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Stab V, Stahl-Hennig C, Ensser A, Richel E, Fraedrich K, Sauermann U, Tippler B, Klein F, Burton DR, Tenbusch M, Überla K. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies provide sterilizing immunity by blocking infection of the first cells. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101201. [PMID: 37804829 PMCID: PMC10591032 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV-1 Env have been shown to protect from systemic infection. To explore whether these antibodies can inhibit infection of the first cells, challenge viruses based on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were developed that use HIV-1 Env for entry into target cells during the first replication cycle, but then switch to SIV Env usage. Antibodies binding to Env of HIV-1, but not SIV, block HIV-1 Env-mediated infection events after rectal exposure of non-human primates to the switching challenge virus. After natural exposure to HIV-1, such a reduction of the number of first infection events should be sufficient to provide sterilizing immunity in the strictest sense in most of the exposed individuals. Since blocking infection of the first cells avoids the formation of latently infected cells and reduces the risk of emergence of antibody-resistant mutants, it may be the best mode of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stab
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Armin Ensser
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elie Richel
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fraedrich
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Tippler
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Suphaphiphat K, Desjardins D, Lorin V, Dimant N, Bouchemal K, Bossevot L, Galpin-Lebreau M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Mouquet H, Le Grand R, Cavarelli M. Mucosal application of the broadly neutralizing antibody 10-1074 protects macaques from cell-associated SHIV vaginal exposure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6224. [PMID: 37803011 PMCID: PMC10558491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is investigated in clinical settings to inhibit HIV-1 acquisition due to the lack of a preventive vaccine. However, bNAbs efficacy against highly infectious cell-associated virus transmission has been overlooked. HIV-1 transmission mediated by infected cells present in body fluids likely dominates infection and aids the virus in evading antibody-based immunity. Here, we show that the anti-N-glycans/V3 loop HIV-1 bNAb 10-1074 formulated for topical vaginal application in a microbicide gel provides significant protection against repeated cell-associated SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. The treated group has a significantly lower infection rate than the control group, with 5 out of 6 animals fully protected from the acquisition of infection. The findings suggest that mucosal delivery of potent bnAbs may be a promising approach for preventing transmission mediated by infected cells and support the use of anti-HIV-antibody-based strategies as potential microbicides in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunasinee Suphaphiphat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Kawthar Bouchemal
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS UMR 8247, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Bossevot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maxence Galpin-Lebreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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3
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Colin P, Ringe RP, Yasmeen A, Ozorowski G, Ketas TJ, Lee WH, Ward AB, Moore JP, Klasse PJ. Conformational antigenic heterogeneity as a cause of the persistent fraction in HIV-1 neutralization. Retrovirology 2023; 20:9. [PMID: 37244989 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against HIV-1 acquisition in animal models and show promise in treatment of infection. They act by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), thereby blocking its receptor interactions and fusogenic function. The potency of neutralization is largely determined by affinity. Less well explained is the persistent fraction, the plateau of remaining infectivity at the highest antibody concentrations. RESULTS We observed different persistent fractions for neutralization of pseudovirus derived from two Tier-2 isolates of HIV-1, BG505 (Clade A) and B41 (Clade B): it was pronounced for B41 but not BG505 neutralization by NAb PGT151, directed to the interface between the outer and transmembrane subunits of Env, and negligible for either virus by NAb PGT145 to an apical epitope. Autologous neutralization by poly- and monoclonal NAbs from rabbits immunized with soluble native-like B41 trimer also left substantial persistent fractions. These NAbs largely target a cluster of epitopes lining a hole in the dense glycan shield of Env around residue 289. We partially depleted B41-virion populations by incubating them with PGT145- or PGT151-conjugated beads. Each depletion reduced the sensitivity to the depleting NAb and enhanced it to the other. Autologous neutralization by the rabbit NAbs was decreased for PGT145-depleted and enhanced for PGT151-depleted B41 pseudovirus. Those changes in sensitivity encompassed both potency and the persistent fraction. We then compared soluble native-like BG505 and B41 Env trimers affinity-purified by each of three NAbs: 2G12, PGT145, or PGT151. Surface plasmon resonance showed differences among the fractions in antigenicity, including kinetics and stoichiometry, congruently with the differential neutralization. The large persistent fraction after PGT151 neutralization of B41 was attributable to low stoichiometry, which we explained structurally by clashes that the conformational plasticity of B41 Env causes. CONCLUSION Distinct antigenic forms even of clonal HIV-1 Env, detectable among soluble native-like trimer molecules, are distributed over virions and may profoundly mold neutralization of certain isolates by certain NAbs. Affinity purifications with some antibodies may yield immunogens that preferentially expose epitopes for broadly active NAbs, shielding less cross-reactive ones. NAbs reactive with multiple conformers will together reduce the persistent fraction after passive and active immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rajesh P Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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Richardson SI, Ayres F, Manamela NP, Oosthuysen B, Makhado Z, Lambson BE, Morris L, Moore PL. HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Expressed as IgG3 Preserve Neutralization Potency and Show Improved Fc Effector Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733958. [PMID: 34566999 PMCID: PMC8462932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against HIV infection is enhanced through Fc receptor binding. Antibody isotype modulates this effect, with IgG3 associated with improved HIV control and vaccine efficacy. We recently showed that an IgG3 variant of bNAb CAP256-VRC26.25 exhibited more potent neutralization and phagocytosis than its IgG1 counterpart. Here, we expanded this analysis to include additional bNAbs targeting all major epitopes. A total of 15 bNAbs were expressed as IgG1 or IgG3, and pairs were assessed for neutralization potency against the multi-subtype global panel of 11 HIV strains. Binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and Fcγ receptors were measured using ELISA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis were measured using infectious viruses and global panel Env SOSIP trimers, respectively. IgG3 bNAbs generally showed similar or increased (up to 60 fold) neutralization potency than IgG1 versions, though the effect was virus-specific. This improvement was statistically significant for CAP256-VRC26.25, 35022, PGT135 and CAP255.G3. IgG3 bNAbs also showed significantly improved binding to FcγRIIa which correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of all trimeric Env antigens. Differences in ADCC were epitope-specific, with IgG3 bNAbs to the MPER, CD4 binding site and gp120-gp41 interface showing increased ADCC. We also explored the pH dependence of IgG1 and IgG3 variants for FcRn binding, as this determines the half-life of antibodies. We observed reduced pH dependence, associated with shorter half-lives for IgG3 bNAbs, with κ-light chains. However, IgG3 bNAbs that use λ-light chains showed similar pH dependence to their IgG1 counterparts. This study supports the manipulation of the constant region to improve both the neutralizing and Fc effector activity of bNAbs, and suggests that IgG3 versions of bNAbs may be preferable for passive immunity given their polyfunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Astronomo RD, Lemos MP, Narpala SR, Czartoski J, Fleming LB, Seaton KE, Prabhakaran M, Huang Y, Lu Y, Westerberg K, Zhang L, Gross MK, Hural J, Tieu HV, Baden LR, Hammer S, Frank I, Ochsenbauer C, Grunenberg N, Ledgerwood JE, Mayer K, Tomaras G, McDermott AB, McElrath MJ. Rectal tissue and vaginal tissue from intravenous VRC01 recipients show protection against ex vivo HIV-1 challenge. