1
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Ouellette CP. La Crosse virus encephalitis in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:419-424. [PMID: 39079177 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW La Crosse virus encephalitis (LACV-E) is among the most common neuroinvasive arthropod-borne viral infections of childhood in North America. Children are uniquely predisposed to symptomatic disease, whereas symptomatic adult infections remain uncommon. Infection results frequently in neurologic symptomatology including headaches, seizures, and altered mentation, often necessitating hospitalization and significant diagnostic evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a contemporary assessment of clinical, laboratory, and neurobehavioral outcomes of children with LACV-E. RECENT FINDINGS Common clinical manifestations at presentation, specifically seizure activity and altered mental status, are independent predictors of disease severity. Epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG) during hospitalization may predict long-term epilepsy diagnosis. Lastly, long-term neurologic sequelae from acute infection is persistent and likely under-recognized among children with LACV-E. SUMMARY As climate change alters the geographic distribution of mosquito borne illnesses, a possibility of regional expansion of La Crosse virus (LACV) endemicity exists. The above data highlight readily identifiable features and testing modalities for clinicians who may encounter this viral infection. Importantly, an emphasis on long term neurobehavioral follow up is necessary to better identify and provide support of affected individuals. Future research in identifying host immune responses to LACV infection, as well as therapeutic options, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ouellette
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Suda Y, Murota K, Shirafuji H, Tanaka S, Yanase T. Replication of Akabane virus and related orthobunyaviruses in a fetal-bovine-brain-derived cell line. Arch Virol 2024; 169:133. [PMID: 38829449 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus, Peaton virus, Sathuperi virus, and Shamonda virus are arthropod-borne viruses belonging to the order Elliovirales, family Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus. These viruses cause or may cause congenital malformations in ruminants, including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis, and arthrogryposis, although their pathogenicity may vary among field cases. AKAV may cause relatively severe congenital lesions such as hydranencephaly in calves. Furthermore, strains of AKAV genogroups I and II exhibit different disease courses. Genogroup I strains predominantly cause postnatal viral encephalomyelitis, while genogroup II strains are primarily detected in cases of congenital malformation. However, the biological properties of AKAV and other orthobunyaviruses are insufficiently investigated in hosts in the field and in vitro. Here, we used an immortalized bovine brain cell line (FBBC-1) to investigate viral replication efficiency, cytopathogenicity, and host innate immune responses. AKAV genogroup II and Shamonda virus replicated to higher titers in FBBC-1 cells compared with the other viruses, and only AKAV caused cytopathic effects. These results may be associated with the severe congenital lesions in the brain caused by AKAV genogroup II. AKAV genogroup II strains replicated to higher titers in FBBC-1 cells than AKAV genogroup I strains, suggesting that genogroup II strains replicated more efficiently in fetal brain cells, accounting for the detection of the latter strains mainly in fetal infection cases. Therefore, FBBC-1 cells may serve as a valuable tool for investigating the virulence and tropism of the orthobunyaviruses for bovine neonatal brain tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan.
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
- Exotic Disease Group, Division of Transboundary, Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 6‑20‑1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187‑0022, Japan
| | - Shogo Tanaka
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
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3
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Griesman T, McMillen CM, Negatu SG, Hulahan JJ, Whig K, Dohnalová L, Dittmar M, Thaiss CA, Jurado KA, Schultz DC, Hartman AL, Cherry S. The lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 inhibits Rift Valley fever virus infection and protects from encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012343. [PMID: 38935789 PMCID: PMC11236204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an encephalitic bunyavirus that can infect neurons in the brain. There are no approved therapeutics that can protect from RVFV encephalitis. Innate immunity, the first line of defense against infection, canonically antagonizes viruses through interferon signaling. We found that interferons did not efficiently protect primary cortical neurons from RVFV, unlike other cell types. To identify alternative neuronal antiviral pathways, we screened innate immune ligands and discovered that the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 inhibited RVFV infection, and other bunyaviruses. Mechanistically, we found that Pam3CSK4 blocks viral fusion, independent of TLR2. In a mouse model of RVFV encephalitis, Pam3CSK4 treatment protected animals from infection and mortality. Overall, Pam3CSK4 is a bunyavirus fusion inhibitor active in primary neurons and the brain, representing a new approach toward the development of treatments for encephalitic bunyavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Griesman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seble Getenet Negatu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Jesse J. Hulahan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Kellie A. Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - David C. Schultz
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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4
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Li M. Innate immune response against vector-borne bunyavirus infection and viral countermeasures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1365221. [PMID: 38711929 PMCID: PMC11070517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1365221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts. Upon entry into host cells, the components of viruses are recognized by host innate immune system, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades to induce interferons (IFNs) and other proinflammatory cytokines. IFNs bind to their receptors and upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISGs have antiviral activities and confer an antiviral state to host cells. For efficient replication and spread, viruses have evolved different strategies to antagonize IFN-mediated restriction. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between bunyaviruses and host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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5
