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Benito JM, Jiménez-Carretero D, Restrepo C, Ligos JM, Valentín-Quiroga J, Mahillo I, Cabello A, López-Collazo E, Sánchez-Cabo F, Górgolas M, Estrada V, Rallón N. T Cell Homeostasis Disturbances in a Cohort of Long-Term Elite Controllers of HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5937. [PMID: 38892124 PMCID: PMC11172696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are people living with HIV (PLWH) able to control HIV replication without antiretroviral therapy and have been proposed as a model of a functional HIV cure. Much evidence suggests that this spontaneous control of HIV has a cost in terms of T cell homeostasis alterations. We performed a deep phenotypic study to obtain insight into T cell homeostasis disturbances in ECs maintaining long-term virologic and immunologic control of HIV (long-term elite controllers; LTECs). Forty-seven PLWH were included: 22 LTECs, 15 non-controllers under successful antiretroviral therapy (onART), and 10 non-controllers not receiving ART (offART). Twenty uninfected participants (UCs) were included as a reference. T cell homeostasis was analyzed by spectral flow cytometry and data were analyzed using dimensionality reduction and clustering using R software v3.3.2. Dimensionality reduction and clustering yielded 57 and 54 different CD4 and CD8 T cell clusters, respectively. The offART group showed the highest perturbation of T cell homeostasis, with 18 CD4 clusters and 15 CD8 clusters significantly different from those of UCs. Most of these alterations were reverted in the onART group. Interestingly, LTECs presented several disturbances of T cell homeostasis with 15 CD4 clusters and 13 CD8 clusters different from UC. Moreover, there was a specific profile of T cell homeostasis alterations associated with LTECs, characterized by increases in clusters of naïve T cells, increases in clusters of non-senescent effector CD8 cells, and increases in clusters of central memory CD4 cells. These results demonstrate that, compared to ART-mediated control of HIV, the spontaneous control of HIV is associated with several disturbances in CD4 and CD8 T cell homeostasis. These alterations could be related to the existence of a potent and efficient virus-specific T cell response, and to the ability to halt disease progression by maintaining an adequate pool of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Carretero
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (F.S.-C.)
| | - Clara Restrepo
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Valentín-Quiroga
- Grupo de Respuesta Inmune Innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.-Q.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Ignacio Mahillo
- Department of Statistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Grupo de Respuesta Inmune Innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.-Q.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (F.S.-C.)
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Vicente Estrada
- Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
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2
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Phan T, Conway JM, Pagane N, Kreig J, Sambaturu N, Iyaniwura S, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Understanding early HIV-1 rebound dynamics following antiretroviral therapy interruption: The importance of effector cell expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592318. [PMID: 38746144 PMCID: PMC11092759 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Most people living with HIV-1 experience rapid viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is interrupted; however, a small fraction remain in viral remission for an extended duration. Understanding the factors that determine whether viral rebound is likely after treatment interruption can enable the development of optimal treatment regimens and therapeutic interventions to potentially achieve a functional cure for HIV-1. We built upon the theoretical framework proposed by Conway and Perelson to construct dynamic models of virus-immune interactions to study factors that influence viral rebound dynamics. We evaluated these models using viral load data from 24 individuals following antiretroviral therapy interruption. The best-performing model accurately captures the heterogeneity of viral dynamics and highlights the importance of the effector cell expansion rate. Our results show that post-treatment controllers and non-controllers can be distinguished based on the effector cell expansion rate in our models. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the potential of using dynamic models incorporating an effector cell response to understand early viral rebound dynamics post-antiretroviral therapy interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Pagane
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jasmine Kreig
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Narmada Sambaturu
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sarafa Iyaniwura
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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3
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Rallón N, Jiménez-Carretero D, Restrepo C, Ligos JM, Valentín-Quiroga J, Mahillo I, Cabello A, López-Collazo E, Sánchez-Cabo F, Górgolas M, Estrada V, Benito JM. A specific natural killer cells phenotypic signature associated to long term elite control of HIV infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29646. [PMID: 38699988 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are an exceptional group of people living with HIV (PLWH) that control HIV replication without therapy. Among the mechanisms involved in this ability, natural killer (NK)-cells have recently gained much attention. We performed an in-deep phenotypic analysis of NK-cells to search for surrogate markers associated with the long term spontaneous control of HIV. Forty-seven PLWH (22 long-term EC [PLWH-long-term elite controllers (LTECs)], 15 noncontrollers receiving antiretroviral treatment [ART] [PLWH-onART], and 10 noncontrollers cART-naïve [PLWH-offART]), and 20 uninfected controls were included. NK-cells homeostasis was analyzed by spectral flow cytometry using a panel of 15 different markers. Data were analyzed using FCSExpress and R software for unsupervised multidimensional analysis. Six different subsets of NK-cells were defined on the basis of CD16 and CD56 expression, and the multidimensional analysis revealed the existence of 68 different NK-cells clusters based on the expression levels of the 15 different markers. PLWH-offART presented the highest disturbance of NK-cells homeostasis and this was not completely restored by long-term ART. Interestingly, long term spontaneous control of HIV (PLWH-LTEC group) was associated with a specific profile of NK-cells homeostasis disturbance, characterized by an increase of CD16dimCD56dim subset when compared to uninfected controls (UC) group and also to offART and onART groups (p < 0.0001 for the global comparison), an increase of clusters C16 and C26 when compared to UC and onART groups (adjusted p-value < 0.05 for both comparisons), and a decrease of clusters C10 and C20 when compared to all the other groups (adjusted p-value < 0.05 for all comparisons). These findings may provide clues to elucidate markers of innate immunity with a relevant role in the long-term control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Carretero
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Mahillo
- Department of Statistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Grupo de respuesta inmune innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Bhattacharyya S, Crain CR, Goldberg B, Gaiha GD. Features of functional and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to guide HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:257-263. [PMID: 37535040 PMCID: PMC10503300 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct clinical outcomes. These differences help inform the qualitative features of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that we should aim to induce by vaccination. RECENT FINDINGS We review previous and more recent findings on the features of dysfunctional and functional CD8+ T cell responses that develop in individuals with uncontrolled and controlled HIV infection, with particular emphasis on proliferation, cytotoxic effector function, epitope specificity, and responses in lymph nodes. We also discuss the implications of these findings for both prophylactic and therapeutic T cell vaccine development within the context of T cell vaccine trials. SUMMARY The induction of HIV specific CD8+ T cell responses is an important goal of ongoing vaccine efforts. Emerging data on the key features of CD8+ T cell responses that distinguish individuals who spontaneously control from those with progressive disease continues to provide key guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaown Bhattacharyya
