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He J, Gong L, Chen X, Cheng D, Hou S, Kong M, Wei X, Yu J, Zhu Q, Li W, Lu W, Feng Y, Gui H, Fang W, Wang P, Xia Y, Sun Y, Luo W, Yang Y, Shen G, Wang H, Wu J. A Retrospective Investigation of a Case of Dual Infection by Avian-Origin Influenza A (H10N5) and Seasonal Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses - Anhui Province, China, December 2023-January 2024. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:605-613. [PMID: 38933038 PMCID: PMC11196879 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
What is known about this topic? H10 avian influenza viruses circulate in wild birds and can reassort with other subtypes. H10N8 and H10N3 have previously caused sporadic human infections in China. What is added by this report? This report documents the first human case of co-infection with avian-origin H10N5 and seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses. Epidemiological investigations identified H10N5 in environmental samples linked to the patient, but no transmission to close contacts occurred. What are the implications for public health practice? Enhanced surveillance of avian influenza in live poultry markets and poultry populations is crucial for thoroughly characterizing the epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis of H10N5 viruses. Strengthening assessments of outbreak control measures is essential to guide effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Deman Cheng
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mengyao Kong
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Guangde City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangde City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wanhang Lu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hongya Gui
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weixi Fang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yidan Xia
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wanrong Luo
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guowei Shen
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
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Studniski M, Stumvoll K, Kromm M, Ssematimba A, Marusak R, Xing Z, Halvorson D, Culhane M, Cardona C. Vaccination of Poultry Against Influenza. Avian Dis 2024; 67:402-409. [PMID: 38300659 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in avian hosts leads to equally complex scenarios for the vaccination of poultry. Vaccination against avian influenza strains can be used to prevent infections from sources with a single strain of IAV. It has been used as a part of outbreak control strategies as well as a way to maintain production for both low and high pathogenicity outbreaks. Unlike other viral pathogens of birds, avian influenza vaccination when used against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, is tied to international trade and thus is not freely available for use without specific permission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amos Ssematimba
- Department of Mathematics, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Rosemary Marusak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Zheng Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dave Halvorson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Marie Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol Cardona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108,
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Xu X, Chen Q, Tan M, Liu J, Li X, Yang L, Shu Y, Wang D, Zhu W. Epidemiology, evolution, and biological characteristics of H6 avian influenza viruses in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2151380. [PMID: 36440484 PMCID: PMC9788695 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2151380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H6 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent AIV subtypes in birds globally. To investigate the current situation and characteristics of H6 AIVs circulating in China, we analysed the epidemiology, genetic evolution and pathogenic features of this subtype. During 2000-2021, H6 subtype AIVs spread widely through Southern China and presented high host diversity. On analysing 171 H6 viruses isolated during 2009-2021, dynamic reassortments were observed among H6 and other co-circulating AIV subtypes, and these generated a total of 16 different genotypes. A few H6N6 strains possessed L226 and S228 mutations of hemagglutinin (H3 numbering), which may enhance the affinity of H6 viruses to human receptors. H6N6 viruses also exhibited divergent pathogenicity and growth profiles in vivo and in vitro. Some of the H6N6 viruses could infect mice without mammalian adaptation, and even caused death in this species. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the H6 AIVs posed a potential threat to human health and highlighted the urgent need for continued surveillance and evaluation of the H6 influenza viruses circulating in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Yuelong Shu School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Dayan Wang National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Wenfei Zhu National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Yan Z, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137023. [PMID: 37877722 PMCID: PMC10688349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Yu L, Li Q, Zhao C, Meng R, Zhu J, Guo X. A Machine Learning Framework Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting to Predict the Occurrence and Development of Infectious Diseases in Laying Hen Farms, Taking H9N2 as an Example. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1494. [PMID: 37174531 PMCID: PMC10177545 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus has become one of the dominant subtypes of avian influenza virus in poultry and has been significantly harmful to chickens in China, with great economic losses in terms of reduced egg production or high mortality by co-infection with other pathogens. A prediction of H9N2 status based on easily available production data with high accuracy would be important and essential to prevent and control H9N2 outbreaks in advance. This study developed a machine learning framework based on the XGBoost classification algorithm using 3 months' laying rates and mortalities collected from three H9N2-infected laying hen houses with complete onset cycles. A framework was developed to automatically predict the H9N2 status of individual house for future 3 days (H9N2 status + 0, H9N2 status + 1, H9N2 status + 2) with five time frames (day + 0, day - 1, day - 2, day - 3, day - 4). It had been proven that a high accuracy rate > 90%, a recall rate > 90%, a precision rate of >80%, and an area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic ≥ 0.85 could be achieved with the prediction models. Models with day + 0 and day - 1 were highly recommended to predict H9N2 status + 0 and H9N2 status + 1 for the direct or auxiliary monitoring of its occurrence and development. Such a framework could provide new insights into predicting H9N2 outbreaks, and other practical potential applications to assist in disease monitor were also considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanrong Zhuang
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ligen Yu
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhao
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Innovation Center of Digital Technology in Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100097, China
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Dutta AK, Gazi MS, Uddin SJ. A systemic review on medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents against avian influenza and further confirmation through in-silico analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14386. [PMID: 36925514 PMCID: PMC10011005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza or more commonly known as bird flu is a widespread infectious disease in poultry. This review aims to accumulate information of different natural plant sources that can aid in combating this disease. Influenza virus (IV) is known for its ability to mutate and infect different species (including humans) and cause fatal consequences. Methods Total 33 plants and 4 natural compounds were identified and documented. Molecular docking was performed against the target viral protein neuraminidase (NA), with some plant based natural compounds and compared their results with standard drugs Oseltamivir and Zanamivir to obtain novel drug targets for influenza in chickens. Results It was seen that most extracts exhibit their action by interacting with viral hemagglutinin or neuraminidase and inhibit viral entry or release from the host cell. Some plants also interacted with the viral RNA replication or by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Ethanol was mostly used for extraction. Among all the plants Theobroma cacao, Capparis Sinaica Veil, Androgarphis paniculate, Thallasodendron cillatum, Sinularia candidula, Larcifomes officinalis, Lenzites betulina, Datronia molis, Trametes gibbose exhibited their activity with least concentration (below 10 μg/ml). The dockings results showed that some natural compounds (5,7- dimethoxyflavone, Aloe emodin, Anthocyanins, Quercetin, Hemanthamine, Lyocrine, Terpenoid EA showed satisfactory binding affinity and binding specificity with viral neuraminidase compared to the synthetic drugs. Conclusion This review clusters up to date information of effective herbal plants to bolster future influenza treatment research in chickens. The in-silico analysis also suggests some potential targets for future drug development but these require more clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Kumar Dutta
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shamim Gazi
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
