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Fujimoto S, Fujimaki K, Suzuki T, Katsuma S, Iwanaga M. Expression and localization of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus GP37. Virus Genes 2023; 59:457-463. [PMID: 36913065 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in intracellular energy metabolism. This study described the involvement of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) GP37 (BmGP37) in host mitochondria. Herein, the proteins associated with host mitochondria isolated from BmNPV-infected or mock-infected cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were compared. One mitochondria-associated protein in virus-infected cells was identified as BmGP37 by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, the BmGP37 antibodies were generated, which could react specifically with BmGP37 in the BmNPV-infected BmN cells. Western blot experiments showed that BmGP37 was expressed at 18 h post-infection and was verified as a mitochondria-associated protein. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that BmGP37 localized to the host mitochondria during BmNPV infection. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that BmGP37 is a novel component protein of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) of BmNPV. The present results indicated that BmGP37 is one of the ODV-associated proteins and may have important roles in host mitochondria during BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujimoto
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-Machi 350, Utsunomiya-Shi, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kaito Fujimaki
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-Machi 350, Utsunomiya-Shi, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center of Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Mine-Machi 350, Utsunomiya-Shi, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwanaga
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-Machi 350, Utsunomiya-Shi, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
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Vandhana TM, Reyre JL, Sushmaa D, Berrin JG, Bissaro B, Madhuprakash J. On the expansion of biological functions of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2380-2396. [PMID: 34918344 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) constitute an enigmatic class of enzymes, the discovery of which has opened up a new arena of riveting research. LPMOs can oxidatively cleave the glycosidic bonds found in carbohydrate polymers enabling the depolymerisation of recalcitrant biomasses, such as cellulose or chitin. While most studies have so far mainly explored the role of LPMOs in a (plant) biomass conversion context, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. In the present review, we propose a historical perspective of LPMO research providing a succinct overview of the major achievements of LPMO research over the past decade. This journey through LPMOs landscape leads us to dive into the emerging biological functions of LPMOs and LPMO-like proteins. We notably highlight roles in fungal and oomycete plant pathogenesis (e.g. potato late blight), but also in mutualistic/commensalism symbiosis (e.g. ectomycorrhizae). We further present the potential importance of LPMOs in other microbial pathogenesis including diseases caused by bacteria (e.g. pneumonia), fungi (e.g. human meningitis), oomycetes and viruses (e.g. entomopox), as well as in (micro)organism development (including several plant pests). Our assessment of the literature leads to the formulation of outstanding questions, promising for the coming years exciting research and discoveries on these moonlighting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theruvothu Madathil Vandhana
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jean-Lou Reyre
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Dangudubiyyam Sushmaa
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Tetreau G, Andreeva EA, Banneville AS, De Zitter E, Colletier JP. Can (We Make) Bacillus thuringiensis Crystallize More Than Its Toxins? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070441. [PMID: 34206749 PMCID: PMC8309801 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of finely tuned and reliable crystallization processes to obtain crystalline formulations of proteins has received growing interest from different scientific fields, including toxinology and structural biology, as well as from industry, notably for biotechnological and medical applications. As a natural crystal-making bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has evolved through millions of years to produce hundreds of highly structurally diverse pesticidal proteins as micrometer-sized crystals. The long-term stability of Bt protein crystals in aqueous environments and their specific and controlled dissolution are characteristics that are particularly sought after. In this article, we explore whether the crystallization machinery of Bt can be hijacked as a means to produce (micro)crystalline formulations of proteins for three different applications: (i) to develop new bioinsecticidal formulations based on rationally improved crystalline toxins, (ii) to functionalize crystals with specific characteristics for biotechnological and medical applications, and (iii) to produce microcrystals of custom proteins for structural biology. By developing the needs of these different fields to figure out if and how Bt could meet each specific requirement, we discuss the already published and/or patented attempts and provide guidelines for future investigations in some underexplored yet promising domains.