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Charles R Crain
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Benjamin Goldberg
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Vieira V, Lim N, Singh A, Leitman E, Dsouza R, Adland E, Muenchhoff M, Roider J, Marin Lopez M, Carabelli J, Giandhari J, Groll A, Jooste P, Prado JG, Thobakgale C, Dong K, Kiepiela P, Prendergast AJ, Tudor-Williams G, Frater J, Walker BD, Ndung’u T, Ramsuran V, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN, Goulder P. Slow progression of pediatric HIV associates with early CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression and a stem-like phenotype. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e156049. [PMID: 36602861 PMCID: PMC9977437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV nonprogression despite persistent viremia is rare among adults who are naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART) but relatively common among ART-naive children. Previous studies indicate that ART-naive pediatric slow progressors (PSPs) adopt immune evasion strategies similar to those described in natural hosts of SIV. However, the mechanisms underlying this immunophenotype are not well understood. In a cohort of early-treated infants who underwent analytical treatment interruption (ATI) after 12 months of ART, expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells immediately before ATI was the main predictor of slow progression during ATI. PD-1+CD8+ T cell frequency was also negatively correlated with CCR5 and HLA-DR expression on CD4+ T cells and predicted stronger HIV-specific T lymphocyte responses. In the CD8+ T cell compartment of PSPs, we identified an enrichment of stem-like TCF-1+PD-1+ memory cells, whereas pediatric progressors and viremic adults had a terminally exhausted PD-1+CD39+ population. TCF-1+PD-1+ expression on CD8+ T cells was associated with higher proliferative activity and stronger Gag-specific effector functionality. These data prompted the hypothesis that the proliferative burst potential of stem-like HIV-specific cytotoxic cells could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to boost the antiviral response and facilitate remission in infants who received early ART with a preserved and nonexhausted T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vieira
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ellen Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reena Dsouza
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Roider
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Department of Paediatrics, Kimberley Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Photini Kiepiela
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gareth Tudor-Williams
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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8
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T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing and Its Applications: Focus on Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158590. [PMID: 35955721 PMCID: PMC9369427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a dynamic feature of each individual and a footprint of our unique internal and external exposures. Indeed, the type and level of exposure to physical and biological agents shape the development and behavior of this complex and diffuse system. Many pathological conditions depend on how our immune system responds or does not respond to a pathogen or a disease or on how the regulation of immunity is altered by the disease itself. T-cells are important players in adaptive immunity and, together with B-cells, define specificity and monitor the internal and external signals that our organism perceives through its specific receptors, TCRs and BCRs, respectively. Today, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) applied to the TCR repertoire has opened a window of opportunity to disclose T-cell repertoire development and behavior down to the clonal level. Although TCR repertoire sequencing is easily accessible today, it is important to deeply understand the available technologies for choosing the best fit for the specific experimental needs and questions. Here, we provide an updated overview of TCR repertoire sequencing strategies, providers and applications to infectious diseases and cancer to guide researchers’ choice through the multitude of available options. The possibility of extending the TCR repertoire to HLA characterization will be of pivotal importance in the near future to understand how specific HLA genes shape T-cell responses in different pathological contexts and will add a level of comprehension that was unthinkable just a few years ago.
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Vieira VA, Herbert N, Cromhout G, Adland E, Goulder P. Role of Early Life Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and Natural Killer Cell Immunity in Paediatric HIV Cure/Remission in the Anti-Retroviral Therapy Era. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886562. [PMID: 35634290 PMCID: PMC9130627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Only three well-characterised cases of functional cure have been described in paediatric HIV infection over the past decade. This underlines the fact that early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), whilst minimising the size of the viral reservoir, is insufficient to achieve cure, unless other factors contribute. In this review, we consider these additional factors that may facilitate functional cure in paediatric infection. Among the early life immune activity, these include HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell responses. The former have less potent antiviral efficacy in paediatric compared with adult infection, and indeed, in early life, NK responses have greater impact in suppressing viral replication than CTL. This fact may contribute to a greater potential for functional cure to be achieved in paediatric versus adult infection, since post-treatment control in adults is associated less with highly potent CTL activity, and more with effective antiviral NK cell responses. Nonetheless, antiviral CTL responses can play an increasingly effective role through childhood, especially in individuals expressing then 'protective' HLA-I molecules HLA-B*27/57/58:01/8101. The role of the innate system on preventing infection, in shaping the particular viruses transmitted, and influencing outcome is discussed. The susceptibility of female fetuses to in utero mother-to-child transmission, especially in the setting of recent maternal infection, is a curiosity that also provides clues to mechanisms by which cure may be achieved, since initial findings are that viral rebound is less frequent among males who interrupt cART. The potential of broadly neutralising antibody therapy to facilitate cure in children who have received early cART is discussed. Finally, we draw attention to the impact of the changing face of the paediatric HIV epidemic on cure potential. The effect of cART is not limited to preventing AIDS and reducing the risk of transmission. cART also affects which mothers transmit. No longer are mothers who transmit those who carry genes associated with poor immune control of HIV. In the cART era, a high proportion (>70% in our South African study) of transmitting mothers are those who seroconvert in pregnancy or who for social reasons are diagnosed late in pregnancy. As a result, now, genes associated with poor immune control of HIV are not enriched in mothers who transmit HIV to their child. These changes will likely influence the effectiveness of HLA-associated immune responses and therefore cure potential among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius A. Vieira
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Herbert
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gabriela Cromhout