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Cui M, Huang Y, Wang X, Bian X, Du L, Yan Y, Gu J, Dong W, Zhou J, Liao M. Genetic characterization and evolution of H6N6 subtype avian influenza viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963218. [PMID: 35979484 PMCID: PMC9376297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
H6-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in the world and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a new chicken-derived H6N6-subtype AIV strain A/chicken/Zhejiang/49/2021 (ZJ49) was isolated in Zhejiang Province, China in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum likelihood methods showed that H6-subtype AIVs were classed into 13 groups according to HA gene. The ZJ49 strain belonged to the G12 group, which mainly consisted of strains from Asian and dominated in recent years. Based on NA gene, H6-subtype AIVs were divided into N6.1 and N6.2 clades according to the NA gene. The ZJ49 isolate was located in the N6.2e clade, which mainly consisted of the H5N6-subtype AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian methods showed that the effective quantity size of H6-subtype AIVs increased around 1990, reached a peak around 2015, declined after 2015, then kept in a stable level after 2018. The reassortment analysis predicted that the PB2, PA, and NA genes of ZJ49 may recombine with H5-subtype AIVs. The amino acid at 222 position of HA gene of ZJ49 strain mutated from A to V, suggesting that ZJ49 has a potential ability to cross species barriers. The four glycosylation sites were highly conserved, implying less impact on the fold and conception of HA stem structure. Our results revealed the complicated evolution, reassortment, and mutations of receptor binding sites of H6-subtype AIVs, which emphasize the importance to continuously monitor the epidemiology and evolution of H6-subtype AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxian Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiyi Bian
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiyong Zhou,
| | - Min Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Liao,
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Sapachova M, Kovalenko G, Sushko M, Bezymennyi M, Muzyka D, Usachenko N, Mezhenskyi A, Abramov A, Essen S, Lewis NS, Bortz E. Phylogenetic Analysis of H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Ukraine, 2016–2017. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:979-988. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Sapachova
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA), Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Mykola Sushko
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center Institute for Experimental Clinical and Veterinary Medicine (NSC IECVM), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Usachenko
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Mezhenskyi
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Artur Abramov
- State Scientific Control Institute of Biotechnology and Strains of Microorganisms (SSCIBSM), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Stephen Essen
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Bortz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA), Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Institute for Veterinary Medicine (IVM), Kyiv, Ukraine
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9
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Li H, Li Q, Li B, Guo Y, Xing J, Xu Q, Liu L, Zhang J, Qi W, Jia W, Liao M. Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080670. [PMID: 32824873 PMCID: PMC7460007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Xiaqiu Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Station, Yantai 261400, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Guo
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinchao Xing
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lele Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-020-8528-3309 (W.J.); +86-020-8528-0240 (M.L.)
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Q.L.); (B.L.); (Y.G.); (J.X.); (Q.X.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-020-8528-3309 (W.J.); +86-020-8528-0240 (M.L.)
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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11
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Abolnik C, Strydom C, Rauff DL, Wandrag DBR, Petty D. Continuing evolution of H6N2 influenza a virus in South African chickens and the implications for diagnosis and control. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:455. [PMID: 31852473 PMCID: PMC6921544 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The threat of poultry-origin H6 avian influenza viruses to human health emphasizes the importance of monitoring their evolution. South Africa’s H6N2 epidemic in chickens began in 2001 and two co-circulating antigenic sub-lineages of H6N2 could be distinguished from the outset. The true incidence and prevalence of H6N2 in the country has been difficult to determine, partly due to the continued use of an inactivated whole virus H6N2 vaccine and the inability to distinguish vaccinated from non-vaccinated birds on serology tests. In the present study, the complete genomes of 12 H6N2 viruses isolated from various farming systems between September 2015 and February 2019 in three major chicken-producing regions were analysed and a serological experiment was used to demonstrate the effects of antigenic mismatch in diagnostic tests. Results Genetic drift in H6N2 continued and antigenic diversity in sub-lineage I is increasing; no sub-lineage II viruses were detected. Reassortment patterns indicated epidemiological connections between provinces as well as different farming systems, but there was no reassortment with wild bird or ostrich influenza viruses. The sequence mismatch between the official antigens used for routine hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing and circulating field strains has increased steadily, and we demonstrated that H6N2 field infections are likely to be missed. More concerning, sub-lineage I H6N2 viruses acquired three of the nine HA mutations associated with human receptor-binding preference (A13S, V187D and A193N) since 2002. Most sub-lineage I viruses isolated since 2015 acquired the K702R mutation in PB2 associated with the ability to infect humans, whereas prior to 2015 most viruses in sub-lineages I and II contained the avian lysine marker. All strains had an unusual HA0 motif of PQVETRGIF or PQVGTRGIF. Conclusions The H6N2 viruses in South African chickens are mutating and reassorting amongst themselves but have remained a genetically pure lineage since they emerged more than 18 years ago. Greater efforts must be made by government and industry in the continuous isolation and characterization of field strains for use as HI antigens, new vaccine seed strains and to monitor the zoonotic threat of H6N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Christine Strydom
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttleton, Centurion, 0140, South Africa
| | - Dionne Linda Rauff
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttleton, Centurion, 0140, South Africa
| | - Daniel Barend Rudolph Wandrag
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Deryn Petty
- The Poultry Practice, PO Box 5615, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, 6065, South Africa
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12
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Wu H, Yang F, Xiao Y, Liu F, Yao H, Wu N. Adaptive amino acid substitutions enhance the virulence of an avian-origin H6N1 influenza virus in mice. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 74:103918. [PMID: 31200112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The H6N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a zoonotic infectious disease pathogen, which poses a threat to human health. In order to study the possible substitution of H6N1 AIV for mammals, an avian-origin H6N1 virus was successively passaged in mice. The results showed that PB2 (L193H and E627K), PA (S709F) and HA (V127I) proteins had multiple amino acid substitutions. The virulence of the mouse-adapted virus was stronger than that of the wild virus, and it was highly pathogenic to mice. Therefore, continued surveillance of these substitutions in poultry H6N1 viruses is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Qu N, Zhao B, Chen Z, He Z, Li W, Liu Z, Wang X, Huang J, Zhang Y, He W, Sun J, Qin Z, Liao M, Jiao P. Genetic characteristics, pathogenicity and transmission of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Southern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2411-2425. [PMID: 31328387 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) from clade 2.3.4.4 have been persistently circulating in Southern China. This has caused huge losses in the poultry industry. In this study, we analysed the genetic characteristics of seven H5N6 HPAIVs of clade 2.3.4.4 that infected birds in Southern China in 2016. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the HA, PB2, PA, M and NS genes as MIX-like, and the NA genes grouped into the Eurasian lineage. The PB1 genes of the GS24, GS25, CK46 and GS74 strains belonged to the VN 2014-like group and the others were grouped as MIX-like. The NP genes of GS24 and GS25 strains belonged to the ZJ-like group, but the others were MIX-like. Thus, these viruses came from different genotypes, and the GS24, GS25, CK46 and GS74 strains displayed genotype recombination. Additionally, our results showed that the mean death time of all chickens inoculated with 105 EID50 of CK46 or GS74 viruses was 3 and 3.38 days, respectively. The viruses replicated at high titers in all tested tissues of the inoculated chickens. They also replicated in all tested tissues of naive contact chickens, but their replication titers in some tissues were significantly different (p < 0.05). Thus, the viruses displayed high pathogenicity and variable transmission in chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the pathogenic variation and molecular evolution of H5N6 HPAIVs in order to prevent and control avian influenza in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Liu L, Wang T, Wang M, Tong Q, Sun Y, Pu J, Sun H, Liu J. Recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing H9 hemagglutinin providing protection against H9N2 avian influenza. Virology 2019; 529:7-15. [PMID: 30641481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were prevailing in chickens, causing great economic losses and public health threats. In this study, turkey herpesviruses (HVT) was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC). Recombinant HVT (rHVT-H9) containing hemagglutinin (HA) gene from H9N2 virus were constructed via galactokinase (galK) selection and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing system. The recombinant rHVT-H9 showed no difference with parent HVT in plague morphology and virus replication kinetics. H9 protein expression of rHVT-H9 could be detected by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in vitro and in vivo. Immunization with rHVT-H9 could induce robust humoral and cellular immunity in chickens. In the challenge study, no chicken shed H9N2 virus from oropharynx and cloaca, and no H9N2 virus was found in viscera in vaccination groups. The result suggests that rHVT-H9 provides effective protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Wu H, Yang F, Liu F, Lu R, Peng X, Chen B, Yao H, Wu N. Isolation and characterization of novel reassortant H6N1 avian influenza viruses from chickens in Eastern China. Virol J 2018; 15:164. [PMID: 30355336 PMCID: PMC6201551 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H6N1 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can infect people with an influenza-like illness; the H6N1 viruses possess the ability for zoonotic transmission from avians into mammals, and possibly pose a threat to human health. Methods In 2017, live poultry markets (LPMs) in Zhejiang Province were surveyed for AIVs. To better understand the genetic relationships between these strains from Eastern China and other AIVs, all gene segments of these strains were sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank. In this study, we analyzed the receptor-binding specificity, antigenic characteristics, and pathogenicity of these two H6N1 viruses. Results In 2017, two H6N1 AIVs were isolated from chickens during surveillance for AIVs in LPMs in Eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains shared genetic characteristics from H6, H10, H1, and H4 AIVs found in ducks and wild birds in East Asia. These AIV strains were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Conclusions In this study, we report the discovery of new strains of H6N1 viruses from chickens with novel gene reassortments. Our results suggest that these chickens play an important role generating novel reassortments in AIVs, and emphasize the need for continued surveillance of AIV strains circulating in poultry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1063-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Yang JR, Teng HJ, Liu MT, Li SY. Taiwan's Public Health National Laboratory System: Success in Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance. Health Secur 2017; 15:154-164. [PMID: 28418742 PMCID: PMC5404250 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Taiwan's National Laboratory System is one of the action packages of the Global Health Security Agenda, which was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote health security as an international priority and to encourage progress toward full implementation of the WHO International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005. The mission of each national laboratory system is to conduct real-time biosurveillance and effective laboratory-based diagnostics, as measured by a nationwide laboratory system able to reliably conduct diagnoses on specimens transported properly to designated laboratories from at least 80% of the regions in the country. In Taiwan, the national laboratory system for public health is well-established and coordinated by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which is the government authority in charge of infectious disease prevention and intervention. Through the national laboratory system, Taiwan CDC effectively detects and characterizes pathogens that cause communicable diseases across the entire country, including both known and novel threats, and also conducts epidemiologic analyses of infectious diseases. In this article, we describe the national laboratory system for public health in Taiwan. We provide additional information on the national influenza laboratory surveillance network to demonstrate how our national laboratory systems work in practice, including descriptions of long-term seasonal influenza characterization and successful experiences identifying novel H7N9 and H6N1 influenza viruses.
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17
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Su S, Gu M, Liu D, Cui J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Liu X. Epidemiology, Evolution, and Pathogenesis of H7N9 Influenza Viruses in Five Epidemic Waves since 2013 in China. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:713-728. [PMID: 28734617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza viruses were first isolated in 2013 and continue to cause human infections. H7N9 infections represent an ongoing public health threat that has resulted in 1344 cases with 511 deaths as of April 9, 2017. This highlights the continued threat posed by the current poultry trade and live poultry market system in China. Until now, there have been five H7N9 influenza epidemic waves in China; however, the steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 viruses observed in the fifth wave, beginning in October 2016, the spread into western provinces, and the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 influenza outbreaks in chickens and infection in humans have caused domestic and international concern. In this review, we summarize and compare the different waves of H7N9 regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, evolution, and characteristic features, and speculate on factors behind the recent increase in the number of human cases and sudden outbreaks in chickens. The continuous evolution of the virus poses a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry, and thus it is imperative to strengthen prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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18
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Lu L, Leigh Brown AJ, Lycett SJ. Quantifying predictors for the spatial diffusion of avian influenza virus in China. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:16. [PMID: 28086751 PMCID: PMC5237338 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus (AIV) causes both severe outbreaks and endemic disease among poultry and has caused sporadic human infections in Asia, furthermore the routes of transmission in avian species between geographic regions can be numerous and complex. Using nucleotide sequences from the internal protein coding segments of AIV, we performed a Bayesian phylogeographic study to uncover regional routes of transmission and factors predictive of the rate of viral diffusion within China. Results We found that the Central area and Pan-Pearl River Delta were the two main sources of AIV diffusion, while the East Coast areas especially the Yangtze River delta, were the major targets of viral invasion. Next we investigated the extent to which economic, agricultural, environmental and climatic regional data was predictive of viral diffusion by fitting phylogeographic discrete trait models using generalised linear models. Conclusions Our results highlighted that the economic-agricultural predictors, especially the poultry population density and the number of farm product markets, are the key determinants of spatial diffusion of AIV in China; high human density and freight transportation are also important predictors of high rates of viral transmission; Climate features (e.g. temperature) were correlated to the viral invasion in the destination to some degree; while little or no impacts were found from natural environment factors (such as surface water coverage). This study uncovers the risk factors and enhances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of AIV in bird populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Leigh Brown
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Samantha J Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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19
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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20
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Rauff D, Strydom C, Abolnik C. Evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype H6N2 influenza. Virology 2016; 498:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Wei Y, Qi L, Gao H, Sun H, Pu J, Sun Y, Liu J. Generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated avian H9N2 influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30382. [PMID: 27457755 PMCID: PMC4960571 DOI: 10.1038/srep30382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens, a long-term vaccination program using inactivated vaccines has been implemented in China. However, the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines against antigenic drift variants is limited, and H9N2 influenza virus continues to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in China. Therefore, developing a cross-reactive vaccine to control the impact of H9N2 influenza in the poultry industry remains a high priority. In the present study, we developed a live cold-adapted H9N2 influenza vaccine candidate (SD/01/10-ca) by serial passages in embryonated eggs at successively lower temperatures. A total of 13 amino acid mutations occurred during the cold-adaptation of this H9N2 virus. The candidate was safe in chickens and induced robust hemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses and influenza virus–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses in chickens immunized intranasally. Importantly, the candidate could confer protection of chickens from homologous and heterogenous H9N2 viruses. These results demonstrated that the cold-adapted attenuated H9N2 virus would be selected as a vaccine to control the infection of prevalent H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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22
