virus of a currently unknown enveloped virus.IMPORTANCE So far, the only known example of deltaviruses is the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is speculated to have evolved in humans, since deltaviruses were until very recently found only in humans. Using a metatranscriptomic sequencing approach, we found a circular RNA, which resembles that of HDV in size and coding strategy, in a snake. The identification of similar deltaviruses in distantly related species other than humans indicates that the previously suggested hypotheses on the origins of deltaviruses need to be updated. It is still possible that the ancestor of deltaviruses emerged from cellular RNAs; however, it likely would have happened much earlier in evolution than previously thought. These findings open up completely new avenues in evolution and pathogenesis studies of deltaviruses.
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35
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Brisse ME, Ly H. Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Arenaviruses: Lethal Pathogens and Potent Immune Suppressors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 30918506 PMCID: PMC6424867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers (HF) resulting from pathogenic arenaviral infections have traditionally been neglected as tropical diseases primarily affecting African and South American regions. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines for arenaviruses, and treatments have been limited to supportive therapy and use of non-specific nucleoside analogs, such as Ribavirin. Outbreaks of arenaviral infections have been limited to certain geographic areas that are endemic but known cases of exportation of arenaviruses from endemic regions and socioeconomic challenges for local control of rodent reservoirs raise serious concerns about the potential for larger outbreaks in the future. This review synthesizes current knowledge about arenaviral evolution, ecology, transmission patterns, life cycle, modulation of host immunity, disease pathogenesis, as well as discusses recent development of preventative and therapeutic pursuits against this group of deadly viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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36
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Sironi M. Arenavirus genomics: novel insights into viral diversity, origin, and evolution. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Marschang RE. Virology. MADER'S REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7173601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Bower DS, Brannelly LA, McDonald CA, Webb RJ, Greenspan SE, Vickers M, Gardner MG, Greenlees MJ. A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. Brannelly
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cait A. McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Rebecca J. Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Sasha E. Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Mathew Vickers
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Greenlees
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Hepojoki J, Hepojoki S, Smura T, Szirovicza L, Dervas E, Prähauser B, Nufer L, Schraner EM, Vapalahti O, Kipar A, Hetzel U. Characterization of Haartman Institute snake virus-1 (HISV-1) and HISV-like viruses-The representatives of genus Hartmanivirus, family Arenaviridae. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007415. [PMID: 30427944 PMCID: PMC6261641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae comprises three genera, Mammarenavirus, Reptarenavirus and the most recently added Hartmanivirus. Arenaviruses have a bisegmented genome with ambisense coding strategy. For mammarenaviruses and reptarenaviruses the L segment encodes the Z protein (ZP) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the S segment encodes the glycoprotein precursor and the nucleoprotein. Herein we report the full length genome and characterization of Haartman Institute snake virus-1 (HISV-1), the putative type species of hartmaniviruses. The L segment of HISV-1 lacks an open-reading frame for ZP, and our analysis of purified HISV-1 particles by SDS-PAGE and electron microscopy further support the lack of ZP. Since we originally identified HISV-1 in co-infection with a reptarenavirus, one could hypothesize that co-infecting reptarenavirus provides the ZP to complement HISV-1. However, we observed that co-infection does not markedly affect the amount of hartmanivirus or reptarenavirus RNA released from infected cells in vitro, indicating that HISV-1 does not benefit from reptarenavirus ZP. Furthermore, we succeeded in generating a pure HISV-1 isolate showing the virus to replicate without ZP. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies demonstrate that, unlike reptarenaviruses, HISV-1 does not produce the intracellular inclusion bodies typical for the reptarenavirus-induced boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). While we observed HISV-1 to be slightly cytopathic for cultured boid cells, the histological and immunohistological investigation of HISV-positive snakes showed no evidence of a pathological effect. The histological analyses also revealed that hartmaniviruses, unlike reptarenaviruses, have a limited tissue tropism. By nucleic acid sequencing, de novo genome assembly, and phylogenetic analyses we identified additional four hartmanivirus species. Finally, we screened 71 individuals from a collection of snakes with BIBD by RT-PCR and found 44 to carry hartmaniviruses. These findings suggest that harmaniviruses are common in captive snake populations, but their relevance and pathogenic potential needs yet to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hepojoki