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily Adland
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,*Correspondence: Philip Goulder,
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Li M, Yuan Y, Li P, Deng Z, Wen Z, Wang H, Feng F, Zou H, Chen L, Tang S, Sun C. Comparison of the Immunogenicity of HIV-1 CRF07_BC Gag Antigen With or Without a Seven Amino Acid Deletion in p6 Region. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850719. [PMID: 35450078 PMCID: PMC9017423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 CRF07_BC-p6Δ7, a strain with a seven amino acid deletion in the p6 region of the Gag protein, is becoming the dominant strain of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Previous studies demonstrated that HIV-1 patients infected by CRF07_BC-p6Δ7 strain had lower viral load and slower disease progression than those patients infected with CRF07_BC wild-type strain. However, the underlying mechanism for this observation is not fully clarified yet. In this study, we constructed the recombinant DNA plasmid and adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) vector-based constructs to express the HIV-1 CRF07_BC Gag antigen with or without p6Δ7 mutation and then investigated their immunogenicity in mice. Our results showed that HIV-1 CRF07_BC Gag antigen with p6Δ7 mutation induced a comparable level of Gag-specific antibodies but stronger CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune responses than that of CRF07_BC Gag (07_BC-wt). Furthermore, we identified a series of T-cell epitopes, which induced strong T-cell immune response and cross-immunity with CRF01_AE Gag. These findings implied that the p6Gag protein with a seven amino acid deletion might enhance the Gag immunogenicity in particular cellular immunity, which provides valuable information to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of HIV-1 CRF07_BC-p6Δ7 and to develop precise vaccine strategies against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaomin Deng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Rout SS, Di Y, Dittmer U, Sutter K, Lavender KJ. Distinct effects of treatment with two different interferon-alpha subtypes on HIV-1-associated T-cell activation and dysfunction in humanized mice. AIDS 2022; 36:325-336. [PMID: 35084382 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been associated with excessive immune activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. However, evidence suggests specific IFN-α subtypes may be beneficial rather than detrimental. This study compared the effects of treatment with two different IFN-α subtypes on indicators of T-cell activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 for 5 weeks and then treated with two different IFN-α subtypes for an additional 3 weeks. Splenic T cells were assessed both immediately posttreatment and again 6 weeks after treatment cessation. METHODS HIV-1 infected triple-knockout bone marrow-liver-thymus mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of either IFN-α14 or the clinically approved subtype, IFN-α2. T cells were analysed directly ex vivo for indicators of activation and dysfunction or stimulated to determine their proliferative capacity and ability to produce functional mediators. RESULTS Unlike IFN-α2, IFN-α14 treatment reduced viremia and resulted in less activated CD4+ T cells and a lower naïve to effector CD8+ T-cell ratio. Despite exhibiting a reduced proliferative response, the frequency of CD8+ T cells from IFN-α14 treated mice that produced functional mediators and expressed markers of dysfunction was more similar to healthy controls than untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice. Frequencies of exhaustion marker expression remained higher in untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice 6 weeks posttreatment despite similar viral loads between groups at this timepoint. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with different IFN-α subtypes had distinctive effects on T cells during HIV-1 infection. IFN-α14 was associated with fewer indicators of T-cell dysfunction whereas IFN-α2 treatment had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav S Rout
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yunyun Di
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Abstract
In the past 20 years, the mRNA vaccine technology has evolved from the first proof of concept to the first licensed vaccine against emerging pandemics such as SARS-CoV-2. Two mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have received emergency use authorization by US FDA, conditional marketing authorization by EMA, as well as multiple additional national regulatory authorities. The simple composition of an mRNA encoding the antigen formulated in a lipid nanoparticle enables a fast adaptation to new emerging pathogens. This can speed up vaccine development in pandemics from antigen and sequence selection to clinical trial to only a few months. mRNA vaccines are well tolerated and efficacious in animal models for multiple pathogens and will further contribute to the development of vaccines for other unaddressed diseases. Here, we give an overview of the mRNA vaccine design and factors for further optimization of this new promising technology and discuss current knowledge on the mode of action of mRNA vaccines interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system.
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13
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In chronic infection, HIV gag-specific CD4+ T cell receptor diversity is higher than CD8+ T cell receptor diversity and is associated with less HIV quasispecies diversity. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02380-20. [PMID: 33536169 PMCID: PMC8103689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02380-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses to Gag correlate with improved HIV viral control. The full extent of cellular immune responses comprise both the number of epitopes recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as the diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire directed against each epitope. The optimal diversity of the responsive TCR repertoire is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the TCR diversity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responding to HIV-1 Gag to determine if TCR diversity correlates with clinical or virologic metrics. Previous studies of TCR repertoires have been limited primarily to CD8+ T cell responses directed against a small number of well-characterized T cell epitopes restricted by specific human leucocyte antigens. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21chronic HIV-infected individuals overnight with a pool of HIV-1 Gag peptides, followed by sorting of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and TCR deep sequencing. We found Gag-reactive CD8+ T cells to be more oligoclonal, with a few dominant TCRs comprising the bulk of the repertoire, compared to the highly diverse TCR repertoires of Gag-reactive CD4+ T cells. HIV viral sequencing of the same donors revealed that high CD4+ T cell TCR diversity was strongly associated with lower HIV Gag genetic diversity. We conclude that the TCR repertoire of Gag-reactive CD4+ T helper cells display substantial diversity without a clearly dominant circulating TCR clonotype, in contrast to a hierarchy of dominant TCR clonotypes in the Gag-reactive CD8+ T cells, and may serve to limit HIV diversity during chronic infection.IMPORTANCE Human T cells recognize portions of viral proteins bound to host molecules (human leucocyte antigens) on the surface of infected cells. T cells recognize these foreign proteins through their T cell receptors (TCRs), which are formed by the assortment of several available V, D and J genes to create millions of combinations of unique TCRs. We measured the diversity of T cells responding to the HIV Gag protein. We found the CD8+ T cell response is primarily made up of a few dominant unique TCRs whereas the CD4+ T cell subset has a much more diverse repertoire of TCRs. We also found there was less change in the virus sequences in subjects with more diverse TCR repertoires. HIV has a high mutation rate, which allows it to evade the immune response. Our findings describe the characteristics of a virus-specific T cell response that may allow it to limit viral evolution.