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Bahl J, Pham TT, Hill NJ, Hussein ITM, Ma EJ, Easterday BC, Halpin RA, Stockwell TB, Wentworth DE, Kayali G, Krauss S, Schultz-Cherry S, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Swartz MD, Smith GJD, Runstadler JA. Ecosystem Interactions Underlie the Spread of Avian Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005620. [PMID: 27166585 PMCID: PMC4864295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence for avian influenza A virus (AIV) transmission between wild and domestic ecosystems, the roles of bird migration and poultry trade in the spread of viruses remain enigmatic. In this study, we integrate ecosystem interactions into a phylogeographic model to assess the contribution of wild and domestic hosts to AIV distribution and persistence. Analysis of globally sampled AIV datasets shows frequent two-way transmission between wild and domestic ecosystems. In general, viral flow from domestic to wild bird populations was restricted to within a geographic region. In contrast, spillover from wild to domestic populations occurred both within and between regions. Wild birds mediated long-distance dispersal at intercontinental scales whereas viral spread among poultry populations was a major driver of regional spread. Viral spread between poultry flocks frequently originated from persistent lineages circulating in regions of intensive poultry production. Our analysis of long-term surveillance data demonstrates that meaningful insights can be inferred from integrating ecosystem into phylogeographic reconstructions that may be consequential for pandemic preparedness and livestock protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Truc T. Pham
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Islam T. M. Hussein
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Ma
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernard C. Easterday
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Halpin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - David E. Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Dimitrov KM, Zarkov IS, Dinev I, Goujgoulova GV, Miller PJ, Suarez DL. Histopathologic Characterization and Shedding Dynamics of Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) Intravenously Infected with a H6N2 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Dis 2016; 60:279-85. [DOI: 10.1637/11141-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Ren L, Yu X, Zhao B, Wu F, Jin Q, Zhang X, Wang J. Infection with possible precursor of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in a child, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:1362-5. [PMID: 25061975 PMCID: PMC4111171 DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early stage of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic in China in March 2013, a strain of the virus was identified in a 4-year-old boy with mild influenza symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain, which has similarity to avian subtype H9N2 viruses, may represent a precursor of more-evolved H7N9 subtypes co-circulating among humans.
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25
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Yuan R, Zou L, Kang Y, Wu J, Zeng X, Lu J, Liang L, Song Y, Zhang X, Ni H, Lin J, Liao M, Ke C. Reassortment of Avian Influenza A/H6N6 Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Guangdong, China. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:65. [PMID: 26903958 PMCID: PMC4742543 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since early 2013, H7N9-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused human infection in eastern China. To evaluate AIV contamination and the public risk of infection, we systematically implemented environmental sampling from live poultry markets in Guangdong Province. Through real-time polymerase chain reaction assays and next-generation sequencing, we generated full nucleotide sequences of all 10 H6N6 AIVs isolated during sampling. Focusing on sequence analyses of hemagglutinin genes of the 10 H6N6 AIVs revealed that the viruses were low pathogenic AIVs with the typical hemagglutinin cleavage site of P-Q-I-E-T-R-G. The hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleocapsid genes of nine AIVs were of ST2853-like (H6-subtype) lineage, ST192-like (N6-subtype) lineage, and HN573-like (H6-subtype) lineage, respectively; whereas the other five genes were of ST339-like (H6-subtype) lineage. However, the polymerase PB2 and nucleocapsid genes of one strain (HZ057) were of GS/GD-like (H5N1-subtype) and ST339-like lineages. Phylogenic analysis revealed that all eight genes of the 10 viruses belonged to Eurasian avian lineage. Altogether, the 10 AIVs were reassortants of different genetic groups of exchanges with the same virus subtype, thus illustrating the genetic diversity and complexity of H6N6-subtype AIVs in Guangdong Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lirong Zou
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xianqiao Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Song
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Hanzhong Ni
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China
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26
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Zhu H, Lam TTY, Smith DK, Guan Y. Emergence and development of H7N9 influenza viruses in China. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:106-113. [PMID: 26922715 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of human infections with avian H7N9 viruses since 2013 demonstrates the continuing pandemic threat posed by the current influenza ecosystem in China. Influenza surveillance and phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses were generated by multiple interspecies transmissions and reassortments among the viruses resident in domestic ducks and the H9N2 viruses enzootic in chickens. A large population of domestic ducks hosting diverse influenza viruses provided the precondition for these events to occur, while acquiring internal genes from enzootic H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens promoted the spread of these viruses. Human infections effectively act as sentinels, reflecting the intensity of the activity of these viruses in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Zhu
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Keith Smith
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Richard M, Fouchier RAM. Influenza A virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:68-85. [PMID: 26385895 PMCID: PMC5006288 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses of humans originate from animals. For instance, there are now eight paramyxoviruses, four coronaviruses and four orthomxoviruses that cause recurrent epidemics in humans but were once confined to other hosts. In the last decade, several members of the same virus families have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans. Fortunately, these viruses have not become established in humans, because they lacked the ability of sustained transmission between humans. However, these outbreaks highlighted the lack of understanding of what makes a virus transmissible. In part triggered by the relatively high frequency of occurrence of influenza A virus zoonoses and pandemics, the influenza research community has started to investigate the viral genetic and biological traits that drive virus transmission via aerosols or respiratory droplets between mammals. Here we summarize recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for airborne transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses of subtypes H5, H7 and H9 and pandemic viruses of subtypes H1, H2 and H3. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of respiratory virus transmission is not only key from a basic scientific perspective, but may also aid in assessing the risks posed by zoonotic viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Structure and receptor binding of the hemagglutinin from a human H6N1 influenza virus. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:369-376. [PMID: 25766295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses that cause infection and are transmissible in humans involve changes in the receptor binding site (RBS) of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) that alter receptor preference from α2-3-linked (avian-like) to α2-6-linked (human-like) sialosides. A human case of avian-origin H6N1 influenza virus was recently reported, but the molecular mechanisms contributing to it crossing the species barrier are unknown. We find that, although the H6 HA RBS contains D190V and G228S substitutions that potentially promote human receptor binding, recombinant H6 HA preferentially binds α2-3-linked sialosides, indicating no adaptation to human receptors. Crystal structures of H6 HA with avian and human receptor analogs reveal that H6 HA preferentially interacts with avian receptor analogs. This binding mechanism differs from other HA subtypes due to a unique combination of RBS residues, highlighting additional variation in HA-receptor interactions and the challenges in predicting which influenza strains and subtypes can infect humans and cause pandemics.
