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A Rahman NA, Balasubramaniam VRMT, Yap WB. Potential of Interleukin (IL)-12 Group as Antivirals: Severe Viral Disease Prevention and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087350. [PMID: 37108513 PMCID: PMC10138811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune reactions due to active virus replication and viral clearance. Amongst others, IL-12 and IL-23 are produced and released by innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages to signal the proliferation of T cells and release of effector cytokines, which subsequently activate host defence against virus infections. Interestingly, the dualities of IL-27 and -35 are evidently shown in the course of virus infections; they regulate the synthesis of cytokines and antiviral molecules, proliferation of T cells, and viral antigen presentation in order to maximize virus clearance by the host immune system. In terms of anti-inflammatory reactions, IL-27 signals the formation of regulatory T cells (Treg) which in turn secrete IL-35 to control the scale of inflammatory response that takes place during virus infections. Given the multitasking of the IL-12 family in regards to the elimination of virus infections, its potential in antiviral therapy is unequivocally important. Thus, this work aims to delve deeper into the antiviral actions of the IL-12 family and their applications in antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azizah A Rahman
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Vinod R M T Balasubramaniam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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2
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Go HJ, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Han SH, Kim DH, Lyoo EL, Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Choi IS. Immunization with Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Protects Rabbits against Hepatitis E-3 Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071432. [PMID: 35891413 PMCID: PMC9322348 DOI: 10.3390/v14071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, rabbits were immunized with a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine prepared by expressing 239 amino acids of the swine hepatitis E virus (HEV)-3 capsid protein using a baculovirus system. Thirty specific-pathogen-free rabbits were divided into five groups (negative and positive control and 10, 50, and 100 μg VLP-vaccinated). Positive control group rabbits showed viremia and fecal viral shedding, whereas rabbits vaccinated with 10 μg VLP showed transient fecal viral shedding, and rabbits vaccinated with 50 and 100 μg VLP did not show viremia or fecal viral shedding. Serum anti-HEV antibody titers increased in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-HEV antibody titers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 100 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits than in the negative control rabbits at week 4. Anti-HEV antibody titers were significantly higher in 50 and 10 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits than in the negative control rabbits at weeks 8 and 11, respectively. Serum IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in rabbits vaccinated with 50 and 100 μg VLP than in the negative control rabbits at weeks 4 and 6. Liver tissues of 50 and 100 μg VLP-vaccinated rabbits displayed significantly less (p < 0.05) fibrosis than those of the positive control rabbits. The prepared VLP vaccine demonstrated dose-dependent immunogenicity sufficient for inducing anti-HEV antibody production, thus protecting rabbits against swine HEV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Eu-Lim Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Da-Yoon Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Jae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.G.); (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (D.-H.K.); (E.-L.L.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6055
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Klein RS. Encephalitic Arboviruses of Africa: Emergence, Clinical Presentation and Neuropathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:769942. [PMID: 35003087 PMCID: PMC8733932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) are endemic in Africa, contributing to systemic and neurological infections in various geographical locations on the continent. While most arboviral infections do not lead to neuroinvasive diseases of the central nervous system, neurologic diseases caused by arboviruses include flaccid paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, neuritis, and post-infectious autoimmune or memory disorders. Here we review endemic members of the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families that cause neurologic infections, their neuropathogenesis and host neuroimmunological responses in Africa. We also discuss the potential for neuroimmune responses to aide in the development of new diagnostics and therapeutics, and current knowledge gaps to be addressed by arbovirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience, and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Chao WW, Kuo YH, Lin BF. Isolation and Identification of Andrographis paniculata ( Chuanxinlian) and Its Biologically Active Constituents Inhibited Enterovirus 71-Induced Cell Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762285. [PMID: 34955832 PMCID: PMC8692857 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (also known as Chuanxinlian in Chinese) of Acanthaceae family is one of the Chinese herbs reputed to be effective in the treatment of inflammation, infection, cold, and fever. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important enteroviruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) accompanied with neurological complication. Methods: To explore an anti-infective Chinese herb medicine, pure compounds isolated or synthesized analogues from A. paniculata (AP) ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract are used to explore their anti-EV71-induced cytotoxicity. The antiviral activity was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction, and sub-G1 assays were used for measuring lysis and apoptosis of EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. IFNγ-driven luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate their potential roles in activation of immune responses. Results: Our data showed that EV71-induced sub-G1 phase of RD cells was dose dependently increased. Highly apoptotic EV71-infected RD cells were reduced by AP extract treatment. Ergosterol peroxide (4) has the most anti-apoptotic effect among these seven compounds. In addition, 3,19-O-acetyl-14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (8) synthesized from acetylation of compound 7 showed significantly better antiviral activity and the lowest sub-G1 phase of 6%–18%. Further investigation of IFNγ-inducer activity of these compounds showed that compounds 3, 6, 10, 11, and 12 had significantly higher IFNγ luciferase activities, suggesting their potential to promote IFNγ expression and thus activate immune responses for antivirus function. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that bioactive compounds of AP and its derivatives either protecting EV71-infected RD cells from sub-G1 arrest or possessing IFNγ-inducer activity might be feasible for the development of anti-EV71 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wan Chao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Correlation between Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-12 Levels and Severity of Encephalopathy in Children. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173873. [PMID: 34501321 PMCID: PMC8432101 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute encephalopathy remain unclear and controversial. In this study, the profiles of 26 cytokines and others were determined in 17 children with infection-associated neurological complications. Interleukin (IL)-12 levels were found to be high in a few of the patients. A comparison of the IL-12 levels in the CSF of patients demonstrated that IL-12 (p70) is almost always increased in those with encephalopathy. Levels of IL-12 in the CSF were highly correlated with the levels of PDGF-bb and IL-RA. IL-12 levels were found to be weakly correlated with IFN-γ levels, and strongly correlated with VEGF levels. These results demonstrate that IL-12 levels may affect the clinical symptoms of pediatric patients with encephalopathy.
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Lopes A, Bastiancich C, Bausart M, Ligot S, Lambricht L, Vanvarenberg K, Ucakar B, Gallez B, Préat V, Vandermeulen G. New generation of DNA-based immunotherapy induces a potent immune response and increases the survival in different tumor models. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001243. [PMID: 33795383 PMCID: PMC8021892 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to increase nucleic acid vaccine immunogenicity are needed to move towards clinical applications in oncology. In this study, we designed a new generation of DNA vaccines, encoding an engineered vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein as a carrier of foreign T cell tumor epitopes (plasmid to deliver T cell epitopes, pTOP). We hypothesized that pTOP could activate a more potent response compared with the traditional DNA-based immunotherapies, due to both the innate immune properties of the viral protein and the specific induction of CD4 and CD8 T cells targeting tumor antigens. This could improve the outcome in different tumor models, especially when the DNA-based immunotherapy is combined with a rational therapeutic strategy. METHODS The ability of pTOP DNA vaccine to activate a specific CD4 and CD8 response and the antitumor efficacy were tested in a B16F10-OVA melanoma (subcutaneous model) and GL261 glioblastoma (subcutaneous and orthotopic models). RESULTS In B16F10-OVA melanoma, pTOP promoted immune recognition by adequate processing of both MHC-I and MHC-II epitopes and had a higher antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) killing activity. In a GL261 orthotopic glioblastoma, pTOP immunization prior to tumor debulking resulted in 78% durable remission and long-term survival and induced a decrease of the number of immunosuppressive cells and an increase of immunologically active CTLs in the brain. The combination of pTOP with immune checkpoint blockade or with tumor resection improved the survival of mice bearing, a subcutaneous melanoma or an orthotopic glioblastoma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we showed that pTOP plasmids encoding an engineered vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, and containing various foreign T cell tumor epitopes, successfully triggered innate immunity and effectively promoted immune recognition by adequate processing of both MHC-I and MHC-II epitopes. These results highlight the potential of DNA-based immunotherapies coding for viral proteins to induce potent and specific antitumor responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunotherapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lopes
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chiara Bastiancich
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Bausart
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Ligot
