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Ciuoderis K, Usuga J, Pérez-Restrepo LS, Gonzalez-Ramirez M, Carvajal L, Cardona A, Moreno I, Diaz A, Peña M, Hernández-Ortiz JP, Osorio JE. Genomic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Influenza A viruses in Colombian swine: implications for one health surveillance and control. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2368202. [PMID: 38970562 PMCID: PMC11229761 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2368202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) impose significant respiratory disease burdens in both swine and humans worldwide, with frequent human-to-swine transmission driving viral evolution in pigs and highlighting the risk at the animal-human interface. Therefore, a comprehensive One Health approach (interconnection among human, animal, and environmental health) is needed for IAV prevention, control, and response. Animal influenza genomic surveillance remains limited in many Latin American countries, including Colombia. To address this gap, we genetically characterized 170 swine specimens from Colombia (2011-2017). Whole genome sequencing revealed a predominance of pandemic-like H1N1 lineage, with a minority belonging to H3N2 and H1N2 human seasonal-like lineage and H1N1 early classical swine lineages. Significantly, we have identified reassortant and recombinant viruses (H3N2, H1N1) not previously reported in Colombia. This suggests a broad genotypic viral diversity, likely resulting from reassortment between classical endemic viruses and new introductions established in Colombia's swine population (e.g. the 2009 H1N1 pandemic). Our study highlights the importance of a One Health approach in disease control, particularly in an ecosystem where humans are a main source of IAV to swine populations, and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and enhanced biosecurity measures. The co-circulation of multiple subtypes in regions with high swine density facilitates viral exchange, underscoring the importance of monitoring viral evolution to inform vaccine selection and public health policies locally and globally.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Colombia/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Phylogeny
- One Health
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Whole Genome Sequencing
- Genome, Viral
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ciuoderis
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Usuga
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Leidi Carvajal
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Cardona
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Isabel Moreno
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Diaz
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, NC, USA
| | - Mario Peña
- PorkColombia Association, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- GHI One Health Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Nguyen TN, Lai DC, Sillman S, Petro-Turnquist E, Weaver EA, Vu HLX. Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA vaccine confers protection against swine and human-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. mSphere 2024; 9:e0028324. [PMID: 39087764 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00283-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 virus emerged, causing a pandemic. The virus, known as H1N1pdm09, quickly displaced the circulating H1 lineage and became the dominant seasonal influenza A virus subtype infecting humans. Human-to-swine spillovers of the H1N1pdm09 have occurred frequently, and each occurrence has led to sustained transmission of the human-origin H1N1pdm09 within swine populations. In the present study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine (LNP-DNA) containing the hemagglutinin gene of a swine-origin H1N1pdm09. In pigs, this LNP-DNA vaccine induced a robust antibody response after a single intramuscular immunization and protected the pigs against challenge infection with the homologous swine-origin H1N1pdm09 virus. In a mouse model, the LNP-DNA vaccine induced antibody and T-cell responses and protected mice against lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted human-origin H1N1pdm09 virus. These findings demonstrate the potential of the LNP-DNA vaccine to protect against both swine- and human-origin H1N1pdm09 viruses. IMPORTANCE Swine influenza A virus (IAV) is widespread and causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. Moreover, bidirectional transmission of IAV between swine and humans commonly occurs. Once introduced into the swine population, human-origin IAV often reassorts with endemic swine IAV, resulting in reassortant viruses. Thus, it is imperative to develop a vaccine that is not only effective against IAV strains endemic in swine but also capable of preventing the spillover of human-origin IAV. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA plasmid vaccine (LNP-DNA) that demonstrates efficacy against both swine- and human-origin H1N1 viruses. The LNP-DNA vaccines are non-infectious and non-viable, meeting the criteria to serve as a vaccine platform for rapidly updating vaccines. Collectively, this LNP-DNA vaccine approach holds great potential for alleviating the impact of IAV on the swine industry and preventing the emergence of reassortant IAV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Swine
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Mice
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Liposomes/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- The N Nguyen
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Danh C Lai
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sarah Sillman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hiep L X Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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3
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Jung B, Yeom M, An DJ, Kang A, Vu TTH, Na W, Byun Y, Song D. Large-Scale Serological Survey of Influenza A Virus in South Korean Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). ECOHEALTH 2024:10.1007/s10393-024-01685-8. [PMID: 38842623 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-024-01685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this comprehensive large-scale study, conducted from 2015 to 2019, 7,209 wild boars across South Korea were sampled to assess their exposure to influenza A viruses (IAVs). Of these, 250 (3.5%) were found to be IAV-positive by ELISA, and 150 (2.1%) by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Detected subtypes included 23 cases of pandemic 2009 H1N1, six of human seasonal H3N2, three of classical swine H1N1, 13 of triple-reassortant swine H1N2, seven of triple-reassortant swine H3N2, and seven of swine-origin H3N2 variant. Notably, none of the serum samples tested positive for avian IAV subtypes H3N8, H5N3, H7N7, and H9N2 or canine IAV subtype H3N2. This serologic analysis confirmed the exposure of Korean wild boars to various subtypes of swine and human influenza viruses, with some serum samples cross-reacting between swine and human strains, indicating potential infections with multiple IAVs. The results highlight the potential of wild boar as a novel mixing vessel, facilitating the adaptation of IAVs and their spillover to other hosts, including humans. In light of these findings, we recommend regular and frequent surveillance of circulating influenza viruses in the wild boar population as a proactive measure to prevent potential human influenza pandemics and wild boar influenza epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bud Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kang
- QuadMedicine R&D Centre, QuadMedicine, Inc, Seongnam, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Scarpa F, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Ciccozzi A, Sanna D, Casu M, Vitale M, Cicenia A, Giovanetti M, Romano C, Branda F, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. Phylodynamic and Evolution of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) Genes of Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 Viruses Circulating in the 2009 and 2023 Seasons in Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38668289 PMCID: PMC11054071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus, which emerged in 2009, has been circulating seasonally since then. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-based investigation to gain a detailed understanding of the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins of A/H1N1pdm09 strains circulating in Italy over a fourteen-year period from 2009 to 2023 in relation to global strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed rapid transmission and diversification of viral variants during the early pandemic that clustered in clade 6B.1. In contrast, limited genetic diversity was observed during the 2023 season, probably due to the genetic drift, which provides the virus with a constant adaptability to the host; furthermore, all isolates were split into two main groups representing two clades, i.e., 6B.1A.5a.2a and its descendant 6B.1A.5a.2a.1. The HA gene showed a faster rate of evolution compared to the NA gene. Using FUBAR, we identified positively selected sites 41 and 177 for HA and 248, 286, and 455 for NA in 2009, as well as sites 22, 123, and 513 for HA and 339 for NA in 2023, all of which may be important sites related to the host immune response. Changes in glycosylation acquisition/loss at prominent sites, i.e., 177 in HA and 248 in NA, should be considered as a predictive tool for early warning signs of emerging pandemics, and for vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Vitale
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare—Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Cicenia
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare—Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil
- Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Brasilia 70070-130, DF, Brazil
| | - Chiara Romano
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
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5
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Thomas MN, Zanella GC, Cowan B, Caceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Anderson TK. Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine. J Virol 2024; 98:e0170323. [PMID: 38353535 PMCID: PMC10949443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01703-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased detection of H3 C-IVA (1990.4.a) clade influenza A viruses (IAVs) in US swine in 2019 was associated with a reassortment event to acquire an H1N1pdm09 lineage nucleoprotein (pdmNP) gene, replacing a TRIG lineage NP (trigNP). We hypothesized that acquiring the pdmNP conferred a selective advantage over prior circulating H3 viruses with a trigNP. To investigate the role of NP reassortment in transmission, we identified two contemporary 1990.4.a representative strains (NC/19 and MN/18) with different evolutionary origins of the NP gene. A reverse genetics system was used to generate wild-type (wt) strains and swap the pdm and TRIG lineage NP genes, generating four viruses: wtNC/19-pdmNP, NC/19-trigNP, wtMN/18-trigNP, and MN/18-pdmNP. The pathogenicity and transmission of the four viruses were compared in pigs. All four viruses infected 10 primary pigs and transmitted to five indirect contact pigs per group. Pigs infected via contact with MN/18-pdmNP shed virus 2 days earlier than pigs infected with wtMN/18-trigNP. The inverse did not occur for wtNC/19-pdmNP and NC/19-trigNP. This suggests that pdmNP reassortment resulted in a combination of genes that improved transmission efficiency when paired with the 1990.4.a hemagglutinin (HA). This is likely a multigenic trait, as replacing the trigNP gene did not diminish the transmission of a wild-type IAV in swine. This study demonstrates how reassortment and evolutionary change of internal genes can result in more transmissible viruses that influence HA clade detection frequency. Thus, rapidly identifying novel reassortants paired with dominant hemagglutinin/neuraminidase may improve the prediction of strains to include in vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are composed of eight non-continuous gene segments that can reassort during coinfection of a host, creating new combinations. Some gene combinations may convey a selective advantage and be paired together preferentially. A reassortment event was detected in swine in the United States that involved the exchange of two lineages of nucleoprotein (NP) genes (trigNP to pdmNP) that became a predominant genotype detected in surveillance. Using a transmission study, we demonstrated that exchanging the trigNP for a pdmNP caused the virus to shed from the nose at higher levels and transmit to other pigs more rapidly. Replacing a pdmNP with a trigNP did not hinder transmission, suggesting that transmission efficiency depends on interactions between multiple genes. This demonstrates how reassortment alters IAV transmission and that reassortment events can provide an explanation for why genetically related viruses with different internal gene combinations experience rapid fluxes in detection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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6