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29
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Molecular Characteristics of H6N6 Influenza Virus Isolated from Pigeons in Guangxi, Southern China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/6/e01422-15. [PMID: 26634763 PMCID: PMC4669404 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01422-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an H6N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from a pigeon in Guangxi, southern China, in 2014. The eight RNA segment genes shared a high nucleotide identity (97 to 99%) with H6N6 subtypes of AIV isolated from ducks in the regions around Guangxi Province. The finding of this study will help us understand the ecology and molecular characteristics of H6 avian influenza virus in wild birds in southern China.
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30
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Yang JR, Chen CY, Kuo CY, Cheng CY, Lee MS, Cheng MC, Yang YC, Wu CY, Wu HS, Liu MT, Hsiao PW. A novel H6N1 virus-like particle vaccine induces long-lasting cross-clade antibody immunity against human and avian H6N1 viruses. Antiviral Res 2015; 126:8-17. [PMID: 26593980 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H6N1) virus is one of the most common viruses isolated from migrating birds and domestic poultry in many countries. The first and only known case of human infection by H6N1 virus in the world was reported in Taiwan in 2013. This led to concern that H6N1 virus may cause a threat to public health. In this study, we engineered a recombinant H6N1 virus-like particle (VLP) and investigated its vaccine effectiveness compared to the traditional egg-based whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine. The H6N1-VLPs exhibited similar morphology and functional characteristics to influenza viruses. Prime-boost intramuscular immunization in mice with unadjuvanted H6N1-VLPs were highly immunogenic and induced long-lasting antibody immunity. The functional activity of the VLP-elicited IgG antibodies was proved by in vitro seroprotective hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization titers against the homologous human H6N1 virus, as well as in vivo viral challenge analyses which showed H6N1-VLP immunization significantly reduced viral load in the lung, and protected against human H6N1 virus infection. Of particular note, the H6N1-VLPs but not the H6N1-WIVs were able to confer cross-reactive humoral immunity; antibodies induced by H6N1-VLP vaccine robustly inhibited the hemagglutination activities and in vitro replication of distantly-related heterologous avian H6N1 viruses. Furthermore, the H6N1-VLPs were found to elicit significantly greater anti-HA2 antibody responses in immunized mice than H6N1-WIVs. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time a novel H6N1-VLP vaccine that effectively provides broadly protective immunity against both human and avian H6N1 viruses. These results, which uncover the underlying mechanisms for induction of wide-range immunity against influenza viruses, may be useful for future influenza vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Rong Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yi Kuo
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Cheng
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shiuh Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Cheng
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
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31
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Challenges and Strategies of Laboratory Diagnosis for Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses in Taiwan: A Decade after SARS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:805306. [PMID: 26290876 PMCID: PMC4531154 DOI: 10.1155/2015/805306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Taiwan was identified in March 2003, viral respiratory infections, in particular the influenza virus, have become a national public health concern. Taiwan would face a serious threat of public health problems if another SARS epidemic overlapped with a flu outbreak. After SARS, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control accelerated and strengthened domestic research on influenza and expanded the exchange of information with international counterparts. The capacity of influenza A to cross species barriers presents a potential threat to human health. Given the mutations of avian flu viruses such as H7N9, H6N1, and H10N8, all countries, including Taiwan, must equip themselves to face a possible epidemic or pandemic. Such preparedness requires global collaboration.