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Lambricht
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Ucakar
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Vandermeulen
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Mesquita LP, Costa RC, Zanatto DA, Bruhn FRP, Mesquita LLR, Lara MCCSH, Villalobos EMC, Massoco CO, Mori CMC, Mori E, Maiorka PC. Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33528354 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an emerging pathogen that causes encephalomyelitis in horses and non-equid species. Several aspects of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly regarding the role of inflammatory mediators during EHV-1 encephalitis, remain unknown. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology induced by viruses would be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate some aspects of the innate immune response during highly neurovirulent EHV-1 infection. C57BL/6 mice infected intranasally with A4/72 and A9/92 EHV-1 strains developed a fulminant neurological disease at 3 days post-inoculation with high viral titres in the brain. These mice developed severe encephalitis with infiltration of monocytes and CD8+ T cells to the brain. The inflammatory infiltrate followed the detection of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL-10 in the brain. Notably, the levels of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 were higher in A4/72-infected mice, which presented higher numbers of inflammatory cells within the CNS. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), were also detected in the CNS, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 genes were also upregulated within the brain of EHV-1-infected mice. However, no expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-12α, which are important for controlling the replication of other herpesviruses, was detected in EHV-1-infected mice. The results show that the activated innate immune mechanisms could not prevent EHV-1 replication within the CNS, but most likely contributed to the extensive neuropathology. The mouse model of viral encephalitis proposed here will also be useful to study the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Fábio R P Bruhn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Laís L R Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - M C C S H Lara
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - E M C Villalobos
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Cristina O Massoco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia M C Mori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Enio Mori
- Pasteur Institute, Av. Paulista, 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
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CD8 T Cells and STAT1 Signaling Are Essential Codeterminants in Protection from Polyomavirus Encephalopathy. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02038-19. [PMID: 31996425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02038-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a human-specific virus, causes the aggressive brain-demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in individuals with depressed immune status. The increasing incidence of PML in patients receiving immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents creates a pressing clinical need to define biomarkers to stratify PML risk and develop anti-JCPyV interventions. Mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) CNS infection causes encephalopathology and may provide insight into JCPyV-PML pathogenesis. Type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which all signal via the STAT1 transcription factor, mediate innate and adaptive immune defense against a variety of viral infections. We previously reported that type I and II IFNs control MuPyV infection in non-central nervous system (CNS) organs, but their relative contributions to MuPyV control in the brain remain unknown. To this end, mice deficient in type I, II, or III IFN receptors or STAT1 were infected intracerebrally with MuPyV. We found that STAT1, but not type I, II, or III IFNs, mediated viral control during acute and persistent MuPyV encephalitis. Mice deficient in STAT1 also developed severe hydrocephalus, blood-brain barrier permeability, and increased brain infiltration by myeloid cells. CD8 T cell deficiency alone did not increase MuPyV infection and pathology in the brain. In the absence of STAT1 signaling, however, depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in lytic infection of the choroid plexus and ependymal lining, marked meningitis, and 100% mortality within 2 weeks postinfection. Collectively, these findings indicate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells cocontribute to controlling MuPyV infection in the brain and CNS injury.IMPORTANCE A comprehensive understanding of JCPyV-induced PML pathogenesis is needed to define determinants that predispose patients to PML, a goal whose urgency is heightened by the lack of anti-JCPyV agents. A handicap to achieving this goal is the lack of a tractable animal model to study PML pathogenesis. Using intracerebral inoculation with MuPyV, we found that MuPyV encephalitis in wild-type mice causes an encephalopathy, which is markedly exacerbated in mice deficient in STAT1, a molecule involved in transducing signals from type I, II, and III IFN receptors. CD8 T cell deficiency compounded the severity of MuPyV neuropathology and resulted in dramatically elevated virus levels in the CNS. These findings demonstrate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells concomitantly act to mitigate MuPyV-encephalopathy and control viral infection.
