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Sadasivan J, Hyrina A, DaSilva R, Jan E. An Insect Viral Protein Disrupts Stress Granule Formation in Mammalian Cells. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168042. [PMID: 36898623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytosolic RNA-protein aggregates assembled during stress-induced translation arrest. Virus infection, in general, modulates and blocks SG formation. We previously showed that the model dicistrovirus Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) 1A protein blocks stress granule formation in insect cells, which is dependent on a specific arginine 146 residue. CrPV-1A also inhibits SG formation in mammalian cells suggesting that this insect viral protein may be acting on a fundamental process that regulates SG formation. The mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. Here, we show that overexpression of wild-type CrPV-1A, but not the CrPV-1A(R146A) mutant protein, inhibits distinct SG assembly pathways in HeLa cells. CrPV-1A mediated SG inhibition is independent of the Argonaute-2 (Ago-2) binding domain and the E3 ubiquitin ligase recruitment domain. CrPV-1A expression leads to nuclear poly(A)+ RNA accumulation and is correlated with the localization of CrPV-1A to the nuclear periphery. Finally, we show that the overexpression of CrPV-1A blocks FUS and TDP-43 granules, which are pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. We propose a model whereby CrPV-1A expression in mammalian cells blocks SG formation by depleting cytoplasmic mRNA scaffolds via mRNA export inhibition. CrPV-1A provides a new molecular tool to study RNA-protein aggregates and potentially uncouple SG functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Sadasivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. https://twitter.com/@jibin_sadasivan
| | - Anastasia Hyrina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel DaSilva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Li W, Wang Y. Stress granules: potential therapeutic targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145346. [PMID: 37205103 PMCID: PMC10185834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are stimulated by external pressure such as that derived from heat shock, oxidative stress, nutrient deficiencies, or infections, which induce the formation of stress granules (SGs) that facilitates cellular adaptation to environmental pressures. As aggregated products of the translation initiation complex in the cytoplasm, SGs play important roles in cell gene expression and homeostasis. Infection induces SGs formation. Specifically, a pathogen that invades a host cell leverages the host cell translation machinery to complete the pathogen life cycle. In response, the host cell suspends translation, which leads to SGs formation, to resist pathogen invasion. This article reviews the production and function of SGs, the interaction between SGs and pathogens, and the relationship between SGs and pathogen-induced innate immunity to provide directions for further research into anti-infection and anti-inflammatory disease strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Wang,
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3
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Brownsword MJ, Locker N. A little less aggregation a little more replication: Viral manipulation of stress granules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1741. [PMID: 35709333 PMCID: PMC10078398 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent exciting studies have uncovered how membrane-less organelles, also known as biocondensates, are providing cells with rapid response pathways, allowing them to re-organize their cellular contents and adapt to stressful conditions. Their assembly is driven by the phase separation of their RNAs and intrinsically disordered protein components into condensed foci. Among these, stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic biocondensates that form in response to many stresses, including activation of the integrated stress response or viral infections. SGs sit at the crossroads between antiviral signaling and translation because they concentrate signaling proteins and components of the innate immune response, in addition to translation machinery and stalled mRNAs. Consequently, they have been proposed to contribute to antiviral activities, and therefore are targeted by viral countermeasures. Equally, SGs components can be commandeered by viruses for their own efficient replication. Phase separation processes are an important component of the viral life cycle, for example, driving the assembly of replication factories or inclusion bodies. Therefore, in this review, we will outline the recent understanding of this complex interplay and tug of war between viruses, SGs, and their components. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brownsword
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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4
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Zhao K, Zhang S, Liu X, Guo X, Guo Z, Zhang X, Yuan W. The game between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion strategies of senecavirus A - A cell biological perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1107173. [PMID: 36618383 PMCID: PMC9813683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the cellular host to defend against viral infection. Upon infection, viruses can be sensed by the cellular host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of the signaling cascade and the robust production of interferons (IFNs) to restrict the infection and replication of the viruses. However, numerous cunning viruses have evolved strategies to evade host innate immunity. The senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly identified member of the Picornaviridae family, causing severe vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the oral mucosa, snout, coronary bands, and hooves of pigs of different ages. During SVA infection, the cellular host will launch the innate immune response and various physiological processes to restrict SVA. In contrast, SVA has evolved several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by SVA to evade pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) signaling pathway, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and autophagy, and stress granules. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by SVA will enhance our understanding of SVA's pathogenesis and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improving vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shixia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaomeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
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5
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Wang L, Guzmán M, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S. Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes, RNA helicases and coronavirus infection. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.1078454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA metabolism in the eukaryotic cell includes the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that, depending on their protein components, have a different function. Cytoplasmic RNPs, such as stress granules (SGs) or P-bodies (PBs) are quite relevant during infections modulating viral and cellular RNA expression and as key players in the host cell antiviral response. RNA helicases are abundant components of RNPs and could have a significant effect on viral infection. This review focuses in the role that RNPs and RNA helicases have during coronavirus (CoVs) infection. CoVs are emerging highly pathogenic viruses with a large single-stranded RNA genome. During CoV infection, a complex network of RNA-protein interactions in different RNP structures is established. In general, RNA helicases and RNPs have an antiviral function, but there is limited knowledge on whether the viral protein interactions with cell components are mediators of this antiviral effect or are part of the CoV antiviral counteraction mechanism. Additional data is needed to elucidate the role of these RNA-protein interactions during CoV infection and their potential contribution to viral replication or pathogenesis.
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Moghimi S, Viktorova EG, Gabaglio S, Zimina A, Budnik B, Wynn BG, Sztul E, Belov GA. A Proximity biotinylation assay with a host protein bait reveals multiple factors modulating enterovirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010906. [PMID: 36306280 PMCID: PMC9645661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As ultimate parasites, viruses depend on host factors for every step of their life cycle. On the other hand, cells evolved multiple mechanisms of detecting and interfering with viral replication. Yet, our understanding of the complex ensembles of pro- and anti-viral factors is very limited in virtually every virus-cell system. Here we investigated the proteins recruited to the replication organelles of poliovirus, a representative of the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. We took advantage of a strict dependence of enterovirus replication on a host protein GBF1, and established a stable cell line expressing a truncated GBF1 fused to APEX2 peroxidase that effectively supported viral replication upon inhibition of the endogenous GBF1. This construct biotinylated multiple host and viral proteins on the replication organelles. Among the viral proteins, the polyprotein cleavage intermediates were overrepresented, suggesting that the GBF1 environment is linked to viral polyprotein processing. The proteomics characterization of biotinylated host proteins identified multiple proteins previously associated with enterovirus replication, as well as more than 200 new factors recruited to the replication organelles. RNA metabolism proteins, many of which normally localize in the nucleus, constituted the largest group, underscoring the massive release of nuclear factors into the cytoplasm of infected cells and their involvement in viral replication. Functional analysis of several newly identified proteins revealed both pro- and anti-viral factors, including a novel component of infection-induced stress granules. Depletion of these proteins similarly affected the replication of diverse enteroviruses indicating broad conservation of the replication mechanisms. Thus, our data significantly expand the knowledge of the composition of enterovirus replication organelles, provide new insights into viral replication, and offer a novel resource for identifying targets for anti-viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedehmahsa Moghimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina G. Viktorova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel Gabaglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Zimina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory (MSPRL), FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bridge G. Wynn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - George A. Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Magg V, Klein P, Ruggieri A. Monitoring Virus-Induced Stress Granule Dynamics Using Long-Term Live-Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2428:325-348. [PMID: 35171489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1975-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response is a highly regulated signaling cascade that allows cells to react to a variety of external and internal stimuli. Activation of different stress-responsive kinases leads to the phosphorylation of their common downstream target, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), which is a critical component of functional translation preinitiation complexes. As a consequence, stalled ribonucleoprotein complexes accumulate in the cytoplasm and condense into microscopically visible cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs). Over the past years, numerous microscopy approaches have been developed to study the spatiotemporal control of SG formation in response to a variety of stressors. Here, we apply long-term live-cell microscopy to monitor the dynamic cellular stress response triggered by infection with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) at single-cell level and study the behavior of infected cells that repeatedly switch between a stressed and unstressed state. We describe in detail the engineering of fluorescent SG-reporter cells expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged T cell internal antigen 1 (TIA-1) using lentiviral delivery, as well as the production of mCherry-tagged HCV trans-complemented particles, which allow live tracking of SG assembly and disassembly, SG number and size in single infected cells over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Magg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Wang H, Kodavati M, Britz GW, Hegde ML. DNA Damage and Repair Deficiency in ALS/FTD-Associated Neurodegeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:784361. [PMID: 34975400 PMCID: PMC8716463 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.784361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies reveal that neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are commonly linked to DNA damage accumulation and repair deficiency. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to DNA damage due to their high metabolic activity, relying primarily on oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent DNA damage. Efficient and timely repair of such damage is critical for guarding the integrity of genomic DNA and for cell survival. Several genes predominantly associated with RNA/DNA metabolism have been implicated in both ALS and FTD, suggesting that the two diseases share a common underlying pathology with varied clinical manifestations. Recent studies reveal that many of the gene products, including RNA/DNA binding proteins (RBPs) TDP-43 and FUS are involved in diverse DNA repair pathways. A key question in the etiology of the ALS/FTD spectrum of neurodegeneration is the mechanisms and pathways involved in genome instability caused by dysfunctions/mutations of those RBP genes and their consequences in the central nervous system. The understanding of such converging molecular mechanisms provides insights into the underlying etiology of the rapidly progressing neurodegeneration in ALS/FTD, while also revealing novel DNA repair target avenues for therapeutic development. In this review, we summarize the common mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS and FTD, with a particular emphasis on the DNA repair defects induced by ALS/FTD causative genes. We also highlight the consequences of DNA repair defects in ALS/FTD and the therapeutic potential of DNA damage repair-targeted amelioration of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience Research at Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manohar Kodavati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gavin W. Britz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience Research at Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience Research at Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Gerassimovich YA, Miladinovski-Bangall SJ, Bridges KM, Boateng L, Ball LE, Valafar H, Nag A. Proximity-dependent biotinylation detects associations between SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 and stress granule-associated proteins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101399. [PMID: 34774526 PMCID: PMC8580555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a critical viral protein that suppresses host gene expression by blocking the assembly of the ribosome on host mRNAs. To understand the mechanism of inhibition of host gene expression, we sought to identify cellular proteins that interact with nsp1. Using proximity-dependent biotinylation followed by proteomic analyses of biotinylated proteins, here we captured multiple dynamic interactions of nsp1 with host cell proteins. In addition to ribosomal proteins, we identified several pre-mRNA processing proteins that interact with nsp1, including splicing factors and transcription termination proteins, as well as exosome, and stress granule (SG)-associated proteins. We found that the interactions with transcription termination factors are primarily governed by the C-terminal region of nsp1 and are disrupted by the mutation of amino acids K164 and H165 that are essential for its host shutoff function. We further show that nsp1 interacts with Ras GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) and colocalizes with G3BP1 in SGs under sodium arsenite-induced stress. Finally, we observe that the presence of nsp1 disrupts the maturation of SGs over a long period. Isolation of SG core at different times shows a gradual loss of G3BP1 in the presence of nsp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy A Gerassimovich
- Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kaitlin M Bridges
- Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Linkel Boateng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Homayoun Valafar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anita Nag
- Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA.
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10
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Somasekharan SP, Gleave M. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interacts with immunoregulators and stress granules and phase separates to form liquid droplets. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2872-2896. [PMID: 34780058 PMCID: PMC8652540 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current work investigated SARS‐CoV‐2 Nucleocapsid (NCAP or N protein) interactors in A549 human lung cancer cells using a SILAC‐based mass spectrometry approach. NCAP interactors included proteins of the stress granule (SG) machinery and immunoregulators. NCAP showed specific interaction with the SG proteins G3BP1, G3BP2, YTHDF3, USP10 and PKR, and translocated to SGs following oxidative stress and heat shock. Treatment of recombinant NCAP with RNA isolated from A549 cells exposed to oxidative stress‐stimulated NCAP to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). RNA degradation using RNase A treatment completely blocked the LLPS property of NCAP as well as its SG association. The RNA intercalator mitoxantrone also disrupted NCAP assembly in vitro and in cells. This study provides insight into the biological processes and biophysical properties of the SARS‐CoV‐2 NCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Prakash Somasekharan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Amen T, Guihur A, Zelent C, Ursache R, Wilting J, Kaganovich D. Resveratrol and related stilbene derivatives induce stress granules with distinct clearance kinetics. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar18. [PMID: 34432484 PMCID: PMC8693967 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-02-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are ribonucleoprotein functional condensates that form under stress conditions in all eukaryotic cells. Although their stress-survival function is far from clear, SGs have been implicated in the regulation of many vital cellular pathways. Consequently, SG dysfunction is thought to be a mechanistic point of origin for many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Additionally, SGs are thought to play a role in pathogenic pathways as diverse as viral infection and chemotherapy resistance. There is a growing consensus on the hypothesis that understanding the mechanistic regulation of SG physical properties is essential to understanding their function. Although the internal dynamics and condensation mechanisms of SGs have been broadly investigated, there have been fewer investigations into the timing of SG formation and clearance in live cells. Because the lifetime of SG persistence can be a key factor in their function and tendency toward pathological dysregulation, SG clearance mechanisms deserve particular attention. Here we show that resveratrol and its analogues piceatannol, pterostilbene, and 3,4,5,4'-tetramethoxystilbene induce G3BP-dependent SG formation with atypically rapid clearance kinetics. Resveratrol binds to G3BP, thereby reducing its protein-protein association valency. We suggest that altering G3BP valency is a pathway for the formation of uniquely transient SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anthony Guihur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christina Zelent
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.,1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
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12
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Child JR, Chen Q, Reid DW, Jagannathan S, Nicchitta CV. Recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted and cytosolic mRNAs into membrane-associated stress granules. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1241-1256. [PMID: 34244458 PMCID: PMC8456999 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078858.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless organelles composed of mRNAs and RNA binding proteins which undergo assembly in response to stress-induced inactivation of translation initiation. In general, SG recruitment is limited to a subpopulation of a given mRNA species and RNA-seq analyses of purified SGs revealed that signal sequence-encoding (i.e., endoplasmic reticulum [ER]-targeted) transcripts are significantly underrepresented, consistent with prior reports that ER localization can protect mRNAs from SG recruitment. Using translational profiling, cell fractionation, and single molecule mRNA imaging, we examined SG biogenesis following activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) by 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and report that gene-specific subsets of cytosolic and ER-targeted mRNAs can be recruited into SGs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SGs form in close proximity to or directly associated with the ER membrane. ER-associated SG assembly was also observed during arsenite stress, suggesting broad roles for the ER in SG biogenesis. Recruitment of a given mRNA into SGs required stress-induced translational repression, though translational inhibition was not solely predictive of an mRNA's propensity for SG recruitment. SG formation was prevented by the transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D or triptolide, suggesting a functional link between gene transcriptional state and SG biogenesis. Collectively these data demonstrate that ER-targeted and cytosolic mRNAs can be recruited into ER-associated SGs and this recruitment is sensitive to transcriptional inhibition. We propose that newly transcribed mRNAs exported under conditions of suppressed translation initiation are primary SG substrates, with the ER serving as the central subcellular site of SG formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Child
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - David W Reid
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Sujatha Jagannathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christopher V Nicchitta
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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13