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32
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Xu Y, Cao H, Liu H, Sun H, Martin B, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Deng G, Xue J, Zong Y, Zhu J, Wen F, Long LP, Wong SS, Zhao N, Fu X, Liao M, Hu G, Webby R, Gao GF, Wan XF. Identification of the source of A (H10N8) virus causing human infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:159-163. [PMID: 25550151 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel H10N8 influenza A virus has been detected in three humans in China since December 2013. Although this virus was hypothesized to be a novel reassortant among influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic poultry, its evolutionary path leading to human infection is unknown. Sporadic surveillance at the live poultry market (LPM) suspected to be the source of infection for the first H10N8 patient has shown a gradual increase in influenza virus prevalence culminating with a predominance of H10N8 viruses. Influenza viruses detected in the LPM up to 8 months prior to human infection contributed genetic components to the zoonotic virus. These H10N8 viruses have continued to evolve within this LPM subsequent to the human infection, and continuous assessments of these H10N8 viruses will be necessary. Serological surveillance showed that the virus appears to have been present throughout the LPM system in Nanchang, China. Reduction of the influenza virus burden in LPMs is essential in preventing future emergence of novel influenza viruses with zoonotic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Huabin Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brigitte Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yulong Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Guangfu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jianli Xue
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yibo Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li-Ping Long
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Fu
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi 300006, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Fan Z, Ci Y, Ma Y, Liu L, Ma J, Li DY, Chen H. Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Analysis of a Novel H6N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Green Peafowl in a Wildlife Park. Avian Dis 2014; 58:632-7. [DOI: 10.1637/10899-071114-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Corrand L, Delverdier M, Lucas MN, Croville G, Facon C, Balloy D, Ducatez M, Guérin JL. A low-pathogenic avian influenza H6N1 outbreak in a turkey flock in France: a comprehensive case report. Avian Pathol 2014; 41:569-77. [PMID: 23237370 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.733931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on a case observed and investigated on a commercial turkey farm in western France in 81-day-old birds, we report the pattern of H6N1 low-pathogenic avian influenza in this species. Diseased birds displayed an acute severe dyspnoea, leading to death by asphyxia of more than 5% of the flock. The most specific pathological feature was a constant diffuse infraorbital sinusitis, along with a focal necrotic exudate inside the lumen of the upper respiratory tract, characterized microscopically as a mixed fibrinous and leucocytic material. Influenza A immunohistochemistry revealed an intense staining of epithelial cells in tracheas, bronchi, air sacs and their luminal necrotic material. While no primary bacterial infection could be detected from diseased turkeys, influenza H6 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on tracheal swabs tested positive. Direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the eight segments showed that this H6N1 virus clustered closely within West European mallards' (group 3) H6 genotypes. A thorough analysis of genetic databases suggests that a regional waterfowl reservoir is likely to play a central role in H6 introductions in poultry farms, whose pathways remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léni Corrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France
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YAN Z, LI H, CHEN F. Novel Influenza A (H6N1) Virus That Infected a Person in Taiwan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 43:1582-4. [PMID: 26060728 PMCID: PMC4449510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanqiang YAN
- 1. College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan LI
- 2. Guangdong Wen’s Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, China
| | - Feng CHEN
- 1. College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,* Corresponding Author: Tel: +86-20-8528-0283
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He JL, Hsieh MS, Juang RH, Wang CH. A monoclonal antibody recognizes a highly conserved neutralizing epitope on hemagglutinin of H6N1 avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:333-341. [PMID: 25465660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza virus (AIV) are crucial for controlling this disease. However, most neutralizing antibodies lack cross reaction. This report describes the identification of a hemagglutinin epitope on the globular head near the receptor binding site of the H6N1 AIV. A monoclonal antibody named EB2 was prepared against the H6N1 AIV HA. Flow cytometry of AIV-infected chicken embryo fibroblast, DF-1 cells and specific-pathogen-free embryonated eggs were used to verify the neutralizing activity of this mAb. To narrow down the binding region, partially overlapping HA fragments and synthetic peptides were used to map the epitope by immune-blotting. The linear motif RYVRMGTESMN, located on the surface on the globular head of the HA protein, was identified as the epitope bound by EB2 mAb. Alignment of the EB2-defined epitope with other H6 AIVs showed that this epitope was conserved and specific to H6. We propose that this motif is a linear B-cell epitope of the HA protein and is near the receptor binding site. The identified epitope might be useful for clinical applications and as a tool for further study of the structure and function of the AIV HA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Long He
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shou Hsieh
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Huay Juang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ho Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Wongphatcharachai M, Wisedchanwet T, Nonthabenjawan N, Jairak W, Chaiyawong S, Bunpapong N, Amonsin A. Genetic characterization of influenza A virus subtype H7N1 isolated from quail, Thailand. Virus Genes 2014; 49:428-37. [PMID: 25262289 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand, surveillance for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAI-H5N1) has revealed high prevalence of the virus in quail in live-bird markets. This study monitored avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in quail farms in an area at high risk for HPAI-H5N1 over a 12-month period from 2009 to 2010. One-step real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) results showed that 1.18 % of swab samples (24/2,040) were AIV positive. Among the rRT-PCR positive samples, three samples were identified as subtype H7N1. One Thai H7N1 virus designated "A/quail/Thailand/CU-J2882/2009 (H7N1)" was subjected to whole genome sequencing and genetic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HA gene of the Thai H7N1 virus groups with those of the H7 Eurasian viruses. Interestingly, the NA gene of the virus was found to be closely related to those of the HPAI-H5N1 viruses from Vietnam and Thailand. This study constitutes the first report on AIV H7N1 in Thailand. Our results suggest the possibility of genetic reassortment between AIV-H7NX and HPAI-H5N1 in quail. The HA cleavage site of the Thai H7N1 virus contains no multiple amino acid insertions, suggesting low pathogenic characteristics for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoosak Wongphatcharachai
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand,
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Immunization with baculovirus displayed H6 hemagglutinin vaccine protects mice against lethal H6 influenza virus challenge. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:42-53. [PMID: 24973759 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic influenza viruses of H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype have a high prevalence among aquatic and domestic birds and have caused outbreaks in poultry worldwide. The first human infection with wild avian influenza H6N1 virus was reported in Taiwan and these subtype viruses may continue to evolve and accumulate changes which increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. To develop a vaccine against influenza viruses of the H6 subtype, we displayed the HA gene on the baculovirus surface (Bac-HA), and studied its vaccine efficacy against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted RG-H6(Shorebird) virus carrying the H6 HA gene from A/shorebird/DE/12/2004 (H6N8) virus and 7 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus. Immunization with 256 HA units of Bac-HA via the intranasal route triggered HA-specific serum and mucosal antibodies in mice besides increased HA inhibition titers compared to mice immunized subcutaneously. Moreover, we observed an increase in cellular immune response (IL-4) and improved in vitro neutralization activity in the mice immunized intranasally with live Bac-HA compared to mice immunized with inactivated influenza virus (IV). Interestingly, Bac-HA intranasal immunized mice showed one fold higher neutralization titer against heterologous H6 influenza virus compared to inactivated IV immunized mice. In addition, the live Bac-HA, administered through either immunization route, as well as the adjuvanted inactivated Bac-HA, administered subcutaneously, conferred 100% protection to mice challenged with homologous mouse-adapted RG-H6(Shorebird) virus. The reduction in viral titers and extend of histopathological changes of Bac-HA immunized mice lungs further demonstrated the protective efficacy of Bac-HA. Hence, the recombinant baculovirus subunit vaccine is an alternative candidate against H6 subtypes that could be propagated and administered with minimal biosafety concerns.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Sporadic activity by H5N2 influenza viruses has been observed in chickens in Taiwan from 2003 to 2012. The available information suggests that these viruses were generated by reassortment between a Mexican-like H5N2 virus and a local enzootic H6N1 virus. Yet the origin, prevalence, and pathogenicity of these H5N2 viruses have not been fully defined. Following the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, surveillance was conducted from December 2012 to July 2013 at a live-poultry wholesale market in Taipei. Our findings showed that H5N2 and H6N1 viruses cocirculated at low levels in chickens in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all H5N2 viruses had hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes derived from a 1994 Mexican-like virus, while their internal gene complexes were incorporated from the enzootic H6N1 virus lineage by multiple reassortment events. Pathogenicity studies demonstrated heterogeneous results even though all tested viruses had motifs (R-X-K/R-R) supportive of high pathogenicity. Serological surveys for common subtypes of avian viruses confirmed the prevalence of the H5N2 and H6N1 viruses in chickens and revealed an extraordinarily high seroconversion rate to an H9N2 virus, a subtype that is not found in Taiwan but is prevalent in mainland China. These findings suggest that reassortant H5N2 viruses, together with H6N1 viruses, have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout Taiwan and that a large-scale vaccination program might have been conducted locally that likely led to the introduction of the 1994 Mexican-like virus to Taiwan in 2003. IMPORTANCE H5N2 avian influenza viruses first appeared in chickens in Taiwan in 2003 and caused a series of outbreaks afterwards. Phylogenetic analyses show that the chicken H5N2 viruses have H5 and N2 genes that are closely related to those of a vaccine strain originating from Mexico in 1994, while the contemporary duck H5N2 viruses in Taiwan belong to the Eurasian gene pool. The unusually high similarity of the chicken H5N2 viruses to the Mexican vaccine strain suggests that these viruses might have been introduced to Taiwan by using inadequately inactivated or attenuated vaccines. These chicken H5N2 viruses are developing varying levels of pathogenicity that could lead to significant consequences for the local poultry industry. These findings emphasize the need for strict quality control and competent oversight in the manufacture and usage of avian influenza virus vaccines and indicate that alternatives to widespread vaccination may be desirable.