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146975. [PMID: 34166231 DOI: 10.1172/jci146975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundVRC01, a potent, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody, inhibits simian-HIV infection in animal models. The HVTN 104 study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of VRC01 in humans. We extend the clinical evaluation to determine intravenously infused VRC01 distribution and protective function at mucosal sites of HIV-1 entry.MethodsHealthy, HIV-1-uninfected men (n = 7) and women (n = 5) receiving VRC01 every 2 months provided mucosal and serum samples once, 4-13 days after infusion. Eleven male and 8 female HIV-seronegative volunteers provided untreated control samples. VRC01 levels were measured in serum, secretions, and tissue, and HIV-1 inhibition was determined in tissue explants.ResultsMedian VRC01 levels were quantifiable in serum (96.2 μg/mL or 1.3 pg/ng protein), rectal tissue (0.11 pg/ng protein), rectal secretions (0.13 pg/ng protein), vaginal tissue (0.1 pg/ng protein), and cervical secretions (0.44 pg/ng protein) from all recipients. VRC01/IgG ratios in male serum correlated with those in paired rectal tissue (r = 0.893, P = 0.012) and rectal secretions (r = 0.9643, P = 0.003). Ex vivo HIV-1Bal26 challenge infected 4 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients versus 20 of 22 from controls (P = 0.005); HIV-1Du422.1 infected 20 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients and 12 of 12 from controls (P = 0.639). HIV-1Bal26 infected 0 of 14 vaginal explants of VRC01 recipients compared with 23 of 28 control explants (P = 0.003).ConclusionIntravenous VRC01 distributes into the female genital and male rectal mucosa and retains anti-HIV-1 functionality, inhibiting a highly neutralization-sensitive but not a highly resistant HIV-1 strain in mucosal tissue. These findings lend insight into VRC01 mucosal infiltration and provide perspective on in vivo protective efficacy.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary K Gross
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Hammer
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Rubio AA, Filsinger Interrante MV, Bell BN, Brown CL, Bruun TUJ, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Kim PS. A Derivative of the D5 Monoclonal Antibody That Targets the gp41 N-Heptad Repeat of HIV-1 with Broad Tier-2-Neutralizing Activity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0235020. [PMID: 33980592 PMCID: PMC8274607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02350-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is initiated by the viral glycoprotein Env, which, after interaction with cellular coreceptors, adopts a transient conformation known as the prehairpin intermediate (PHI). The N-heptad repeat (NHR) is a highly conserved region of gp41 exposed in the PHI; it is the target of the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, to date, these mAbs have only been weakly effective against tier-1 HIV-1 strains, which are most sensitive to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we engineered and tested 11 IgG variants of D5, an anti-NHR mAb, by recombining previously described mutations in four of D5's six antibody complementarity-determining regions. One variant, D5_AR, demonstrated 6-fold enhancement in the 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) against lentivirus pseudotyped with HXB2 Env. D5_AR exhibited weak cross-clade neutralizing activity against a diverse set of tier-2 HIV-1 viruses, which are less sensitive to neutralizing antibodies than tier-1 viruses and are the target of current antibody-based vaccine efforts. In addition, the neutralization potency of D5_AR IgG was greatly enhanced in target cells expressing FcγRI, with ID50 values of <0.1 μg/ml; this immunoglobulin receptor is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are implicated in the early stages of HIV-1 infection of mucosal surfaces. D5 and D5_AR have equivalent neutralization potency in IgG, Fab, and single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) formats, indicating that neutralization is not impacted by steric hindrance. Taken together, these results provide support for vaccine strategies that target the PHI by eliciting antibodies against the gp41 NHR and support investigation of anti-NHR mAbs in nonhuman primate passive immunization studies. IMPORTANCE Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy, HIV remains a global epidemic and has claimed more than 32 million lives. Accordingly, developing an effective HIV vaccine remains an urgent public health need. The gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) of the HIV-1 prehairpin intermediate (PHI) is highly conserved (>90%) and is inhibited by the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide, making it an attractive vaccine target. However, to date, anti-NHR antibodies have not been potent. Here, we engineered D5_AR, a more potent variant of the anti-NHR antibody D5, and established its ability to inhibit HIV-1 strains that are more difficult to neutralize and are more representative of circulating strains (tier-2 strains). The neutralizing activity of D5_AR was greatly potentiated in cells expressing FcγRI; FcγRI is expressed on cells that are implicated at the earliest stages of sexual HIV-1 transmission. Taken together, these results bolster efforts to target the gp41 NHR and the PHI for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis A. Rubio
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities & Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria V. Filsinger Interrante
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Bell
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Clayton L. Brown
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theodora U. J. Bruun
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Carias AM, Schneider JR, Madden P, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Araínga M, Pegu A, Cianci GC, Maric D, Villinger F, Mascola JR, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. Anatomic Distribution of Intravenously Injected IgG Takes Approximately 1 Week to Achieve Stratum Corneum Saturation in Vaginal Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:505-511. [PMID: 34162723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
i.v. injected Abs have demonstrated protection against simian HIV infection in rhesus macaques, paving the way for the Antibody Mediated Prevention trial in which at-risk individuals for HIV received an i.v. infusion of the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab VRC01. However, the time needed for these Abs to fully distribute and elicit protection at mucosal sites is still unknown. In this study, we interrogate how long it takes for Abs to achieve peak anatomical levels at the vaginal surface following i.v. injection. Fluorescently labeled VRC01 and/or Gamunex-C were i.v. injected into 24 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with vaginal tissues and plasma acquired up to 2 wk postinjection. We found that Ab delivery to the vaginal mucosa occurs in two phases. The first phase involves delivery to the submucosa, occurring within 24 h and persisting beyond 1 wk. The second phase is the delivery through the stratified squamous epithelium, needing ∼1 wk to saturate the stratum corneum. This study has important implications for the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis targeting pathogens at the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey R Schneider
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Patrick Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Gianguido C Cianci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Danijela Maric
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;
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8
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The high-affinity immunoglobulin receptor FcγRI potentiates HIV-1 neutralization via antibodies against the gp41 N-heptad repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018027118. [PMID: 33431684 PMCID: PMC7826338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive. One potential vaccine target is the N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of gp41, which is the target of the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, monoclonal antibodies and antisera targeting this region have only been modestly neutralizing to date. Here, we show that the neutralization potency of the well-characterized anti-NHR antibody D5 is increased >5,000-fold by expression of FcγRI (CD64) on cells. Since FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important to HIV-1 vaccine development. The HIV-1 gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of the prehairpin intermediate, which is transiently exposed during HIV-1 viral membrane fusion, is a validated clinical target in humans and is inhibited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, vaccine candidates targeting the NHR have yielded only modest neutralization activities in animals; this inhibition has been largely restricted to tier-1 viruses, which are most sensitive to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals. Here, we show that the neutralization activity of the well-characterized NHR-targeting antibody D5 is potentiated >5,000-fold in TZM-bl cells expressing FcγRI compared with those without, resulting in neutralization of many tier-2 viruses (which are less susceptible to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals and are the target of current antibody-based vaccine efforts). Further, antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the NHR-based vaccine candidate (ccIZN36)3 neutralized tier-2 viruses from multiple clades in an FcγRI-dependent manner. As FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are present at mucosal surfaces and are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important in the development of a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine.
