1
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Reyes Ballista JM, Hoover AJ, Noble JT, Acciani MD, Miazgowicz KL, Harrison SA, Tabscott GAL, Duncan A, Barnes DN, Jimenez AR, Brindley MA. Chikungunya virus release is reduced by TIM-1 receptors through binding of envelope phosphatidylserine. J Virol 2024; 98:e0077524. [PMID: 39007616 PMCID: PMC11334481 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00775-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobin and mucin domain protein-1 (TIM-1) mediates entry of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) into some mammalian cells through the interaction with envelope phospholipids. While this interaction enhances entry, TIM-1 has been shown to tether newly formed HIV and Ebola virus particles, limiting their efficient release. In this study, we investigate the ability of surface receptors such as TIM-1 to sequester newly budded virions on the surface of infected cells. We established a luminescence reporter system to produce chikungunya viral particles that integrate nano-luciferase and easily quantify viral particles. We found that TIM-1 on the surface of host cells significantly reduced CHIKV release efficiency in comparison to other entry factors. Removal of cell surface TIM-1 through direct cellular knock-out or altering the cellular lipid distribution enhanced CHIKV release. Over the course of infection, CHIKV was able to counteract the tethering effect by gradually decreasing the surface levels of TIM-1 in a process mediated by the nonstructural protein 2. This study highlights the importance of phosphatidylserine receptors in mediating not only the entry of CHIKV but also its release and could aid in developing cell lines capable of enhanced vaccine production. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped alphavirus transmitted by the bites of infectious mosquitoes. Infection with CHIKV results in the development of fever, joint pain, and arthralgia that can become chronic and last for months after infection. Prevention of this disease is still highly focused on vector control strategies. In December 2023, a new live attenuated vaccine against CHIKV was approved by the FDA. We aimed to study the cellular factors involved in CHIKV release, to better understand CHIKV's ability to efficiently infect and spread among a wide variety of cell lines. We found that TIM-1 receptors can significantly abrogate CHIKV's ability to efficiently exit infected cells. This information can be beneficial for maximizing viral particle production in laboratory settings and during vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley J. Hoover
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph T. Noble
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Marissa D. Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kerri L. Miazgowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A. Harrison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Grace Andrea L. Tabscott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Avery Duncan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Don N. Barnes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ariana R. Jimenez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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2
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Basu R, Dambra R, Jiang D, Schätzlein SA, Njiyang S, Ashour J, Chiramel AI, Vigil A, Papov VV. Absolute quantification of viral proteins from pseudotyped VSV-GP using UPLC-MRM. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0365123. [PMID: 38916347 PMCID: PMC11302727 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03651-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapidly developing field of oncolytic virus (OV) therapy necessitates the development of new and improved analytical approaches for the characterization of the virus during production and development. Accurate monitoring and absolute quantification of viral proteins are crucial for OV product characterization and can facilitate the understanding of infection, immunogenicity, and development stages of viral replication. Targeted mass spectrometry methods like multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) offer a robust way to directly detect and quantify specific targeted proteins represented by surrogate peptides. We have leveraged the power of MRM by combining ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a Sciex 6500 triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer to develop an assay that accurately and absolutely quantifies the structural proteins of a pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) intended for use as a new biotherapeutic (designated hereafter as VSV-GP to differentiate it from native VSV). The new UPLC-MRM method provides absolute quantification with the use of heavy-labeled reference standard surrogate peptides. When added in known exact amounts to standards and samples, the reference standards normalize and account for any small perturbations during sample preparation and/or instrument performance, resulting in accurate and precise quantification. Because of the multiplexed nature of MRM, all targeted proteins are quantified at the same time. The optimized assay has been enhanced to quantify the ratios of the processed GP1 and GP2 proteins while simultaneously measuring any remaining or unprocessed form of the envelope protein GP complex (GPC; full-length GPC). IMPORTANCE The development of oncolytic viral therapy has gained considerable momentum in recent years. Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-GP) is a new biotherapeutic emerging in the oncolytic viral therapy platform. Novel analytical assays that can accurately and precisely quantify the viral proteins are a necessity for the successful development of viral vector as a biotherapeutic. We developed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring-based assay to quantify the absolute concentrations of the different structural proteins of VSV-GP. The complete processing of GP complex (GPC) is a prerequisite for the infectivity of the virus. The assay extends the potential for quantifying full-length GPC, which provides an understanding of the processing of GPC (along with the quantification of GP1 and GP2 separately). We used this assay in tracking GPC processing in HEK-293-F production cell lines infected with VSV-GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Basu