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Satu Hepojoki
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonóra Szirovicza
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisbeth Nufer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Boid Inclusion Body Disease Group, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, Lackemeyer MG, Donnelly GC, Steffens JT, Van Tongeren SA, Fiallos JO, Moore JL, Marko ST, Lugo-Roman LA, Fedewa G, DeRisi JL, Kuhn JH, Stahl SJ. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199339. [PMID: 30339670 PMCID: PMC6195258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals are commonly anesthetized to prevent pain and distress and to provide safe handling. Anesthesia procedures are well-developed for common laboratory mammals, but not as well established in reptiles. We assessed the performance of intramuscularly injected tiletamine (dissociative anesthetic) and zolazepam (benzodiazepine sedative) in fixed combination (2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) in comparison to 2 mg/kg of midazolam (benzodiazepine sedative) in ball pythons (Python regius). We measured heart and respiratory rates and quantified induction parameters (i.e., time to loss of righting reflex, time to loss of withdrawal reflex) and recovery parameters (i.e., time to regain righting reflex, withdrawal reflex, normal behavior). Mild decreases in heart and respiratory rates (median decrease of <10 beats per minute and <5 breaths per minute) were observed for most time points among all three anesthetic dose groups. No statistically significant difference between the median time to loss of righting reflex was observed among animals of any group (p = 0.783). However, the withdrawal reflex was lost in all snakes receiving 3mg/kg of tiletamine+zolazepam but not in all animals of the other two groups (p = 0.0004). In addition, the time for animals to regain the righting reflex and resume normal behavior was longer in the drug combination dose groups compared to the midazolam group (p = 0.0055). Our results indicate that midazolam is an adequate sedative for ball pythons but does not suffice to achieve reliable immobilization or anesthesia, whereas tiletamine+zolazepam achieves short-term anesthesia in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Miller
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (JHK)
| | - David P. Fetterer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ginger C. Donnelly
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jesse T. Steffens
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Van Tongeren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jimmy O. Fiallos
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Moore
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Shannon T. Marko
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Lugo-Roman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Greg Fedewa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (JHK)
| | - Scott J. Stahl
- Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
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41
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Forni D, Pontremoli C, Pozzoli U, Clerici M, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Ancient Evolution of Mammarenaviruses: Adaptation via Changes in the L Protein and No Evidence for Host-Virus Codivergence. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:863-874. [PMID: 29608723 PMCID: PMC5863214 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mammarenavirus genus includes several pathogenic species of rodent-borne viruses. Old World (OW) mammarenaviruses infect rodents in the Murinae subfamily and are mainly transmitted in Africa and Asia; New World (NW) mammarenaviruses are found in rodents of the Cricetidae subfamily in the Americas. We applied a selection-informed method to estimate that OW and NW mammarenaviruses diverged less than ∼45,000 years ago (ya). By incorporating phylogeographic inference, we show that NW mammarenaviruses emerged in the Latin America-Caribbean region ∼41,400–3,300 ya, whereas OW mammarenaviruses originated ∼23,100–1,880 ya, most likely in Southern Africa. Cophylogenetic analysis indicated that cospeciation did not contribute significantly to mammarenavirus–host associations. Finally, we show that extremely strong selective pressure on the viral polymerase accompanied the speciation of NW viruses. These data suggest that the evolutionary history of mammarenaviruses was not driven by codivergence with their hosts. The viral polymerase should be regarded as a major determinant of mammarenavirus adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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42
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Analysis of Reptarenavirus genomes indicates different selective forces acting on the S and L segments and recent expansion of common genotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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43