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Curran SJ, Griffin EF, Ferreri LM, Kyriakis CS, Howerth EW, Perez DR, Tompkins SM. Swine influenza A virus isolates containing the pandemic H1N1 origin matrix gene elicit greater disease in the murine model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0338623. [PMID: 38299860 PMCID: PMC10913740 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03386-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, endemic North American swine influenza A viruses (swFLUAVs) contained an internal gene segment constellation, the triple reassortment internal gene (TRIG) cassette. In 2009, the H1N1 pandemic (pdmH1N1) virus spilled back into swine but did not become endemic. However, the pdmH1N1 contributed the matrix gene (pdmM) to the swFLUAVs circulating in the pig population, which replaced the classical swine matrix gene (swM) found in the TRIG cassette, suggesting the pdmM has a fitness benefit. Others have shown that swFLUAVs containing the pdmM have greater transmission efficiency compared to viruses containing the swM gene segment. We hypothesized that the matrix (M) gene could also affect disease and utilized two infection models, resistant BALB/c and susceptible DBA/2 mice, to assess pathogenicity. We infected BALB/c and DBA/2 mice with H1 and H3 swFLUAVs containing the swM or pdmM and measured lung virus titers, morbidity, mortality, and lung histopathology. H1 influenza strains containing the pdmM gene caused greater morbidity and mortality in resistant and susceptible murine strains, while H3 swFLUAVs caused no clinical disease. However, both H1 and H3 swFLUAVs containing the pdmM replicated to higher viral titers in the lungs and pdmM containing H1 viruses induced greater histological changes compared to swM H1 viruses. While the surface glycoproteins and other gene segments may contribute to swFLUAV pathogenicity in mice, these data suggest that the origin of the matrix gene also contributes to pathogenicity of swFLUAV in mice, although we must be cautious in translating these conclusions to their natural host, swine. IMPORTANCE The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus rapidly spilled back into North American swine, reassorting with the already genetically diverse swFLUAVs. Notably, the M gene segment quickly replaced the classical M gene segment, suggesting a fitness benefit. Here, using two murine models of infection, we demonstrate that swFLUAV isolates containing the pandemic H1N1 origin M gene caused increased disease compared to isolates containing the classical swine M gene. These results suggest that, in addition to other influenza virus gene segments, the swFLUAV M gene segment contributes to pathogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J. Curran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily F. Griffin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Cardenas M, Seibert B, Cowan B, Fraiha ALS, Carnaccini S, Gay LC, Faccin FC, Caceres CJ, Anderson TK, Vincent Baker AL, Perez DR, Rajao DS. Amino acid 138 in the HA of a H3N2 subtype influenza A virus increases affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012026. [PMID: 38377132 PMCID: PMC10906893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infects a wide range of hosts and human-to-swine spillover events are frequently reported. However, only a few of these human viruses have become established in pigs and the host barriers and molecular mechanisms driving adaptation to the swine host remain poorly understood. We previously found that infection of pigs with a 2:6 reassortant virus (hVIC/11) containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the human strain A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2) and internal gene segments of an endemic swine strain (sOH/04) resulted in a fixed amino acid substitution in the HA (A138S, mature H3 HA numbering). In silico analysis revealed that S138 became predominant among swine H3N2 virus sequences deposited in public databases, while 138A predominates in human isolates. To understand the role of the HA A138S substitution in the adaptation of a human-origin FLUAV HA to swine, we infected pigs with the hVIC/11A138S mutant and analyzed pathogenesis and transmission compared to hVIC/11 and sOH/04. Our results showed that the hVIC/11A138S virus had an intermediary pathogenesis between hVIC/11 and sOH/04. The hVIC/11A138S infected the upper respiratory tract, right caudal, and both cranial lobes while hVIC/11 was only detected in nose and trachea samples. Viruses induced a distinct expression pattern of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-β. Flow cytometric analysis of lung samples revealed a significant reduction of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in hVIC/11A138S-infected pigs compared to hVIC/11 while a MHCIIlowCD163neg population was increased. The hVIC/11A138S showed a higher affinity for PAMs than hVIC/11, noted as an increase of infected PAMs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and showed no differences in the percentage of HA-positive PAMs compared to sOH/04. This increased infection of PAMs led to an increase of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation but a reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the sOH/04-infected group. Analysis using the PAM cell line 3D4/21 revealed that the A138S substitution improved replication and apoptosis induction in this cell type compared to hVIC/11 but at lower levels than sOH/04. Overall, our study indicates that adaptation of human viruses to the swine host involves an increased affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Luiza S. Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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8
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Wang Q, Liu Z, Zeng X, Zheng Y, Lan L, Wang X, Lai Z, Hou X, Gao L, Liang L, Tang S, Zhang Z, Leng J, Fan X. Integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression of newly emerging swine H3N2 influenza virus cross-species infection with tree shrews. Virol J 2024; 21:4. [PMID: 38178220 PMCID: PMC10768296 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-species transmission of zoonotic IAVs to humans is potentially widespread and lethal, posing a great threat to human health, and their cross-species transmission mechanism has attracted much attention. miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of IAVs infection and immunity, however, few studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNAs and mRNAs expression after IAVs cross-species infection. METHODS We used tree shrews, a close relative of primates, as a model and used RNA-Seq and bioinformatics tools to analyze the expression profiles of DEMs and DEGs in the nasal turbinate tissue at different time points after the newly emerged swine influenza A virus SW2783 cross-species infection with tree shrews, and miRNA-mRNA interaction maps were constructed and verified by RT-qPCR, miRNA transfection and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS 14 DEMs were screened based on functional analysis and interaction map, miR-760-3p, miR-449b-2, miR-30e-3p, and miR-429 were involved in the signal transduction process of replication and proliferation after infection, miR-324-3p, miR-1301-1, miR-103-1, miR-134-5p, miR-29a, miR-31, miR-16b, miR-34a, and miR-125b participate in negative feedback regulation of genes related to the immune function of the body to activate the antiviral immune response, and miR-106b-3p may be related to the cross-species infection potential of SW2783, and the expression level of these miRNAs varies in different days after infection. CONCLUSIONS The miRNA regulatory networks were constructed and 14 DEMs were identified, some of them can affect the replication and proliferation of viruses by regulating signal transduction, while others can play an antiviral role by regulating the immune response. It indicates that abnormal expression of miRNAs plays a crucial role in the regulation of cross-species IAVs infection, which lays a solid foundation for further exploration of the molecular regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in IAVs cross-species infection and anti-influenza virus targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Zihe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhenping Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lingxi Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Shen Tang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Experimental Animal Models of Guangxi, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Wu R, Zeng X, Wu M, Xie L, Xu G, Mao Y, Wang Z, Cheng Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Sun J, Ma J. The Mobility of Eurasian Avian-like M2 Is Determined by Residue E79 Which Is Essential for Pathogenicity of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:2365. [PMID: 38140609 PMCID: PMC10747126 DOI: 10.3390/v15122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza virus caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Studies have shown that the influenza M gene played important roles in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic ((H1N1)pdm09), whilst the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The influenza M gene encodes two proteins, matrix protein 1 and matrix protein 2, which play important roles in viral replication and assembly. In this study, it is found that the M2 protein of the (H1N1)pdm09 virus showed a lower mobility rate than the North America triple-reassortant influenza M2 protein in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The site-directed mutations of the amino acids of (H1N1)pdm09 M2 revealed that E79 is responsible for the mobility rate change. Further animal studies showed that the (H1N1)pdm09 containing a single M2-E79K was significantly attenuated compared with the wild-type virus in mice and induced lower proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs in mouse lungs. Further in vitro studies indicated that this mutation also affected NLRP3 inflammasome activation. To reveal the reason why they have different mobility rates, a circular dichroism spectra assay was employed and showed that the two M2 proteins displayed different secondary structures. Overall, our findings suggest that M2 E79 is important for the virus replication and pathogenicity of (H1N1)pdm09 through NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Ganzhou Polytechnic, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinyu Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mingqing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lixiang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China; (G.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yaqing Mao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China; (G.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Heng’an Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
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Griffin EF, Tompkins SM. Fitness Determinants of Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1959. [PMID: 37766365 PMCID: PMC10535923 DOI: 10.3390/v15091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A (IAV) is a major human respiratory pathogen that causes illness, hospitalizations, and mortality annually worldwide. IAV is also a zoonotic pathogen with a multitude of hosts, allowing for interspecies transmission, reassortment events, and the emergence of novel pandemics, as was seen in 2009 with the emergence of a swine-origin H1N1 (pdmH1N1) virus into humans, causing the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. While the 2009 pandemic was considered to have high morbidity and low mortality, studies have linked the pdmH1N1 virus and its gene segments to increased disease in humans and animal models. Genetic components of the pdmH1N1 virus currently circulate in the swine population, reassorting with endemic swine viruses that co-circulate and occasionally spillover into humans. This is evidenced by the regular detection of variant swine IAVs in humans associated with state fairs and other intersections of humans and swine. Defining genetic changes that support species adaptation, virulence, and cross-species transmission, as well as mutations that enhance or attenuate these features, will improve our understanding of influenza biology. It aids in surveillance and virus risk assessment and guides the establishment of counter measures for emerging viruses. Here, we review the current understanding of the determinants of specific IAV phenotypes, focusing on the fitness, transmission, and virulence determinants that have been identified in swine IAVs and/or in relation to the 2009 pdmH1N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fate Griffin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephen Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Haach V, Bastos APA, Gava D, da Fonseca FN, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Franco AC, Schaefer R. A polyvalent virosomal influenza vaccine induces broad cellular and humoral immunity in pigs. Virol J 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37587490 PMCID: PMC10428566 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. METHODS This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. RESULTS A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. Furthermore, it induced a significant maturation of macrophages, and proliferation of B lymphocytes, effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing interferon-γ. Also, the vaccine demonstrated potential to confer long-lasting immunity until the market age of pigs and proved to be safe and non-cytotoxic to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This virosome platform allows flexibility to adjust the vaccine content to reflect the diversity of circulating IAVs in swine in Brazil. The vaccination of pigs may reduce the impact of the disease on swine production and the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70770-901, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil.