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9
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Mohamed Amin Z, Che Ani MA, Tan SW, Yeap SK, Alitheen NB, Syed Najmuddin SUF, Kalyanasundram J, Chan SC, Veerakumarasivam A, Chia SL, Yusoff K. Evaluation of a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human IL12 against Human Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13999. [PMID: 31570732 PMCID: PMC6768883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF2240 is an avian avulavirus that has been demonstrated to possess oncolytic activity against cancer cells. However, to illicit a greater anti-cancer immune response, it is believed that the incorporation of immunostimulatory genes such as IL12 into a recombinant NDV backbone will enhance its oncolytic effect. In this study, a newly developed recombinant NDV that expresses IL12 (rAF-IL12) was tested for its safety, stability and cytotoxicity. The stability of rAF-IL12 was maintained when passaged in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs from passage 1 to passage 10; with an HA titer of 29. Based on the results obtained from the MTT cytotoxic assay, rAF-IL12 was determined to be safe as it only induced cytotoxic effects against normal chicken cell lines and human breast cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Significant tumor growth inhibition (52%) was observed in the rAF-IL12-treated mice. The in vivo safety profile of rAF-IL12 was confirmed through histological observation and viral load titer assay. The concentration and presence of the expressed IL12 was quantified and verified via ELISA assay. In summary, rAF-IL12 was proven to be safe, selectively replicating in chicken and cancer cells and was able to maintain its stability throughout several passages; thus enhancing its potential as an anti-breast cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahiah Mohamed Amin
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Alhapis Che Ani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Soon Choy Chan
- School of Foundation Studies, Perdana University, Block B and D1, MAEPS Building, MARDI Complex, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Malaysian Genome Institute, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Malaysian Genome Institute, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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10
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 342:175-263. [PMID: 30635091 PMCID: PMC7104940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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11
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MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile. Cytokine 2018; 104:8-13. [PMID: 29414327 PMCID: PMC7129230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been recognized as a highly pathogenic virus to humans that infects the respiratory tract and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Studies in animal models suggest that MERS-CoV infection induces a strong inflammatory response, which may be related to the severity of disease. Data showing the cytokine profiles in humans during the acute phase of MERS-CoV infection are limited. In this study, we have analyzed the profile of cytokine responses in plasma samples from patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infections (n = 7) compared to healthy controls (n = 13). The cytokine profiles, including T helper (Th) 1, Th2 and Th17 responses, were analyzed using cytometric bead array (CBA). A prominent pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 response was clearly seen in patients with MERS-CoV infection, with markedly increased concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15 and IL-17 compared to controls. IL-12 expression levels showed no difference between patients with MERS-CoV infection and the healthy controls despite the significantly increased levels of IFN-α2 and IFN-γ (P < .01). No changes were observed in the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TGF-α (P > .05). Our results demonstrate a marked pro-inflammatory cytokine response during the acute phase of MERS-CoV infection in humans.
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12
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Ganesan P, Chandwani MN, Creisher PS, Bohn L, O'Donnell LA. The neonatal anti-viral response fails to control measles virus spread in neurons despite interferon-gamma expression and a Th1-like cytokine profile. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:80-97. [PMID: 29366594 PMCID: PMC6003673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to viral infections in the periphery, potentially due to deviant cytokine responses. Here, we investigated the role of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), a key anti-viral in the neonatal brain. We found that (i) IFNγ, which is critical for viral control and survival in adults, delays mortality in neonates, (ii) IFNγ limits infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells in the neonatal brain, (iii) neonates and adults differentially express pathogen recognition receptors and Type I interferons in response to the infection, (iv) both neonates and adults express IFNγ and other Th1-related factors, but expression of many cytokines/chemokines and IFNγ-responsive genes is age-dependent, and (v) administration of IFNγ extends survival and reduces CD4 T cell infiltration in the neonatal brain. Our findings suggest age-dependent expression of cytokine/chemokine profiles in the brain and distinct dynamic interplays between lymphocyte populations and cytokines/chemokines in MV-infected neonates. The role of the anti-viral cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is investigated during a neonatal viral infection in CNS neurons. IFNγ did not prevent mortality in neonates, but it slowed disease progression. IFNγ reduced infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells in the neonatal CNS. Both adult and neonatal mice expressed Th1-like cytokines, including IFNγ and some IFNγ-stimulated genes, during infection. Despite a Th1-like cytokine profile in the neonatal CNS, the cytokine milieu is ineffective at controlling viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ganesan