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Effect of the PB2 and M Genes on the Replication of H6 Influenza Virus in Chickens. INFLUENZA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:547839. [PMID: 24696782 PMCID: PMC3948651 DOI: 10.1155/2014/547839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype influenza viruses are commonly isolated from wild aquatic birds. However, limited information is available regarding H6 influenza virus isolated from chickens. We compared the viral genome segment between A/chicken/Hong Kong/W312/97 (H6N1), which was able to grow in chicken trachea, and A/duck/Shantou/5540/01 (H6N2), which was isolated from wild aquatic duck, to explore the factors for effective replication in chicken. When chickens were inoculated with 7 + 1 reassortants (W312 background), the replication of viruses with PB2 and M genes derived from the duck strain was significantly reduced. Chimeras of PB2 and M proteins, encoding the C-terminal region of the PB2 protein and the M2 protein from W312, were required for efficient replication in canine-derived (MDCK) cells and in chicken trachea. These results indicate that host range may be determined by some types of internal proteins such as PB2 and M2, as well as by surface glycoprotein like hemagglutinin.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their first detection in a turkey in Massachusetts in 1965. Since 1997, H6 viruses with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been detected frequently in the live poultry markets of southern China. Although sequence information has been gathered over the last few years, the H6 viruses have not been fully biologically characterized. To investigate the potential risk posed by H6 viruses to humans, here we assessed the receptor-binding preference, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of a series of H6 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in southern China from 2008 to 2011. Among the 257 H6 strains tested, 87 viruses recognized the human type receptor. Genome sequence analysis of 38 representative H6 viruses revealed 30 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are actively circulating and reassorting in nature. Thirty-seven of 38 viruses tested in mice replicated efficiently in the lungs and some caused mild disease; none, however, were lethal. We also tested the direct contact transmission of 10 H6 viruses in guinea pigs and found that 5 viruses did not transmit to the contact animals, 3 viruses transmitted to one of the three contact animals, and 2 viruses transmitted to all three contact animals. Our study demonstrates that the H6 avian influenza viruses pose a clear threat to human health and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and evaluation of the H6 influenza viruses circulating in nature. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses continue to present a challenge to human health. Research and pandemic preparedness have largely focused on the H5 and H7 subtype influenza viruses in recent years. Influenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their first detection in the United States in 1965. Since 1997, H6 viruses have been detected frequently in the live poultry markets of southern China; however, the biological characterization of these viruses is very limited. Here, we assessed the receptor-binding preference, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of a series of H6 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in southern China and found that 34% of the viruses are able to bind human type receptors and that some of them are able to transmit efficiently to contact animals. Our study demonstrates that the H6 viruses pose a clear threat to human health.
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Lu L, Lycett SJ, Leigh Brown AJ. Reassortment patterns of avian influenza virus internal segments among different subtypes. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:16. [PMID: 24456010 PMCID: PMC3905155 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The segmented RNA genome of avian Influenza viruses (AIV) allows genetic reassortment between co-infecting viruses, providing an evolutionary pathway to generate genetic innovation. The genetic diversity (16 haemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes) of AIV indicates an extensive reservoir of influenza viruses exists in bird populations, but how frequently subtypes reassort with each other is still unknown. Here we quantify the reassortment patterns among subtypes in the Eurasian avian viral pool by reconstructing the ancestral states of the subtypes as discrete states on time-scaled phylogenies with respect to the internal protein coding segments. We further analyzed how host species, the inferred evolutionary rates and the dN/dS ratio varied among segments and between discrete subtypes, and whether these factors may be associated with inter-subtype reassortment rate. Results The general patterns of reassortment are similar among five internal segments with the exception of segment 8, encoding the Non-Structural genes, which has a more divergent phylogeny. However, significant variation in rates between subtypes was observed. In particular, hemagglutinin-encoding segments of subtypes H5 to H9 reassort at a lower rate compared to those of H1 to H4, and Neuraminidase-encoding segments of subtypes N1 and N2 reassort less frequently than N3 to N9. Both host species and dN/dS ratio were significantly associated with reassortment rate, while evolutionary rate was not associated. The dN/dS ratio was negatively correlated with reassortment rate, as was the number of negatively selected sites for all segments. Conclusions These results indicate that overall selective constraint and host species are both associated with reassortment rate. These results together identify the wild bird population as the major source of new reassortants, rather than domestic poultry. The lower reassortment rates observed for H5N1 and H9N2 may be explained by the large proportion of strains derived from domestic poultry populations. In contrast, the higher rates observed in the H1N1, H3N8 and H4N6 subtypes could be due to their primary origin as infections of wild birds with multiple low pathogenicity strains in the large avian reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J Leigh Brown
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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43
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Herfst S, Imai M, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RAM. Avian influenza virus transmission to mammals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:137-55. [PMID: 25048542 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. In addition, zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and may cause severe respiratory disease and fatalities. Fortunately, most of these viruses do not have the ability to be efficiently spread among humans via aerosols or respiratory droplets (airborne transmission) and to subsequently cause a pandemic. However, adaptation of these zoonotic viruses to humans by mutation or reassortment with human influenza A viruses may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Although our knowledge of factors that affect mammalian adaptation and transmissibility of influenza viruses is still limited, we are beginning to understand some of the biological traits that drive airborne transmission of influenza viruses among mammals. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of airborne transmission may aid in assessing the risks posed by avian influenza viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks. This chapter summarizes recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for avian influenza viruses to become airborne transmissible between mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sonnberg S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus Res 2013; 178:63-77. [PMID: 23735535 PMCID: PMC3787969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic poultry and potentially in wild waterfowl. A novel genotype of HPAI H5N1 arose in 1996 in Southern China and through ongoing mutation, reassortment, and natural selection, has diverged into distinct lineages and expanded into multiple reservoir hosts. The evolution of Goose/Guangdong-lineage highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses is ongoing: while stable interactions exist with some reservoir hosts, these viruses are continuing to evolve and adapt to others, and pose an un-calculable risk to sporadic hosts, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sonnberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- corresponding author, Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA Tel +1 901 595 3400 Fax +1 901 595 8559