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14
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Kang S, Tang H. HIV-1 Infection and Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming of T Cells: Another Approach Toward Functional Cure and Reservoir Eradication. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572677. [PMID: 33117366 PMCID: PMC7575757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emerging of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection has transferred from a fatal threat to a chronic disease that could be managed. Nevertheless, inextricable systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation despite viral suppression render patients still at higher risk of HIV-1-associated non-AIDS complications. Immunometabolism has nowadays raised more and more attention for that targeting metabolism may become a promising approach to modulate immune system and play a role in treating cancer, HIV-1 infection and autoimmune diseases. HIV-1 mainly infects CD4+ T cells and accumulating evidence has brought to light the association between T cell metabolism reprogramming and HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here, we will focus on the interplay of glycometabolism reprogramming of T cells and HIV-1 infection, making an effort to delineate the possibility of utilizing immunometabolism as a new target towards HIV-1 management and even sterilizing cure through eliminating viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Abstract
HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the majority of current vaccine strategies focus on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, there is substantial evidence that cellular immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control and may be harnessed to induce both therapeutic and preventive antiviral effects. In this Review, we discuss the increasing evidence derived from individuals who spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral therapy as well as preclinical immunization studies that provide a clear rationale for renewed efforts to develop a CD8+ T cell-based HIV vaccine in conjunction with B cell vaccine efforts. Further, we outline the remaining challenges in translating these findings into viable HIV prevention, treatment and cure strategies. Recently, antibody-mediated control of HIV infection has received considerable attention. Here, the authors discuss the importance of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection and suggest that efforts to develop vaccines that target these cells in conjunction with B cells should be renewed.
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16
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Cocker ATH, Shah NM, Raj I, Dermont S, Khan W, Mandalia S, Imami N, Johnson MR. Pregnancy Gestation Impacts on HIV-1-Specific Granzyme B Response and Central Memory CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:153. [PMID: 32117291 PMCID: PMC7027986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy induces alterations in peripheral T-cell populations with both changes in subset frequencies and anti-viral responses found to alter with gestation. In HIV-1 positive women anti-HIV-1 responses are associated with transmission risk, however detailed investigation into both HIV-1-specific memory responses associated with HIV-1 control and T-cell subset changes during pregnancy have not been undertaken. In this study we aimed to define pregnancy and gestation related changes to HIV-1-specific responses and T-cell phenotype in ART treated HIV-1 positive pregnant women. Eleven non-pregnant and 24 pregnant HIV-1 positive women were recruited, peripheral blood samples taken, fresh cells isolated, and compared using ELISpot assays and flow cytometry analysis. Clinical data were collected as part of standard care, and non-parametric statistics used. Alterations in induced IFNγ, IL-2, IL-10, and granzyme B secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to HIV-1 Gag and Nef peptide pools and changes in T-cell subsets between pregnant and non-pregnant women were assessed, with data correlated with participant clinical parameters and longitudinal analysis performed. Cross-sectional comparison identified decreased IL-10 Nef response in HIV-1 positive pregnant women compared to non-pregnant, while correlations exhibited reversed Gag and Nef cytokine and protease response associations between groups. Longitudinal analysis of pregnant participants demonstrated transient increases in Gag granzyme B response and in the central memory CD4 T-cell subset frequency during their second trimester, with a decrease in CD4 effector memory T cells from their second to third trimester. Gag and Nef HIV-1-specific responses diverge with pregnancy time-point, coinciding with relevant T-cell phenotype, and gestation associated immunological adaptations. Decreased IL-10 Nef and both increased granzyme B Gag response and central memory CD4 T cells implies that amplified antigen production is occurring, which suggests a period of compromised HIV-1 control in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inez Raj
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dermont
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waheed Khan
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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HIV Controllers Have Low Inflammation Associated with a Strong HIV-Specific Immune Response in Blood. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01690-18. [PMID: 30814287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01690-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers (HIC) maintain control of HIV replication without combined antiretroviral treatment (cART). The mechanisms leading to virus control are not fully known. We used gene expression and cellular analyses to compare HIC and HIV-1-infected individuals under cART. In the blood, HIC are characterized by a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T cell activation gene expression. This balance that persists after stimulation of cells with HIV antigens was consistent with functional analyses showing a bias toward a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. Taking advantage of the characterization of HIC based upon their CD8+ T lymphocyte capacity to suppress HIV-infection, we show here that unsupervised analysis of differentially expressed genes fits clearly with this cytotoxic activity, allowing the characterization of a specific signature of HIC. These results reveal significant features of HIC making the bridge between cellular function, gene signatures, and the regulation of inflammation and killing capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, these genetic profiles are consistent through analyses performed from blood to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells. HIC maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. Our findings may pave the way for new immunotherapeutic approaches leading to strong HIV-1-specific immune responses while minimizing inflammation.IMPORTANCE A small minority of HIV-infected patients, called HIV controllers (HIC), maintains spontaneous control of HIV replication. It is therefore important to identify mechanisms that contribute to the control of HIV replication that may have implications for vaccine design. We observed a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T-cell activation gene expression in the blood of HIC compared to patients under combined antiretroviral treatment. This profile persists following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HIV antigens, and was consistent with functional analyses showing a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. These results reveal significant features of HIC that maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. These findings define the immune status of HIC that is probably associated with the control of viral load.
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CD8+ T cells: mechanistic target of rapamycin and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in elite HIV-1 control. AIDS 2018; 32:2835-2838. [PMID: 30407253 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chowdhury FZ, Ouyang Z, Buzon M, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Metabolic pathway activation distinguishes transcriptional signatures of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 elite controllers. AIDS 2018; 32:2669-2677. [PMID: 30289807 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elite controllers, defined as persons maintaining undetectable levels of HIV-1 replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, represent living evidence that sustained, natural control of HIV-1 is possible, at least in relatively rare instances. Understanding the complex immunologic and virologic characteristics of these specific patients holds promise for inducing drug-free control of HIV-1 in broader populations of HIV-1 infected patients. DESIGN We used an unbiased transcriptional profiling approach to characterize CD8+ T cells, the strongest correlate of HIV-1 immune control identified thus far, in a large cohort of elite controllers (n = 51); highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART)-treated patients (n = 32) and HIV-1 negative (n = 10) served as reference cohorts. METHODS We isolated mRNA from total CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of each individual followed by microarray analysis of the transcriptional signatures. RESULTS We observed profound transcriptional differences [590 transcripts, false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05] between elite controller and HAART-treated patients. Interestingly, metabolic and signalling pathways governed by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eIF2, known for their key roles in regulating cellular growth, proliferation and metabolism, were among the top functions enriched in the differentially expressed genes, suggesting a therapeutically actionable target as a distinguishing feature of spontaneous HIV-1 immune control. A subsequent bootstrapping approach distinguished five different subgroups of elite controller, each characterized by distinct transcriptional signatures. However, despite this marked heterogeneity, differential regulation of mTOR and eIF2 signalling remained the dominant functional pathway in three of these elite controller subgroups. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that mTOR and eIF2 signalling may play a remarkably universal role for regulating CD8 T-cell function from elite controllers.