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Scoca V, Di Nunzio F. Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:259-268. [PMID: 33760045 PMCID: PMC8083626 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes, excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs. Another older pandemic virus, HIV-1, also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle. Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins, breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment. Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear. Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Scoca
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- BioSPC Doctoral School, Universitè de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Di Nunzio
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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14
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Amen T, Kaganovich D. Stress granules inhibit fatty acid oxidation by modulating mitochondrial permeability. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109237. [PMID: 34133922 PMCID: PMC8220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of stress granules (SGs) is an essential aspect of the cellular response to many kinds of stress, but its adaptive role is far from clear. SG dysfunction is implicated in aging-onset neurodegenerative diseases, prompting interest in their physiological function. Here, we report that during starvation stress, SGs interact with mitochondria and regulate metabolic remodeling. We show that SG formation leads to a downregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) through the modulation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), which import fatty acids (FAs) into mitochondria. The subsequent decrease in FAO during long-term starvation reduces oxidative damage and rations FAs for longer use. Failure to form SGs, whether caused by the genetic deletion of SG components or an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated mutation, translates into an inability to downregulate FAO. Because metabolic dysfunction is a common pathological element of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, our findings provide a direction for studying the clinical relevance of SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- 1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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15
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Iyori M, Ogawa R, Emran TB, Tanbo S, Yoshida S. Characterization of the Gene Expression Patterns in the Murine Liver Following Intramuscular Administration of Baculovirus. Gene Expr 2021; 20:147-155. [PMID: 33115550 PMCID: PMC8201657 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x16039045978676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular administration of wild-type baculovirus is able to both protect against Plasmodium sporozoite challenge and eliminate liver-stage parasites via a Toll-like receptor 9-independent pathway. To investigate its effector mechanism(s), the gene expression profile in the liver of baculovirus-administered mice was characterized by cDNA microarray analysis. The ingenuity pathway analysis gene ontology module revealed that the major gene subsets induced by baculovirus were immune-related signaling, such as interferon signaling. A total of 40 genes commonly upregulated in a Toll-like receptor 9-independent manner were included as possible candidates for parasite elimination. This gene subset consisted of NT5C3, LOC105246895, BTC, APOL9a/b, G3BP3, SLC6A6, USP25, TRIM14, and PSMB8 as the top 10 candidates according to the special unit. These findings provide new insight into effector molecules responsible for liver-stage parasite killing and, possibly, the development of a new baculovirus-mediated prophylactic and therapeutic biopharmaceutical for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iyori
- *Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ogawa
- †Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- *Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuta Tanbo
- *Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- *Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
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16
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Wood JJ, White IJ, Samolej J, Mercer J. Acrylamide inhibits vaccinia virus through vimentin-independent anti-viral granule formation. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13334. [PMID: 33792166 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The replication and assembly of vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic poxvirus, occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells. While the role of cellular cytoskeletal components in these processes remains poorly understood, vimentin-a type III intermediate filament-has been shown to associate with viral replication sites and to be incorporated into mature VACV virions. Here, we employed chemical and genetic approaches to further investigate the role of vimentin during the VACV lifecycle. The collapse of vimentin filaments, using acrylamide, was found to inhibit VACV infection at the level of genome replication, intermediate- and late-gene expression. However, we found that CRISPR-mediated knockout of vimentin did not impact VACV replication. Combining these tools, we demonstrate that acrylamide treatment results in the formation of anti-viral granules (AVGs) known to mediate translational inhibition of many viruses. We conclude that vimentin is dispensable for poxvirus replication and assembly and that acrylamide, as a potent inducer of AVGs during VACV infection, serves to bolster cell's anti-viral response to poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wood
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Eiermann N, Haneke K, Sun Z, Stoecklin G, Ruggieri A. Dance with the Devil: Stress Granules and Signaling in Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090984. [PMID: 32899736 PMCID: PMC7552005 DOI: 10.3390/v12090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved highly specialized sentinels that detect viral infection and elicit an antiviral response. Among these, the stress-sensing protein kinase R, which is activated by double-stranded RNA, mediates suppression of the host translation machinery as a strategy to limit viral replication. Non-translating mRNAs rapidly condensate by phase separation into cytosolic stress granules, together with numerous RNA-binding proteins and components of signal transduction pathways. Growing evidence suggests that the integrated stress response, and stress granules in particular, contribute to antiviral defense. This review summarizes the current understanding of how stress and innate immune signaling act in concert to mount an effective response against virus infection, with a particular focus on the potential role of stress granules in the coordination of antiviral signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eiermann
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Katharina Haneke
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Zhaozhi Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Cascarina SM, Ross ED. A proposed role for the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in the formation and regulation of biomolecular condensates. FASEB J 2020; 34:9832-9842. [PMID: 32562316 PMCID: PMC7323129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, the recently discovered SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has afflicted >6.9 million people worldwide and disrupted the global economy. Development of effective vaccines or treatments for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection will be aided by a molecular‐level understanding of SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins and their interactions with host cell proteins. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is highly homologous to the N protein of SARS‐CoV, which is essential for viral RNA replication and packaging into new virions. Emerging models indicate that nucleocapsid proteins of other viruses can form biomolecular condensates to spatiotemporally regulate N protein localization and function. Our bioinformatic analyses, in combination with pre‐existing experimental evidence, suggest that the SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein is capable of forming or regulating biomolecular condensates in vivo by interaction with RNA and key host cell proteins. We discuss multiple models, whereby the N protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 may harness this activity to regulate viral life cycle and host cell response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Cascarina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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19
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RNase L Amplifies Interferon Signaling by Inducing Protein Kinase R-Mediated Antiviral Stress Granules. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00205-20. [PMID: 32295917 PMCID: PMC7307175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs produced during viral infections serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bind pattern recognition receptors to stimulate IFN production. RNase L is an IFN-regulated endoribonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The RNase L-cleaved dsRNAs signal to Rig-like helicases to amplify IFN production. This study identifies a novel role of antiviral stress granules induced by RNase L as an antiviral signaling hub to coordinate the RNA ligands with cognate receptors to mount an effective host response during viral infections. Virus infection leads to activation of the interferon (IFN)-induced endoribonuclease RNase L, which results in degradation of viral and cellular RNAs. Both cellular and viral RNA cleavage products of RNase L bind pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), like retinoic acid-inducible I (Rig-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), to further amplify IFN production and antiviral response. Although much is known about the mechanics of ligand binding and PRR activation, how cells coordinate RNA sensing with signaling response and interferon production remains unclear. We show that RNA cleavage products of RNase L activity induce the formation of antiviral stress granules (avSGs) by regulating activation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and recruit the antiviral proteins Rig-I, PKR, OAS, and RNase L to avSGs. Biochemical analysis of purified avSGs showed interaction of a key stress granule protein, G3BP1, with only PKR and Rig-I and not with OAS or RNase L. AvSG assembly during RNase L activation is required for IRF3-mediated IFN production, but not IFN signaling or proinflammatory cytokine induction. Consequently, cells lacking avSG formation or RNase L signaling produced less IFN and showed higher susceptibility during Sendai virus infection, demonstrating the importance of avSGs in RNase L-mediated host defense. We propose a role during viral infection for RNase L-cleaved RNAs in inducing avSGs containing antiviral proteins to provide a platform for efficient interaction of RNA ligands with pattern recognition receptors to enhance IFN production to mount an effective antiviral response. IMPORTANCE Double-stranded RNAs produced during viral infections serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bind pattern recognition receptors to stimulate IFN production. RNase L is an IFN-regulated endoribonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The RNase L-cleaved dsRNAs signal to Rig-like helicases to amplify IFN production. This study identifies a novel role of antiviral stress granules induced by RNase L as an antiviral signaling hub to coordinate the RNA ligands with cognate receptors to mount an effective host response during viral infections.