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Manisha N Chandwani
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Larissa Bohn
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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13
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Welsch JC, Lionnet C, Terzian C, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C. Organotypic Brain Cultures: A Framework for Studying CNS Infection by Neurotropic Viruses and Screening Antiviral Drugs. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2605. [PMID: 34595280 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 50% of emerging viruses endowed with pathogenicity in humans can infect the Central Nervous System (CNS) with induction of encephalitis and other neurologic diseases ( Taylor et al., 2001 ; Olival and Daszak, 2005). While neurological diseases are progressively documented, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and dissemination within the CNS are still poorly understood (Swanson and McGavern, 2015; Ludlow et al., 2016 ). For example, measles virus (MeV) can infect neural cells, and cause a persistent brain infections leading to lethal encephalitis from several months to years after primary infection with no available treatment (Reuter and Schneider-Schaulies, 2010; Laksono et al., 2016 ). The Organotypic Brain Culture (OBC) is a suitable model for the virology field to better understand the CNS infections. Indeed, it allows not only studying the infection and the dissemination of neurotropic viruses within the CNS but it could also serve as screening model of innovative antiviral strategies or molecules, such as our recently published studies about fusion inhibitory peptides and the HSP90 chaperone activity inhibitor, 17-DMAG ( Welsch et al., 2013 ; Bloyet et al., 2016 ). Based on our previous work, we propose here an optimized method to prepare OBC of hippocampi and cerebellums which are suitable for small rodent models based virus studies, including mice, rats as well as hamsters at a post-natal stage, between P6 to P10. We notably took into account the stress of the slice procedure on the tissue and the subsequent cellular reactions, which is essential to fully characterize the model prior to any use in infectious conditions. With this knowledge, we propose a protocol highlighting the requirements, including potential trouble shootings of the slicing parameters, to consider the variations we observed according to the structure and animal studied. This framework should facilitate the use of OBC for better conclusive studies of neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Charles Welsch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France.,Lyon Bio-Image, Plateau Technique d'Imagerie/Microscopie (PLATIM), UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Terzian
- Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754, Unité Mixte de Service 3444, Lyon, France.,École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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14
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CD4 and CD8 T cells mediate distinct lethal meningoencephalitis in mice challenged with Tacaribe arenavirus. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:90-107. [PMID: 27569560 PMCID: PMC5214944 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are at increased risk of viral encephalopathies that can result in neurological dysfunction, seizures, permanent disability and even death. The neurological damage results from the combined effect of the virus and the immune response it elicits, thus finding tools to facilitate viral clearance from central nervous system (CNS) while minimizing neuron damage remains a critical challenge. Neonatal mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Tacaribe virus (TCRV) develop seizures, hindlimb paralysis and death within 15 days of inoculation. TCRV localizes to the CNS within days of challenge, primarily infecting astrocytes in the cerebellum and brain stem. We show that infection leads to inflammation, T cell and monocyte infiltration into the cerebellar parenchyma, apoptosis of astrocytes, neuronal degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells. Infiltrating antigen-specific T cells fail to clear the virus but drive the disease, as T-cell-deficient CD3ɛ KO mice survive TCRV infection with minimal inflammation or clinical manifestations despite no difference in CNS viral loads in comparison with T-cell sufficient mice. CD8+ T cells drive the pathology, which even in the absence of CD4+ T-cell help, infiltrate the parenchyma and mediate the apoptotic loss of cerebellar astrocytes, neurodegeneration and loss of Purkinje cells resulting in loss of balance, paralysis and death. CD4+ T cells are also pathogenic inducing gliosis and inflammation in the cerebellum and cerebrum that are associated with wasting and death several weeks after CD4+ T-cell transfer. These data demonstrate distinct pathogenic effects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and identify them as possible therapeutic targets.