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Abstract
In this brief review and perspective, we address the question of whether the immune responses that bring about immune control of acute HIV infection are the same as, or distinct from, those that maintain long-term viral suppression once control of viremia has been achieved. To this end, we describe the natural history of elite and post-treatment control, noting the lack of data regarding what happens acutely. We review the evidence suggesting that the two clinical phenotypes may differ in terms of the mechanisms required to achieve and maintain control, as well as the level of inflammation that persists once a steady state is achieved. We then describe the evidence from longitudinal studies of controllers who fail and studies of biologic sex (male versus female), age (children versus adults), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (pathogenic/experimental versus nonpathogenic/natural infection). Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the battle between the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways during acute infection has long-term consequences, both for the degree to which control is maintained and the health of the individual. Potent and stringent control of HIV may be required acutely, but once control is established, the chronic inflammatory response can be detrimental. Interventional approaches designed to bring about HIV cure and/or remission should be nuanced accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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21
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Salido J, Ruiz MJ, Trifone C, Figueroa MI, Caruso MP, Gherardi MM, Sued O, Salomón H, Laufer N, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Phenotype, Polyfunctionality, and Antiviral Activity of in vitro Stimulated CD8 + T-Cells From HIV + Subjects Who Initiated cART at Different Time-Points After Acute Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2443. [PMID: 30405632 PMCID: PMC6205955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since anti-HIV treatment cannot cure the infection, many strategies have been proposed to eradicate the viral reservoir, which still remains as a major challenge. The success of some of these strategies will rely on the ability of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells (CD8TC) to clear reactivated infected cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the phenotype and function of in vitro expanded CD8TC obtained from HIV+ subjects on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), either initiated earlier (median = 3 months postinfection, ET: Early treatment) or later (median = 20 months postinfection, DT: Delayed treatment) after infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 DT and 13 ET subjects were obtained and stimulated with Nef and Gag peptide pools plus IL-2 for 14 days. ELISPOT was performed pre- and post-expansion. CD8TC memory/effector phenotype, PD-1 expression, polyfunctionality (CD107a/b, IFN-γ, IL-2, CCL4 (MIP-1β), and/or TNF-α production) and antiviral activity were evaluated post-expansion. Magnitude of ELISPOT responses increased after expansion by 103 times, in both groups. Expanded cells were highly polyfunctional, regardless of time of cART initiation. The memory/effector phenotype distribution was sharply skewed toward an effector phenotype after expansion in both groups although ET subjects showed significantly higher proportions of stem-cell and central memory CD8TCs. PD-1 expression was clustered in HIV-specific effector memory CD8TCs, subset that also showed the highest proportion of cytokine-producing cells. Moreover, PD-1 expression directly correlated with CD8TC functionality. Expanded CD8TCs from DT and ET subjects were highly capable of mediating antiviral activity, measured by two different assays. Antiviral function directly correlated with the proportion of fully differentiated effector cells (viral inhibition assay) as well as with CD8TC polyfunctionality and PD-1 expression (VITAL assay). In sum, we show that, despite being dampened in subjects on cART, the HIV-specific CD8TC response could be selectively stimulated and expanded in vitro, presenting a high proportion of cells able to carry-out multiple effector functions. Timing of cART initiation had an impact on the memory/effector differentiation phenotype, most likely reflecting how different periods of antigen persistence affected immune function. Overall, these results have important implications for the design and evaluation of strategies aimed at modulating CD8TCs to achieve the HIV functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Salido
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César Trifone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Paula Caruso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. JA Fernández”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Svitek N, Saya R, Awino E, Munyao S, Muriuki R, Njoroge T, Pellé R, Ndiwa N, Poole J, Gilbert S, Nene V, Steinaa L. An Ad/MVA vectored Theileria parva antigen induces schizont-specific CD8 + central memory T cells and confers partial protection against a lethal challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:35. [PMID: 30245859 PMCID: PMC6134044 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), one of the most serious cattle diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, and directly impacts smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. There is an efficient live-parasite vaccine, but issues with transmission of vaccine strains, need of a cold chain, and antibiotics limit its utilization. This has fostered research towards subunit vaccination. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are crucial in combating the infection by lysing T. parva-infected cells. Tp1 is an immunodominant CTL antigen, which induces Tp1-specific responses in 70–80% of cattle of the A18 or A18v haplotype during vaccination with the live vaccine. In this study, human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAd5) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) were assessed for their ability to induce Tp1-specific immunity. Both viral vectors expressing the Tp1 antigen were inoculated in cattle by a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen. All 15 animals responded to Tp1 as determined by ELISpot. Of these, 14 reacted to the known Tp1 epitope, assayed by ELISpot and tetramer analyses, with CTL peaking 1-week post-MVA boost. Eleven animals developed CTL with specific cytotoxic activity towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pulsed with the Tp1 epitope. Moreover, 36% of the animals with a Tp1 epitope-specific response survived a lethal challenge with T. parva 5 weeks post-MVA boost. Reduction of the parasitemia correlated with increased percentages of central memory lymphocytes in the Tp1 epitope-specific CD8+ populations. These results indicate that Tp1 is a promising antigen to include in a subunit vaccine and central memory cells are crucial for clearing the parasite. A vaccine expressing parasitic proteins offers more convenient East Coast fever prophylaxis. Current vaccination for the cattle disease, caused by the parasite Theileria parva and a detriment to sub-Saharan African farmers, involves inconvenient injection with live parasites before antibiotic treatment (ITM). A collaboration led by Nicholas Svitek, of the Kenyan International Livestock Research Institute, designed a candidate to provoke cellular immune responses against the parasitic antigen Tp1—an ITM vaccine candidate. In tests on cattle, 93% created Tp1-targeting T cells, and 33% survived a lethal dose of T. parva. The East Coast fever reduction seen in animals in this research outperformed a recent study and was able to generate the same immune memory cells that ITM inspires to provide long-lasting protection. Future research might integrate more antigens with this Tp1 vaccine to provide more comprehensive protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munyao
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Muriuki
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pellé
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Poole
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- 2The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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23