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20
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Typical Stress Granule Proteins Interact with the 3' Untranslated Region of Enterovirus D68 To Inhibit Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02041-19. [PMID: 31941779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02041-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are formed in the cytoplasm under environmental stress, including viral infection. Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a highly pathogenic virus which can cause serious respiratory and neurological diseases. At present, there is no effective drug or vaccine against EV-D68 infection, and the relationship between EV-D68 infection and SGs is poorly understood. This study revealed the biological function of SGs in EV-D68 infection. Our results suggest that EV-D68 infection induced the accumulation of SG marker proteins Ras GTPase-activated protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1), and human antigen R (HUR) in the cytoplasm of infected host cells during early infection but inhibited their accumulation during the late stage. Simultaneously, we revealed that EV-D68 infection induces HUR, TIA1, and G3BP1 colocalization, which marks the formation of typical SGs dependent on protein kinase R (PKR) and eIF2α phosphorylation. In addition, we found that TIA1, HUR, and G3BP1 were capable of targeting the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of EV-D68 RNA to inhibit viral replication. However, the formation of SGs in response to arsenite (Ars) gradually decreased as the infection progressed, and G3BP1 was cleaved in the late stage as a strategy to antagonize SGs. Our findings have important implications in understanding the mechanism of interaction between EV-D68 and the host while providing a potential target for the development of antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCE EV-D68 is a serious threat to human health, and there are currently no effective treatments or vaccines. SGs play an important role in cellular innate immunity as a target with antiviral effects. This manuscript describes the formation of SGs induced by EV-D68 early infection but inhibited during the late stage of infection. Moreover, TIA1, HUR, and G3BP1 can chelate a specific site of the 3' UTR of EV-D68 to inhibit viral replication, and this interaction is sequence and complex dependent. However, this inhibition can be antagonized by overexpression of the minireplicon. These findings increase our understanding of EV-D68 infection and may help identify new antiviral targets that can inhibit viral replication and limit the pathogenesis of EV-D68.
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21
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Gaete-Argel A, Márquez CL, Barriga GP, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F. Strategies for Success. Viral Infections and Membraneless Organelles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:336. [PMID: 31681621 PMCID: PMC6797609 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of RNA homeostasis or “RNAstasis” is a central step in eukaryotic gene expression. From transcription to decay, cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associate with specific proteins in order to regulate their entire cycle, including mRNA localization, translation and degradation, among others. The best characterized of such RNA-protein complexes, today named membraneless organelles, are Stress Granules (SGs) and Processing Bodies (PBs) which are involved in RNA storage and RNA decay/storage, respectively. Given that SGs and PBs are generally associated with repression of gene expression, viruses have evolved different mechanisms to counteract their assembly or to use them in their favor to successfully replicate within the host environment. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the viral regulation of SGs and PBs, which could be a potential novel target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chantal L Márquez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P Barriga
- Emerging Viruses Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Liu S, Liu L, Aranda MA, Peng B, Gu Q. Expression and Localization Patterns of a Small Heat Shock Protein that Interacts with the Helicase Domain of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1648-1657. [PMID: 31025902 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0436-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus (family Virgaviridae), is an economically important virus that has detrimental effects on cucurbit crops worldwide. Understanding the interaction between host factors and CGMMV viral proteins will facilitate the design of new strategies for disease control. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the CGMMV helicase (HEL) domain interacts with a Citrullus lanatus small heat shock protein (sHSP), and we verified this observation by performing in vitro GST pull-down and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. Measurement of the levels of accumulated sHSP transcript revealed that sHSP is upregulated on initial CGMMV infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana and C. lanatus plants, although not in the systemically infected leaves. We also found that the subcellular localization of the sHSP was altered after CGMMV infection. To further validate the role of sHSP in CGMMV infection, we produced and assayed N. benthamiana transgenic plants with up- and down-regulated sHSP expression. Overexpression of sHSP inhibited viral RNA accumulation and retarded disease development, whereas sHSP silencing had no marked effect on CGMMV infection. Therefore, we postulate that the identified sHSP may be one of the factors modulating host defense mechanisms in response to CGMMV infection and that the HEL domain interaction may inhibit this sHSP function to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CSIC, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bin Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
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23
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Choi S, Sa M, Cho N, Kim KK, Park SH. Rbfox2 dissociation from stress granules suppresses cancer progression. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31028247 PMCID: PMC6486603 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are stalled translation initiation complexes comprising untranslated mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBP fox-1 homolog 2 (Rbfox2), a component of SGs, binds to retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) mRNA, which is closely related to cancer progression; however, the role of Rbfox2 in cancer progression remains largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed that Rbfox2, which is present in the nucleus as a splicing regulator, localizes to the cytoplasm of human colon cancer tissues and that induction of Rbfox2 dissociation from SGs by resveratrol treatment inhibits cancer progression. We also observed that Rbfox2 in SGs inhibited RB1 protein expression and promoted cell cycle progression. Additionally, resveratrol treatment inhibited SG-mediated Rbfox2 localization, further inhibiting RB1 protein expression, and inhibited specific Rbfox2 localization to the cytoplasm in melanoma B16-F10 cells, thereby effectively inhibiting metastasis and tumor growth ability. These results indicate that Rbfox2 dissociation from SGs attenuates cancer progression and offer insight into the mechanism associated with Rbfox2 dissociation, thereby marking Rbfox2 as a potential candidate target for cancer therapy. Resveratrol, an antioxidant found in red grapes, slows cancer progression by interfering with the localization and function of the RNA-binding protein Rbfox2. A study led by Kee Kim at Chungnam National University and Su-Hyung Park at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, showed that in human colon cancer cells Rbfox2 is located in the cytoplasm where it promotes cell proliferation by blocking the assembly of the tumor suppressor protein RB1. Treatment with resveratrol prevented the migration of Rbfox2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and significantly reduced tumor growth in a mouse model of melanoma. This study not only sheds light on the protective effects of resveratrol but also suggests that Rbfox2 could be a potential target for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moa Sa
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjoon Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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24
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He Y, Fan M, Sun Y, Li L. Genome-Wide Analysis of Watermelon HSP20s and Their Expression Profiles and Subcellular Locations under Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E12. [PMID: 30577505 PMCID: PMC6337729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.), which is an economically important cucurbit crop that is cultivated worldwide, is vulnerable to various adverse environmental conditions. Small heat shock protein 20s (HSP20s) are the most abundant plant HSPs and they play important roles in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, they have not been systematically investigated in watermelon. In this study, we identified 44 watermelon HSP20 genes and analyzed their gene structures, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, and expression profiles. All of the watermelon HSP20 proteins have a conserved the α-crystallin (ACD) domain. Half of the ClHSP20s arose through gene duplication events. Plant HSP20s were grouped into 18 subfamiles and a new subfamily, nucleo-cytoplasmic XIII (CXIII), was identified in this study. Numerous stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements were detected in the putative promoter regions of the watermelon HSP20 genes. Different from that in other species, half of the watermelon HSP20s were repressed by heat stress. Plant HSP20s displayed diverse responses to different virus infections and most of the ClHSP20s were generally repressed by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). Some ClHSP20s exhibited similar transcriptional responses to abscisic acid, melatonin, and CGMMV. Subcellular localization analyses of six selected HSP20- green fluorescence protein fusion proteins revealed diverse subcellular targeting. Some ClHSP20 proteins were affected by CGMMV, as reflected by changes in the size, number, and distribution of fluorescent granules. These systematic analyses provide a foundation for elucidating the physiological functions and biological roles of the watermelon HSP20 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun He
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Min Fan
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yuyan Sun
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Lili Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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25
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Rotavirus Induces Formation of Remodeled Stress Granules and P Bodies and Their Sequestration in Viroplasms To Promote Progeny Virus Production. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01363-18. [PMID: 30258011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01363-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus replicates in unique virus-induced cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms (VMs), the composition and structure of which have yet to be understood. Based on the analysis of a few proteins, earlier studies reported that rotavirus infection inhibits stress granule (SG) formation and disrupts P bodies (PBs). However, the recent demonstration that rotavirus infection induces cytoplasmic relocalization and colocalization with VMs of several nuclear hnRNPs and AU-rich element-binding proteins (ARE-BPs), which are known components of SGs and PBs, suggested the possibility of rotavirus-induced remodeling of SGs and PBs, prompting us to analyze a large number of the SG and PB components to understand the status of SGs and PBs in rotavirus-infected cells. Here we demonstrate that rotavirus infection induces molecular triage by selective exclusion of a few proteins of SGs (G3BP1 and ZBP1) and PBs (DDX6, EDC4, and Pan3) and sequestration of the remodeled/atypical cellular organelles, containing the majority of their components, in the VM. The punctate SG and PB structures are seen at about 4 h postinfection (hpi), coinciding with the appearance of small VMs, many of which fuse to form mature large VMs with progression of infection. By use of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown and/or ectopic overexpression, the majority of the SG and PB components, except for ADAR1, were observed to inhibit viral protein expression and virus growth. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that VMs are highly complex supramolecular structures and that rotavirus employs a novel strategy of sequestration in the VM and harnessing of the remodeled cellular RNA recycling bins to promote its growth.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is known to replicate in specialized virus-induced cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms (VMs), but the composition and structure of VMs are not yet understood. Here we demonstrate that rotavirus interferes with normal SG and PB assembly but promotes formation of atypical SG-PB structures by selective exclusion of a few components and employs a novel strategy of sequestration of the remodeled SG-PB granules in the VMs to promote virus growth by modulating their negative influence on virus infection. Rotavirus VMs appear to be complex supramolecular structures formed by the union of the triad of viral replication complexes and remodeled SGs and PBs, as well as other host factors, and designed to promote productive virus infection. These observations have implications for the planning of future research with the aim of understanding the structure of the VM, the mechanism of morphogenesis of the virus, and the detailed roles of host proteins in rotavirus biology.