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Ricarte-Bermejo A, Simón O, Fernández AB, Williams T, Caballero P. Bacmid Expression of Granulovirus Enhancin En3 Accumulates in Cell Soluble Fraction to Potentiate Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1233. [PMID: 34202228 PMCID: PMC8309998 DOI: 10.3390/v13071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancins are metalloproteinases that facilitate baculovirus infection in the insect midgut. They are more prevalent in granuloviruses (GVs), constituting up to 5% of the proteins of viral occlusion bodies (OBs). In nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), in contrast, they are present in the envelope of the occlusion-derived virions (ODV). In the present study, we constructed a recombinant Autographa californica NPV (AcMNPV) that expressed the Trichoplusia ni GV (TnGV) enhancin 3 (En3), with the aim of increasing the presence of enhancin in the OBs or ODVs. En3 was successfully produced but did not localize to the OBs or the ODVs and accumulated in the soluble fraction of infected cells. As a result, increased OB pathogenicity was observed when OBs were administered in mixtures with the soluble fraction of infected cells. The mixture of OBs and the soluble fraction of Sf9 cells infected with BacPhEn3 recombinant virus was ~3- and ~4.7-fold more pathogenic than BacPh control OBs in the second and fourth instars of Spodoptera exigua, respectively. In contrast, when purified, recombinant BacPhEn3 OBs were as pathogenic as control BacPh OBs. The expression of En3 in the soluble fraction of insect cells may find applications in the development of virus-based insecticides with increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
| | - Oihane Simón
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Fernández
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
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Mudogo CN, Falke S, Brognaro H, Duszenko M, Betzel C. Protein phase separation and determinants of in cell crystallization. Traffic 2019; 21:220-230. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celestin N. Mudogo
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and InflammationInstitute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Sven Falke
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and InflammationInstitute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Hévila Brognaro
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and InflammationInstitute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Centre for Free‐Electron‐Laser Science Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and InflammationInstitute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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Coulibaly F. Polyhedra, spindles, phage nucleus and pyramids: Structural biology of viral superstructures. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:275-335. [PMID: 31522707 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection causes comprehensive rearrangements of the cell that reflect as much host defense mechanisms as virus-induced structures assembled to facilitate infection. Regardless of their pro- or antiviral role, large intracellular structures are readily detectable by microscopy and often provide a signature characteristic of a specific viral infection. The structural features and localization of these assemblies have thus been commonly used for the diagnostic and classification of viruses since the early days of virology. More recently, characterization of viral superstructures using molecular and structural approaches have revealed very diverse organizations and roles, ranging from dynamic viral factories behaving like liquid organelles to ultra-stable crystals embedding and protecting virions. This chapter reviews the structures, functions and biotechnological applications of virus-induced superstructures with a focus on assemblies that have a regular organization, for which detailed structural descriptions are available. Examples span viruses infecting all domains of life including the assembly of virions into crystalline arrays in eukaryotic and bacterial viruses, nucleus-like compartments involved in the replication of large bacteriophages, and pyramid-like structures mediating the egress of archaeal viruses. Among these superstructures, high-resolution structures are available for crystalline objects produced by insect viruses: viral polyhedra which function as the infectious form of occluded viruses, and spindles which are potent virulence factors of entomopoxviruses. In turn, some of these highly symmetrical objects have been used to develop and validate advanced structural approaches, pushing the boundary of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasséli Coulibaly
- Infection & Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Konno K, Mitsuhashi W. The peritrophic membrane as a target of proteins that play important roles in plant defense and microbial attack. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103912. [PMID: 31301311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix: PM) is a thin membranous structure that lies along the midgut epithelium in the midgut lumen and consists of chitin and proteins. PM exists between ingested food material and midgut epithelium cells and it is on the frontline of insect-plant and insect-microbe interactions. Therefore, proteins that play major roles in plant defense against herbivorous insects and in microbial attack on insects should penetrate, destroy or modify the PM to accomplish their roles. Recently, it has become clear that some proteins crucial to plant defense or microbial attack have the PM as their primary target. In addition, several plant defense proteins have been reported to affect the PM, although it is still unclear whether the PM is their primary target. This review introduces several of these proteins: fusolin and enhancin, two proteins produced by insect viruses that greatly enhance infection of the viruses by disrupting the PM; the MLX56 family proteins found in mulberry latex as defense proteins against insect herbivores, which modify the PM to a thick structure that inhibits digestive processes; Mir1-CP, a defense cysteine protease from maize that inhibits the growth of insects at very low concentrations and degrades the PM structures; and chitinases and lectins. The importance, necessary characteristics, and modes of action of PM-targeting proteins are then discussed from a strategic point of view, by spotlighting the importance of selective permeability of the PM. Finally, the review discusses the possibility of applying PM-targeting proteins for the control of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Erlandson MA, Toprak U, Hegedus DD. Role of the peritrophic matrix in insect-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103894. [PMID: 31175854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. The PM has long been considered a physical as well as a biochemical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes and pathogens infectious per os. This short review will focus on the latter function, as a barrier to pathogens infectious per os. We focus on the evidence confirming the role of the PM as protective barrier against pathogenic microorganisms of insects, mainly bacteria and viruses, as well as the evolution of a variety of mechanisms used by pathogens to overcome the PM barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Erlandson