- Materials and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Dambra
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Di Jiang
- Materials and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophia A. Schätzlein
- Therapeutic Virus Development Group, Virus Therapeutic Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Shu Njiyang
- Therapeutic Virus Development Group, Virus Therapeutic Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Joseph Ashour
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abhilash I. Chiramel
- Therapeutic Virus Development Group, Virus Therapeutic Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Adam Vigil
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vladimir V. Papov
- Materials and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Schimek A, Ng JK, Basbas I, Martin F, Xin D, Saleh D, Hubbuch J. An HPLC-SEC-based rapid quantification method for vesicular stomatitis virus particles to facilitate process development. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101252. [PMID: 38774583 PMCID: PMC11107205 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Virus particle (VP) quantification plays a pivotal role in the development of production processes of VPs for virus-based therapies. The yield based on total VP count serves as a process performance indicator for evaluating process efficiency and consistency. Here, a label-free particle quantification method for enveloped VPs was developed, with potential applications in oncolytic virotherapy, vaccine development, and gene therapy. The method comprises size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments. Ultraviolet (UV) was used for particle quantification and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) for particle characterization. Consistent recoveries of over 97% in the SEC were achieved upon mobile phase screenings and addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as sample stabilizer. A calibration curve was generated, and the method's performance and applicability to in-process samples were characterized. The assay's repeatability variation was <1% and its intermediate precision variation was <3%. The linear range of the method spans from 7.08 × 108 to 1.72 × 1011 VP/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.72 × 107 VP/mL and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 4.20 × 108 VP/mL. The method, characterized by its high precision, requires minimal hands-on time and provides same-day results, making it efficient for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schimek
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Bundesstraße 27, 6063 Rum, Austria
| | - Judy K.M. Ng
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Bundesstraße 27, 6063 Rum, Austria
| | - Ioannes Basbas
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Bundesstraße 27, 6063 Rum, Austria
| | - Fabian Martin
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Bundesstraße 27, 6063 Rum, Austria
| | - Dongyue Xin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - David Saleh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Ballista JMR, Hoover AJ, Noble JT, Acciani MD, Miazgowicz KL, Harrison SA, Tabscott GAL, Duncan A, Barnes DN, Jimenez AR, Brindley MA. Chikungunya Virus Release is Reduced by TIM-1 Receptors Through Binding of Envelope Phosphatidylserine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577233. [PMID: 38328121 PMCID: PMC10849729 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobin and mucin domain protein-1 (TIM-1) mediates entry of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) into some mammalian cells through the interaction with envelope phospholipids. While this interaction enhances entry, TIM has been shown to tether newly formed HIV and Ebola virus particles, limiting their efficient release. In this study, we investigate the ability of surface receptors such as TIM-1 to sequester newly budded virions on the surface of infected cells. We established a luminescence reporter system to produce Chikungunya viral particles that integrate nano-luciferase and easily quantify viral particles. We found that TIM-1 on the surface of host cells significantly reduced CHIKV release efficiency in comparison to other entry factors. Removal of cell surface TIM-1 through direct cellular knock-out or altering the cellular lipid distribution enhanced CHIKV release. Over the course of infection, CHIKV was able to counteract the tethering effect by gradually decreasing the surface levels of TIM-1 in a process that appears to be mediated by the nonstructural protein 2. This study highlights the importance of phosphatidylserine receptors in mediating not only the entry of CHIKV but also its release and could aid in developing cell lines capable of enhanced vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ashley J. Hoover
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph T. Noble
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Marissa D. Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kerri L. Miazgowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Harrison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Grace Andrea L. Tabscott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Avery Duncan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Don N. Barnes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ariana R. Jimenez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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5