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26
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Reineke LC, Neilson JR. Differences between acute and chronic stress granules, and how these differences may impact function in human disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 162:123-131. [PMID: 30326201 PMCID: PMC6421087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules are macromolecular aggregates of mRNA and proteins assembling in response to stresses that promote the repression of protein synthesis. Most of the work characterizing stress granules has been done under acute stress conditions or during viral infection. Comparatively less work has been done to understand stress granule assembly during chronic stress, specifically regarding the composition and function of stress granules in this alternative context. Here, we describe key aspects of stress granule biology under acute stress, and how these stress granule hallmarks differ in the context of chronic stress conditions. We will provide perspective for future work aimed at further uncovering the form and function of both acute and chronic stress granules and discuss aspects of stress granule biology that have the potential to be exploited in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Reineke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joel R Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Hamada T, Yako M, Minegishi M, Sato M, Kamei Y, Yanagawa Y, Toyooka K, Watanabe Y, Hara-Nishimura I. Stress granule formation is induced by a threshold temperature rather than a temperature difference in Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216051. [PMID: 30030372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules, a type of cytoplasmic RNA granule in eukaryotic cells, are induced in response to various environmental stresses, including high temperature. However, how high temperatures induce the formation of these stress granules in plant cells is largely unknown. Here, we characterized the process of stress granule formation in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining live imaging and electron microscopy analysis. In seedlings grown at 22°C, stress granule formation was induced at temperatures above a critical threshold level of 34°C in the absence of transpiration. The threshold temperature was the same, regardless of whether the seedlings were grown at 22°C or 4°C. High-resolution live imaging microscopy revealed that stress granule formation is not correlated with the sizes of pre-existing RNA processing bodies (P-bodies) but that the two structures often associated rapidly. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed a previously unidentified characteristic of the fine structures of Arabidopsis stress granules and P-bodies: the lack of ribosomes and the presence of characteristic electron-dense globular and filamentous structures. These results provide new insights into the universal nature of stress granules in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mako Yako
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Marina Minegishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Sun Y, Zhang P, Zheng H, Dong L, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Liao Y, Meng C, Yu S, Ding C. Chicken RNA-binding protein T-cell internal antigen-1 contributes to stress granule formation in chicken cells and tissues. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:3-12. [PMID: 28693298 PMCID: PMC5799397 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell internal antigen-1 (TIA-1) has roles in regulating alternative pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA translation, and stress granule (SG) formation in human cells. As an evolutionarily conserved response to environmental stress, SGs have been reported in various species. However, SG formation in chicken cells and the role of chicken TIA-1 (cTIA-1) in SG assembly has not been elucidated. In the present study, we cloned cTIA-1 and showed that it facilitates the assembly of canonical SGs in both human and chicken cells. Overexpression of the chicken prion-related domain (cPRD) of cTIA-1 that bore an N-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag (pntGFP-cPRD) or Flag tag (pFlag-cPRD) induced the production of typical SGs. However, C-terminal GFP-tagged cPRD induced notably large cytoplasmic granules that were devoid of endogenous G3BP1 and remained stable when exposed to cycloheximide, indicating that these were not typical SGs, and that the pntGFP tag influences cPRD localization. Finally, endogenous cTIA-1 was recruited to SGs in chicken cells and tissues under environmental stress. Taken together, our study provide evidence that cTIA-1 has a role in canonical SG formation in chicken cells and tissues. Our results also indicate that cPRD is necessary for SG aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Luna Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Zhai X, Wu S, Lin L, Wang T, Zhong X, Chen Y, Xu W, Tong L, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Stress Granule Formation is One of the Early Antiviral Mechanisms for Host Cells Against Coxsackievirus B Infection. Virol Sin 2018; 33:314-322. [PMID: 29959686 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are intracellular granules formed when cellular translation is blocked and have been reported to be involved in a variety of viral infections. Our previous studies revealed that SGs are involved in the coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection process, but the role of SGs in CVB infection has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that CVB type 3 (CVB3) could induce SG formation in the early phase of infection. Results showed that levels of CVB3 RNA and protein were significantly inhibited during the early stage of CVB3 infection by the elevated formation of SGs, while viral RNA and protein synthesis were significantly promoted when SG formation was blocked. Our findings suggest that SG formation is one of the early antiviral mechanisms for host cells against CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Fernández-Carrillo C, Pérez-Vilaró G, Díez J, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S. Hepatitis C virus plays with fire and yet avoids getting burned. A review for clinicians on processing bodies and stress granules. Liver Int 2018; 38:388-398. [PMID: 28782251 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, many reports have defined several types of RNA cell granules composed of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) that regulate gene expression on a post-transcriptional level. Processing bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules (SGs) are among the best-known RNA granules, only detectable when they accumulate into very dynamic cytosolic foci. Recently, a tight association has been found between positive-stranded RNA viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), and these granules. The present article offers a comprehensive review on the complex and paradoxical relationship between HCV, P-bodies and SGs from a translational perspective. Despite the fact that components of P-bodies and SGs have assiduously controlled mRNA expression, either by sequestration or degradation, for thousands of years, HCV has learned how to dangerously exploit certain of them for its own benefit in an endless biological war. Thus, HCV has gained the ability to hack ancient host machineries inherited from prokaryotic times. While P-bodies and SGs are crucial to the HCV cycle, in the interferon-free era we still lack detailed knowledge of the mechanisms involved, processes that may underlie the long-term complications of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Pérez-Vilaró
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Molecular Virology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana Díez
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Molecular Virology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Yang X, Hu Z, Fan S, Zhang Q, Zhong Y, Guo D, Qin Y, Chen M. Picornavirus 2A protease regulates stress granule formation to facilitate viral translation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006901. [PMID: 29415027 PMCID: PMC5819834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) contain stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes and are related to the regulation of mRNA translation. Picornavirus infection can interfere with the formation of SGs. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms and functions of picornavirus-mediated regulation of SG formation are not clear. Here, we found that the 2A protease of a picornavirus, EV71, induced atypical stress granule (aSG), but not typical stress granule (tSG), formation via cleavage of eIF4GI. Furthermore, 2A was required and sufficient to inhibit tSGs induced by EV71 infection, sodium arsenite, or heat shock. Infection of 2A protease activity-inactivated recombinant EV71 (EV71-2AC110S) failed to induce aSG formation and only induced tSG formation, which is PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation-dependent. By using a Renilla luciferase mRNA reporter system and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, we found that EV71-induced aSGs were beneficial to viral translation through sequestering only cellular mRNAs, but not viral mRNAs. In addition, we found that the 2A protease of other picornaviruses such as poliovirus and coxsackievirus also induced aSG formation and blocked tSG formation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, on one hand, EV71 infection induces tSG formation via the PKR-eIF2α pathway, and on the other hand, 2A, but not 3C, blocks tSG formation. Instead, 2A induces aSG formation by cleaving eIF4GI to sequester cellular mRNA but release viral mRNA, thereby facilitating viral translation. When cellular translation initiation is stalled, translation initiation complexes aggregate in cytoplasm. We call these aggregations stress granules (SGs), and they can be marked by components such as TIA-1. SGs are always considered to be antiviral structures during viral infection, but viruses also regulate SG formation to facilitate their survival. Here, we show that the 2A protease of EV71 induced TIA-1 foci formation, and we analyzed these TIA-1 foci and found that they were different from typical stress granules (tSGs); thus, we named them atypical stress granules (aSGs). 2A alone could block tSG formation, and we found that protease activity of 2A was required for aSG induction and tSG blockage, but functioned in different ways. When the protease activity of 2A in EV71 was blocked (EV71-2AC110S), the tSGs but not aSGs appeared in infected cells. These tSGs contained cellular and viral mRNAs and translation initiation factors to inhibit viral translation, but aSGs contained only cellular mRNAs to promote viral translation. We propose a model revealing that EV71 escapes cellular antiviral response by manipulating SG formation: 2A transforms the overall translation shutdown system to a selective virally beneficial system by switching from tSGs to aSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhulong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Infected cells can undergo apoptosis as a protective response to viral infection, thereby limiting viral infection. As viruses require a viable cell for replication, the death of the cell limits cellular functions that are required for virus replication and propagation. Picornaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that modify the host cell apoptotic response, probably in order to promote viral replication, largely as a function of the viral proteases 2A, 3C, and 3CD. These proteases are essential for viral polyprotein processing and also cleave cellular proteins. Picornavirus proteases cleave proapoptotic adaptor proteins, resulting in downregulation of apoptosis. Picornavirus proteases also cleave nucleoporins, disrupting the orchestrated manner in which signaling pathways use active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, including those involved in apoptosis. In addition to viral proteases, the transmembrane 2B protein alters intracellular ion signaling, which may also modulate apoptosis. Overall, picornaviruses, via the action of virally encoded proteins, exercise intricate control over and subvert cell death pathways, specifically apoptosis, thereby allowing viral replication to continue.
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Disruption of Stress Granule Formation by the Multifunctional Cricket Paralysis Virus 1A Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01779-16. [PMID: 28003491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01779-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytosolic ribonucleoprotein aggregates that are induced during cellular stress. Several viruses modulate SG formation, suggesting that SGs have an impact on virus infection. However, the mechanisms and impact of modulating SG assembly in infected cells are not completely understood. In this study, we identify the dicistrovirus cricket paralysis virus 1A (CrPV-1A) protein that functions to inhibit SG assembly during infection. Moreover, besides inhibiting RNA interference, CrPV-1A also inhibits host transcription, which indirectly modulates SG assembly. Thus, CrPV-1A is a multifunctional protein. We identify a key R146A residue that is responsible for these effects, and mutant CrPV(R146A) virus infection is attenuated in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and adult fruit flies and results in increased SG formation. Treatment of CrPV(R146A)-infected cells with actinomycin D, which represses transcription, restores SG assembly suppression and viral yield. In summary, CrPV-1A modulates several cellular processes to generate a cellular environment that promotes viral translation and replication.IMPORTANCE RNA viruses encode a limited set of viral proteins to modulate an array of cellular processes in order to facilitate viral replication and inhibit antiviral defenses. In this study, we identified a viral protein, called CrPV-1A, within the dicistrovirus cricket paralysis virus that can inhibit host transcription, modulate viral translation, and block a cellular process called stress granule assembly. We also identified a specific amino acid within CrPV-1A that is important for these cellular processes and that mutant viruses containing mutations of CrPV-1A attenuate virus infection. We also demonstrate that the CrPV-1A protein can also modulate cellular processes in human cells, suggesting that the mode of action of CrPV-1A is conserved. We propose that CrPV-1A is a multifunctional, versatile protein that creates a cellular environment in virus-infected cells that permits productive virus infection.
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Relationships between Stress Granules, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1809592. [PMID: 28194255 PMCID: PMC5286466 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1809592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are critical for facilitating stress responses and for preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins. SGs, however, have been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, in part because SGs share many components with neuronal granules. Oxidative stress is one of the conditions that induce SG formation. SGs regulate redox levels, and SG formation in turn is differently regulated by various types of oxidative stress. These associations and other evidences suggest that SG formation contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the regulation of SG formation/assembly and discuss the interactions between oxidative stress and SG formation. We then discuss the links between SGs and neurodegenerative diseases and the current therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target SGs.
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Li Y, Su X, Wu P, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhu J, Wang Q, Chen J, Yang F, Wei W. Proteomics analysis of IBS-D with spleen and kidney yang deficiency. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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36
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Mäkinen K, Lõhmus A, Pollari M. Plant RNA Regulatory Network and RNA Granules in Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2093. [PMID: 29312371 PMCID: PMC5732267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression on mRNA level in eukaryotic cells includes translocation, translation, translational repression, storage, mRNA decay, RNA silencing, and nonsense-mediated decay. These processes are associated with various RNA-binding proteins and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes many of which are conserved across eukaryotes. Microscopically visible aggregations formed by ribonucleoprotein complexes are termed RNA granules. Stress granules where the translationally inactive mRNAs are stored and processing bodies where mRNA decay may occur present the most studied RNA granule types. Diverse RNP-granules are increasingly being assigned important roles in viral infections. Although the majority of the molecular level studies on the role of RNA granules in viral translation and replication have been conducted in mammalian systems, some studies link also plant virus infection to RNA granules. An increasing body of evidence indicates that plant viruses require components of stress granules and processing bodies for their replication and translation, but how extensively the cellular mRNA regulatory network is utilized by plant viruses has remained largely enigmatic. Antiviral RNA silencing, which is an important regulator of viral RNA stability and expression in plants, is commonly counteracted by viral suppressors of RNA silencing. Some of the RNA silencing suppressors localize to cellular RNA granules and have been proposed to carry out their suppression functions there. Moreover, plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein-mediated virus resistance has been linked to enhanced processing body formation and translational repression of viral RNA. Many interesting questions relate to how the pathways of antiviral RNA silencing leading to viral RNA degradation and/or repression of translation, suppression of RNA silencing and viral RNA translation converge in plants and how different RNA granules and their individual components contribute to these processes. In this review we discuss the roles of cellular RNA regulatory mechanisms and RNA granules in plant virus infection in the light of current knowledge and compare the findings to those made in animal virus studies.