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45
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Guan Y, Smith GJ. The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res 2013; 178:35-43. [PMID: 23735533 PMCID: PMC4017639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in the goose population of Guangdong, China in 1996. The viruses in this lineage are unique in their ecological success, demonstrating an extremely broad host range and becoming established in poultry over much of Asia and in Africa. H5N1 viruses have also diverged into multiple clades and subclades that generally do not cross neutralize, which has greatly confounded control measures in poultry and pre-pandemic vaccine strain selection. Although H5N1 viruses currently cannot transmit efficiently between mammals they exhibit high mortality in humans and recent experimental studies have shown that it is possible to generate an H5N1 virus that is transmissible in mammals. In addition to causing unprecedented economic losses, the long-term presence of the H5N1 virus in poultry and its frequent introductions to humans continue to pose a significant pandemic threat. Here we provide a summary of the genesis, molecular epidemiology and evolution of this H5N1 lineage, particularly the factors that have contributed to the continued diversification and ecological success of H5N1 viruses, with particular reference to the poultry production systems they have emerged from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gavin J.D. Smith
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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46
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Yuan J, Zhang L, Kan X, Jiang L, Yang J, Guo Z, Ren Q. Origin and Molecular Characteristics of a Novel 2013 Avian Influenza A(H6N1) Virus Causing Human Infection in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1367-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Shi W, Shi Y, Wu Y, Liu D, Gao GF. Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in Taiwan. Protein Cell 2013; 4:846-53. [PMID: 24136722 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2013, the first human H6N1 influenza virus infection was confirmed in Taiwan. However, the origin and molecular characterization of this virus, A/Taiwan/2/2013 (H6N1), have not been well studied thus far. In the present report, we performed phylogenetic and coalescent analyses of this virus and compared its molecular profile/characteristics with other closely related strains. Molecular characterization of H6N1 revealed that it is a typical avian influenza virus of low pathogenicity, which might not replicate and propagate well in the upper airway in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus clusters with A/chicken/Taiwan/A2837/2013 (H6N1) in seven genes, except PB1. For the PB1 gene, A/Taiwan/2/2013 was clustered with a different H6N1 lineage from A/chicken/Taiwan/ A2837/2013. Although a previous study demonstrated that the PB2, PA, and M genes of A/Taiwan/2/2013 might be derived from the H5N2 viruses, coalescent analyses revealed that these H5N2 viruses were derived from more recent strains than that of the ancestor of A/Taiwan/2/2013. Therefore, we propose that A/Taiwan/2/2013 is a reassortant from different H6N1 lineages circulating in chickens in Taiwan. Furthermore, compared to avian isolates, a single P186L (H3 numbering) substitution in the hemagglutinin H6 of the human isolate might increase the mammalian receptor binding and, hence, this strain's pathogenicity in humans. Overall, human infection with this virus seems an accidental event and is unlikely to cause an influenza pandemic. However, its co-circulation and potential reassortment with other influenza subtypes are still worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- School of Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271016, China
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48
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Lam TTY, Wang J, Shen Y, Zhou B, Duan L, Cheung CL, Ma C, Lycett SJ, Leung CYH, Chen X, Li L, Hong W, Chai Y, Zhou L, Liang H, Ou Z, Liu Y, Farooqui A, Kelvin DJ, Poon LLM, Smith DK, Pybus OG, Leung GM, Shu Y, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Peiris JSM, Rambaut A, Zhu H, Guan Y. The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. Nature 2013; 502:241-4. [PMID: 23965623 PMCID: PMC3801098 DOI: 10.1038/nature12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. Preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of H7, N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. However, neither the source populations of the H7N9 outbreak lineage nor the conditions for its genesis are fully known. Using a combination of active surveillance, screening of virus archives, and evolutionary analyses, here we show that H7 viruses probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China on at least two independent occasions. We show that the H7 viruses subsequently reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses to generate the H7N9 outbreak lineage, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage. The H7N9 outbreak lineage has spread over a large geographic region and is prevalent in chickens at live poultry markets, which are thought to be the immediate source of human infections. Whether the H7N9 outbreak lineage has, or will, become enzootic in China and neighbouring regions requires further investigation. The discovery here of a related H7N7 influenza virus in chickens that has the ability to infect mammals experimentally, suggests that H7 viruses may pose threats beyond the current outbreak. The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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49
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Wan XF. Lessons from emergence of A/goose/Guangdong/1996-like H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and recent influenza surveillance efforts in southern China. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 59 Suppl 2:32-42. [PMID: 22958248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Southern China is proposed as an influenza epicentre. At least two of the three pandemics in the last century, including 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics, originated from this area. In 1996, A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1), the precursor of currently circulating highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) was identified in farmed geese in southern China. These H5N1 HPAIVs have been spread across Asia, Europe and Africa and poses a continuous threat to both animal and human health. However, how and where this H5N1 HPAIV emerged are not fully understood. In the past decade, many influenza surveillance efforts have been carried out in southern China, and our understanding of the genetic diversity of non-human influenza A viruses in this area has been much better than ever. Here, the historical and first-hand experimental data on A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1)-like HPAIVs are reviewed within the context of the findings from recent surveillance efforts on H5N1 HPAIVs and other non-human influenza A viruses. Such a retrospective recapitulation suggests that long-term and systematic surveillance programmes should continue to be implemented in southern China that the wet markets on the animal-human interface shall be the priority area and that the surveillance on the animal species bridging the interface between wildlife and domestic animal populations and the interface between the aquatics and territories shall be the strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Wan
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 37962, USA.
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Okamatsu M, Nishi T, Nomura N, Yamamoto N, Sakoda Y, Sakurai K, Chu HD, Thanh LP, Van Nguyen L, Van Hoang N, Tien TN, Yoshida R, Takada A, Kida H. The genetic and antigenic diversity of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, and chickens in northern and southern Vietnam, 2010–2012. Virus Genes 2013; 47:317-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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