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Jin L, Matsuyama M, Sullivan HA, Zhu M, Lavin TK, Hou Y, Lea NE, Pruner MT, Dam Ferdínez ML, Wickersham IR. "Self-inactivating" rabies viruses are susceptible to loss of their intended attenuating modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2023481120. [PMID: 37053554 PMCID: PMC9963760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023481120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosynaptic tracing using rabies virus is an important technique in neuroscience, allowing brain-wide labeling of neurons directly presynaptic to a targeted neuronal population. A 2017 article reported the development of a noncytotoxic version-a major advance-based on attenuating the rabies virus by the addition of a destabilization domain to the C terminus of a viral protein. However, this modification did not appear to hinder the ability of the virus to spread between neurons. We analyzed two viruses provided by the authors and show here that both were mutants that had lost the intended modification, explaining the paper's paradoxical results. We then made a virus that actually did have the intended modification in at least the majority of virions and found that it did not spread efficiently under the conditions described in the original paper, namely, without an exogenous protease being expressed in order to remove the destabilization domain. We found that it did spread when the protease was supplied, although this also appeared to result in the deaths of most source cells by 3 wk postinjection. We conclude that the new approach is not robust but that it could become a viable technique given further optimization and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Heather A. Sullivan
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Mulangma Zhu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Thomas K. Lavin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - YuanYuan Hou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Nicholas E. Lea
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Maxwell T. Pruner
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - María Lucía Dam Ferdínez
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Ian R. Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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7
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Luo Z, Liang Y, Tian M, Ruan Z, Su R, Shereen MA, Yin J, Wu K, Guo J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wu J. Inhibition of PIKFYVE kinase interferes ESCRT pathway to suppress RNA virus replication. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28527. [PMID: 36695658 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is essential in the functional operation of endosomal transport in envelopment and budding of enveloped RNA viruses. However, in nonenveloped RNA viruses such as enteroviruses of the Picornaviridae family, the precise function of ESCRT pathway in viral replication remains elusive. Here, we initially evaluated that the ESCRT pathway is important for viral replication upon enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Furthermore, we discovered that YM201636, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide kinase, FYVE finger containing (PIKFYVE) kinase, significantly suppressed EV71 replication and virus-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, YM201636 inhibits PIKFYVE kinase to block the ESCRT pathway and endosomal transport, leading to the disruption of viral entry and replication complex in subcellular components and ultimately repression of intracellular RNA virus replication and virus-induced inflammatory responses. Further studies found that YM201636 broadly represses the replication of other RNA viruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), poliovirus 1 (PV1), echovirus 11 (E11), Zika virus (ZIKV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rather than DNA viruses, including adenovirus 3 (ADV3) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our findings shed light on the mechanism underlying PIKFYVE-modulated ESCRT pathway involved in RNA virus replication, and also provide a prospective antiviral therapy during RNA viruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Yicong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Kohsar University Murree, Kashmir Point, Pakistan
| | - Jialing Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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A VSV-based assay quantifies coronavirus Mpro/3CLpro/Nsp5 main protease activity and chemical inhibition. Commun Biol 2022; 5:391. [PMID: 35478219 PMCID: PMC9046202 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are among the most powerful antiviral drugs. However, for SARS-CoV-2 only a small number of protease inhibitors have been identified thus far and there is still a great need for assays that efficiently report protease activity and inhibition in living cells. Here, we engineer a safe VSV-based system to report both gain- and loss-of-function of coronavirus main protease (Mpro/3CLpro/Nsp5) activity in living cells. We use SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in this system to confirm susceptibility to known inhibitors (boceprevir, GC376, PF-00835231, and PF-07321332/nirmatrelvir) and reevaluate other reported inhibitors (baicalein, ebselen, carmofur, ethacridine, ivermectin, masitinib, darunavir, and atazanavir). Moreover, we show that the system can be adapted to report both the function and the chemical inhibition of proteases from different coronavirus species as well as from distantly related viruses. Together with the fact that live cell assays also reflect compound permeability and toxicity, we anticipate that this system will be useful for both identification and optimization of additional coronavirus protease inhibitors.