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12
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Junqueira DM, Tochetto C, Anderson TK, Gava D, Haach V, Cantão ME, Baker ALV, Schaefer R. Human-to-swine introductions and onward transmission of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza viruses in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1243567. [PMID: 37614592 PMCID: PMC10442540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1243567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Once established in the human population, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus (H1N1pdm09) was repeatedly introduced into swine populations globally with subsequent onward transmission among pigs. Methods To identify and characterize human-to-swine H1N1pdm09 introductions in Brazil, we conducted a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of 4,141 H1pdm09 hemagglutinin (HA) and 3,227 N1pdm09 neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences isolated globally from humans and swine between 2009 and 2022. Results Phylodynamic analysis revealed that during the period between 2009 and 2011, there was a rapid transmission of the H1N1pdm09 virus from humans to swine in Brazil. Multiple introductions of the virus were observed, but most of them resulted in self-limited infections in swine, with limited onward transmission. Only a few sustained transmission clusters were identified during this period. After 2012, there was a reduction in the number of human-to-swine H1N1pdm09 transmissions in Brazil. Discussion The virus underwent continuous antigenic drift, and a balance was established between swine-to-swine transmission and extinction, with minimal sustained onward transmission from humans to swine. These results emphasize the dynamic interplay between human-to-swine transmission, antigenic drift, and the establishment of swine-to-swine transmission in shaping the evolution and persistence of H1N1pdm09 in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Maletich Junqueira
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Evolução de Vírus, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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13
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Markin A, Ciacci Zanella G, Arendsee ZW, Zhang J, Krueger KM, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Anderson TK. Reverse-zoonoses of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A viruses and evolution in United States swine results in viruses with zoonotic potential. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011476. [PMID: 37498825 PMCID: PMC10374098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pdm09) lineage of influenza A virus (IAV) crosses interspecies barriers with frequent human-to-swine spillovers each year. These spillovers reassort and drift within swine populations, leading to genetically and antigenically novel IAV that represent a zoonotic threat. We quantified interspecies transmission of the pdm09 lineage, persistence in swine, and identified how evolution in swine impacted zoonotic risk. Human and swine pdm09 case counts between 2010 and 2020 were correlated and human pdm09 burden and circulation directly impacted the detection of pdm09 in pigs. However, there was a relative absence of pdm09 circulation in humans during the 2020-21 season that was not reflected in swine. During the 2020-21 season, most swine pdm09 detections originated from human-to-swine spillovers from the 2018-19 and 2019-20 seasons that persisted in swine. We identified contemporary swine pdm09 representatives of each persistent spillover and quantified cross-reactivity between human seasonal H1 vaccine strains and the swine strains using a panel of monovalent ferret antisera in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. The swine pdm09s had variable antigenic reactivity to vaccine antisera, but each swine pdm09 clade exhibited significant reduction in cross-reactivity to one or more of the human seasonal vaccine strains. Further supporting zoonotic risk, we showed phylogenetic evidence for 17 swine-to-human transmission events of pdm09 from 2010 to 2021, 11 of which were not previously classified as variants, with each of the zoonotic cases associated with persistent circulation of pdm09 in pigs. These data demonstrate that reverse-zoonoses and evolution of pdm09 in swine results in viruses that are capable of zoonotic transmission and represent a potential pandemic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Markin
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zebulun W Arendsee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karen M Krueger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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14
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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15
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Hu M, Kackos C, Banoth B, Ojha CR, Jones JC, Lei S, Li L, Kercher L, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin destabilization in H3N2 vaccine reference viruses skews antigenicity and prevents airborne transmission in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5182. [PMID: 36989367 PMCID: PMC10058244 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. Virus growth in cell culture was independent of HA stability. In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH < 5.5) for airborne transmissibility. The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Christina Kackos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Center of Excellence for Leukemia Studies, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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16
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Souza CK, Kimble JB, Anderson TK, Arendsee ZW, Hufnagel DE, Young KM, Gauger PC, Lewis NS, Davis CT, Thor S, Vincent Baker AL. Swine-to-Ferret Transmission of Antigenically Drifted Contemporary Swine H3N2 Influenza A Virus Is an Indicator of Zoonotic Risk to Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020331. [PMID: 36851547 PMCID: PMC9962742 DOI: 10.3390/v15020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-to-swine transmission of influenza A (H3N2) virus occurs repeatedly and plays a critical role in swine influenza A virus (IAV) evolution and diversity. Human seasonal H3 IAVs were introduced from human-to-swine in the 1990s in the United States and classified as 1990.1 and 1990.4 lineages; the 1990.4 lineage diversified into 1990.4.A-F clades. Additional introductions occurred in the 2010s, establishing the 2010.1 and 2010.2 lineages. Human zoonotic cases with swine IAV, known as variant viruses, have occurred from the 1990.4 and 2010.1 lineages, highlighting a public health concern. If a variant virus is antigenically drifted from current human seasonal vaccine (HuVac) strains, it may be chosen as a candidate virus vaccine (CVV) for pandemic preparedness purposes. We assessed the zoonotic risk of US swine H3N2 strains by performing phylogenetic analyses of recent swine H3 strains to identify the major contemporary circulating genetic clades. Representatives were tested in hemagglutination inhibition assays with ferret post-infection antisera raised against existing CVVs or HuVac viruses. The 1990.1, 1990.4.A, and 1990.4.B.2 clade viruses displayed significant loss in cross-reactivity to CVV and HuVac antisera, and interspecies transmission potential was subsequently investigated in a pig-to-ferret transmission study. Strains from the three lineages were transmitted from pigs to ferrets via respiratory droplets, but there were differential shedding profiles. These data suggest that existing CVVs may offer limited protection against swine H3N2 infection, and that contemporary 1990.4.A viruses represent a specific concern given their widespread circulation among swine in the United States and association with multiple zoonotic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine K. Souza
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - J. Brian Kimble
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Zebulun W. Arendsee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - David E. Hufnagel
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Katharine M. Young
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sharmi Thor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Wang Q, Zeng X, Tang S, Lan L, Wang X, Lai Z, Liu Z, Hou X, Gao L, Yun C, Zhang Z, Leng J, Fan X. Pathogenicity and anti-infection immunity of animal H3N2 and H6N6 subtype influenza virus cross-species infection with tree shrews. Virus Res 2023; 324:199027. [PMID: 36543317 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal influenza viruses can spread across species and pose a fatal threat to human health due to the high pathogenicity and mortality. Animal models are crucial for studying cross-species infection and the pathogenesis of influenza viruses. Tupaia belangeri (tree shrew) has been emerging as an animal model for multiple human virus infections recently because of the close genetic relationship and phylogeny with humans. So far, tree shrew has been reported to be susceptible to human influenza virus subtype H1N1, avian influenza viruses subtype H9N2, subtype H5N1, and subtype H7N9. However, the pathogenicity, infection, and immunity of swine and land avian influenza viruses with low pathogenicity and the potential to jump to humans remain largely unexplored in the tree shrew model. Previously, our team has successfully isolated the newly emerging swine influenza virus subtype H3N2 (A/Swine/GX/NS2783/2010, SW2783) and avian influenza virus subtype H6N6 (A/CK/ZZ/346/2014, ZZ346). In this study, we observed the pathogenicity, immune characteristics, and cross-species infection potential ability of SW2783 and ZZ346 strains in tree shrew model with 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50), hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and other experimental methods. Both animal-borne influenza viruses had a strong ability on tissue infection in the turbinate and the trachea of tree shrews in vitro, in which SW2783 showed stronger replication ability than in ZZ346. SW2783 and ZZ346 both showed pathogenic ability with infected tree shrews model in vivo without prior adaptive culture, which mainly happened in the upper respiratory tract. However, the infection ability was weak, the clinical symptoms were mild, and the histopathological changes in the respiratory tract were relatively light. Furthermore, innate immune responses and adaptive immunity were observed in the tree shrew model after the infection of SW2783 and ZZ346 strains. We observed that the unadapted SW2783 and ZZ346 virus could transmit among tree shrews by direct contact. We also observed that SW2783 virus could transmit from tree shrews to guinea pigs. These results indicated that both animal-borne influenza viruses could induce similar pathogenicity and immune response to those caused by human-common influenza viruses. Tree shrews may be an excellent animal model for studying the interaction between the influenza virus and the host and the cross-species infection mechanism of the animal influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shen Tang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xinhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhenping Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zihe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lingxi Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chenxia Yun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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18
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Ganti K, Bagga A, Carnaccini S, Ferreri LM, Geiger G, Joaquin Caceres C, Seibert B, Li Y, Wang L, Kwon T, Li Y, Morozov I, Ma W, Richt JA, Perez DR, Koelle K, Lowen AC. Influenza A virus reassortment in mammals gives rise to genetically distinct within-host subpopulations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6846. [PMID: 36369504 PMCID: PMC9652339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) genetic exchange through reassortment has the potential to accelerate viral evolution and has played a critical role in the generation of multiple pandemic strains. For reassortment to occur, distinct viruses must co-infect the same cell. The spatio-temporal dynamics of viral dissemination within an infected host therefore define opportunity for reassortment. Here, we used wild type and synonymously barcoded variant viruses of a pandemic H1N1 strain to examine the within-host viral dynamics that govern reassortment in guinea pigs, ferrets and swine. The first two species are well-established models of human influenza, while swine are a natural host and a frequent conduit for cross-species transmission and reassortment. Our results show reassortment to be pervasive in all three hosts but less frequent in swine than in ferrets and guinea pigs. In ferrets, tissue-specific differences in the opportunity for reassortment are also evident, with more reassortants detected in the nasal tract than the lower respiratory tract. While temporal trends in viral diversity are limited, spatial patterns are clear, with heterogeneity in the viral genotypes detected at distinct anatomical sites revealing extensive compartmentalization of reassortment and replication. Our data indicate that the dynamics of viral replication in mammals allow diversification through reassortment but that the spatial compartmentalization of variants likely shapes their evolution and onward transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Ganti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anish Bagga
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lucas M Ferreri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (SJ-CEIRR), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (SJ-CEIRR), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- The Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission (CRIPT CEIRR), New York, NY, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (Emory-CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (Emory-CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA.