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Sun Y, Dong L, Yu S, Wang X, Zheng H, Zhang P, Meng C, Zhan Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Wang G, Liao Y, Ding C. Newcastle disease virus induces stable formation of bona fide stress granules to facilitate viral replication through manipulating host protein translation. FASEB J 2016; 31:1337-1353. [PMID: 28011649 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600980r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells respond to various environmental stressors to form stress granules (SGs) by arresting cytoplasmic mRNA, protein translation element, and RNA binding proteins. Virus-induced SGs function in different ways, depending on the species of virus; however, the mechanism of SG regulation of virus replication is not well understood. In this study, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) triggered stable formation of bona fide SGs on HeLa cells through activating the protein kinase R (PKR)/eIF2α pathway. NDV-induced SGs contained classic SG markers T-cell internal antigen (TIA)-1, Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (G3BP)-1, eukaryotic initiation factors, and small ribosomal subunit, which could be disassembled in the presence of cycloheximide. Treatment with nocodazole, a microtubule disruption drug, led to the formation of relatively small and circular granules, indicating that NDV infection induces canonical SGs. Furthermore, the role of SGs on NDV replication was investigated by knockdown of TIA-1 and TIA-1-related (TIAR) protein, the 2 critical components involved in SG formation from the HeLa cells, followed by NDV infection. Results showed that depletion of TIA-1 or TIAR inhibited viral protein synthesis, reduced extracellular virus yields, but increased global protein translation. FISH revealed that NDV-induced SGs contained predominantly cellular mRNA rather than viral mRNA. Deletion of TIA-1 or TIAR reduced NP mRNA levels in polysomes. These results demonstrate that NDV triggers stable formation of bona fide SGs, which benefit viral protein translation and virus replication by arresting cellular mRNA.-Sun, Y., Dong, L., Yu, S., Wang, X., Zheng, H., Zhang, P., Meng, C., Zhan, Y., Tan, L., Song, C., Qiu, X., Wang, G., Liao, Y., Ding, C. Newcastle disease virus induces stable formation of bona fide stress granules to facilitate viral replication through manipulating host protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Luna Dong
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; and
| | - Hang Zheng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Pin Zhang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Guijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; and
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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38
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Le Sage V, Cinti A, McCarthy S, Amorim R, Rao S, Daino GL, Tramontano E, Branch DR, Mouland AJ. Ebola virus VP35 blocks stress granule assembly. Virology 2016; 502:73-83. [PMID: 28013103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic aggregates of translationally silenced mRNAs that assemble in response to environmental stress. SGs appear to play an important role in antiviral innate immunity and many viruses have evolved to block or subvert SGs components for their own benefit. Here, we demonstrate that intracellular Ebola virus (EBOV) replication and transcription-competent virus like particles (trVLP) infection does not lead to SG assembly but leads to a blockade to Arsenite-induced SG assembly. Moreover we show that EBOV VP35 represses the assembly of canonical and non-canonical SGs induced by a variety of pharmacological stresses. This SG blockade requires, at least in part, the C-terminal domain of VP35. Furthermore, results from our co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that VP35 interacts with multiple SG components, including G3BP1, eIF3 and eEF2 through a stress- and RNA-independent mechanism. These data suggest a novel function for EBOV VP35 in the repression of SG assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Stephen McCarthy
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Gian Luca Daino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donald R Branch
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4.
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Diverse Strategies Used by Picornaviruses to Escape Host RNA Decay Pathways. Viruses 2016; 8:v8120335. [PMID: 27999393 PMCID: PMC5192396 DOI: 10.3390/v8120335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully replicate, viruses protect their genomic material from degradation by the host cell. RNA viruses must contend with numerous destabilizing host cell processes including mRNA decay pathways and viral RNA (vRNA) degradation resulting from the antiviral response. Members of the Picornaviridae family of small RNA viruses have evolved numerous diverse strategies to evade RNA decay, including incorporation of stabilizing elements into vRNA and re-purposing host stability factors. Viral proteins are deployed to disrupt and inhibit components of the decay machinery and to redirect decay machinery to the advantage of the virus. This review summarizes documented interactions of picornaviruses with cellular RNA decay pathways and processes.
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Valadão ALC, Aguiar RS, de Arruda LB. Interplay between Inflammation and Cellular Stress Triggered by Flaviviridae Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1233. [PMID: 27610098 PMCID: PMC4996823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family comprises several human pathogens, including Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, West Nile, Japanese Encephalitis viruses, and Hepatitis C Virus. Those are enveloped, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses, which replicate mostly in intracellular compartments associated to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex. Virus replication results in abundant viral RNAs and proteins, which are recognized by cellular mechanisms evolved to prevent virus infection, resulting in inflammation and stress responses. Virus RNA molecules are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5) and RNA-dependent protein kinases (PKR), inducing the production of inflammatory mediators and interferons. Simultaneously, the synthesis of virus RNA and proteins are distinguished in different compartments such as mitochondria, ER and cytoplasmic granules, triggering intracellular stress pathways, including oxidative stress, unfolded protein response pathway, and stress granules assembly. Here, we review the new findings that connect the inflammatory pathways to cellular stress sensors and the strategies of Flaviviridae members to counteract these cellular mechanisms and escape immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L C Valadão
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Kedersha N, Panas MD, Achorn CA, Lyons S, Tisdale S, Hickman T, Thomas M, Lieberman J, McInerney GM, Ivanov P, Anderson P. G3BP-Caprin1-USP10 complexes mediate stress granule condensation and associate with 40S subunits. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:845-60. [PMID: 27022092 PMCID: PMC4810302 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201508028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granule condensation (SGC) of translationally arrested mRNAs requires G3BP, and G3BP-mediated SGC is inhibited by serine 149 phosphorylation, regulated by mutually exclusive binding of Caprin1 and USP10, and requires its RGG region for SGC and for interactions with 40S ribosomal subunits. Mammalian stress granules (SGs) contain stalled translation preinitiation complexes that are assembled into discrete granules by specific RNA-binding proteins such as G3BP. We now show that cells lacking both G3BP1 and G3BP2 cannot form SGs in response to eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation or eIF4A inhibition, but are still SG-competent when challenged with severe heat or osmotic stress. Rescue experiments using G3BP1 mutants show that phosphomimetic G3BP1-S149E fails to rescue SG formation, whereas G3BP1-F33W, a mutant unable to bind G3BP partner proteins Caprin1 or USP10, rescues SG formation. Caprin1/USP10 binding to G3BP is mutually exclusive: Caprin binding promotes, but USP10 binding inhibits, SG formation. G3BP interacts with 40S ribosomal subunits through its RGG motif, which is also required for G3BP-mediated SG formation. We propose that G3BP mediates the condensation of SGs by shifting between two different states that are controlled by the phosphorylation of S149 and by binding to Caprin1 or USP10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kedersha
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marc D Panas
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christopher A Achorn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shawn Lyons
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sarah Tisdale
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tyler Hickman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marshall Thomas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Paul Anderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Poblete-Durán N, Prades-Pérez Y, Vera-Otarola J, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F. Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of RNA Granules and Viral Infections. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070180. [PMID: 27367717 PMCID: PMC4974515 DOI: 10.3390/v8070180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After viral infection, host cells respond by mounting an anti-viral stress response in order to create a hostile atmosphere for viral replication, leading to the shut-off of mRNA translation (protein synthesis) and the assembly of RNA granules. Two of these RNA granules have been well characterized in yeast and mammalian cells, stress granules (SGs), which are translationally silent sites of RNA triage and processing bodies (PBs), which are involved in mRNA degradation. This review discusses the role of these RNA granules in the evasion of anti-viral stress responses through virus-induced remodeling of cellular ribonucleoproteins (RNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Poblete-Durán
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, 8389100, Chile.
| | - Yara Prades-Pérez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, 8389100, Chile.
| | - Jorge Vera-Otarola
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, 8389100, Chile.
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, 8389100, Chile.