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9
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Ebola virus requires phosphatidylserine scrambling activity for efficient budding and optimal infectivity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0116521. [PMID: 34319156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01165-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) attaches to target cells using two categories of cell surface receptors, C-type lectins and phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors. PS receptors typically bind to apoptotic cell membrane PS and orchestrate the uptake and clearance of apoptotic debris. Many enveloped viruses also contain exposed PS and can therefore exploit these receptors for cell entry. Viral infection can induce PS externalization in host cells, resulting in increased outer PS levels on budding virions. Scramblase enzymes carry out cellular PS externalization, thus, we targeted these proteins in order to manipulate viral envelope PS levels. We investigated two scramblases previously identified to be involved in EBOV PS levels, transmembrane protein 16F and Xk-related protein 8 (XKR8), as possible mediators of cellular and viral envelope surface PS levels during the replication of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus containing its native glycoprotein (rVSV/G) or the EBOV glycoprotein (rVSV/EBOV-GP). We found that rVSV/G and rVSV/EBOV-GP virions produced in XKR8 knockout cells contain decreased levels of PS on their surfaces, and the PS-deficient rVSV/EBOV-GP virions are 70% less efficient at infecting cells through PS receptors. We also observed reduced rVSV and EBOV virus-like particle (VLP) budding in ΔXKR8 cells. Deleting XKR8 in HAP1 cells reduced rVSV/G and rVSV/EBOV-GP budding by 60% and 65% respectively, and reduced Ebola VLP budding more than 60%. We further demonstrated that caspase cleavage of XKR8 is required to promote budding. This suggests that XKR8, in addition to mediating virion PS levels, may also be critical for enveloped virus budding at the plasma membrane. Importance Within the last decade, countries in western and central Africa have experienced the most widespread and deadly Ebola outbreaks since the virus was identified in 1976. While outbreaks are primarily attributed to zoonotic transfer events, new evidence is emerging that outbreaks may be caused by a combination of spillover events and viral latency or persistence in survivors. The possibility that Ebola can remain dormant then re-emerge in survivors highlights the critical need to prevent the virus from entering and establishing infection in human cells. Thus far, host-cell scramblases TMEM16F and XKR8 have been implicated in Ebola envelope surface phosphatidylserine (PS) and cell entry using PS receptors. We assessed the contributions of these proteins using CRISPR knockout cells and two EBOV models: rVSV/EBOV-GP and EBOV VLPs. We observed that XKR8 is required for optimal EBOV envelope PS levels and infectivity, and particle budding across all viral models.
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10
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The host cellular protein Ndufaf4 interacts with the vesicular stomatitis virus M protein and affects viral propagation. Virus Genes 2021; 57:250-257. [PMID: 33635491 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an archetypal member of Mononegavirales which causes important diseases in cattle, horses and pigs. The matrix protein (M) of VSV plays critical roles in the replication, assembly/budding and pathogenesis of VSV. To further investigate the role of M during viral growth, we used a two-hybrid system to screen for host factors that interact with the M protein. Here, NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 4 (Ndufaf4) was identified as an M-binding partner, and this interaction was confirmed by yeast cotransformation and GST pulldown assays. The globular domain of M was mapped and shown to be critical for the M-Ndufaf4 interaction. Two double mutations (E156A/H157A, D180A/E181A) in M impaired the M-Ndufaf4 interaction. Overexpression of Ndufaf4 inhibited VSV propagation, and knockdown of Ndufaf4 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) markedly promoted VSV replication. Finally, we also demonstrate that the anti-VSV effect of Ndufaf4 is independent of activation of the type I IFN response. These results indicated that Ndufaf4 might exploit other mechanisms to affect VSV replication. In summary, we identify Ndufaf4 as a potential target for the inhibition of VSV propagation. These results provided further insight into the study of VSV pathogenesis.