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9
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Sulbaran G, Weissenhorn W. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting HIV-1 gp41. Viruses 2020; 12:E1210. [PMID: 33114242 PMCID: PMC7690876 DOI: 10.3390/v12111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine research has obtained an enormous boost since the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting all accessible sites on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). This in turn facilitated high-resolution structures of the Env glycoprotein in complex with bnAbs. Here we focus on gp41, its highly conserved heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), the fusion peptide (FP) and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Notably, the broadest neutralizing antibodies target MPER. Both gp41 HR1 and MPER are only fully accessible once receptor-induced conformational changes have taken place, although some studies suggest access to MPER in the close to native Env conformation. We summarize the data on the structure and function of neutralizing antibodies targeting gp41 HR1, FP and MPER and we review their access to Env and their complex formation with gp41 HR1, MPER peptides and FP within native Env. We further discuss MPER bnAb binding to lipids and the role of somatic mutations in recognizing a bipartite epitope composed of the conserved MPER sequence and membrane components. The problematic of gp41 HR1 access and MPER bnAb auto- and polyreactivity is developed in the light of inducing such antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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10
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Parsons MS, Chung AW, Kent SJ. Importance of Fc-mediated functions of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2018; 15:58. [PMID: 30134945 PMCID: PMC6103878 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) exhibit an impressive capacity to protect against chimeric SIV-HIV (SHIV) challenges in macaques and potently reduce viremia in both SHIV-infected macaques and HIV-1-infected humans. There is a body of evidence suggesting Fc-mediated functions of anti-HIV-1 binding antibodies are important in protecting from infection and controlling viremia. The degree to which the efficacy of BnAbs is assisted by Fc-mediated functions is of great interest. Challenge experiments with the older generation BnAb b12 showed that mutating the Fc region to abrogate Fcγ receptor binding reduced protective efficacy in macaques. Similar data have been generated with newer BnAbs using murine models of HIV-1. In addition, the degree to which therapeutically administered BnAbs reduce viremia suggests that elimination of infected cells through Fc-mediated functions may contribute to their efficacy. Fc-mediated functions that eliminate infected cells may be particularly important for challenge systems involving cell-associated virus. Herein we review data regarding the importance of Fc-mediated functions of BnAbs in mediating protective immunity and control of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Worldwide, most new HIV infections occur through mucosal exposure. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody class generated in response to infectious agents; IgM is present in the systemic circulation and in mucosal fluids as secretory IgM. We sought to investigate for the first time the role of IgM in preventing AIDS virus acquisition in vivo. DESIGN Recombinant polymeric monoclonal IgM was generated from the neutralizing monoclonal IgG1 antibody 33C6-IgG1, tested in vitro, and given by passive intrarectal immunization to rhesus macaques 30 min before intrarectal challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that carries an HIV-1 envelope gene. RESULTS In vitro, 33C6-IgM captured virions more efficiently and neutralized the challenge SHIV with a 50% inhibitory molar concentration (IC50) that was 1 log lower than that for 33C6-IgG1. The IgM form also exhibited significantly higher affinity and avidity compared with 33C6-IgG1. After intrarectal administration, 33C6-IgM prevented viremia in four out of six rhesus macaques after high-dose intrarectal SHIV challenge. Five out of six rhesus macaques given 33C6-IgG1 were protected at a five times higher molar concentration compared with the IgM form; all untreated controls became highly viremic. Rhesus macaques passively immunized with 33C6-IgM with breakthrough infection had notably early development of autologous neutralizing antibody responses. CONCLUSION Our primate model data provide the first proof-of-concept that mucosal IgM can prevent mucosal HIV transmission and have implications for HIV prevention and vaccine development.