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19
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Lopez-Moreno G, Schmitt C, Spronk T, Culhane M, Torremorell M. Evaluation of internal farm biosecurity measures combined with sow vaccination to prevent influenza A virus infection in groups of due-to-wean pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:393. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important respiratory pathogen of pigs that affects pig health, well-being and productivity, has zoonotic potential, and has significant economic impact for producers. The ultimate goal is to maintain herds free from IAV. Due to the probability of IAV introduction into the herds, it is also desirable for herds to have some immunity to the virus. In this study, we evaluated a protocol that combined sow vaccination with the implementation of internal biosecurity practices during the pre-weaning period with the goal to wean IAV negative pigs.
Five IAV positive breeding herds were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart with a herd-specific autogenous vaccine. For the subsequent 8 weeks, a biosecurity protocol was maintained, consisting of no pig movements after 3 days of age, no use of nurse sows, workers changing disposable gloves between litters, workers not stepping into farrowing crates, and daily disinfection of tools and materials used to handle pigs.
Results
Following these interventions, four of the five treatment farms had significant reductions in IAV detection (p value < 0.05). Three of the farms tested negative at all sampling points post-intervention and one farm had a 21% reduction in IAV positivity.
Conclusions
This study indicates that a protocol that combines sow vaccination and enhanced biosecurity practices may limit IAV transmission among piglets and enable the weaning of groups of pigs free from the virus.
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20
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Li C, Culhane MR, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Galina Pantoja L, Jansen ML, Torremorell M. Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs. eLife 2022; 11:78618. [PMID: 36052992 PMCID: PMC9439680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination is broadly used in North American swine breeding herds, managing swine influenza is challenging primarily due to the continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) and the ability of the virus to transmit among vaccinated pigs. Studies that have simultaneously assessed the impact of vaccination on the emergence of IAV reassortment and genetic variation in pigs are limited. Here, we directly sequenced 28 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains, and characterized 202 individual viral plaques recovered from 13 BALF samples. We identified 54 reassortant viruses that were grouped in 17 single and 16 mixed genotypes. Notably, we found that prime-boost vaccinated pigs had less reassortant viruses than nonvaccinated pigs, likely due to a reduction in the number of days pigs were co-infected with both challenge viruses. However, direct sequencing from BALF samples revealed limited impact of vaccination on viral variant frequency, evolutionary rates, and nucleotide diversity in any IAV coding regions. Overall, our results highlight the value of IAV vaccination not only at limiting virus replication in pigs but also at protecting public health by restricting the generation of novel reassortants with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential. Swine influenza A viruses cause severe illness among pigs and financial losses on pig farms worldwide. These viruses can also infect humans and have caused deadly human pandemics in the past. Influenza A viruses are dangerous because viruses can be transferred between humans, birds and pigs. These co-infections can allow the viruses to swap genetic material. Viral genetic exchanges can result in new virus strains that are more dangerous or that can infect other types of animals more easily. Farmers vaccinate their pigs to control the swine influenza A virus. The vaccines are regularly updated to match circulating virus strains. But the virus evolves rapidly to escape vaccine-induced immunity, and infections are common even in vaccinated pigs. Learning about how vaccination affects the evolution of influenza A viruses in pigs could help scientists prevent outbreaks on pig farms and avoid spillover pandemics in humans. Li et al. show that influenza A viruses are less likely to swap genetic material in vaccinated and boosted pigs than in unvaccinated animals. In the experiments, Li et al. collected swine influenza A samples from the lungs of pigs that had received different vaccination protocols. Next, Li et al. used next-generation sequencing to identify new mutations in the virus or genetic swaps among different strains. In pigs infected with both the H1N1 and H3N2 strains of influenza, the two viruses began trading genes within a week. But less genetic mixing occurred in vaccinated and boosted pigs because they spent less time infected with both viruses than in unvaccinated pigs. The vaccination status of the pig did not have much effect on how many new mutations occurred in the viruses. The experiments show that vaccinating and boosting pigs against influenza A viruses may protect against genetic swapping among influenza viruses. If future studies on pig farms confirm the results, the information gleaned from the study could help scientists improve farm vaccine protocols to further reduce influenza risks to animals and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Marie R Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
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21
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Zeller MA, Saxena A, Anderson TK, Vincent AL, Gauger PC. Use of the ISU FLUture multisequence identity tool for rapid interpretation of swine influenza A virus sequences in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:874-878. [PMID: 35879873 PMCID: PMC9446310 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable identification of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genetic clades of an influenza A virus (IAV) sequence from swine can inform control measures and multivalent vaccine composition. Current approaches to genetically characterize HA or NA sequences are based on nucleotide similarity or phylogenetic analyses. Public databases exist to acquire IAV genetic sequences for comparison, but personnel at the diagnostic or production level have difficulty in adequately updating and maintaining relevant sequence datasets for IAV in swine. Further, phylogenetic analyses are time intensive, and inference drawn from these methods is impacted by input sequence data and associated metadata. We describe here the use of the IAV multisequence identity tool as an integrated public webpage located on the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU-VDL) FLUture website: https://influenza.cvm.iastate.edu/. The multisequence identity tool uses sequence data derived from IAV-positive cases sequenced at the ISU-VDL, employs a BLAST algorithm that identifies sequences that are genetically similar to submitted query sequences, and presents a tabulation and visualization of the most genetically similar IAV sequence and associated metadata from the FLUture database. Our tool removes bioinformatic barriers and allows clients, veterinarians, and researchers to rapidly classify and identify IAV sequences similar to their own sequences to augment interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Current address: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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22
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Parys A, Vandoorn E, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Alternating 3 different influenza vaccines for swine in Europe for a broader antibody response and protection. Vet Res 2022; 53:44. [PMID: 35705993 PMCID: PMC9202218 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with experimental or commercial influenza vaccines has been successful in various animal species. In this study, we have examined the efficacy of alternating 3 different European commercial swine influenza A virus (swIAV) vaccines: the trivalent Respiporc® FLU3 (TIV), the bivalent GRIPORK® (BIV) and the monovalent Respiporc® FLUpan H1N1 (MOV). Five groups of 6 pigs each received 3 vaccinations at 4-6 week intervals in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen. A sixth group served as a mock-vaccinated challenge control. Four weeks after the last vaccination, pigs were challenged intranasally with a European avian-like H1N1 (1C.2.1) swIAV, which was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strains. One heterologous prime-boost group (TIV-BIV-MOV) had higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition antibody responses against a panel of antigenically distinct H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 IAVs than the other heterologous prime-boost group (BIV-TIV-MOV) and the homologous prime-boost groups (3xTIV; 3xBIV; 3xMOV). Group TIV-BIV-MOV had seroprotective HI titers (≥ 40) against 56% of the tested viruses compared to 33% in group BIV-TIV-MOV and 22-39% in the homologous prime-boost groups. Post-challenge, group TIV-BIV-MOV was the single group with significantly reduced virus titers in all respiratory samples compared to the challenge control group. Our results suggest that the use of different commercial swIAV vaccines for successive vaccinations may result in broader antibody responses and protection than the traditional, homologous prime-boost vaccination regimens. In addition, the order in which the different vaccines are administered seems to affect the breadth of the antibody response and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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23
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Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of an Expanding H3 Influenza A Virus Clade in U.S. Swine Visualized by Nextstrain. mSphere 2022; 7:e0099421. [PMID: 35766502 PMCID: PMC9241524 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00994-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct clades of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine undermine efforts to control the disease. Swine producers commonly use vaccines, and vaccine strains are selected by identifying the most common hemagglutinin (HA) gene from viruses detected in a farm or a region.