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Zhang YZ, Wu WC, Shi M, Holmes EC. The diversity, evolution and origins of vertebrate RNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 31:9-16. [PMID: 30114593 PMCID: PMC7102767 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial increase in our knowledge of the biodiversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses, far less is known about the diversity, evolution and origin of RNA viruses across the diverse phylogenetic range of viruses, and particularly in healthy animals that are often only rarely utilized for virological sampling. Fortunately, recent advances in virus discovery using metagenomic approaches are beginning to reveal a multitude of RNA viruses in vertebrates other than birds and mammals. In particular, fish harbor a remarkable array of RNA viruses, including the relatives of important pathogens. In addition, despite frequent cross-species transmission, the RNA viruses in vertebrates generally follow the evolutionary history of their hosts, which began in the oceans and then moved to terrestrial habitats over timescales covering hundreds of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei-Chen Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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44
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Fontes Pinto F, Lopes C, Malhão F, Marcos R. Unraveling avian and reptilian hematology: An optical and electron microscopic study of the buffy coat. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:407-414. [PMID: 30088675 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood centrifugation and buffy coats are at the cornerstone of hematology. In mammals, the buffy coat has a layered disposition (from bottom to top) with neutrophils on top of erythrocytes, followed by monocytes/lymphocytes, and platelets. In nonmammals, this distribution is unknown. Recently, the cell tube block (CTB) technique was developed to study the buffy coat, but it was never applied to nonmammal buffy coats. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate using the CTB technique to study reptilian and avian buffy coats and to propose its use for clinical applications. METHODS Blood from five birds and eight reptiles of different species was obtained to make CTBs that were processed for optical/electron microscopy. H&E, Sirius red, and immunohistochemistry staining against CD3 (to label T lymphocytes) were applied to the CTBs. RESULTS In birds, the buffy coat had a layered appearance with the granulocyte layer containing granulocytes (heterophils and eosinophils) and nucleated erythrocytes followed by a mononuclear cell layer containing lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. In some animals, a nucleated erythrocyte layer was observed admixed with the granulocyte/mononuclear cell layer. A small clot within the buffy coat was seen in seven reptiles, and less definition of layers occurred in reptiles, with only one or two layers. Lymphocytes appeared toward the top of the buffy coat. CONCLUSIONS From a comparative hematology perspective, the buffy coat of mammals differs from that of birds and more from that of reptiles. The CTB technique can be used to study these differences in avian and reptilian hematology, especially to study atypical circulating cells, hemoparasites, or blood cell proportions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Lopes
- Cytology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Cytology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos
- Cytology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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45
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Linero F, Sepúlveda C, Christopoulou I, Hulpiau P, Scolaro L, Saelens X. Neutralization of Junín virus by single domain antibodies targeted against the nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11451. [PMID: 30061671 PMCID: PMC6065417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates a broad range of diseases that are caused by different viruses including members of the family Arenaviridae. Prophylaxis for Argentine Haemorrhagic Fever (AHF), caused by the arenavirus Junín (JUNV), has been achieved by the use of a live attenuated vaccine, named Candid#1. The standard treatment of AHF is transfusion of convalescent human plasma. Our aim was to develop an alternative and safer treatment for AHF based on the use of virus-neutralizing single domain antibodies (VHHs). We describe the first reported VHHs directed against an arenavirus. These VHHs could neutralize Candid#1 by altering virion binding/fusion. Surprisingly, the neutralizing VHHs appeared to be specific for the viral nucleoprotein (N) that is not known to be involved in arenavirus entry. Candid#1 VHH-escape viruses had acquired a predicted N-glycosylation site in the surface glycoprotein GP1 that is present in highly pathogenic JUNV strains. Accordingly, the Candid#1-neutralizing VHHs could not neutralize pathogenic JUNV strains, but they could still bind to cells infected with a pathogenic strain or the escape mutant viruses. These results show that the attenuated strains of JUNV can be potently neutralized by nucleoprotein-specific VHHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Linero
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Claudia Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Ioanna Christopoulou
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Luis Scolaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.