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12
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Gao Y, McKay PF, Mann JFS. Advances in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Viruses 2018; 10:E167. [PMID: 29614779 PMCID: PMC5923461 DOI: 10.3390/v10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is regarded as the best way to halt the ongoing HIV-1 epidemic. However, despite significant efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine, the modestly protective RV144 trial remains the only efficacy trial to provide some level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition. This review will outline the history of HIV vaccine development, novel technologies being applied to HIV vaccinology and immunogen design, as well as the studies that are ongoing to advance our understanding of vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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13
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Vzorov AN, Uryvaev LV. Requirements for the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1 by Vaccination. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Mayr LM, Su B, Moog C. Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Directed against HIV and Their Functions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1590. [PMID: 29209323 PMCID: PMC5701973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce a plethora of anti-HIV antibodies (Abs) but only few of them exhibit neutralizing activity. This was long considered a profound limitation for the enforcement of humoral immune responses against HIV-1 infection, especially since these neutralizing Abs (nAbs) are extremely difficult to induce. However, increasing evidence shows that additional non-neutralizing Abs play a significant role in decreasing the viral load, leading to partial and sometimes even total protection. Mechanisms suspected to participate in protection are numerous. They involve the Fc domain of Abs as well as their Fab part, and consequently the induced Ab isotype will be determinant for their functions, as well as the quantity and quality of the Fc-receptors (FcRs) expressed on immune cells. Fc-mediated inhibitory functions, such as Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, aggregation, and even immune activation have been proposed. However, as for nAbs, the non-neutralizing activities are limited to a subset of anti-HIV Abs. An improved in-depth characterization of the Abs displaying these functional responses is required for the development of new vaccination strategies, which aim to selectively trigger the B cells able to induce the right functional Ab combinations both at the right place and at the right time. This review summarizes our current knowledge on non-neutralizing functional inhibitory Abs and discusses the potential benefit of inducing them via vaccination. We also provide new insight into the roles of the FcγR-mediated Ab therapeutics in clinical trials for HIV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia M Mayr
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Ahmed Y, Tian M, Gao Y. Development of an anti-HIV vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:50. [PMID: 28893278 PMCID: PMC5594608 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme HIV diversity posts a great challenge on development of an effective anti-HIV vaccine. To solve this problem, it is crucial to discover an appropriate immunogens and strategies that are able to prevent the transmission of the diverse viruses that are circulating in the world. Even though there have been a number of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) been discovered in recent years, induction of such antibodies to date has only been observed in HIV-1 infection. Here, in this mini review, we review the progress in development of HIV vaccine in eliciting broad immune response, especially production of bNAbs, discuss possible strategies, such as polyvalent sequential vaccination, that facilitates B cell maturation leading to bNAb response.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased body of evidence gathered over time indicate that antibodies are capable of many inhibitory mechanisms, virus neutralization being just one of them. Nonneutralizing antibodyactivities interfering with HIV replication can also lead to a decrease in viral load and even in-vivo protection. RECENT FINDINGS It was previously believed that neutralizing antibodies can achieve sterilizing protection mainly by using their neutralization capacities against the infecting virus directly at the portal of virus entry. Recent findings show that protection can be obtained by neutralizing antibodiesat distal sites of virus challenge. In this case, foci of virus infection that escaped from initial inhibition of virus are eliminated presumably by additional nonneutralizing antibody activities. These data inexorably strengthen the diverse functions of antibodies and broaden their role as antiviral mediator. SUMMARY The review summarizes the current knowledge and the difficulties to encompass the numerous functions of antibodies. A complete understanding of the various facets of antibody functions is required to efficiently induce them via next-generation vaccine design.
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17
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Anderson DJ, Politch JA, Zeitlin L, Hiatt A, Kadasia K, Mayer KH, Ruprecht RM, Villinger F, Whaley KJ. Systemic and topical use of monoclonal antibodies to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 2017; 31:1505-1517. [PMID: 28463876 PMCID: PMC5619647 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
: Passive immunization, the transfer of antibodies to a nonimmune individual to provide immunological protection, has been used for over 100 years to prevent and treat human infectious diseases. The introduction of techniques to produce human mAbs has revolutionized the field, and a large number of human mAbs have been licensed for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With the recent discovery and production of highly potent broadly neutralizing and other multifunctional antibodies to HIV, mAbs are now being considered for HIV therapy and prophylaxis. In this review, we briefly present recent advances in the anti-HIV mAb field and outline strategies for the selection, engineering and production of human mAbs, including the modification of their structure for optimized stability and function. We also describe results from nonhuman primate studies and phase 1 clinical trials that have tested the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAb-based HIV prevention strategies, and discuss the future of parenteral and topical mAb administration for the prevention of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Anderson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microbiology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph A. Politch
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microbiology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Kadryn Kadasia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio TX
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18
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Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Kopycinski JT, Bishop C, Hayes PJ, Muir L, Pinder CL, Cizmeci D, King D, Aldon Y, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Held K, Geldmacher C, Dally L, Santos NS, Cole T, Gilmour J, Fidler S, Shattock RJ. A Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Trial for Cross-Profiling the Kinetics of Serum and Mucosal Antibody Responses to CN54gp140 Modulated by Two Homologous Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:595. [PMID: 28596770 PMCID: PMC5442169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect to finding an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is the optimization of vaccine schedules that can mediate the efficient maturation of protective immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of alternate booster regimens on the immune responses to a candidate HIV-1 clade C CN54gp140 envelope protein, which was coadministered with the TLR4-agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A-aqueous formulation. Twelve study participants received a common three-dose intramuscular priming series followed by a final booster at either 6 or 12 months. The two homologous prime-boost regimens were well tolerated and induced CN54gp140-specific responses that were observed in both the systemic and mucosal compartments. Levels of vaccine-induced IgG-subclass antibodies correlated significantly with FcγR engagement, and both vaccine regimens were associated with strikingly similar patterns in antibody titer and FcγR-binding profiles. In both groups, identical changes in the antigen (Ag)-specific IgG-subclass fingerprint, leading to a decrease in IgG1 and an increase in IgG4 levels, were modulated by booster injections. Here, the dissection of immune profiles further supports the notion that prime-boost strategies are essential for the induction of diverse Ag-specific HIV-1 responses. The results reported here clearly demonstrate that identical responses were effectively and safely induced by both vaccine regimens, indicating that an accelerated 6-month regimen could be employed for the rapid induction of immune responses against CN54gp140 with no apparent impact on the overall quality of the induced immune response. (This study has been registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01966900.)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cynthia Bishop
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nelson S Santos