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24
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Lopez-Moreno G, Davies P, Yang M, Culhane MR, Corzo CA, Li C, Rendahl A, Torremorell M. Evidence of influenza A infection and risk of transmission between pigs and farmworkers. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:560-571. [PMID: 35445551 PMCID: PMC9546022 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) between pigs and people represents a threat to both animal and public health. To better understand the risks of influenza transmission at the human–animal interface, we evaluated 1) the rate of IAV detection in swine farmworkers before and after work during two human influenza seasons, 2) assessed risk factors associated with IAV detection in farmworkers and 3) characterized the genetic sequences of IAV detected in both workers and pigs. Of 58 workers providing nasal passage samples during 8‐week periods during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 influenza seasons, 33 (57%) tested positive by rRT‐PCR at least once. Sixteen (27%) workers tested positive before work and 24 (41%) after work. At the sample level, 58 of 1,785 nasal swabs (3.2%) tested rRT‐PCR positive, of which 20 of 898 (2.2%) were collected prior to work and 38 of 887 (4.3%) after work. Although farmworkers were more likely to test positive at the end of the working day (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.14–3.41), there were no influenza‐like illness (ILI) symptoms, or other risk indicators, associated with IAV detection before or after reporting to work. Direct whole‐genome sequencing from samples obtained from worker nasal passages indicated evidence of infection of a worker with pandemic 2009 H1N1 of human‐origin IAV (H1‐pdm 1A 3.3.2) when reporting to work, and exposure of several workers to a swine‐origin IAV (H1‐alpha 1A 1.1) circulating in the pigs on the farm where they were employed. Our study provides evidence of 1) risk of IAV transmission between pigs and people, 2) pandemic H1N1 IAV infected workers reporting to work and 3) workers exposed to swine harbouring swine‐origin IAV in their nasal passages temporarily. Overall, our results emphasize the need to implement surveillance and transmission preventive protocols at the pig/human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lopez-Moreno
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Davies
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - My Yang
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marie R Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Markin A, Wagle S, Anderson TK, Eulenstein O. RF-Net 2: fast inference of virus reassortment and hybridization networks. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:2144-2152. [PMID: 35150239 PMCID: PMC9004648 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION A phylogenetic network is a powerful model to represent entangled evolutionary histories with both divergent (speciation) and convergent (e.g. hybridization, reassortment, recombination) evolution. The standard approach to inference of hybridization networks is to (i) reconstruct rooted gene trees and (ii) leverage gene tree discordance for network inference. Recently, we introduced a method called RF-Net for accurate inference of virus reassortment and hybridization networks from input gene trees in the presence of errors commonly found in phylogenetic trees. While RF-Net demonstrated the ability to accurately infer networks with up to four reticulations from erroneous input gene trees, its application was limited by the number of reticulations it could handle in a reasonable amount of time. This limitation is particularly restrictive in the inference of the evolutionary history of segmented RNA viruses such as influenza A virus (IAV), where reassortment is one of the major mechanisms shaping the evolution of these pathogens. RESULTS Here, we expand the functionality of RF-Net that makes it significantly more applicable in practice. Crucially, we introduce a fast extension to RF-Net, called Fast-RF-Net, that can handle large numbers of reticulations without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, we develop automatic stopping criteria to select the appropriate number of reticulations heuristically and implement a feature for RF-Net to output error-corrected input gene trees. We then conduct a comprehensive study of the original method and its novel extensions and confirm their efficacy in practice using extensive simulation and empirical IAV evolutionary analyses. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION RF-Net 2 is available at https://github.com/flu-crew/rf-net-2. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Markin
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Sanket Wagle
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Oliver Eulenstein
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. Review of genome sequencing technologies in molecular characterization of influenza A viruses in swine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:177-189. [PMID: 35037523 PMCID: PMC8921814 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211068023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving antigenic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV) genomes in swine makes it imperative to detect emerging novel strains and track their circulation. We analyzed in our review the sequencing technologies used for subtyping and characterizing swine IAV genomes. Google Scholar, PubMed, and International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) database searches identified 216 studies that have utilized Sanger, second-, and third-generation sequencing techniques to subtype and characterize swine IAV genomes up to 31 March 2021. Sanger dideoxy sequencing was by far the most widely used sequencing technique for generating either full-length (43.0%) or partial (31.0%) IAV genomes in swine globally; however, in the last decade, other sequencing platforms such as Illumina have emerged as serious competitors for the generation of whole-genome sequences of swine IAVs. Although partial HA and NA gene sequences were sufficient to determine swine IAV subtypes, whole-genome sequences were critical for determining reassortments and identifying unusual or less frequently occurring IAV subtypes. The combination of Sanger and second-generation sequencing technologies also greatly improved swine IAV characterization. In addition, the rapidly evolving third-generation sequencing platform, MinION, appears promising for on-site, real-time sequencing of complete swine IAV genomes. With a higher raw read accuracy, the use of the MinION could enhance the scalability of swine IAV testing in the field and strengthen the swine IAV disease outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- Michelle L. Gordon, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Rd, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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Abstract
In 2017, the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory detected a reverse-zoonotic transmission of a human seasonal H3 influenza A virus into swine (IAV-S) in Oklahoma. Pairwise comparison between the recently characterized human seasonal H3 IAV-S (H3.2010.2) hemagglutinin (HA) sequences detected in swine and the most similar 2016-2017 human seasonal H3 revealed 99.9% nucleotide identity. To elucidate the origin of H3.2010.2 IAV-S, 45 HA and 27 neuraminidase (NA) sequences from 2017 to 2020 as well as 11 whole-genome sequences (WGS) were genetically characterized. Time to most recent common human ancestor was estimated between August and September 2016. The N2 NA was of human origin in all but one strain from diagnostic submissions with NA sequences, and the internal gene segments from WGS consisted of matrix genes originating from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 and another 5 internal genes of triple reassortant swine origin (TTTTPT). Pigs experimentally infected with H3.2010.2 demonstrated efficient nasal shedding and replication in the lungs, mild pneumonia, and minimal microscopic lung lesions and transmitted the virus to indirect contact swine. Antigenically, H3.2010.2 viruses were closer to a human seasonal vaccine strain, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014, than to the H3.2010.1 human seasonal H3 viruses detected in swine in 2012. This was the second sustained transmission of a human seasonal IAV into swine from the 2010 decade after H3.2010.1. Monitoring the spillover and detection of novel IAV from humans to swine may help vaccine antigen selection and could impact pandemic preparedness. IMPORTANCE H3.2010.2 is a new phylogenetic clade of H3N2 circulating in swine that became established after the spillover of a human seasonal H3N2 from the 2016-2017 influenza season. The novel H3.2010.2 transmitted and adapted to the swine host and demonstrated reassortment with internal genes from strains endemic to pigs, but it maintained human-like HA and NA. It is genetically and antigenically distinct from the H3.2010.1 H3N2 introduced earlier in the 2010 decade. Human seasonal IAV spillovers into swine become established in the population through adaptation and sustained transmission and contribute to the genetic and antigenic diversity of IAV circulating in swine. Continued IAV surveillance is necessary to detect emergence of novel strains in swine and assist with vaccine antigen selection to improve the ability to prevent respiratory disease in swine as well as the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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octoFLUshow: an Interactive Tool Describing Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Genetic Diversity of Influenza A Virus in U.S. Swine. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0108121. [PMID: 34913720 PMCID: PMC8675265 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01081-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is passively surveilled in swine in the United States through a U.S. Department of Agriculture administered surveillance system. We present an interactive Web tool to visualize and explore trends in the genetic and geographic diversity of IAV derived from the surveillance system.
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Eurasian Avian-like M1 Plays More Important Role than M2 in Pathogenicity of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122335. [PMID: 34960604 PMCID: PMC8707482 DOI: 10.3390/v13122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortant variant viruses generated between 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] and endemic swine influenza viruses posed a potential risk to humans. Surprisingly, genetic analysis showed that almost all of these variant viruses contained the M segment from A(H1N1)pdm09, which originated from Eurasian avian-like swine influenza viruses. Studies have shown that the A(H1N1)pdm09 M gene is critical for the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the variant viruses. However, the M gene encodes two proteins, M1 and M2, and which of those plays a more important role in virus pathogenicity remains unknown. In this study, the M1 and M2 genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 were replaced with those of endemic H3N2 swine influenza virus, respectively. The chimeric viruses were rescued and evaluated in vitro and in mice. Both M1 and M2 of H3N2 affected the virus replication in vitro. In mice, the introduction of H3N2 M1 attenuated the chimeric virus, where all the mice survived from the infection, compared with the wild type virus that caused 100 % mortality. However, the chimeric virus containing H3N2 M2 was still virulent to mice, and caused 16.6% mortality, as well as similar body weight loss to the wild type virus infected group. Compared with the wild type virus, the chimeric virus containing H3N2 M1 induced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the chimeric virus containing H3N2 M2 induced substantial pro-inflammatory responses, but higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The study demonstrated that Eurasian avian-like M1 played a more important role than M2 in the pathogenicity of A(H1N1)pdm09 in mice.