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11
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Salin P, Blondel D, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Coulon P. Golgi staining-like retrograde labeling of brain circuits using rabies virus: Focus onto the striatonigral neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 344:108872. [PMID: 32693000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of viral transneuronal tracers in the toolbox of neural tract-tracing methods has been an important addition in the field of connectomics for deciphering circuit-level architecture of the nervous system. One of the added values of viral compared to conventional retrograde tracers, in particular of rabies virus, is to provide a Golgi staining-like view of the infected neurons, revealing the thin dendritic arborizations and the spines that are major post-synaptic seats of neuronal connections. NEWMETHOD Here, we comparatively illustrate the characteristics of the labeling obtained in the same model system, the basal ganglia circuitry, by different retrograde viral tracing approaches, using the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus, the SAD and CVS strains of rabies virus and by the conventional retrograde tracer cholera toxin B. To best contrast the differences in the capacity of these tracers to reveal the dendritic morphology in details, we focused on one population of first-order infected neurons in the striatum, which exhibit high spine density, after tracer injection in the substantia nigra. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION None of the viruses tested allowed to detect as many neurons as with cholera toxin B, but the SAD and CVS strains of rabies virus had the advantage of enabling detailed Golgi-like visualisation of the dendritic trees, the best numerical detection being offered by the transneuronal rCVS-N2c-P-mCherry while poor labeling was provided by rCVS-N2c-M-GFP. Results also suggest that, besides different viral properties, technical issues about constructs and detection methods contribute to apparently different efficiencies among the viral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - D Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - P Coulon
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France
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12
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Chen L, Li X, Wang H, Hou P, He H. Annexin A2 gene interacting with viral matrix protein to promote bovine ephemeral fever virus release. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e33. [PMID: 32233139 PMCID: PMC7113574 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) causes bovine ephemeral fever, which can produce considerable economic damage to the cattle industry. However, there is limited experimental evidence regarding the underlying mechanisms of BEFV. Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a calcium and lipid-conjugated protein that binds phospholipids and the cytoskeleton in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and it participates in various cellular functions, including vesicular trafficking, organization of membrane domains, and virus proliferation. The role of the AnxA2 gene during virus infection has not yet been reported. In this study, we observed that AnxA2 gene expression was up-regulated in BHK-21 cells infected with the virus. Additionally, overexpression of the AnxA2 gene promoted the release of mature virus particles, whereas BEFV replication was remarkably inhibited after reducing AnxA2 gene expression by using the small interfering RNA (siRNA). For viral proteins, overexpression of the Matrix (M) gene promotes the release of mature virus particles. Moreover, the AnxA2 protein interaction with the M protein of BEFV was confirmed by GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Experimental results indicate that the C-terminal domain (268-334 aa) of AxnA2 contributes to this interaction. An additional mechanistic study showed that AnxA2 protein interacts with M protein and mediates the localization of the M protein at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the absence of the AnxA2-V domain could attenuate the effect of AnxA2 on BEFV replication. These findings can contribute to elucidating the regulation of BEFV replication and may have implications for antiviral strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Chen
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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13
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Riedel C, Hennrich AA, Conzelmann KK. Components and Architecture of the Rhabdovirus Ribonucleoprotein Complex. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090959. [PMID: 32872471 PMCID: PMC7552012 DOI: 10.3390/v12090959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses, as single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses within the order Mononegavirales, are characterised by bullet-shaped or bacteroid particles that contain a helical ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). Here, we review the components of the RNP and its higher-order structural assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru A. Hennrich
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute Virology, Faculty of Medicine, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.A.H.); (K.-K.C.)
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute Virology, Faculty of Medicine, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.A.H.); (K.-K.C.)