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Cole
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Brandenberg OF, Magnus C, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Regoes RR, Trkola A. Predicting HIV-1 transmission and antibody neutralization efficacy in vivo from stoichiometric parameters. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006313. [PMID: 28472201 PMCID: PMC5417720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope trimer to prevent HIV-1 transmission has opened new avenues for therapies and vaccines. However, their implementation remains challenging and would profit from a deepened mechanistic understanding of HIV-antibody interactions and the mucosal transmission process. In this study we experimentally determined stoichiometric parameters of the HIV-1 trimer-antibody interaction, confirming that binding of one antibody is sufficient for trimer neutralization. This defines numerical requirements for HIV-1 virion neutralization and thereby enables mathematical modelling of in vitro and in vivo antibody neutralization efficacy. The model we developed accurately predicts antibody efficacy in animal passive immunization studies and provides estimates for protective mucosal antibody concentrations. Furthermore, we derive estimates of the probability for a single virion to start host infection and the risks of male-to-female HIV-1 transmission per sexual intercourse. Our work thereby delivers comprehensive quantitative insights into both the molecular principles governing HIV-antibody interactions and the initial steps of mucosal HIV-1 transmission. These insights, alongside the underlying, adaptable modelling framework presented here, will be valuable for supporting in silico pre-trial planning and post-hoc evaluation of HIV-1 vaccination or antibody treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Gonzalez M, DeVico AL, Spouge JL. Conserved signatures indicate HIV-1 transmission is under strong selection and thus is not a "stochastic" process. Retrovirology 2017; 14:13. [PMID: 28231858 PMCID: PMC5324211 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Oberle et al. published a paper in Retrovirology evaluating the question of whether selection plays a role in HIV transmission. The Oberle study found no obvious genotypic or phenotypic differences between donors and recipients of epidemiologically linked pairs from the Swiss cohort. Thus, Oberle et al. characterized HIV-1 B transmission as largely “stochastic”, an imprecise and potentially misleading term. Here, we re-analyzed their data and placed them in the context of transmission data for over 20 other human and animal trials. The present study finds that the transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses from the Swiss cohort show the same non-random genetic signatures conserved in 118 HIV-1, 40 SHIV, and 12 SIV T/F viruses previously published by two independent groups. We provide alternative interpretations of the Swiss cohort data and conclude that the sequences of their donor viruses lacked variability at the specific sites where other studies were able to demonstrate genotypic selection. Oberle et al. observed no phenotypic selection in vitro, so the problem of determining the in vivo phenotypic mechanisms that cause genotypic selection in HIV remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileidy Gonzalez
- Statistical Computational Biology Group, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John L Spouge
- Statistical Computational Biology Group, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite many recent advances in the HIV prevention landscape, an effective vaccine remains the most promising tool to end the HIV-1 pandemic. Areas covered: This review summarizes past HIV vaccine efficacy trials and current vaccine strategies as well as new approaches about to move into first-in-human trials. Expert opinion: Despite many setbacks in early HIV vaccine efficacy trials, the success of RV144 has provided the glimmer of hope necessary to invigorate the vaccine field, and has led to the development of a large number of vaccine strategies aiming at inducing an array of different immune responses. The follow-up pox-protein trials, developed to replicate and enhance the polyfunctional antibody responses induced by the RV144 regimen, are already reaching efficacy trials, while a large body of work providing a more complete understanding of the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies is now being translated into immunogen design using several different strategies. T-cell based vaccines, fallen out of favor after Ad5-based trials showed increased infection rates in Ad5 seropositive vaccine recipients, are experiencing a comeback based in part on the promising results from non-human primate challenge studies using rhCMV-based immunogens. This diverse array of vaccine candidates may finally allow us to identify a broadly effective HIV vaccine able to contain the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W Cohen
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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22
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Abstract
It is clear that antibodies can play a pivotal role in preventing the transmission of HIV-1 and large efforts to identify an effective antibody-based vaccine to quell the epidemic. Shortly after HIV-1 was discovered as the cause of AIDS, the search for epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies became the driving strategy for an antibody-based vaccine. Neutralization escape variants were discovered shortly thereafter, and, after almost three decades of investigation, it is now known that autologous neutralizing antibody responses and their selection of neutralization resistant HIV-1 variants can lead to broadly neutralizing antibodies in some infected individuals. This observation drives an intensive effort to identify a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, there has been less systematic study of antibody specificities that must rely mainly or exclusively on other protective mechanisms, although non-human primate (NHP) studies as well as the RV144 vaccine trial indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies can contribute to protection. Here we propose a novel strategy to identify new epitope targets recognized by these antibodies for which viral escape is unlikely or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01762-16. [PMID: 27795431 PMCID: PMC5165208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01762-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Definition of the key parameters mediating effective antibody blocking of HIV-1 acquisition within mucosal tissue may prove critical to effective vaccine development and the prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Although direct antibody-mediated neutralization is highly effective against cell-free virus, antibodies targeting different sites of envelope vulnerability may display differential activity against mucosal infection. Nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) may also impact mucosal transmission events through Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated inhibition. In this study, a panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and nnAbs, including those associated with protection in the RV144 vaccine trial, were screened for the ability to block HIV-1 acquisition and replication across a range of cellular and mucosal tissue models. Neutralization potency, as determined by the TZM-bl infection assay, did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4-binding site (CD4bs)-specific bnAbs, in particular VRC01, were consistent in blocking HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. Membrane-proximal external region (MPER) (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bnAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while the protective efficacy of bnAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) was more variable. In contrast, nnAbs alone and in combinations, while active in a range of cellular assays, were poorly protective against HIV-1 infection of mucosal tissues. These data suggest that tissue resident effector cell numbers and low FcγR expression may limit the potential of nnAbs to prevent establishment of the initial foci of infection. The solid protection provided by specific bnAbs clearly demonstrates their superior potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing HIV-1 infection at the mucosal portals of infection.
IMPORTANCE Key parameters mediating effective antibody blocking of HIV-1 acquisition within mucosal tissue have not been defined. While bnAbs are highly effective against cell-free virus, they are not induced by current vaccine candidates. However, nnAbs, readily induced by vaccines, can trigger antibody-dependent cellular effector functions, through engagement of their Fc-gamma receptors. Fc-mediated antiviral activity has been implicated as a secondary correlate of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, suggesting that protection might be mediated in the absence of classical neutralization. To aid vaccine design and selection of antibodies for use in passive protection strategies, we assessed a range of bnAbs and nnAbs for their potential to block ex vivo challenge of mucosal tissues. Our data clearly indicate the superior efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in preventing mucosal acquisition of infection. These results underscore the importance of maintaining the central focus of HIV-1 vaccine research on the induction of potently neutralizing antibodies.