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Abstract
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Antigenic distance between North American swine and human seasonal H3N2 influenza A viruses as an indication of zoonotic risk to humans. J Virol 2021; 96:e0137421. [PMID: 34757846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01374-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-to-swine transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) repeatedly occurs, leading to sustained transmission and increased diversity in swine; human seasonal H3N2 introductions occurred in the 1990s and 2010s and were maintained in North American swine. Swine H3N2 were subsequently associated with zoonotic infections, highlighting the need to understand the risk of endemic swine IAV to humans. We quantified antigenic distances between swine H3N2 and human seasonal vaccine strains from 1973 to 2014 using a panel of monovalent antisera raised in pigs in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Swine H3N2 lineages retained closest antigenic similarity to human vaccine strains from the decade of incursion. Swine lineages from the 1990s were antigenically more similar to human vaccine strains of the mid-1990s but had substantial distance from recent human vaccine strains. In contrast, lineages from the 2010s were closer to human vaccine strains from 2011 and 2014 and most antigenically distant from human vaccine strains prior to 2007. HI assays using ferret antisera demonstrated that swine lineages from the 1990s and 2010s had significant fold-reduction compared with the homologous HI titer of the nearest pandemic preparedness candidate vaccine virus (CVV) or seasonal vaccine strain. The assessment of post-infection and post-vaccination human sera cohorts demonstrated limited cross-reactivity to swine H3N2 from the 1990s, especially in older adults born before 1970s. We identified swine strains to which humans are likely to lack population immunity or are not protected against by a current human seasonal vaccine or CVV to use in prioritizing future human CVV strain selection. IMPORTANCE Human H3N2 influenza A viruses spread to pigs in North America in the 1990s and more recently in the 2010s. These cross-species events led to sustained circulation and increased H3N2 diversity in pig populations. Evolution of H3N2 in swine led to a reduced similarity with human seasonal H3N2 and the vaccine strains used to protect human populations. We quantified the antigenic phenotypes and found that North American swine H3N2 lineages retained more antigenic similarity to historical human vaccine strains from the decade of incursion but had substantial difference compared with recent human vaccine strains. Additionally, pandemic preparedness vaccine strains demonstrated a loss in similarity with contemporary swine strains. Lastly, human sera revealed that although these adults had antibodies against human H3N2 strains, many had limited immunity to swine H3N2, especially older adults born before 1970. Antigenic assessment of swine H3N2 provides critical information for pandemic preparedness and candidate vaccine development.
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Swine influenza A virus subtypes circulating in Brazilian commercial pig herds from 2012 to 2019. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2421-2430. [PMID: 34455547 PMCID: PMC8402972 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine influenza A virus (SIAV) subtypes/lineages H1N1pdm09, H3N2, H1N2, and H1N1 of seasonal human origin are widespread in Brazilian swine herds. A monovalent inactivated H1N1pdm09 vaccine was licensed in Brazil in 2014. However, there are concerns about its efficacy due to the limited vaccine cross-protection against heterologous viruses and the potential for exacerbated reactions against vaccine strains. Thus, monitoring SIAVs subtypes/lineages that are circulating in the Brazilian swine population is important, by applying a fast and efficient diagnostic test in herd field samples. A RT-PCR assay was developed, using primers specific for HA subtyping of Brazilian SIAV, and was used to evaluate the occurrence of subtypes from samples collected between 2012 and 2019. From 167 field samples positive for influenza A, 117 were subtyped by nested RT-PCR assay. A higher occurrence of H1N1pdm was observed from 2012 to 2015, H3N2 in 2017, and H1hu in 2017 to 2019. A hemagglutination inhibition test was performed in serum samples received from 2017 to 2019, confirming these data. The molecular data highlights the importance of H1hu and H3N2 detection since there are no vaccines available for the subtypes/lineages and raises an alert of H1hu for its potential to infect humans. Serological data suggest a cyclical profile of occurrence between the H3N2 and H1N1pdm over time. Monitoring SIAVs circulating in Brazilian swine herds is necessary, which provides the relevant information for field veterinarians to apply effective control measures on the properties.
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Sun H, Liu J, Xiao Y, Duan Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Pu J, Sun Y, Liu J, Sun H. Pathogenicity of novel reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs. Virology 2021; 561:28-35. [PMID: 34139638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus, possessing 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) and triple-reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes, namely G4 genotype, has replaced the G1 genotype EA H1N1 virus (all the genes were of EA origin) and become predominant in swine populations in China. Understanding the pathogenicity of G4 viruses in pigs is of great importance for disease control. Here, we conducted comprehensive analyses of replication and pathogenicity of G4 and G1 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs. G4 virus exhibited enhanced replication, increased duration of virus shedding, and caused more severe respiratory lesions in pigs compared with G1 virus. G4 virus, with viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex genes of pdm/09 origin, exhibited higher levels of nuclear accumulation and higher polymerase activity, which is essential for improved replication of G4 virus. These findings indicate that G4 virus poses a great threat to both swine industry and public health, and control measures should be urgently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Danilenko DM, Komissarov AB, Fadeev AV, Bakaev MI, Ivanova AA, Petrova PA, Vassilieva AD, Komissarova KS, Zheltukhina AI, Konovalova NI, Vasin AV. Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Viruses Identified in the European Region of Russia, 2014-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662028. [PMID: 33936018 PMCID: PMC8081852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs have long been recognized as “mixing vessels” in which new viruses are formed by reassortment involving various influenza virus lineages (avian, animal, human). However, surveillance of swine influenza viruses only gained real significance after the 2009 pandemic. A fundamentally important point is the fact that there is still no regular surveillance of swine flu in Russia, and the role of swine viruses is underestimated since, as a rule, they do not cause serious disease in animals. Since the pig population in Russia is large, it is obvious that the lack of monitoring and insufficient study of swine influenza evolution constitutes a gap in animal influenza surveillance, not only for Russia, but globally. A 6 year joint effort enabled identification of SIV subtypes that circulate in the pig population of Russia’s European geographic region. The swine influenza viruses isolated were antigenically and genetically diverse. Some were similar to human influenza viruses of A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) subtype, while others were reassortant A(H1pdm09N2) and A(H1avN2) and were antigenically distinct from human H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 strains. Analysis of swine serum samples collected throughout the seasons showed that the number of sera positive for influenza viruses has increased in recent years. This indicates that swine populations are highly susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses. It also stresses the need for regular SIV surveillance, monitoring of viral evolution, and strengthening of pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Danilenko
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey B Komissarov
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem V Fadeev
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Bakaev
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Ivanova
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina A Petrova
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Vassilieva
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya S Komissarova
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alyona I Zheltukhina
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda I Konovalova
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey V Vasin
- WHO-Recognized National Influenza Centre (NIC), Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Ding F, Li Y, Huang B, Edwards J, Cai C, Zhang G, Jiang D, Wang Q, Robertson ID. Infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south China. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105317. [PMID: 33744674 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The coinfection of swine influenza (SI) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. This study analyzed surveillance data on SI in south China and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. Blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection with influenza strains from swine, human and avian sources. The herd prevalences for EA H1N1, H1N1pdm09, classic H1N1, HS-like H3N2, seasonal human H1N1 and avian influenza H9N2 were 88.5, 64.5, 60.3, 57.8, 12.9 and 10.3 %, respectively. Anthropogenic factors including detection frequency, chicken density, duck density, pig density and human population density were found to be better predictor variables for three influenza infection scenarios (infection with human strains, infection with avian strains, and coinfection with H9N2 avian strain and at least one swine strain) than were meteorological and geographical factors. Predictive risk maps generated for the four provinces in south China highlighted that the areas with a higher risk of the three infection scenarios were predominantly clustered in the delta area of the Pearl River in Guangdong province and counties surrounding Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province. Identification of higher risk areas can inform targeted surveillance for influenza in humans and pigs, helping public health authorities in designing risk-based SI control strategies to address the pandemic influenza threat in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Lorbach JN, Fitzgerald T, Nolan C, Nolting JM, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Bowman AS. Gaps in Serologic Immunity against Contemporary Swine-Origin Influenza A Viruses among Healthy Individuals in the United States. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010127. [PMID: 33477472 PMCID: PMC7830885 DOI: 10.3390/v13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Viruses (IAV) in domestic swine (IAV-S) are associated with sporadic zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface. Previous pandemic IAVs originated from animals, which emphasizes the importance of characterizing human immunity against the increasingly diverse IAV-S. We analyzed serum samples from healthy human donors (n = 153) using hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay to assess existing serologic protection against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolated from swine in the United States (n = 11). Age-specific seroprotection rates (SPR), which are the proportion of individuals with HAI ≥ 1:40, corresponded with lower or moderate pandemic risk classifications for the multiple IAV-S examined (one H1-δ1, one H1-δ2, three H3-IVA, one H3-IVB, one H3-IVF). Individuals born between 2004 and 2013 had SPRs of 0% for the five classified H3 subtype IAV-S, indicating youth may be particularly predisposed to infection with these viruses. Expansion of existing immunologic gaps over time could increase likelihood of future IAV-S spillover to humans and facilitate subsequent sustained human-to-human transmission resulting in disease outbreaks with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Carolyn Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - John J. Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Nasamran C, Janetanakit T, Chiyawong S, Boonyapisitsopa S, Bunpapong N, Prakairungnamthip D, Thontiravong A, Amonsin A. Persistence of pdm2009-H1N1 internal genes of swine influenza in pigs, Thailand. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19847. [PMID: 33199784 PMCID: PMC7669897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is one of the important zoonotic diseases of pigs. We conducted a longitudinal survey of swine influenza A viruses (S-IAV) circulating in a pig farm with history of endemic S-IAV infection from 2017 to 2018. The samples were collected from 436 pigs including nasal swab samples (n = 436) and blood samples (n = 436). Our result showed that 18.81% (82/436) were positive for influenza A virus and subsequently 57 S-IAV could be isolated. Then 24 out of 57 S-IAVs were selected for whole genome sequencing and could be subtyped as S-IAV-H1N1 (n = 18) and S-IAV-H3N2 (n = 6). Of 24 S-IAVs, we observed 3 genotypes of S-IAVs including rH1N1 (pdm + 1), rH1N1 (pdm + 2), and rH3N2 (pdm + 2). Since all genotypes of S-IAVs in this study contained internal genes from pdmH1N1-2009, it could be speculated that pdmH1N1-2009 was introduced in a pig farm and then multiple reassorted with endemic S-IAVs to generate diversify S-IAV genotypes. Our study supported and added the evidences that pdmH1N1-2009 and it reassortant have predominately persisted in pig population in Thailand. Thus, monitoring of S-IAVs in pigs, farm workers and veterinarians in pig farms is important and should be routinely conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanakarn Nasamran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janetanakit