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46
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Montoya-Ruiz C, Rodas JD. Epidemiological Surveillance of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers With Emphasis on Clinical Virology. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1604:55-78. [PMID: 28986825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
This article will outline surveillance approaches for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Specific methods for surveillance of clinical samples will be emphasized. Separate articles will describe methods for surveillance of rodent-borne viruses (roboviruses) and arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Since the appearance of hantaviruses and arenaviruses in the Americas, more than 30 different species in each group have been established, and therefore they have become the most frequently emerging viruses. Flaviviruses such as yellow fever and dengue viruses, although easier to recognize, are also more widely spread and therefore considered a very important public health issue, particularly for under-developed countries. On the other hand, marburgviruses and ebolaviruses, previously thought to be restricted to the African continent, have recently been shown to be more global. For many of these agents virus isolation has been a challenging task: trapping the specific vectors (mosquitoes and ticks), and reservoirs (rodents and bats), or obtaining the samples from suspected clinical human cases demands special protective gear, uncommon devices (respirators), special facilities (BSL-3 and 4), and particular skills to recognize the slow and inapparent cytopathic effects in cell culture. Alternatively, serological and molecular approaches have been very helpful in discovering and describing newly emerging viruses in many areas where the previous resources are unavailable. Unfortunately, in many cases, detailed studies have been performed only after outbreaks occur, and then active surveillance is needed to prevent viral dissemination in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya-Ruiz
- Linea de Zoonosis Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Grupo Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Rodas
- Linea de Zoonosis Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Grupo Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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47
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Maes P, Alkhovsky SV, Bào Y, Beer M, Birkhead M, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Calisher CH, Charrel RN, Choi IR, Clegg CS, de la Torre JC, Delwart E, DeRisi JL, Di Bello PL, Di Serio F, Digiaro M, Dolja VV, Drosten C, Druciarek TZ, Du J, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Gergerich RC, Gillis AN, Gonzalez JPJ, Haenni AL, Hepojoki J, Hetzel U, Hồ T, Hóng N, Jain RK, Jansen van Vuren P, Jin Q, Jonson MG, Junglen S, Keller KE, Kemp A, Kipar A, Kondov NO, Koonin EV, Kormelink R, Korzyukov Y, Krupovic M, Lambert AJ, Laney AG, LeBreton M, Lukashevich IS, Marklewitz M, Markotter W, Martelli GP, Martin RR, Mielke-Ehret N, Mühlbach HP, Navarro B, Ng TFF, Nunes MRT, Palacios G, Pawęska JT, Peters CJ, Plyusnin A, Radoshitzky SR, Romanowski V, Salmenperä P, Salvato MS, Sanfaçon H, Sasaya T, Schmaljohn C, Schneider BS, Shirako Y, Siddell S, Sironen TA, Stenglein MD, Storm N, Sudini H, Tesh RB, Tzanetakis IE, Uppala M, Vapalahti O, Vasilakis N, Walker PJ, Wáng G, Wáng L, Wáng Y, Wèi T, Wiley MR, Wolf YI, Wolfe ND, Wú Z, Xú W, Yang L, Yāng Z, Yeh SD, Zhāng YZ, Zhèng Y, Zhou X, Zhū C, Zirkel F, Kuhn JH. Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2295-2310. [PMID: 29680923 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, the family Arenaviridae was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 5 novel species. At the same time, the recently established order Bunyavirales was expanded by 3 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Maes
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey V Alkhovsky
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yīmíng Bào
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Monica Birkhead
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Thomas Briese
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J Buchmeier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix-Marseille University, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Il Ryong Choi
- Plant Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | | | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick L Di Bello
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobiasz Z Druciarek
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rose C Gergerich
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Jean-Paul J Gonzalez
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Anne-Lise Haenni
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thiện Hồ
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ní Hóng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Miranda Gilda Jonson
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karen E Keller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Anja Kipar
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yegor Korzyukov
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alma G Laney
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Giovanni P Martelli
- Department of Plant, Soil and Food Sciences, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Robert R Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clarence J Peters
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Plyusnin
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Víctor Romanowski
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Centro Cientifico Technológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pertteli Salmenperä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Blueprint Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Takahide Sasaya