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24
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Astronomo RD, Santra S, Ballweber-Fleming L, Westerberg KG, Mach L, Hensley-McBain T, Sutherland L, Mildenberg B, Morton G, Yates NL, Mize GJ, Pollara J, Hladik F, Ochsenbauer C, Denny TN, Warrier R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Kaewkungwal J, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Xia SM, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, McElrath JM. Neutralization Takes Precedence Over IgG or IgA Isotype-related Functions in Mucosal HIV-1 Antibody-mediated Protection. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:97-111. [PMID: 27919754 PMCID: PMC5161443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection occurs primarily through mucosal transmission. Application of biologically relevant mucosal models can advance understanding of the functional properties of antibodies that mediate HIV protection, thereby guiding antibody-based vaccine development. Here, we employed a human ex vivo vaginal HIV-1 infection model and a rhesus macaque in vivo intrarectal SHIV challenge model to probe the protective capacity of monoclonal broadly-neutralizing (bnAb) and non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs) that were functionally modified by isotype switching. For human vaginal explants, we developed a replication-competent, secreted NanoLuc reporter virus system and showed that CD4 binding site bnAbs b12 IgG1 and CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms potently blocked HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1Bal26 infection. However, IgG1 and IgA nnAbs, either alone or together, did not inhibit infection despite the presence of FcR-expressing effector cells in the tissue. In macaques, the CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms infused before high-dose SHIV challenge were completely to partially protective, respectively, while nnAbs (CH54 IgG1 and CH38 mIgA2) were non-protective. Importantly, in both mucosal models IgG1 isotype bnAbs were more protective than the IgA2 isotypes, attributable in part to greater neutralization activity of the IgG1 variants. These findings underscore the importance of potent bnAb induction as a primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharine G Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Mildenberg
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgeanna Morton
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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25
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Negri D, Blasi M, LaBranche C, Parks R, Balachandran H, Lifton M, Shen X, Denny T, Ferrari G, Vescio MF, Andersen H, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Santra S, Haynes BF, Klotman ME, Cara A. Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques. Mol Ther 2016; 24:2021-2032. [PMID: 27455880 PMCID: PMC5154473 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a major challenge. Several vaccine strategies based on viral vectors have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, with largely disappointing results. Integrase defective lentiviral vectors (IDLV) represent a promising vaccine candidate given their ability to induce durable and protective immune responses in mice after a single immunization. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a SIV-based IDLV in nonhuman primates. Six rhesus monkeys were primed intramuscularly with IDLV-Env and boosted with the same vector after 1 year. A single immunization with IDLV-Env induced broad humoral and cellular immune responses that waned over time but were still detectable at 1 year postprime. The boost with IDLV-Env performed at 1 year from the prime induced a remarkable increase in both antibodies and T-cell responses. Antibody binding specificity showed a predominant cross-clade gp120-directed response. Monkeys' sera efficiently blocked anti-V2 and anti-CD4 binding site antibodies, neutralized the tier 1 MW965.26 pseudovirus and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Durable polyfunctional Env-specific T-cell responses were also elicited. Our study demonstrates that an IDLV-Env-based vaccine induces functional, comprehensive, and durable immune responses in Rhesus macaques. These results support further evaluation of IDLV as a new HIV-1 vaccine delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Negri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michelle Lifton
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Denny
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Andrea Cara
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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MOLDT B, LE K, CARNATHAN DG, WHITNEY JB, SCHULTZ N, LEWIS MG, BORDUCCHI E, SMITH K, MACKEL JJ, SWEAT SL, HODGES AP, GODZIK A, PARREN PWHI, SILVESTRI G, BAROUCH DH, BURTON DR. Neutralizing antibody affords comparable protection against vaginal and rectal simian/human immunodeficiency virus challenge in macaques. AIDS 2016; 30:1543-51. [PMID: 27243773 PMCID: PMC4915739 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been shown to protect against both vaginal and rectal challenge in the simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/macaque model of HIV transmission. However, the relative efficacy of antibody against the two modes of exposure is unknown and, given differences in the composition and immunology of the two tissue compartments, this is an important gap in knowledge. To investigate the significance of the challenge route for antibody-mediated protection, we performed a comparative protection study in macaques using the highly potent human monoclonal antibody, PGT126. DESIGN Animals were administered PGT126 at three different doses before challenged either vaginally or rectally with a single dose of SHIVSF163P3. METHODS Viral loads, PGT126 serum concentrations, and serum neutralizing titers were monitored. RESULTS In vaginally challenged animals, sterilizing immunity was achieved in all animals administered 10 mg/kg, in two of five animals administered 2 mg/kg and in one of five animals administered 0.4 mg/kg PGT126. Comparable protection was observed for the corresponding groups challenged rectally as sterilizing immunity was achieved in three of four animals administered 10 mg/kg, in two of four animals administered 2 mg/kg and in none of four animals administered 0.4 mg/kg PGT126. Serological analysis showed similar serum concentrations of PGT126 and serum neutralization titers in animals administered the same antibody dose. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that broadly neutralizing antibody-mediated protection is not strongly dependent on the mucosal route of challenge, which indicates that a vaccine aimed to induce a neutralizing antibody response would have broadly similar efficacy against both primary transmission routes for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian MOLDT
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Khoa LE
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Diane G. CARNATHAN
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James B. WHITNEY
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niccole SCHULTZ
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Erica BORDUCCHI
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlin SMITH
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph J. MACKEL
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelby L. SWEAT
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew P. HODGES
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam GODZIK
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Guido SILVESTRI
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dan H. BAROUCH
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis R. BURTON
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Cosgrove CA, Lacey CJ, Cope AV, Bartolf A, Morris G, Yan C, Baden S, Cole T, Carter D, Brodnicki E, Shen X, Joseph S, DeRosa SC, Peng L, Yu X, Ferrari G, Seaman M, Montefiori DC, Frahm N, Tomaras GD, Stöhr W, McCormack S, Shattock RJ. Comparative Immunogenicity of HIV-1 gp140 Vaccine Delivered by Parenteral, and Mucosal Routes in Female Volunteers; MUCOVAC2, A Randomized Two Centre Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152038. [PMID: 27159166 PMCID: PMC4861263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defining optimal routes for induction of mucosal immunity represents an important research priority for the HIV-1 vaccine field. In particular, it remains unclear whether mucosal routes of immunization can improve mucosal immune responses. Methods In this randomized two center phase I clinical trial we evaluated the systemic and mucosal immune response to a candidate HIV-1 Clade C CN54gp140 envelope glycoprotein vaccine administered by intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN) and intravaginal (IVAG) routes of administration in HIV negative female volunteers. IM immunizations were co-administered with Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA), IN immunizations with 0.5% chitosan and IVAG immunizations were administered in an aqueous gel. Results Three IM immunizations of CN54 gp140 at either 20 or 100 μg elicited significantly greater systemic and mucosal antibodies than either IN or IVAG immunizations. Following additional intramuscular boosting we observed an anamnestic antibody response in nasally primed subjects. Modest neutralizing responses were detected against closely matched tier 1 clade C virus in the IM groups. Interestingly, the strongest CD4 T-cell responses were detected after IN and not IM immunization. Conclusions These data show that parenteral immunization elicits systemic and mucosal antibodies in women. Interestingly IN immunization was an effective prime for IM boost, while IVAG administration had no detectable impact on systemic or mucosal responses despite IM priming. Clinical Trials Registration EudraCT 2010-019103-27 and the UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN) Number 11679
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J. Lacey
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea V. Cope
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Bartolf
- Centre for Infection, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Morris
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Yan
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Baden
- Centre for Infection, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Brodnicki
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Sarah Joseph
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lili Peng
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xuesong Yu
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mike Seaman
- CAVD Neutralizing Antibody Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena McCormack
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily Truvada has demonstrated clinical efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition that correlates with high adherence. Long-acting antiretroviral drugs offer an alternative to daily regimens and may improve PrEP adherence. This review summarizes the preclinical nonhuman primate studies for evaluating the efficacy of cabotegravir long-acting as PrEP and the ongoing phase 2a studies assessing safety, tolerability, and acceptability of cabotegravir long-acting. RECENT FINDINGS Cabotegravir is an HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor with intrinsic properties that permit its formulation as a long-acting injectable suspension. In clinical evaluation, cabotegravir long-acting has a half-life that permits infrequent dosing, possibly once every 3 months. In validated macaque models, cabotegravir long-acting demonstrated high protection against both rectal and vaginal transmission at clinically achievable drug concentrations. SUMMARY PrEP, after approval of Truvada, continues to evolve to address adherence limitations of daily dosing. As a long-acting injectable antiretroviral drug, cabotegravir long-acting permits quarterly dosing and demonstrated high efficacy in macaque models supporting dose selection and clinical development. Clinical studies have confirmed dose selection in phase 2a trials with cabotegravir long-acting to ultimately lead to phase 2b/3 PrEP efficacy trials.