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15
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Fantetti KN, Gray EL, Ganesan P, Kulkarni A, O'Donnell LA. Interferon gamma protects neonatal neural stem/progenitor cells during measles virus infection of the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27178303 PMCID: PMC4867982 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the developing brain, self-renewing neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) give rise to neuronal and glial lineages. NSPC survival and differentiation can be altered by neurotropic viruses and by the anti-viral immune response. Several neurotropic viruses specifically target and infect NSPCs, in addition to inducing neuronal loss, which makes it difficult to distinguish between effects on NSPCs that are due to direct viral infection or due to the anti-viral immune response. METHODS We have investigated the impact of anti-viral immunity on NSPCs in measles virus (MV)-infected neonates. A neuron-restricted viral infection model was used, where NSPCs remain uninfected. Thus, an anti-viral immune response was induced without the confounding issue of NSPC infection. Two-transgenic mouse lines were used: CD46+ mice express the human isoform of CD46, the MV entry receptor, under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter; CD46+/IFNγ-KO mice lack the key anti-viral cytokine IFNγ. Multi-color flow cytometry and Western Blot analysis were used to quantify effects on NSPC, neuronal, and glial cell number, and quantify effects on IFNγ-mediated signaling and cell markers, respectively. RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis revealed that NSPCs were reduced in CD46+/IFNγ-KO mice at 3, 7, and 10 days post-infection (dpi), but were unaffected in CD46+ mice. Early neurons showed the greatest cell loss at 7 dpi in both genotypes, with no effect on mature neurons and glial cells. Thus, IFNγ protected against NSPC loss, but did not protect young neurons. Western Blot analyses on hippocampal explants showed reduced nestin expression in the absence of IFNγ, and reduced doublecortin and βIII-tubulin in both genotypes. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 occurred independently of IFNγ in the hippocampus, albeit with distinct regulation of activation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate bystander effects of anti-viral immunity on NSPC function. Our results show IFNγ protects the NSPC population during a neonatal viral CNS infection. Significant loss of NSPCs in CD46+/IFNγ-KO neonates suggests that the adaptive immune response is detrimental to NSPCs in the absence of IFNγ. These results reveal the importance and contribution of the anti-viral immune response to neuropathology and may be relevant to other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Fantetti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Erica L Gray
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Priya Ganesan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Apurva Kulkarni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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16
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Immune Responses to Viruses in the CNS. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7151986 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.14022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For recovery from infection, the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) must eliminate or control virus replication without destroying nonrenewable, essential cells. Thus, upon intracellular virus detection, the infected cell must initiate clearance pathways without triggering neuronal cell death. As a result, the inflammatory response must be tightly regulated and unique mechanisms contribute to the immune response in the CNS. Early restriction of virus replication is accomplished by the innate immune response upon activation of pattern recognition receptors in resident cells. Infiltrating immune cells enter from the periphery to clear virus. Antibodies and interferon-γ are primary contributors to noncytolytic clearance of virus in the CNS. Lymphocytes are retained in the CNS after the acute phase of infection presumably to block reactivation of virus replication.
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17
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Antiviral effect of emodin from Rheum palmatum against coxsakievirus B5 and human respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:916-922. [PMID: 26670446 PMCID: PMC7089517 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in elderly people and young children throughout the world. The most common pathogens include coxsackie virus (CV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, no antiviral agents with low toxicity and drug resistance are currently available in clinic therapy. The present study aimed to examine the antiviral activities of emodin (an ingredient of Rheum palmatum) against CVB5 and RSV infections, in an attempt to discover new antiviral agents for virus infection. The monomer emodin was extracted and isolated from Rheum palmatum. The antiviral activities of emodin on HEp-2 cells were evaluated, including virus replication inhibition, virucidal and anti-absorption effects, by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tet-razolium bromide (MTT) assay and plaque reduction assay (PRA). The kinetics of virus inhibition by emodin in a period of 14 h was further determined by plaque assay and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α) mRNA expressions after emodin treatment (7.5, 15, 30 μmol/L) were also assessed by qPCR post-infection. The results showed that emodin had potent inhibitory activities against CVB5 and RSV, with the 50% effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 13.06 to 14.27 μmol/L and selectivity index (SI) being 5.38–6.41 μmol/L. However, emodin couldn’t directly inactivate the viruses or block their absorption to cells. It acted as a biological synthesis inhibitor against CVB4 and RSV in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, especially during the first 0–4 h post-infection. Moreover, emodin could decrease the mRNA expression of IFN-α but enhance TNF-γ expression significantly compared to the viral controls in vitro. Our results provide a molecular basis for development of emodin as a novel and safe antiviral agent for human enterovirus and respiratory virus infection in the clinical therapy.