- Department of Planning and Coordination, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Yukio Shirako
- Asian Center for Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stuart Siddell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tarja A Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Harikishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mangala Uppala
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Guópíng Wáng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lìpíng Wáng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yànxiăng Wáng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tàiyún Wèi
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Michael R Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan D Wolfe
- Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Global Viral, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhìqiáng Wú
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wénxìng Xú
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Zuòkūn Yāng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yǒng-Zhèn Zhāng
- Department of Zoonoses, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Yàzhōu Zhèng
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chénxī Zhū
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Division of Clinical Research (DCR), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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INVESTIGATION OF THE TRACHEAL MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE IN SNAKES WITH AND WITHOUT BOID INCLUSION BODY DISEASE AND LUNG PATHOLOGY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0288r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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49
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Aqrawi T, Stöhr AC, Knauf-Witzens T, Krengel A, Heckers KO, Marschang RE. Nachweis und Charakterisierung von Schlangenarenaviren bei lebenden Boas und Pythons in einem deutschen Zoo. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2018; 43:239-47. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungNeue schlangenspezifische Arenaviren wurden vor kurzem bei Boas und Pythons mit der Einschlusskörperchenkrankheit (inclusion body disease, IBD) beschrieben. Ziel der Studie war, arenavirale RNA bei lebenden Schlangen nachzuweisen und festzustellen, ob Virus immer mit IBD bei den infizierten Schlangen assoziiert war. Proben für den Virusnachweis bei lebenden Tieren wurden verglichen. Ferner erfolgte ein Vergleich der nachgewiesenen Viren zur Feststellung ihrer genetischen Variabilität.Von 28 Boas und Pythons wurden ösophageale Tupfer sowie Vollblut mittels RT-PCR auf arenavirale RNA und Blutausstriche auf Einschlüsse untersucht. Innere Organe von Tieren, die während der Studie starben oder euthanisiert wurden, unterlagen ebenfalls einer Untersuchung auf arenavirale RNA sowie auf Einschlusskörperchen. Alle PCR-Produkte wurden sequenziert und genomische Sequenzen phylogenetisch analysiert.Arenaviren ließen sich bei neun lebenden Tieren sowie bei zwei Tieren nach der Sektion nachweisen. Die fünf detektierten neuen Arenaviren wurden “Boa Arenavirus Deutschland (Boa Av DE) Nummer 1–4” bzw. „Python Av DE1” genannte. Die Sequenzanalyse zeigte deutliche Ähnlichkeiten mit dem entsprechenden Abschnitt bei neu identifizierten Schlangenarenaviren.Ösophageale Tupfer wie auch Vollblut können zum Nachweis von Arenaviren bei Schlangen eingesetzt werden. In den meisten Fällen korrelierte die Arenavirusinfektion mit dem Nachweis von Einschlüssen in den Organen. Es gab Hinweise darauf, dass in Einzelfällen arenavirusinfizierte Tiere wieder virusfrei werden können, ohne an IBD zu erkranken. Dies ist der erste Nachweis von Arenaviren bei lebenden Schlangen.Der Arenavirusnachweis bei lebenden Schlangen hat Bedeutung für die Diagnose, Prävention und Quarantäne. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie unterstützen die Theorie, dass Arenaviren IBD verursachen, zeigen aber, dass infizierte Tiere Arenavirusinfektionen eventuell überstehen, ohne IBD zu entwickeln.
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50
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Cleavage of the Glycoprotein of Arenaviruses. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses are a large family of emerging negative-stranded RNA viruses that include several severe human pathogens causing hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality. During the arenavirus life cycle, processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) is crucial for productive infection. The ability of newly emerging arenaviruses to hijack human SKI-1/S1P is a key factor for zoonotic transmission and human disease potential. Apart from being an essential host factor for arenavirus infection, SKI-1/S1P is involved in the regulation of important physiological processes and linked to major human diseases. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms of arenavirus GPC processing by SKI-1/S1P including recent findings. We will highlight to what extent the molecular mechanisms of SKI-1/S1P cleavage of viral GPC differ from processing of SKI-1/S1P’s cellular substrates and discuss the implications for virus-host interaction and coevolution. Moreover, we will show how the use of the viral GPC as a “molecular probe” uncovered novel and unusual aspects of SKI-1/S1P biosynthesis and maturation. The crucial role of SKI-1/S1P in arenavirus infection and other major human diseases combined with its nature as an enzyme makes SKI-1/S1P further an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In the last part, we will therefore cover past and present efforts to identify specific SKI-1/S1P inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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