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Plasmid DNA Vaccine Co-Immunisation Modulates Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Intranasal Inoculation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141557. [PMID: 26544970 PMCID: PMC4636430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective HIV vaccine will likely require induction of both mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. We investigated whether intramuscular (IM) delivery of electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine and simultaneous protein vaccinations by intranasal (IN) and IM routes could be combined to induce mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses to a model HIV-1 CN54 gp140 antigen in mice. Results Co-immunisation of DNA with intranasal protein successfully elicited both serum and vaginal IgG and IgA responses, whereas DNA and IM protein co-delivery did not induce systemic or mucosal IgA responses. Cellular IFNγ responses were preserved in co-immunisation protocols compared to protein-only vaccination groups. The addition of DNA to IN protein vaccination reduced the strong Th2 bias observed with IN protein vaccination alone. Luminex analysis also revealed that co-immunisation with DNA and IN protein induced expression of cytokines that promote B-cell function, generation of TFH cells and CCR5 ligands that can reduce HIV infectivity. Significance These data suggest that while IN inoculation alone elicits both cellular and humoral responses, co-administration with homologous DNA vaccination can tailor these towards a more balanced Th1/Th2 phenotype modulating the cellular cytokine profile while eliciting high-levels of antigen-specific antibody. This work provides insights on how to generate differential immune responses within the same vaccination visit, and supports co-immunisation with DNA and protein by a mucosal route as a potential delivery strategy for HIV vaccines.
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30
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Andrews CD, Yueh YL, Spreen WR, St Bernard L, Boente-Carrera M, Rodriguez K, Gettie A, Russell-Lodrigue K, Blanchard J, Ford S, Mohri H, Cheng-Mayer C, Hong Z, Ho DD, Markowitz M. A long-acting integrase inhibitor protects female macaques from repeated high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:270ra4. [PMID: 25589630 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting GSK1265744 (GSK744 LA) is a strand transfer inhibitor of the HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) integrase and was shown to be an effective preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent in a low-dose intrarectal SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) rhesus macaque challenge model. We examined the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GSK744 LA as PrEP against repeat high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge in female rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate), which promotes viral transmission vaginally. When Depo-Provera-treated female rhesus macaques were dosed with GSK744 LA (50 mg/kg) monthly, systemic and tissue drug concentrations were lower than previously observed in male rhesus macaques. GSK744 concentrations were fivefold lower on average in cervical tissues than in rectal tissues. Eight female rhesus macaques were treated with GSK744 LA at week 0, and four female rhesus macaques served as controls. All animals received a high-dose challenge of SHIV162P3 at week 1. No infection was detected in GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques, whereas viremia was detected 1 to 2 weeks after SHIV challenge in all control animals. The GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques were given a second administration of drug at week 4 and further challenged at weeks 5 and 7. GSK744 LA treatment protected six of eight female rhesus macaques against three high-dose SHIV challenges, whereas all control animals became infected after the first challenge (P = 0.0003, log-rank test). These results support further clinical development of GSK744 LA for PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity D Andrews
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Leslie St Bernard
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mar Boente-Carrera
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kristina Rodriguez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Susan Ford
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cecilia Cheng-Mayer
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhi Hong
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Santra S, Tomaras GD, Warrier R, Nicely NI, Liao HX, Pollara J, Liu P, Alam SM, Zhang R, Cocklin SL, Shen X, Duffy R, Xia SM, Schutte RJ, Pemble IV CW, Dennison SM, Li H, Chao A, Vidnovic K, Evans A, Klein K, Kumar A, Robinson J, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Montefiori DC, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Soderberg KA, Giorgi EE, Blair L, Korber BT, Moog C, Shattock RJ, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE, Moody MA, Gao F, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Haynes BF. Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005042. [PMID: 26237403 PMCID: PMC4523205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate in vivo rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan I. Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schutte
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Pemble IV
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Chao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kora Vidnovic
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lily Blair
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christiane Moog
- U1109, INSERM University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. A. Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
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Pegu A, Yang ZY, Boyington JC, Wu L, Ko SY, Schmidt SD, McKee K, Kong WP, Shi W, Chen X, Todd JP, Letvin NL, Huang J, Nason MC, Hoxie JA, Kwong PD, Connors M, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 envelope protect more effectively in vivo than those to the CD4 receptor. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra88. [PMID: 24990883 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection depends on effective viral entry mediated by the interaction of its envelope (Env) glycoprotein with specific cell surface receptors. Protective antiviral antibodies generated by passive or active immunization must prevent these interactions. Because the HIV-1 Env is highly variable, attention has also focused on blocking the HIV-1 primary cell receptor CD4. We therefore analyzed the in vivo protective efficacy of three potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 Env compared to an antibody against the CD4 receptor. Protection was assessed after mucosal challenge of rhesus macaques with simian/HIV (SHIV). Despite its comparable or greater neutralization potency in vitro, the anti-CD4 antibody did not provide effective protection in vivo, whereas the HIV-1-specific mAbs VRC01, 10E8, and PG9, targeting the CD4 binding site, membrane-proximal, and V1V2 glycan Env regions, respectively, conferred complete protection, albeit at different relative potencies. These findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to the HIV-1 Env and suggest that targeting the HIV-1 Env is preferable to the cell surface receptor CD4 for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-yong Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, RE113, P. O. Box 15732, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Conserved molecular signatures in gp120 are associated with the genetic bottleneck during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIV-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and HIV type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. J Virol 2015; 89:3619-29. [PMID: 25589663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03235-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission typically results from infection by a single transmitted/founder (T/F) variant. Are T/F variants chosen uniformly at random from the donor pool, or are they selected based on advantageous traits facilitating transmission? Finding evidence for selection during transmission is of particular interest, because it would indicate that phenotypic and/or genetic properties of the viruses might be harnessed as potential vaccine targets or immunotherapies. Here, we systematically evaluated the differences between the Env proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus/simian HIV (SIV/SHIV) stock and T/F variants in search of "signature" sites of transmission. We also surveyed residue preferences in HIV at the SIV/SHIV signature sites. Four sites of gp120 showed significant selection, and an additional two sites showed a similar trend. Therefore, the six sites clearly differentiate T/F viruses from the majority of circulating variants in the stocks. The selection of SIV/SHIV could be inferred reasonably across both vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects, with infections resulting from vaginal, rectal, and intravenous routes of transmission and regardless of viral dosage. The evidence for selection in SIV and SHIV T/F variants is strong and plentiful, and in HIV the evidence is suggestive though commensurate with the availability of suitable data for analysis. Two of the signature residues are completely conserved across the SIV, SHIV, and HIV variants we examined. Five of the signature residues map to the C1 region of gp120 and one to the signal peptide. Our data raise the possibility that C1, while governing the association between gp120 and gp41, modulates transmission efficiency, replicative fitness, and/or host cell tropism at the level of virus-cell attachment and entry. IMPORTANCE The present study finds significant evidence of selection on gp120 molecules of SIV/SHIV T/F viruses. The data provide ancillary evidence suggesting the same sites are under selection in HIV. Our findings suggest that the signature residues are involved in increasing the transmissibility of infecting viruses; therefore, they are potential targets for developing a vaccine or other protective measures. A recent study identified the same T/F signature motif but interpreted it as an effect of neutralization resistance. Here, we show that the T/F motif has broader functional significance beyond neutralization sensitivity, because it is present in nonimmune subjects. Also, a vaccine regimen popular in animal trials might have increased the transmission of variants with otherwise low transmission fitness. Our observations might explain why many animal vaccine trials have not faithfully predicted outcomes in human vaccine trials and suggest that current practices in vaccine design need to be reexamined accordingly.