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43
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Liem J, Liu J. Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060169. [PMID: 27314378 PMCID: PMC4926189 DOI: 10.3390/v8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation regulation. Granule structures, called antiviral granules (AVGs), have been observed surrounding poxvirus viral factories. AVG formation is associated with abortive poxvirus infection, and AVGs contain proteins that are typically found in stress granules (SGs). With certain mutant poxviruses lack of immunoregulatory factor(s), we can specifically examine the mechanisms that drive the formation of these structures. In fact, cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes form during many viral infections and contain sensing molecules that can help reprogram transcription. More importantly, the similarity between AVGs and cytoplasmic structures formed during RNA and DNA sensing events prompts us to reconsider the cause and consequence of these AVGs. In this review, we first summarize recent findings regarding how poxvirus manipulates host translation. Next, we compare and contrast SGs and AVGs. Finally, we review recent findings regarding RNA- and especially DNA-sensing bodies observed during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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Zhang H, Chen N, Li P, Pan Z, Ding Y, Zou D, Li L, Xiao L, Shen B, Liu S, Cao H, Cui Y. The nuclear protein Sam68 is recruited to the cytoplasmic stress granules during enterovirus 71 infection. Microb Pathog 2016; 96:58-66. [PMID: 27057671 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study found that the nuclear protein, 68-kDa Src-associated in mitosis protein (Sam68), is translocated to the cytoplasm and forms punctate pattern during enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection [Virus Research, 180 (2014), 1-11]. However, the exact function of this punctate pattern in cytoplasm during EV71 infection remains unknown. In this study, we firstly have examined this punctate pattern of Sam68 re-localization in the cytoplasm, and observed the obvious recruitments of Sam68 to the EV71-induced stress granules (SGs). Sam68, belongs to the KH domain family of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), was then confirmed that its KH domain was essential for this recruitment. Nevertheless, Knockdown of Sam68 expression using ShRNA had no effects on SGs assembly, indicating that Sam68 is not a constitutive component of the SGs during EV71 infection. Lastly, we investigated the importance of microtubulin transport to SGs aggregation, and revealed that microtubule depolymerization inhibited SGs formation, suggesting that EV71-induced SGs move throughout the cytoplasm in a microtubule-dependent manner. Taken together, these results illuminated that EV71 infections can induce SGs formation, and Sam68, as a SGs component, migrates alone with SGs dependent on intact microtubule upon the viral infections. These findings may provide novel underlying mechanism for delineating the role of SGs during EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ziye Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yun Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Binglei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Daqing Branch of HeiLongJiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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Lloyd RE. Enterovirus Control of Translation and RNA Granule Stress Responses. Viruses 2016; 8:93. [PMID: 27043612 PMCID: PMC4848588 DOI: 10.3390/v8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses such as poliovirus (PV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) have evolved several parallel strategies to regulate cellular gene expression and stress responses to ensure efficient expression of the viral genome. Enteroviruses utilize their encoded proteinases to take over the cellular translation apparatus and direct ribosomes to viral mRNAs. In addition, viral proteinases are used to control and repress the two main types of cytoplasmic RNA granules, stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies, PBs), which are stress-responsive dynamic structures involved in repression of gene expression. This review discusses these processes and the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms with respect to enterovirus infections. In addition, the review discusses accumulating data suggesting linkage exists between RNA granule formation and innate immune sensing and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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46
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Abstract
RNA granules are dynamic cellular structures essential for proper gene expression and homeostasis. The two principal types of cytoplasmic RNA granules are stress granules, which contain stalled translation initiation complexes, and processing bodies (P bodies), which concentrate factors involved in mRNA degradation. RNA granules are associated with gene silencing of transcripts; thus, viruses repress RNA granule functions to favor replication. This article discusses the breadth of viral interactions with cytoplasmic RNA granules, focusing on mechanisms that modulate the functions of RNA granules and that typically promote viral replication. Currently, mechanisms for virus manipulation of RNA granules can be loosely grouped into three nonexclusive categories: (a) cleavage of key RNA granule factors, (b) regulation of PKR activation, and (c) co-opting of RNA granule factors for new roles in viral replication. Viral modulation of RNA granules supports productive infection by inhibiting their gene-silencing functions and counteracting their role in linking stress sensing with innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Tsai
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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Movements of HIV-1 genomic RNA-APOBEC3F complexes and PKR reveal cytoplasmic and nuclear PKR defenses and HIV-1 evasion strategies. Virus Res 2016; 213:124-139. [PMID: 26626364 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases and viral genomic RNA (gRNA) occur in virions, polysomes, and cytoplasmic granules, but have not been tracked together. Moreover, gRNA traffic is important, but the factors that move it into granules are unknown. Using in situ hybridization of transfected cells and protein synthesis inhibitors that drive mRNAs between locales, we observed APOBEC3F cotrafficking with gRNA without altering its movements. Whereas cells with little cytoplasmic gRNA were translationally active and accumulated Gag, suprathreshold amounts induced autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), causing eIF2α phosphorylation, protein synthesis suppression, and gRNA sequestration in stress granules. Additionally, we confirmed recent evidence that PKR is activated by chromosome-associated cellular dsRNAs after nuclear membranes disperse in prophase. By arresting cells in G2, HIV-1 blocks this mechanism for PKR activation and eIF2α phosphorylation. However, cytopathic membrane damage in CD4- and coreceptor-positive cultures infected with laboratory-adapted fusogenic HIV-1LAI eventually enabled PKR entry and activation in interphase nuclei. These results reveal multiple stages in the PKR-HIV-1 battleground that culminate in cell death. We discuss evidence suggesting that HIV-1s evolve in vivo to prevent or delay PKR activation by all these mechanisms.
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48
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DDX3 Interacts with Influenza A Virus NS1 and NP Proteins and Exerts Antiviral Function through Regulation of Stress Granule Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:3661-75. [PMID: 26792746 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED DDX3 belongs to the DEAD box RNA helicase family and is a multifunctional protein affecting the life cycle of a variety of viruses. However, its role in influenza virus infection is unknown. In this study, we explored the potential role of DDX3 in influenza virus life cycle and discovered that DDX3 is an antiviral protein. Since many host proteins affect virus life cycle by interacting with certain components of the viral machinery, we first verified whether DDX3 has any viral interaction partners. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed NS1 and NP as direct interaction partners of DDX3. Stress granules (SGs) are known to be antiviral and do form in influenza virus-infected cells expressing defective NS1 protein. Additionally, a recent study showed that DDX3 is an important SG-nucleating factor. We thus explored whether DDX3 plays a role in influenza virus infection through regulation of SGs. Our results showed that SGs were formed in infected cells upon infection with a mutant influenza virus lacking functional NS1 (del NS1) protein, and DDX3 colocalized with NP in SGs. We further determined that the DDX3 helicase domain did not interact with NS1 and NP; however, it was essential for DDX3 localization in virus-induced SGs. Knockdown of DDX3 resulted in impaired SG formation and led to increased virus titers. Taken together, our results identified DDX3 as an antiviral protein with a role in virus-induced SG formation. IMPORTANCE DDX3 is a multifunctional RNA helicase and has been reported to be involved in regulating various virus life cycles. However, its function during influenza A virus infection remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that DDX3 is capable of interacting with influenza virus NS1 and NP proteins; DDX3 and NP colocalize in the del NS1 virus-induced SGs. Furthermore, knockdown of DDX3 impaired SG formation and led to a decreased virus titer. Thus, we provided evidence that DDX3 is an antiviral protein during influenza virus infection and its antiviral activity is through regulation of SG formation. Our findings provide knowledge about the function of DDX3 in the influenza virus life cycle and information for future work on manipulating the SG pathway and its components to fight influenza virus infection.
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49
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Plant Small Heat Shock Proteins and Its Interactions with Biotic Stress. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46340-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Fan AC, Leung AKL. RNA Granules and Diseases: A Case Study of Stress Granules in ALS and FTLD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 907:263-96. [PMID: 27256390 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29073-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA granules are microscopically visible cellular structures that aggregate by protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. Using stress granules as an example, we discuss the principles of RNA granule formation, which rely on the multivalency of RNA and multi-domain proteins as well as low-affinity interactions between proteins with prion-like/low-complexity domains (e.g. FUS and TDP-43). We then explore how dysregulation of RNA granule formation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and discuss possible strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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