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supasama Chiyawong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Napawan Bunpapong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Aerosol Transmission from Infected Swine to Ferrets of an H3N2 Virus Collected from an Agricultural Fair and Associated with Human Variant Infections. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01009-20. [PMID: 32522849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01009-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) sporadically transmit from swine to humans, typically associated with agricultural fairs in the United States. A human seasonal H3 virus from the 2010-2011 IAV season was introduced into the U.S. swine population and termed H3.2010.1 to differentiate it from the previous swine H3 virus. This H3N2 lineage became widespread in the U.S. commercial swine population, subsequently spilling over into exhibition swine, and caused a majority of H3N2 variant (H3N2v) cases in humans in 2016 and 2017. A cluster of human H3N2v cases were reported at an agricultural fair in 2017 in Ohio, where 2010.1 H3N2 IAV was concurrently detected in exhibition swine. Genomic analysis showed that the swine and human isolates were nearly identical. In this study, we evaluated the propensity of a 2010.1 H3N2 IAV (A/swine/Ohio/A01354299/2017 [sw/OH/2017]) isolated from a pig in the agricultural fair outbreak to replicate in ferrets and transmit from swine to ferret. sw/OH/2017 displayed robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract, causing slight fever and moderate weight loss. Further, sw/OH/2017 was capable of efficient respiratory droplet transmission from infected pigs to contact ferrets. These findings establish a model for evaluating the propensity of swine IAV to transmit from pig to ferret as a measure of risk to the human population. The identification of higher-risk swine strains can then be targeted for control measures to limit the dissemination at human-swine interfaces to reduce the risk of zoonotic infections and to inform pandemic planning.IMPORTANCE A recently emerged lineage of human-like H3N2 (H3.2010.1) influenza A virus (IAV) from swine has been frequently detected in commercial and exhibition swine in recent years and has been associated with H3N2 variant cases in humans from 2016 and 2017. To demonstrate a model for characterizing the potential for zoonotic transmission associated with swine IAV, we performed an in vivo study of transmission between pigs infected with an H3.2010.1 H3N2 IAV and aerosol contact ferrets. The efficient interspecies transmission demonstrated for the H3.2010.1 IAV in swine emphasizes the need for further characterization of viruses circulating at the swine-human interface for transmission potential prior to human spillover and the development and implementation of more robust vaccines and control strategies to mitigate human exposure to higher-risk swine strains.
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Hu M, Yang G, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Kim H, Li L, Wan XF, Kercher L, Bowman AS, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. HA stabilization promotes replication and transmission of swine H1N1 gamma influenza viruses in ferrets. eLife 2020; 9:56236. [PMID: 32602461 PMCID: PMC7326494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A viruses can emerge from swine, an intermediate host that supports adaptation of human-preferred receptor-binding specificity by the hemagglutinin (HA) surface antigen. Other HA traits necessary for pandemic potential are poorly understood. For swine influenza viruses isolated in 2009–2016, gamma-clade viruses had less stable HA proteins (activation pH 5.5–5.9) than pandemic clade (pH 5.0–5.5). Gamma-clade viruses replicated to higher levels in mammalian cells than pandemic clade. In ferrets, a model for human adaptation, a relatively stable HA protein (pH 5.5–5.6) was necessary for efficient replication and airborne transmission. The overall airborne transmission frequency in ferrets for four isolates tested was 42%, and isolate G15 airborne transmitted 100% after selection of a variant with a stabilized HA. The results suggest swine influenza viruses containing both a stabilized HA and alpha-2,6 receptor binding in tandem pose greater pandemic risk. Increasing evidence supports adding HA stability to pre-pandemic risk assessment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States.,Missouri University Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
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40
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A Single Amino Acid at Position 431 of the PB2 Protein Determines the Virulence of H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01930-19. [PMID: 31996432 PMCID: PMC7108842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses. Genetic reassortments occurred continuously among multiple subtypes or genotypes of influenza viruses prevalent in pigs. Of note, some reassortant viruses bearing the internal genes of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (2009/H1N1) virus sporadically caused human infection, which highlights their potential threats to human public health. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in Liaoning Province, China. A total of 22 viruses, including 18 H1N1 and 4 H1N2 viruses, were isolated from 5,750 nasal swabs collected from pigs in slaughterhouses from 2014 to 2016. H1N1 viruses formed four genotypes, which included Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) and double/triple reassortant H1N1 derived from EA H1N1, 2009/H1N1, and triple reassortant H1N2 (TR H1N2) viruses. H1N1 SIVs with different genotypes and even those within the same genotypes represented different pathogenicities in mice. We further characterized two naturally isolated H1N1 SIVs that had similar viral genomes but differed substantially in their virulence in mice and found that a single amino acid at position 431 in the basic polymerase 2 (PB2) protein significantly affected the viral replication capacity and virulence of these two viruses. Taken together, our findings revealed the diverse genomic origins and virulence of the SIVs prevalent in Liaoning Province during 2014 to 2016, which highlights that continuous surveillance is essential to monitor the evolution of SIVs. We identified a naturally occurring amino acid mutation in the PB2 protein of H1N1 SIVs that impacts the viral replication and virulence in mice by altering the viral polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses.
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41
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Sharma A, Zeller MA, Li G, Harmon KM, Zhang J, Hoang H, Anderson TK, Vincent AL, Gauger PC. Detection of live attenuated influenza vaccine virus and evidence of reassortment in the U.S. swine population. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:301-311. [PMID: 32100644 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720907918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines historically have been multivalent, whole virus inactivated products. The first bivalent, intranasal, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV; Ingelvac Provenza), with H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, has been approved for use in swine. We investigated the LAIV hemagglutinin (HA) sequences in diagnostic cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and potential vaccine virus reassortment with endemic influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. From January 3 to October 11, 2018, IAV HA sequences demonstrating 99.5-99.9% nucleotide homology to the H1 HA or 99.4-100% nucleotide homology to the H3 HA parental strains in the LAIV were detected in 58 of 1,116 (5.2%) porcine respiratory cases (H1 HA A/swine/Minnesota/37866/1999[H1N1; MN99]; H3 HA A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998[H3N2; TX98]). Nine cases had co-detection of HA genes from LAIV and wild-type IAV in the same specimen. Thirty-five cases had associated epidemiologic information that indicated they were submitted from 11 states representing 31 individual sites and 17 production systems in the United States. Whole genome sequences from 11 cases and another subset of 2 plaque-purified IAV were included in our study. Ten whole genome sequences, including 1 plaque-purified IAV, contained at least one internal gene from endemic IAV detected within the past 3 y. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences indicated that reassortment occurred between vaccine virus and endemic field strains circulating in U.S. swine. Our data highlight the need and importance of continued IAV surveillance to detect emerging IAV with LAIV genes in the swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Michael A Zeller
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Ganwu Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Hai Hoang
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sharma, Zeller, Li, Harmon, Zhang, Gauger).,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program (Zeller), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Hoang).,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA (Anderson, Vincent)
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42
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Li Y, Huang B, Shen C, Cai C, Wang Y, Edwards J, Zhang G, Robertson ID. Pig trade networks through live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1315-1329. [PMID: 31903722 PMCID: PMC7228257 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study used social network analysis to investigate the indirect contact network between counties through the movement of live pigs through four wholesale live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. All 14,118 trade records for January and June 2016 were collected from the markets and the patterns of pig trade in these markets analysed. Maps were developed to show the movement pathways. Evaluating the network between source counties was the primary objective of this study. A 1‐mode network was developed. Characteristics of the trading network were explored, and the degree, betweenness and closeness were calculated for each source county. Models were developed to compare the impacts of different disease control strategies on the potential magnitude of an epidemic spreading through this network. The results show that pigs from 151 counties were delivered to the four wholesale live pig markets in January and/or June 2016. More batches (truckloads of pigs sourced from one or more piggeries) were traded in these markets in January (8,001) than in June 2016 (6,117). The pigs were predominantly sourced from counties inside Guangdong Province (90%), along with counties in Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and Henan provinces. The major source counties (46 in total) contributed 94% of the total batches during the two‐month study period. Pigs were sourced from piggeries located 10 to 1,417 km from the markets. The distribution of the nodes' degrees in both January and June indicates a free‐scale network property, and the network in January had a higher clustering coefficient (0.54 vs. 0.39) and a shorter average pathway length (1.91 vs. 2.06) than that in June. The most connected counties of the network were in the central, northern and western regions of Guangdong Province. Compared with randomly removing counties from the network, eliminating counties with higher betweenness, degree or closeness resulted in a greater reduction of the magnitude of a potential epidemic. The findings of this study can be used to inform targeted control interventions for disease spread through this live pig market trade network in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Research and Innovation Office, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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43