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Ko SY, Pegu A, Rudicell RS, Yang ZY, Joyce MG, Chen X, Wang K, Bao S, Kraemer TD, Rath T, Zeng M, Schmidt SD, Todd JP, Penzak SR, Saunders KO, Nason MC, Haase AT, Rao SS, Blumberg RS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Enhanced neonatal Fc receptor function improves protection against primate SHIV infection. Nature 2014; 514:642-5. [PMID: 25119033 PMCID: PMC4433741 DOI: 10.1038/nature13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) must be active at the portals of viral entry in the gastrointestinal or cervicovaginal tracts. The localization and persistence of antibodies at these sites is influenced by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), whose role in protecting against infection in vivo has not been defined. Here, we show that a bnAb with enhanced FcRn binding has increased gut mucosal tissue localization, which improves protection against lentiviral infection in non-human primates. A bnAb directed to the CD4-binding site of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein (denoted VRC01) was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to increase its binding affinity for FcRn. This enhanced FcRn-binding mutant bnAb, denoted VRC01-LS, displayed increased transcytosis across human FcRn-expressing cellular monolayers in vitro while retaining FcγRIIIa binding and function, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, at levels similar to VRC01 (the wild type). VRC01-LS had a threefold longer serum half-life than VRC01 in non-human primates and persisted in the rectal mucosa even when it was no longer detectable in the serum. Notably, VRC01-LS mediated protection superior to that afforded by VRC01 against intrarectal infection with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). These findings suggest that modification of FcRn binding provides a mechanism not only to increase serum half-life but also to enhance mucosal localization that confers immune protection. Mutations that enhance FcRn function could therefore increase the potency and durability of passive immunization strategies to prevent HIV-1 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Rectal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- HIV/chemistry
- HIV/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/analysis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antibodies/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- Half-Life
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunization, Passive
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Rectum/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Transcytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Rebecca S Rudicell
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Zhi-yong Yang
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Saran Bao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Thomas D Kraemer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Scott R Penzak
- 1] Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700A Rockledge Drive, Room 5235, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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Su B, Moog C. Which Antibody Functions are Important for an HIV Vaccine? Front Immunol 2014; 5:289. [PMID: 24995008 PMCID: PMC4062070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV antibody (Ab) functions capable of preventing mucosal cell-free or cell-to-cell HIV transmission are critical for the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. In addition to CD4(+) T cells, other potential HIV-target cell types including antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (dendritic cells, macrophages) residing at mucosal sites are infected. Moreover, the interactions between APCs and HIV lead to HIV cell-to-cell transmission. Recently discovered broadly neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are able to neutralize a broad spectrum of HIV strains, inhibit cell-to-cell transfer, and efficiently protect from infection in the experimentally challenged macaque model. However, the 31% protection observed in the RV144 vaccine trial in the absence of detectable NAbs in blood samples pointed to the possible role of additional Ab inhibitory functions. Increasing evidence suggests that IgG Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated inhibition of Abs present at the mucosal site may play a role in protection against HIV mucosal transmission. Moreover, mucosal IgA Abs may be determinant in protection against HIV sexual transmission. Therefore, defining Ab inhibitory functions that could lead to protection is critical for further HIV vaccine design. Here, we review different inhibitory properties of HIV-specific Abs and discuss their potential role in protection against HIV sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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37
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The maturation of antibody technology for the HIV epidemic. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:570-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dendritic cell-lymphocyte cross talk downregulates host restriction factor SAMHD1 and stimulates HIV-1 replication in dendritic cells. J Virol 2014; 88:5109-21. [PMID: 24574390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03057-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in dendritic cells (DCs) is restricted by SAMHD1. This factor is counteracted by the viral protein Vpx; Vpx is found in HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) or from macaques (SIVmac) but is absent from HIV-1. We previously observed that HIV-1 replication in immature DCs is stimulated by cocultivation with primary T and B lymphocytes, suggesting that HIV-1 restriction in DCs may be overcome under coculture conditions. Here, we aimed to decipher the mechanism of SAMHD1-mediated restriction in DC-lymphocyte coculture. We found that coculture with lymphocytes downregulated SAMHD1 expression and was associated with increased HIV-1 replication in DCs. Moreover, in infected DC-T lymphocyte cocultures, DCs acquired maturation status and secreted type 1 interferon (alpha interferon [IFN-α]). The blockade of DC-lymphocyte cross talk by anti-ICAM-1 antibody markedly inhibited the stimulation of HIV-1 replication and prevented the downregulation of SAMHD1 expression in cocultured DCs. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to purified DCs, cross talk with lymphocytes downregulates SAMHD1 expression in DCs, triggering HIV-1 replication and an antiviral immune response. Therefore, HIV-1 replication and immune sensing by DCs should be investigated in more physiologically relevant models of DC/lymphocyte coculture. IMPORTANCE SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 replication in dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we demonstrate that, in a coculture model of DCs and lymphocytes mimicking early mucosal HIV-1 infection, stimulation of HIV-1 replication in DCs is associated with downregulation of SAMHD1 expression and activation of innate immune sensing by DCs. We propose that DC-lymphocyte cross talk occurring in vivo modulates host restriction factor SAMHD1, promoting HIV-1 replication in cellular reservoirs and stimulating immune sensing.
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