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Schönherr R, Rudolph JM, Redecke L. Protein crystallization in living cells. Biol Chem 2019; 399:751-772. [PMID: 29894295 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein crystallization in living cells has been observed surprisingly often as a native assembly process during the past decades, and emerging evidence indicates that this phenomenon is also accessible for recombinant proteins. But only recently the advent of high-brilliance synchrotron sources, X-ray free-electron lasers, and improved serial data collection strategies has allowed the use of these micrometer-sized crystals for structural biology. Thus, in cellulo crystallization could offer exciting new possibilities for proteins that do not crystallize applying conventional approaches. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the current knowledge of intracellular protein crystallization. This includes an overview of the cellular functions, the physical properties, and, if known, the mode of regulation of native in cellulo crystal formation, complemented with a discussion of the reported crystallization events of recombinant proteins and the current method developments to successfully collect X-ray diffraction data from in cellulo crystals. Although the intracellular protein self-assembly mechanisms are still poorly understood, regulatory differences between native in cellulo crystallization linked to a specific function and accidently crystallizing proteins, either disease associated or recombinantly introduced, become evident. These insights are important to systematically exploit living cells as protein crystallization chambers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schönherr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Mia Rudolph
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Redecke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Mitsuhashi W, Shimura S, Miyamoto K, Sugimoto TN. Spatial distribution of orally administered viral fusolin protein in the insect midgut and possible synergism between fusolin and digestive proteases to disrupt the midgut peritrophic matrix. Arch Virol 2018; 164:17-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Meier KK, Jones SM, Kaper T, Hansson H, Koetsier MJ, Karkehabadi S, Solomon EI, Sandgren M, Kelemen B. Oxygen Activation by Cu LPMOs in Recalcitrant Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Conversion to Monomer Sugars. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2593-2635. [PMID: 29155571 PMCID: PMC5982588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural carbohydrate polymers such as starch, cellulose, and chitin provide renewable alternatives to fossil fuels as a source for fuels and materials. As such, there is considerable interest in their conversion for industrial purposes, which is evidenced by the established and emerging markets for products derived from these natural polymers. In many cases, this is achieved via industrial processes that use enzymes to break down carbohydrates to monomer sugars. One of the major challenges facing large-scale industrial applications utilizing natural carbohydrate polymers is rooted in the fact that naturally occurring forms of starch, cellulose, and chitin can have tightly packed organizations of polymer chains with low hydration levels, giving rise to crystalline structures that are highly recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. The topic of this review is oxidative cleavage of carbohydrate polymers by lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs). LPMOs are copper-dependent enzymes (EC 1.14.99.53-56) that, with glycoside hydrolases, participate in the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polymers. Their activity and structural underpinnings provide insights into biological mechanisms of polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn K. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thijs Kaper
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martijn J. Koetsier
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Netherlands, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley Kelemen
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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12
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Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:4-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Thuong KV, Tuan VV, Li W, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Nauwynck H. Per os infectivity of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in white-legged shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and role of peritrophic membrane. Vet Res 2016; 47:39. [PMID: 26925835 PMCID: PMC4772295 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As earlier observations on peroral infectivity of WSSV in white-legged shrimp are conflicting, here, a standardized peroral intubation technique was used to examine (i) the role of the physical composition of the viral inoculum and (ii) the barrier function of the PM. In a first experiment, the infectivity of a WSSV stock was compared by determining the SID50 by intramuscular injection, peroral inoculation or via feeding. The following titers were obtained: 108.77 SID50/g by intramuscular injection, 101.23 SID50/g by peroral inoculation and 100.73 SID50/g by feeding. These results demonstrated that 107.54–108.03 infectious virus is needed to infect shrimp by peroral inoculation and via feeding. Next, it was examined if damage of the PM may increase the susceptibility for WSSV by peroral route. The infectivity of a virus stock was tested upon peroral inoculation of shrimp with and without removal of the PM and compared with the infectivity upon intramuscular inoculation. The virus titers obtained upon intramuscular injection and peroral inoculation of shrimp with and without PM were 108.63, 101.13 and 101.53 SID50/mL, respectively. This experiment confirmed the need of 107.1–107.5 infectious virus to infect shrimp via peroral route and showed that the removal of the PM slightly but not significantly (p > 0.05) facilitated the infection of shrimp. This study indicated that WSSV contaminated feed is poorly infectious via peroral route, whereas it is highly infectious when injected into shrimp. The PM plays a minor role as internal barrier of shrimp against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong Van Thuong
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Research institute for Aquaculture number 1, Dinhbang, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Van Tuan
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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The framework of polysaccharide monooxygenase structure and chemistry. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 35:93-9. [PMID: 26615470 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide monooxygenases, or PMOs (also known as lytic PMOs or LPMOs), are a group of enzymes discovered in recent years to catalyze the oxidative degradation of carbohydrate polymers. The PMO catalytic domain has a β-sandwich fold that bears a strong resemblance to both immunoglobulin (Ig) and fibronectin type III (FnIII) domains. PMOs are secreted by fungi and bacteria, and there is recent evidence for their roles in pathogenesis, in addition to biomass processing. This review addresses the biological origins and functions of emerging PMO families, as well as describes the aspects of PMO structure that support the chemistry of copper-catalyzed, oxidative polysaccharide degradation.