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18
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O'Donnell LA, Henkins KM, Kulkarni A, Matullo CM, Balachandran S, Pattisapu AK, Rall GF. Interferon gamma induces protective non-canonical signaling pathways in primary neurons. J Neurochem 2015; 135:309-22. [PMID: 26190522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The signal transduction molecule, Stat1, is critical for the expression of type I and II interferon (IFN)-responsive genes in most cells; however, we previously showed that primary hippocampal mouse neurons express low basal Stat1, with delayed and attenuated expression of IFN-responsive genes. Moreover, IFNγ-dependent resolution of a neurotropic viral challenge in permissive mice is Stat1-independent. Here, we show that exogenous IFNγ has no deleterious impact on neuronal viability, and staurosporine-induced apoptosis in neurons is significantly blunted by the addition of IFNγ, suggesting that IFNγ confers a pro-survival signal in neurons. To identify the pathways induced by IFNγ in neurons, the activation of alternative signal transducers associated with IFNγ signaling was assessed. Rapid and pronounced activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk1/2) was observed in neurons, compared to a modest response in fibroblasts. Moreover, the absence of Stat1 in primary fibroblasts led to enhanced Erk activation following IFNγ addition, implying that the cell-specific availability of signal transducers can diversify the cellular response following IFN engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Donnell
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Duquesne University, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen M Henkins
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apurva Kulkarni
- Duquesne University, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Matullo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil K Pattisapu
- Duquesne University, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Enterovirus 71 Proteins 2A and 3D Antagonize the Antiviral Activity of Gamma Interferon via Signaling Attenuation. J Virol 2015; 89:7028-37. [PMID: 25926657 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes severe mortality involving multiple possible mechanisms, including cytokine storm, brain stem encephalitis, and fulminant pulmonary edema. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) may confer anti-EV71 activity; however, the claim that disease severity is highly correlated to an increase in IFN-γ is controversial and would indicate an immune escape initiated by EV71. This study, investigating the role of IFN-γ in EV71 infection using a murine model, showed that IFN-γ was elevated. Moreover, IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice showed higher mortality rates and more severe disease progression with slower viral clearance than wild-type mice. In vitro results showed that IFN-γ pretreatment reduced EV71 yield, whereas EV71 infection caused IFN-γ resistance with attenuated IFN-γ signaling in IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) gene transactivation. To study the immunoediting ability of EV71 proteins in IFN-γ signaling, 11 viral proteins were stably expressed in cells without cytotoxicity; however, viral proteins 2A and 3D blocked IFN-γ-induced IRF1 transactivation following a loss of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) nuclear translocation. Viral 3D attenuated IFN-γ signaling accompanied by a STAT1 decrease without interfering with IFN-γ receptor expression. Restoration of STAT1 or blocking 3D activity was able to rescue IFN-γ signaling. Interestingly, viral 2A attenuated IFN-γ signaling using another mechanism by reducing the serine phosphorylation of STAT1 following the inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase without affecting STAT1 expression. These results demonstrate the anti-EV71 ability of IFN-γ and the immunoediting ability by EV71 2A and 3D, which attenuate IFN-γ signaling through different mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Immunosurveillance by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) may confer anti-enterovirus 71 (anti-EV71) activity; however, the claim that disease severity is highly correlated to an increase in IFN-γ is controversial and would indicate an immune escape initiated by EV71. IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice showed higher mortality and more severe disease progression, indicating the anti-EV71 property of IFN-γ. However, EV71 infection caused cellular insusceptibility in response to IFN-γ stimulation. We used an in vitro system with viral protein expression to explore the novel IFN-γ inhibitory properties of the EV71 2A and 3D proteins through the different mechanisms. According to this study, targeting either 2A or 3D pharmacologically and/or genetically may sustain a cellular susceptibility in response to IFN-γ, particularly for IFN-γ-mediated anti-EV71 activity.