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Yu Z, Cheng K, He H, Wu J. A novel reassortant influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in swine in Shandong Province, eastern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:450-454. [PMID: 31535780 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) viruses are distributed worldwide and pose a threat to public health. Swine, as a natural host and mixing vessel of influenza A (H1N1) virus, play a critical role in the transmission of this virus to humans. Furthermore, swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses have provided all eight genes or some genes to the genomes of influenza strains that historically have caused human pandemics. Hence, persistent surveillance of influenza A (H1N1) virus in swine herds could contribute to the prevention and control of this virus. Here, we report a novel reassortant influenza A (H1N1) virus generated by reassortment between 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses and swine viruses. We also found that this virus is prevalent in swine herds in Shandong Province, eastern China. Our findings suggest that surveillance of the emergence of the novel reassortant influenza A (H1N1) virus in swine is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin He
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Jinan, China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
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44
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Ding P, Jin Q, Zhou W, Chai Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen X, Guo J, Deng R, Gao GF, Zhang G. A Universal Influenza Nanovaccine for "Mixing Vessel" Hosts Confers Potential Ability to Block Cross-Species Transmission. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900456. [PMID: 31267679 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a deadly zoonotic pathogen, poses a tremendous threat and burden to global health systems. Pigs act as "mixing vessel" hosts to support and generate new pandemic viruses. Preventing the spread of IAV in pigs effectively can delay or even block cross-species transmission. Universal vaccines based on the highly conserved ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) have been widely reported, but have not been applied due to inadequate protection. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression and promotes swine influenza virus (SIV) infection. Here, M2e is inserted into capsid protein of PCV2 without burying the neutralizing epitopes and self-assembles to form a bivalent nanovaccine. Inoculation with the nanovaccine induces robust M2e- and PCV2-specific immune responses. The nanovaccine confers protection against lethal challenges of IAV from different species in mice, and significantly reduces SIV titers in pigs' respiratory tract and blocks SIV transmission. These results indicate that the nanovaccine is an economical and promising PCV2 and universal IAV bivalent vaccine, and it will synergistically and powerfully offer potential ability to block IAV cross-species reassortment and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Yongxiao Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Yao Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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Soli R, Kaabi B, Barhoumi M, Maktouf C, Ahmed SBH. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the influenza-A virus genomes isolated in Tunisia, and determination of potential recombination events. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:253-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rajao DS, Vincent AL, Perez DR. Adaptation of Human Influenza Viruses to Swine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:347. [PMID: 30723723 PMCID: PMC6349779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) within the H1N1/N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulates in pigs globally, with different lineages predominating in specific regions of the globe. A common characteristic of the ecology of IAV in swine in different regions is the periodic spillover of human seasonal viruses. Such human viruses resulted in sustained transmission in swine in several countries, leading to the establishment of novel IAV lineages in the swine host and contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza observed in pigs. In this review we discuss the frequent occurrence of reverse-zoonosis of IAV from humans to pigs that have contributed to the global viral diversity in swine in a continuous manner, describe host-range factors that may be related to the adaptation of these human-origin viruses to pigs, and how these events could affect the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Chamba Pardo FO, Wayne S, Culhane MR, Perez A, Allerson M, Torremorell M. Effect of strain-specific maternally-derived antibodies on influenza A virus infection dynamics in nursery pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210700. [PMID: 30640929 PMCID: PMC6331129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the number of influenza A virus (IAV) infected pigs at weaning is critical to minimize IAV spread to other farms. Sow vaccination is a common measure to reduce influenza levels at weaning. However, the impact of maternally-derived antibodies on IAV infection dynamics in growing pigs is poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of maternally-derived antibodies at weaning on IAV prevalence at weaning, time of influenza infection, number of weeks that pigs tested IAV positive, and estimated quantity of IAV in nursery pigs. We evaluated 301 pigs within 10 cohorts for their influenza serological (seroprevalence estimated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test) and virological (prevalence) status. Nasal swabs were collected weekly and pigs were bled 3 times throughout the nursery period. There was significant variability in influenza seroprevalence, HI titers and influenza prevalence after weaning. Increase in influenza seroprevalence at weaning was associated with low influenza prevalence at weaning and delayed time to IAV infection throughout the nursery. Piglets with IAV HI titers of 40 or higher at weaning were also less likely to test IAV positive at weaning, took longer to become infected, tested IAV RT-PCR positive for fewer weeks, and had higher IAV RT-PCR cycle threshold values compared to piglets with HI titers less than 40. Our findings suggest that sow vaccination or infection status that results in high levels of IAV strain-specific maternally-derived antibodies may help to reduce IAV circulation in both suckling and nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer Wayne
- Health Services, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States of America
| | - Marie Rene Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Matthew Allerson
- Health and Research Division, Holden Farms Inc., Northfield, MN, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spatiotemporal Distribution and Evolution of the A/H1N1 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus in Pigs in France from 2009 to 2017: Identification of a Potential Swine-Specific Lineage. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00988-18. [PMID: 30258006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00988-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus responsible for the most recent pandemic in 2009 (H1N1pdm) has spread to swine populations worldwide while it replaced the previous seasonal H1N1 virus in humans. In France, surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in pig herds with respiratory outbreaks led to the detection of 44 H1N1pdm strains between 2009 and 2017, regardless of the season, and findings were not correlated with pig density. From these isolates, 17 whole-genome sequences were obtained, as were 6 additional hemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) sequences, in order to perform spatial and temporal analyses of genetic diversity and to compare evolutionary patterns of H1N1pdm in pigs to patterns for human strains. Following mutation accumulation and fixation over time, phylogenetic analyses revealed for the first time the divergence of a swine-specific genogroup within the H1N1pdm lineage. The divergence is thought to have occurred around 2011, although this was demonstrated only through strains isolated in 2015 to 2016 in the southern half of France. To date, these H1N1pdm swine strains have not been related to any increased virulence in swine herds and have not exhibited any antigenic drift compared to seasonal human strains. However, further monitoring is encouraged, as diverging evolutionary patterns in these two species, i.e., swine and humans, may lead to the emergence of viruses with a potentially higher risk to both animal and human health.IMPORTANCE Pigs are a "mixing vessel" for influenza A viruses (IAVs) because of their ability to be infected by avian and human IAVs and their propensity to facilitate viral genomic reassortment events. Also, as IAVs may evolve differently in swine and humans, pigs can become a reservoir for old human strains against which the human population has become immunologically naive. Thus, viruses from the novel swine-specific H1N1pdm genogroup may continue to diverge from seasonal H1N1pdm strains and/or from other H1N1pdm viruses infecting pigs and lead to the emergence of viruses that would not be covered by human vaccines and/or swine vaccines based on antigens closely related to the original H1N1pdm virus. This discovery confirms the importance of encouraging swine IAV monitoring because H1N1pdm swine viruses could carry an increased risk to both human and swine health in the future as a whole H1N1pdm virus or gene provider in subsequent reassortant viruses.
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Novel Human-Like H3N2 Influenza A Viruses, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/Swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), Detected in Swine in the United States. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01203-18. [PMID: 30533826 PMCID: PMC6256625 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01203-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel human-like H3N2 influenza A virus strains, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), were isolated from porcine samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the United States. Two novel human-like H3N2 influenza A virus strains, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), were isolated from porcine samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the United States.
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Comparison of Adjuvanted-Whole Inactivated Virus and Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines against Challenge with Contemporary, Antigenically Distinct H3N2 Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01323-18. [PMID: 30185589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01323-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses in swine (IAV-S) circulating in the United States of America are phylogenetically and antigenically distinct. A human H3 hemagglutinin (HA) was introduced into the IAV-S gene pool in the late 1990s, sustained continued circulation, and evolved into five monophyletic genetic clades, H3 clades IV-A to -E, after 2009. Across these phylogenetic clades, distinct antigenic clusters were identified, with three clusters (cyan, red, and green antigenic cluster) among the most frequently detected antigenic phenotypes (Abente EJ, Santos J, Lewis NS, Gauger PC, Stratton J, et al. J Virol 90:8266-8280, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01002-16). Although it was demonstrated that antigenic diversity of H3N2 IAV-S was associated with changes at a few amino acid positions in the head of the HA, the implications of this diversity for vaccine efficacy were not tested. Using antigenically representative H3N2 viruses, we compared whole inactivated virus (WIV) and live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines for protection against challenge with antigenically distinct H3N2 viruses in pigs. WIV provided partial protection against antigenically distinct viruses but did not prevent virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, LAIV provided complete protection from disease and virus was not detected after challenge with antigenically distinct viruses.IMPORTANCE Due to the rapid evolution of the influenza A virus, vaccines require continuous strain updates. Additionally, the platform used to deliver the vaccine can have an impact on the breadth of protection. Currently, there are various vaccine platforms available to prevent influenza A virus infection in swine, and we experimentally tested two: adjuvanted-whole inactivated virus and live-attenuated virus. When challenged with an antigenically distinct virus, adjuvanted-whole inactivated virus provided partial protection, while live-attenuated virus provided effective protection. Additional strategies are required to broaden the protective properties of inactivated virus vaccines, given the dynamic antigenic landscape of cocirculating strains in North America, whereas live-attenuated vaccines may require less frequent strain updates, based on demonstrated cross-protection. Enhancing vaccine efficacy to control influenza infections in swine will help reduce the impact they have on swine production and reduce the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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