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Abrams EJ, Ananworanich J, Archary M, Ngongondo M, Brouwers P. Propelling the Pediatric HIV Therapeutic Agenda With Science, Innovation, and Collaboration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 78 Suppl 1:S32-S39. [PMID: 29994918 PMCID: PMC6044456 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of well-described obstacles to the pediatric therapeutic agenda have resulted in substantial delays in the introduction of new medications, formulations, strategies, and approaches to treat infants, children, and adolescents living with HIV. SETTING Global landscape. METHODS The authors will provide a summary of current and emerging initiatives to accelerate the pediatric therapeutic agenda including illustrative case studies of innovations and scientific discovery in diagnosis and treatment of very young children with HIV infection. RESULTS The challenges posed by rapid physiologic and developmental changes that characterize the trajectory of childhood as well as the complex regulatory and fiscal milieu of HIV therapeutics have hampered pediatric HIV therapeutic research. Recent efforts to accelerate this agenda include prioritizing agents and formulations, defining dosing by weight bands, applying innovative study designs, synergizing work across research networks to achieve common goals, and the establishment of a global prioritized research agenda. A case study of initiatives to diagnose and effectively treat newborns and infants will illustrate the critical role of basic science research and novel approaches to study design and implementation that are informing global efforts to end AIDS. CONCLUSIONS A pediatric therapeutic agenda informed by basic science and achieved through innovation and global cooperation is essential to achieve an AIDS-free generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia, Mailman School of Public Health, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Pim Brouwers
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Hu X, Lu Z, Valentin A, Rosati M, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Marx PA, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Gag and env conserved element CE DNA vaccines elicit broad cytotoxic T cell responses targeting subdominant epitopes of HIV and SIV Able to recognize virus-infected cells in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2163-2177. [PMID: 29939820 PMCID: PMC6183272 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting inessential variable regions are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. We developed a DNA vaccine comprising conserved elements (CE) of SIV p27Gag and HIV-1 Env and found that priming vaccination with CE DNA is critical to efficiently overcome the dominance imposed by Gag and Env variable regions. Here, we show that DNA vaccinated macaques receiving the CE prime/CE+full-length DNA co-delivery booster vaccine regimens developed broad, potent and durable cytotoxic T cell responses targeting conserved protein segments of SIV Gag and HIV Env. Gag CE-specific T cells showed robust anamnestic responses upon infection with SIVmac239 which led to the identification of CE-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes able to recognize epitopes covering distinct CE on the surface of SIV infected cells in vivo. Though not controlling infection overall, we found an inverse correlation between Gag CE-specific CD8+ T cell responses and peak viremia. The T cell responses induced by the HIV Env CE immunogen were recalled in some animals upon SIV infection, leading to the identification of two cross-reactive epitopes between HIV and SIV Env based in sequence homology. These data demonstrate that a vaccine combining Gag and Env CE DNA subverted the normal immunodominance patterns, eliciting immune responses that included subdominant, highly conserved epitopes. These vaccine regimens augment cytotoxic T cell responses to highly conserved epitopes in the viral proteome and maximize response breadth. The vaccine-induced CE-specific T cells were expanded upon SIV infection, indicating that the predicted CE epitopes incorporated in the DNA vaccine are processed and exposed by infected cells in their natural context within the viral proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Preston A Marx
- d Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - James I Mullins
- e Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
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25
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Hu X, Valentin A, Cai Y, Dayton F, Rosati M, Ramírez-Salazar EG, Kulkarni V, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Moss B, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA Vaccine-Induced Long-Lasting Cytotoxic T Cells Targeting Conserved Elements of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Are Boosted Upon DNA or Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccination. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1029-1043. [PMID: 29869530 PMCID: PMC6152849 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-based vaccines able to induce efficient cytotoxic T-cell responses targeting conserved elements (CE) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag have been developed. These CE were selected by stringent conservation, the ability to induce T-cell responses with broad human leukocyte antigen coverage, and the association between recognition of CE epitopes and viral control in HIV-infected individuals. Based on homology to HIV, a simian immunodeficiency virus p27gag CE DNA vaccine has also been developed. This study reports on the durability of the CE-specific T-cell responses induced by HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus CE DNA-based prime/boost vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques, and shows that the initially primed CE-specific T-cell responses were efficiently boosted by a single CE DNA vaccination after the long rest period (up to 2 years). In another cohort of animals, the study shows that a single inoculation with non-replicating recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA62B) also potently boosted CE-specific responses after around 1.5 years of rest. Both CE DNA and rMVA62B booster vaccinations increased the magnitude and cytotoxicity of the CE-specific responses while maintaining the breadth of CE recognition. Env produced by rMVA62B did not negatively interfere with the recall of the Gag CE responses. rMVA62B could be beneficial to further boosting the immune response to Gag in humans. Vaccine regimens that employ CE DNA as a priming immunogen hold promise for application in HIV prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- 1 Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Antonio Valentin
- 2 Human Retrovirus Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yanhui Cai
- 1 Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Frances Dayton
- 1 Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Margherita Rosati
- 2 Human Retrovirus Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Viraj Kulkarni
- 1 Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Linda S Wyatt
- 4 Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Bernard Moss
- 4 Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - George N Pavlakis
- 2 Human Retrovirus Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Barbara K Felber
- 1 Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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26
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Barrett AJ, Prockop S, Bollard CM. Reprint of: Virus-Specific T Cells: Broadening Applicability. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:S1-S6. [PMID: 29425515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection remains an appreciable cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although pharmacotherapy and/or antibody therapy may help prevent or treat viral disease, these drugs are expensive, toxic, and often ineffective due to primary or secondary resistance. Further, effective treatments are limited for many infections (eg, adenovirus, BK virus), which are increasingly detected after alternative donor transplants. These deficiencies in conventional therapeutics have increased interest in an immunotherapeutic approach to viral disorders, leading to adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (VSTs), which can rapidly reconstitute antiviral immunity post-transplantation without causing graft-versus-host disease. This review will explore how the VST field has improved outcomes for many patients with life-threatening viral infections after HSCT, and how to broaden applicability beyond the "patient-specific" products, as well as extending to other viral diseases even outside the context of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Barrett
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Prockop
- Pediatric BMT Service, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Children's National Medical Center and The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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27
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Barrett AJ, Prockop S, Bollard CM. Virus-Specific T Cells: Broadening Applicability. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:13-18. [PMID: 29032062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection remains an appreciable cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although pharmacotherapy and/or antibody therapy may help prevent or treat viral disease, these drugs are expensive, toxic, and often ineffective due to primary or secondary resistance. Further, effective treatments are limited for many infections (eg, adenovirus, BK virus), which are increasingly detected after alternative donor transplants. These deficiencies in conventional therapeutics have increased interest in an immunotherapeutic approach to viral disorders, leading to adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (VSTs), which can rapidly reconstitute antiviral immunity post-transplantation without causing graft-versus-host disease. This review will explore how the VST field has improved outcomes for many patients with life-threatening viral infections after HSCT, and how to broaden applicability beyond the "patient-specific" products, as well as extending to other viral diseases even outside the context of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Barrett