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Larena M, Regner M, Lobigs M. Cytolytic effector pathways and IFN-γ help protect against Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
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Piskin IE, Karakas-Celik S, Calik M, Abuhandan M, Kolsal E, Genc GC, Iscan A. Association of Interleukin 18, Interleukin 2, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Polymorphisms with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:336-40. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Etem Piskin
- Department of Pediatrics, Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakas-Celik
- Department of Genetics, Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Abuhandan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Ebru Kolsal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bakirkoy Dr Mazhar Osman Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunes Cakmak Genc
- Department of Genetics, Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Akin Iscan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, BezmialemVakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Viruses that cause encephalomyelitis infect neurons and recovery from infection requires noncytolytic clearance of virus from the nervous system to avoid damaging these irreplaceable cells. Several murine model systems of virus infection have been used to identify clearance mechanisms. Quantitative analysis of Sindbis virus clearance over 6 months shows three phases: day 5-7, clearance of infectious virus, but continued presence of viral RNA; day 8-60, decreasing levels of viral RNA; day 60-180, maintenance of viral RNA at low levels. Antiviral antibody and interferon-γ have major roles in clearance with a likely role for IgM as well as IgG antibody. Long-term residence of virus-specific immune cells in the nervous system is necessary to prevent virus reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Foxp3+ regulatory T cells control persistence of viral CNS infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33989. [PMID: 22448284 PMCID: PMC3309005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier established a model of a persistent viral CNS infection using two week old immunologically normal (genetically unmodified) mice and recombinant measles virus (MV). Using this model infection we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as regulators of the immune response in the brain, and assessed whether the persistent CNS infection can be modulated by manipulation of Tregs in the periphery. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs were expanded or depleted during the persistent phase of the CNS infection, and the consequences for the virus-specific immune response and the extent of persistent infection were analyzed. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells predominantly recognising the H-2Db-presented viral hemagglutinin epitope MV-H22–30 (RIVINREHL) were quantified in the brain by pentamer staining. Expansion of Tregs after intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody D665 inducing transient immunosuppression caused increased virus replication and spread in the CNS. In contrast, depletion of Tregs using diphtheria toxin (DT) in DEREG (depletion of regulatory T cells)-mice induced an increase of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cells in the brain and caused a reduction of the persistent infection. These data indicate that manipulation of Tregs in the periphery can be utilized to regulate virus persistence in the CNS.
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Griffin DE, Lin WH, Pan CH. Measles virus, immune control, and persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:649-62. [PMID: 22316382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains one of the most important causes of child morbidity and mortality worldwide with the greatest burden in the youngest children. Most acute measles deaths are owing to secondary infections that result from a poorly understood measles-induced suppression of immune responses. Young children are also vulnerable to late development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a progressive, uniformly fatal neurologic disease caused by persistent measles virus (MeV) infection. During acute infection, the rash marks the appearance of the adaptive immune response and CD8(+) T cell-mediated clearance of infectious virus. However, after clearance of infectious virus, MeV RNA persists and can be detected in blood, respiratory secretions, urine, and lymphoid tissue for many weeks to months. This prolonged period of virus clearance may help to explain measles immunosuppression and the development of lifelong immunity to re-infection, as well as occasional infection of the nervous system. Once MeV infects neurons, the virus can spread trans-synaptically and the envelope proteins needed to form infectious virus are unnecessary, accumulate mutations, and can establish persistent infection. Identification of the immune mechanisms required for the clearance of MeV RNA from multiple sites will enlighten our understanding of the development of disease owing to persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Mathieu C, Guillaume V, Sabine A, Ong KC, Wong KT, Legras-Lachuer C, Horvat B. Lethal Nipah virus infection induces rapid overexpression of CXCL10. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32157. [PMID: 22393386 PMCID: PMC3290546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged zoonotic Paramyxovirus that causes regular outbreaks in East Asia with mortality rate exceeding 75%. Major cellular targets of NiV infection are endothelial cells and neurons. To better understand virus-host interaction, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of NiV infection in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We further assessed some of the obtained results by in vitro and in vivo methods in a hamster model and in brain samples from NiV-infected patients. We found that NiV infection strongly induces genes involved in interferon response in endothelial cells. Among the top ten upregulated genes, we identified the chemokine CXCL10 (interferon-induced protein 10, IP-10), an important chemoattractant involved in the generation of inflammatory immune response and neurotoxicity. In NiV-infected hamsters, which develop pathology similar to what is seen in humans, expression of CXCL10 mRNA was induced in different organs with kinetics that followed NiV replication. Finally, we showed intense staining for CXCL10 in the brain of patients who succumbed to lethal NiV infection during the outbreak in Malaysia, confirming induction of this chemokine in fatal human infections. This study sheds new light on NiV pathogenesis, indicating the role of CXCL10 during the course of infection and suggests that this chemokine may serve as a potential new marker for lethal NiV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mathieu
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Vanessa Guillaume
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Branka Horvat
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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