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15
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Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3973-8. [PMID: 25787255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418798112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The great benefits that chemical pesticides have brought to agriculture are partly offset by widespread environmental damage to nontarget species and threats to human health. Microbial bioinsecticides are considered safe and highly specific alternatives but generally lack potency. Spindles produced by insect poxviruses are crystals of the fusolin protein that considerably boost not only the virulence of these viruses but also, in cofeeding experiments, the insecticidal activity of unrelated pathogens. However, the mechanisms by which spindles assemble into ultra-stable crystals and enhance virulence are unknown. Here we describe the structure of viral spindles determined by X-ray microcrystallography from in vivo crystals purified from infected insects. We found that a C-terminal molecular arm of fusolin mediates the assembly of a globular domain, which has the hallmarks of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases of chitinovorous bacteria. Explaining their unique stability, a 3D network of disulfide bonds between fusolin dimers covalently crosslinks the entire crystalline matrix of spindles. However, upon ingestion by a new host, removal of the molecular arm abolishes this stabilizing network leading to the dissolution of spindles. The released monooxygenase domain is then free to disrupt the chitin-rich peritrophic matrix that protects insects against oral infections. The mode of action revealed here may guide the design of potent spindles as synergetic additives to bioinsecticides.
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Mitsuhashi W, Miyamoto K, Wada S. The complete genome sequence of the Alphaentomopoxvirus Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, including its terminal hairpin loop sequences, suggests a potentially unique mode of apoptosis inhibition and mode of DNA replication. Virology 2014; 452-453:95-116. [PMID: 24606687 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complete genome sequence of Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, which belongs to the genus Alphaentomopoxvirus, including its terminal hairpin loop sequences, is reported. This is the first genome sequence of Alphaentomopoxvirus reported, and hairpin loops in entomopoxviruses have not previously been sequenced. The genome is 245,717 bp, which is smaller than had previously been estimated for Alphaentomopoxvirus. The inverted terminal repeats are quite long, and experimental results suggest that one genome molecule has one type of hairpin at one end and another type at the other end. The genome contains unexpected ORFs, e.g., that for the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 of eukaryotes. The BIR and RING domains found in a single ORF for an inhibitor of apoptosis in baculoviruses and entomopoxviruses occurred in two different, widely separated ORFs. Furthermore, an ORF in the genome contains a serpin domain that was previously found in vertebrate poxviruses for apoptosis inhibition but not in insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mitsuhashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Miyamoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Sanae Wada
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Mitsuhashi W, Asano S, Miyamoto K, Wada S. Further research on the biological function of inclusion bodies of Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, with special reference to the effect on the insecticidal activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:46-54. [PMID: 23424042 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopoxviruses (EVs) form two types of inclusion body: spheroids, which contain virions, and spindles, which do not. The authors tested whether the spindles from a coleopteran EV, Anomala cuprea EV (ACEV), enhanced the insecticidal activity of a commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation and the susceptibility of scarabaeid pest species in Japan to the virus's spheroids, to assess whether ACEV inclusion bodies are potential biological control agents for pest insects. RESULTS Peroral inoculation with both ACEV spindles and the Bt toxin only or the complete Bt formulation shortened the survival and increased the mortality of treated insects compared with those of insects inoculated with Bt without the spindles (8-38 h of decrease in LT50 values among assays). ACEV showed high infectivity to a major scarabaeid pest species in Japanese sugar cane fields. CONCLUSION The results suggest that spindles or the constituent protein fusolin can be used as a coagent with Bt formulations, and that fusolin coexpression with a Bt toxin in crops might improve the insecticidal efficacy. In addition, the spheroids are potential biocontrol agents for some scarabaeid pests that are not easy to control because of their underground habitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mitsuhashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Discovering microRNAs from Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus. Virology 2010; 407:120-8. [PMID: 20800868 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key players in host-pathogen interaction. Recently, many virus-encoded miRNAs have been identified from different mammalian species. However, the large family of invertebrate viruses of Baculoviridae, which infects diverse species of beneficial insects and agriculture pests, has hardly been investigated for elucidating the role of miRNAs in host-pathogen interaction. In the study reported here, we have identified four Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (BmNPV)-encoded miRNAs using a combination of in silico and experimental methods. Unlike other reported viral miRNAs, the BmNPV-encoded miRNAs identified in the present study were found to be evolutionarily conserved among many closely related baculoviruses. Besides, we have computationally predicted 8 viral and 64 cellular targets of these virus-encoded miRNAs and the putative functions of these targets suggest a key role of viral miRNAs in insect-pathogen interactions by modulating several viral replication genes as well as those involved in host immune defense machinery.
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