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Prockop
- Pediatric BMT Service, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Children's National Medical Center and The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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28
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Haidari G, Cope A, Miller A, Venables S, Yan C, Ridgers H, Reijonen K, Hannaman D, Spentzou A, Hayes P, Bouliotis G, Vogt A, Joseph S, Combadiere B, McCormack S, Shattock RJ. Combined skin and muscle vaccination differentially impact the quality of effector T cell functions: the CUTHIVAC-001 randomized trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13011. [PMID: 29026141 PMCID: PMC5638927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting of different tissues via transcutaneous (TC), intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) injection has the potential to tailor the immune response to DNA vaccination. In this Phase I randomised controlled clinical trial in HIV-1 negative volunteers we investigate whether the site and mode of DNA vaccination influences the quality of the cellular immune responses. We adopted a strategy of concurrent immunization combining IM injection with either ID or TC administration. As a third arm we assessed the response to IM injection administered with electroporation (EP). The DNA plasmid encoded a MultiHIV B clade fusion protein designed to induce cellular immunity. The vaccine and regimens were well tolerated. We observed differential shaping of vaccine induced virus-specific CD4 + and CD8 + cell-mediated immune responses. DNA given by IM + EP promoted strong IFN-γ responses and potent viral inhibition. ID + IM without EP resulted in a similar pattern of response but of lower magnitude. By contrast TC + IM (without EP) shifted responses towards a more Th-17 dominated phenotype, associated with mucosal and epidermal protection. Whilst preliminary, these results offer new perspectives for differential shaping of desired cellular immunity required to fight the wide range of complex and diverse infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Haidari
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Cope
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Miller
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Venables
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Yan
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Ridgers
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - D Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - A Spentzou
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Bouliotis
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Joseph
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - B Combadiere
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, U1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - S McCormack
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - R J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, Group of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Abdel-Hakeem MS, Boisvert M, Bruneau J, Soudeyns H, Shoukry NH. Selective expansion of high functional avidity memory CD8 T cell clonotypes during hepatitis C virus reinfection and clearance. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006191. [PMID: 28146579 PMCID: PMC5305272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of the memory CD8 T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire upon virus re-exposure and factors governing the selection of TCR clonotypes conferring protective immunity in real life settings are poorly understood. Here, we examined the dynamics and functionality of the virus-specific memory CD8 TCR repertoire before, during and after hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection in patients who spontaneously resolved two consecutive infections (SR/SR) and patients who resolved a primary but failed to clear a subsequent infection (SR/CI). The TCR repertoire was narrower prior to reinfection in the SR/SR group as compared to the SR/CI group and became more focused upon reinfection. CD8 T cell clonotypes expanding upon re-exposure and associated with protection from viral persistence were recruited from the memory T cell pool. Individual CD8 T cell lines generated from the SR/SR group exhibited higher functional avidity and polyfunctionality as compared to cell lines from the SR/CI group. Our results suggest that protection from viral persistence upon HCV reinfection is associated with focusing of the HCV-specific CD8 memory T cell repertoire from which established cell lines showed high functional avidity. These findings are applicable to vaccination strategies aiming at shaping the protective human T cell repertoire. In this study we examined the diversity and dynamics of the repertoire of receptors of CD8 T cells that are selected and enriched upon real-life multiple exposures to viral infections. Using hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a cohort of high risk people who inject drugs, we demonstrate that protection upon two subsequent infections was associated with a narrow repertoire of virus-specific CD8 T cells and selective expansion of cells with high polyfunctionality (increased TNFα production and cytotoxic potential). Our results have important implications in vaccination programs aiming at shaping the CD8 T cell repertoire against viral infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Abdel-Hakeem
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maude Boisvert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine familiale et de médecine d’urgence, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Soudeyns
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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30
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Hu X, Valentin A, Dayton F, Kulkarni V, Alicea C, Rosati M, Chowdhury B, Gautam R, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Martin MA, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimen To Increase Breadth, Magnitude, and Cytotoxicity of the Cellular Immune Responses to Subdominant Gag Epitopes of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and HIV. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3999-4013. [PMID: 27733554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting variable regions of the HIV proteome are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. An HIV-derived conserved element (CE) p24gag plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine is able to redirect immunodominant responses to otherwise subdominant and often more vulnerable viral targets. By homology to the HIV immunogen, seven CE were identified in SIV p27Gag Analysis of 31 rhesus macaques vaccinated with full-length SIV gag pDNA showed inefficient induction (58% response rate) of cellular responses targeting these CE. In contrast, all 14 macaques immunized with SIV p27CE pDNA developed robust T cell responses recognizing CE. Vaccination with p27CE pDNA was also critical for the efficient induction and increased the frequency of Ag-specific T cells with cytotoxic potential (granzyme B+ CD107a+) targeting subdominant CE epitopes, compared with the responses elicited by the p57gag pDNA vaccine. Following p27CE pDNA priming, two booster regimens, gag pDNA or codelivery of p27CE+gag pDNA, significantly increased the levels of CE-specific T cells. However, the CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination elicited significantly broader CE epitope recognition, and thus, a more profound alteration of the immunodominance hierarchy. Vaccination with HIV molecules showed that CE+gag pDNA booster regimen further expanded the breadth of HIV CE responses. Hence, SIV/HIV vaccine regimens comprising CE pDNA prime and CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination significantly increased cytotoxic T cell responses to subdominant highly conserved Gag epitopes and maximized response breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Frances Dayton
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Bhabadeb Chowdhury
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702;
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702;
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31