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14
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Kang YL, Chou YY, Rothlauf PW, Liu Z, Soh TK, Cureton D, Case JB, Chen RE, Diamond MS, Whelan SPJ, Kirchhausen T. Inhibition of PIKfyve kinase prevents infection by Zaire ebolavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20803-20813. [PMID: 32764148 PMCID: PMC7456157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007837117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry is a multistep process. It initiates when the virus attaches to the host cell and ends when the viral contents reach the cytosol. Genetically unrelated viruses can subvert analogous subcellular mechanisms and use similar trafficking pathways for successful entry. Antiviral strategies targeting early steps of infection are therefore appealing, particularly when the probability for successful interference through a common step is highest. We describe here potent inhibitory effects on content release and infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing the envelope proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (VSV-ZEBOV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) elicited by Apilimod and Vacuolin-1, small-molecule inhibitors of the main endosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate/phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase, PIKfyve. We also describe potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 strain 2019-nCoV/USA-WA1/2020 by Apilimod. These results define tools for studying the intracellular trafficking of pathogens elicited by inhibition of PIKfyve kinase and suggest the potential for targeting this kinase in developing small-molecule antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Lin Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yi-Ying Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Timothy K Soh
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David Cureton
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Inc. Duluth, GA 30096
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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15
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Zhou X, Lin W, Sun K, Wang S, Zhou X, Jackson AO, Li Z. Specificity of Plant Rhabdovirus Cell-to-Cell Movement. J Virol 2019; 93:e00296-19. [PMID: 31118256 PMCID: PMC6639277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00296-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-stranded RNA virus movement proteins (MPs) generally lack sequence-specific nucleic acid-binding activities and display cross-family movement complementarity with related and unrelated viruses. Negative-stranded RNA plant rhabdoviruses encode MPs with limited structural and functional relatedness with other plant virus counterparts, but the precise mechanisms of intercellular transport are obscure. In this study, we first analyzed the abilities of MPs encoded by five distinct rhabdoviruses to support cell-to-cell movement of two positive-stranded RNA viruses by using trans-complementation assays. Each of the five rhabdovirus MPs complemented the movement of MP-defective mutants of tomato mosaic virus and potato X virus. In contrast, movement of recombinant MP deletion mutants of sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus (SYNV) and tomato yellow mottle-associated cytorhabdovirus (TYMaV) was rescued only by their corresponding MPs, i.e., SYNV sc4 and TYMaV P3. Subcellular fractionation analyses revealed that SYNV sc4 and TYMaV P3 were peripherally associated with cell membranes. A split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated specific interactions of the membrane-associated rhabdovirus MPs only with their cognate nucleoproteins (N) and phosphoproteins (P). More importantly, SYNV sc4-N and sc4-P interactions directed a proportion of the N-P complexes from nuclear sites of replication to punctate loci at the cell periphery that partially colocalized with the plasmodesmata. Our data show that cell-to-cell movement of plant rhabdoviruses is highly specific and suggest that cognate MP-nucleocapsid core protein interactions are required for intra- and intercellular trafficking.IMPORTANCE Local transport of plant rhabdoviruses likely involves the passage of viral nucleocapsids through MP-gated plasmodesmata, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We have conducted complementation assays with MPs encoded by five distinct rhabdoviruses to assess their movement specificity. Each of the rhabdovirus MPs complemented the movement of MP-defective mutants of two positive-stranded RNA viruses that have different movement strategies. In marked contrast, cell-to-cell movement of two recombinant plant rhabdoviruses was highly specific in requiring their cognate MPs. We have shown that these rhabdovirus MPs are localized to the cell periphery and associate with cellular membranes, and that they interact only with their cognate nucleocapsid core proteins. These interactions are able to redirect viral nucleocapsid core proteins from their sites of replication to the cell periphery. Our study provides a model for the specific inter- and intracellular trafficking of plant rhabdoviruses that may be applicable to other negative-stranded RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew O Jackson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Raaben M, Jae LT, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Stubbs SH, Chou YY, Blomen VA, Kirchhausen T, Dye JM, Brummelkamp TR, Whelan SP. NRP2 and CD63 Are Host Factors for Lujo Virus Cell Entry. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:688-696.e5. [PMID: 29120745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arenaviruses cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans. Old World arenavirus glycoproteins (GPs) mainly engage α-dystroglycan as a cell-surface receptor, while New World arenaviruses hijack transferrin receptor. However, the Lujo virus (LUJV) GP does not cluster with New or Old World arenaviruses. Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus containing LUJV GP as its sole attachment and fusion protein (VSV-LUJV), we demonstrate that infection is independent of known arenavirus receptor genes. A genome-wide haploid genetic screen identified the transmembrane protein neuropilin 2 (NRP2) and tetraspanin CD63 as factors for LUJV GP-mediated infection. LUJV GP binds the N-terminal domain of NRP2, while CD63 stimulates pH-activated LUJV GP-mediated membrane fusion. Overexpression of NRP2 or its N-terminal domain enhances VSV-LUJV infection, and cells lacking NRP2 are deficient in wild-type LUJV infection. These findings uncover this distinct set of host cell entry factors in LUJV infection and are attractive focus points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raaben
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucas T Jae
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Sarah H Stubbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Ying Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CGC.nl; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 14 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sean P Whelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Nagy PD. Tombusvirus-Host Interactions: Co-Opted Evolutionarily Conserved Host Factors Take Center Court. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:491-515. [PMID: 27578441 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant positive-strand (+)RNA viruses are intracellular infectious agents that reorganize subcellular membranes and rewire the cellular metabolism of host cells to achieve viral replication in elaborate replication compartments. This review describes the viral replication process based on tombusviruses, highlighting common strategies with other plant and animal viruses. Overall, the works on Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) have revealed intriguing and complex functions of co-opted cellular translation factors, heat shock proteins, DEAD-box helicases, lipid transfer proteins, and membrane-deforming proteins in virus replication. The emerging picture is that many of the co-opted host factors are from highly expressed and conserved protein families. By hijacking host proteins, phospholipids, sterols, and the actin network, TBSV exerts supremacy over the host cell to support viral replication in large replication compartments. Altogether, these advances in our understanding of tombusvirus-host interactions are broadly applicable to many other viruses, which also usurp conserved host factors for various viral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
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18
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Jackson AO, Li Z. Developments in Plant Negative-Strand RNA Virus Reverse Genetics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:469-498. [PMID: 27359368 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, breakthroughs for reverse genetics analyses of negative-strand RNA (NSR) viruses were achieved by devising conditions for generation of infectious viruses in susceptible cells. Recombinant strategies have subsequently been engineered for members of all vertebrate NSR virus families, and research arising from these advances has profoundly increased understanding of infection cycles, pathogenesis, and complexities of host interactions of animal NSR viruses. These strategies also permitted development of many applications, including attenuated vaccines and delivery vehicles for therapeutic and biotechnology proteins. However, for a variety of reasons, it was difficult to devise procedures for reverse genetics analyses of plant NSR viruses. In this review, we discuss advances that have circumvented these problems and resulted in construction of a recombinant system for Sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus. We also discuss possible extensions to other plant NSR viruses as well as the applications that may emanate from recombinant analyses of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Jackson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China;
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19
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Rouxel RN, Mérour E, Biacchesi S, Brémont M. Efficient Co-Replication of Defective Novirhabdovirus. Viruses 2016; 8:69. [PMID: 26959049 PMCID: PMC4810259 DOI: 10.3390/v8030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated defective Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Viruses (VHSV) which express either the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a far-red fluorescent protein (mKate) by replacing the genes encoding the nucleoprotein N or the polymerase-associated P protein. To recover viable defective viruses, rVHSV-ΔN-Red and rVHSV-ΔP-Green, fish cells were co-transfected with both deleted cDNA VHSV genomes, together with plasmids expressing N, P and L of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. After one passage of the transfected cell supernatant, red and green cell foci were observed. Viral titer reached 10⁷ PFU/mL after three passages. Infected cells were always red and green with the very rare event of single red or green cell foci appearing. To clarify our understanding of how such defective viruses could be so efficiently propagated, we investigated whether (i) a recombination event between both defective genomes had occurred, (ii) whether both genomes were co-encapsidated in a single viral particle, and (iii) whether both defective viruses were always replicated together through a complementation phenomenon or even as conglomerate. To address these hypotheses, genome and viral particles have been fully characterized and, thus, allowing us to conclude that rVHSV-ΔN-Red and rVHSV-ΔP-Green are independent viral particles which could propagate only by simultaneously infecting the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan N Rouxel
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France.
| | - Emilie Mérour
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France.
| | | | - Michel Brémont
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France.
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