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Angin M, Wong G, Papagno L, Versmisse P, David A, Bayard C, Charmeteau-De Muylder B, Besseghir A, Thiébaut R, Boufassa F, Pancino G, Sauce D, Lambotte O, Brun-Vézinet F, Matheron S, Rowland-Jones SL, Cheynier R, Sáez-Cirión A, Appay V. Preservation of Lymphopoietic Potential and Virus Suppressive Capacity by CD8+ T Cells in HIV-2-Infected Controllers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2787-95. [PMID: 27566819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared with HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterized by a larger proportion of slow or nonprogressors. A better understanding of HIV-2 pathogenesis should open new therapeutic avenues to establish control of HIV-1 replication in infected patients. In this study, we studied the production of CD8(+) T cells and their capacity for viral control in HIV-2 controllers from the French ANRS CO5 HIV-2 cohort. HIV-2 controllers display a robust capacity to support long-term renewal of the CD8(+) T cell compartment by preserving immune resources, including hematopoietic progenitors and thymic activity, which could contribute to the long-term maintenance of the CD8(+) T cell response and the avoidance of premature immune aging. Our data support the presence of HIV-2 Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells that display an early memory differentiation phenotype and robust effector potential in HIV-2 controllers. Accordingly, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that HIV-2 controllers possess CD8(+) T cells that show an unusually strong capacity to suppress HIV-2 infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells ex vivo, an ability that likely depends on the preservation of host immune resources. This effective and durable antiviral response probably participates in a virtuous circle, during which controlled viral replication permits the preservation of potent immune functions, thus preventing HIV-2 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Angin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Glenn Wong
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Papagno
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Versmisse
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Charles Bayard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-De Muylder
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Cytokines and Viral Infections Team, Paris 75014, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amel Besseghir
- Centre de Méthodologie et de Gestion des Essais Cliniques de l'INSERM U1219, Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine, Hépatites Virales et Comorbidités, Épidémiologie Clinique et Santé Publique, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Centre de Méthodologie et de Gestion des Essais Cliniques de l'INSERM U1219, Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine, Hépatites Virales et Comorbidités, Épidémiologie Clinique et Santé Publique, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM UMR 1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Françoise Brun-Vézinet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM UMR 1137, Infections, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75018, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Cytokines and Viral Infections Team, Paris 75014, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France;
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France;
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Shasha D, Karel D, Angiuli O, Greenblatt A, Ghebremichael M, Yu X, Porichis F, Walker BD. Elite controller CD8+ T cells exhibit comparable viral inhibition capacity, but better sustained effector properties compared to chronic progressors. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1425-1433. [PMID: 27406996 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-422r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms modulating HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibition are not well defined. To delineate features of effective control, we compared the ability of CD8+ T cells from HIV ECs and CPs to inhibit HIV ex vivo. ECs showed superior inhibition compared to HAART-treated or untreated CPs in a typical VIA in which CD8+ T cells are rested 3 d before use (P = 0.025). In contrast, comparable antiviral activity was observed in freshly thawed cells. Rested CD8+ T cells underwent apoptosis with preferential loss of HIV-specific cells. EC CD8+ T cells showed greater capacity to sustain polyfunctionality ex vivo compared with those of CPs, and incubation of CD8+ T cells with IL-15 augmented inhibition. These results indicate that superior ex vivo inhibition of viral replication by CD8+ T cells from ECs is associated with enhanced retention of functional qualities and that in vitro antiviral function is enhanced by IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shasha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan Karel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Angiuli
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Greenblatt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Long-Term Spontaneous Control of HIV-1 Is Related to Low Frequency of Infected Cells and Inefficient Viral Reactivation. J Virol 2016; 90:6148-6158. [PMID: 27122576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00419-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV establishes reservoirs of infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). In most patients, the virus begins to replicate soon after treatment interruption. However, a low frequency of infected cells at the time of treatment interruption has been associated with delayed viral rebound. Likewise, individuals who control the infection spontaneously, so-called HIV-1 controllers (HICs), carry particularly low levels of infected cells. It is unclear, however, whether and how this small number of infected cells contributes to durable viral control. Here we compared 38 HICs with 12 patients on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and found that the low frequency of infected cells in the former subjects was associated both with less efficient viral reactivation in resting CD4(+) T cells and with less efficient virion production ex vivo We also found that a potent HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response was present only in those HICs whose CD4(+) T cells produced virus ex vivo Long-term spontaneous control of HIV infection in HICs thus appears to be sustained on the basis of the inefficient reactivation of viruses from a limited number of infected cells and the capacity of HICs to activate a potent HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response to counteract efficient viral reactivation events. IMPORTANCE There is a strong scientific interest in developing strategies to eradicate the HIV-1 reservoir. Very rare HIV-1-infected patients are able to spontaneously control viremia for long periods of time (HIV-1 controllers [HICs]) and are put forward as a model of HIV-1 remission. Here, we show that the low viral reservoirs found in HICs are a critical part of the mechanisms underlying viral control and result in a lower probability of HIV-1 reactivation events, resulting in limited HIV-1 release and spread. We found that those HICs in whom viral reactivation and spread from CD4(+) T cells in vitro were the most difficult were those with diminished CD8(+) T cell responses. These results suggest that, in some settings, low HIV-1 reservoirs decisively contribute to at least the temporary control of infection without antiretroviral therapy. We believe that this work provides information of relevance in the context of the search for HIV-1 remission.
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Patel S, Jones RB, Nixon DF, Bollard CM. T-cell therapies for HIV: Preclinical successes and current clinical strategies. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:931-942. [PMID: 27265874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful in controlling HIV infection, it does not provide a permanent cure, requires lifelong treatment, and HIV-positive individuals are left with social concerns such as stigma. The recent application of T cells to treat cancer and viral reactivations post-transplant offers a potential strategy to control HIV infection. It is known that naturally occurring HIV-specific T cells can inhibit HIV initially, but this response is not sustained in the majority of people living with HIV. Genetically modifying T cells to target HIV, resist infection, and persist in the immunosuppressive environment found in chronically infected HIV-positive individuals might provide a therapeutic solution for HIV. This review focuses on successful preclinical studies and current clinical strategies using T-cell therapy to control HIV infection and mediate a functional cure solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnum Patel
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
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Sheikh N, Cham J, Zhang L, DeVries T, Letarte S, Pufnock J, Hamm D, Trager J, Fong L. Clonotypic Diversification of Intratumoral T Cells Following Sipuleucel-T Treatment in Prostate Cancer Subjects. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3711-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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