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Rondeau NC, Spector SN, Thannickal SA, Stapleford KA. La Crosse virus reassortants highlight genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584386. [PMID: 38559198 PMCID: PMC10979930 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The genomic determinants that contribute to orthobunyavirus infection and pathogenesis are not well-defined. In this study, we harnessed the process of reassortment to understand which viral factors drive change in the replication and pathogenesis of La Crosse virus (LACV). We systematically reassorted the genomic segments of two genetically similar Lineage I LACV isolates into six unique reassortants. Despite the parental isolates having high levels of RNA and protein consensus, the reassortants demonstrate how minimal changes in RNA and protein structure can have significant changes in viral growth and reproduction in vitro in mammalian and insect models. We observed that swapping the S segment between isolates led to differences in replication and assembly resulting in one non-rescuable reassortant and one viable reassortant that exhibited an increase in viral growth dynamics. Switching the M segment led to changes in viral plaque phenotype and growth kinetics. L segment reassortants similarly differed in changes in viral growth dynamics. We further explored the M segment reassortants in a neonate mouse model and observed a role for the M segment in neuroinflammation and virulence. Through reassortment of the La Crosse virus genomic segments, we are able to further understand how genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis operate in orthobunyaviruses. Future investigations will focus on identifying the specific molecular elements that govern the observed phenotypes in vitro and in vivo . Importance La Crosse virus is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, yet it is largely unknown how each of the three genomic segments contribute to pathogenesis and disease. Our study utilizes genomic reassortment between two similar Lineage I LACV isolates to understand genomic determinants for differences in infection and pathogenesis phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. By identifying roles for each segment in observed outcomes, we are able to plan further studies for molecular characterization of these phenotypes. Additionally, it is imperative to continue to characterize orthobunyavirus function since climate change will expand the range and prevalence of arthropod-borne diseases such as LACV in the United States.
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Okajima M, Takenaka-Uema A, Fujii Y, Izumi F, Kojima I, Ozawa M, Naitou K, Suda Y, Nishiyama S, Murakami S, Horimoto T, Ito N, Shirafuji H, Yanase T, Masatani T. Differential role of NSs genes in the neurovirulence of two genogroups of Akabane virus causing postnatal encephalomyelitis. Arch Virol 2023; 169:7. [PMID: 38082138 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) is a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae. In addition to AKAV strains that cause fetal Akabane disease, which is characterized by abortion in ruminants, some AKAV strains cause postnatal infection characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis in ruminants. Here, we focused on the NSs protein, a virulence factor for most viruses belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus, and we hypothesized that this protein would act as a neurovirulence factor in AKAV strains causing postnatal encephalomyelitis. We generated AKAV strains that were unable to produce the NSs protein, derived from two different genogroups, genogroups I and II, and then examined the role of their NSs proteins by inoculating mice intracerebrally with these modified viruses. Our results revealed that the neurovirulence of genogroup II strains is dependent on the NSs protein, whereas that of genogroup I strains is independent of this protein. Notably, infection of primary cultured bovine cells with these viruses suggested that the NSs proteins of both genogroups suppress innate immune-related gene expression with equal efficiency. These results indicate differences in the determinants of virulence of orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Okajima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujii
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumiki Izumi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Ito
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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7
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Day CA, Byrd BD, Trout Fryxell RT. La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease: the kids are not alright. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1165-1182. [PMID: 37862102 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most common cause of neuroinvasive mosquito-borne disease in children within the United States. Despite more than 50 years of recognized endemicity in the United States, the true burden of LACV disease is grossly underappreciated, and there remain severe knowledge gaps that inhibit public health interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Long-standing deficiencies in disease surveillance, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics, actionable entomologic and environmental risk indices, case response capacity, public awareness, and availability of community support groups clearly frame LACV disease as neglected. Here we synthesize salient prior research and contextualize our findings as an assessment of current gaps and opportunities to develop a framework to prevent, detect, and respond to LACV disease. The persistent burdens of LACV disease clearly require renewed public health attention, policy, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Day
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D Byrd
- Environmental Health Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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8
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Schoen A, Hölzer M, Müller MA, Wallerang KB, Drosten C, Marz M, Lamp B, Weber F. Functional comparisons of the virus sensor RIG-I from humans, the microbat Myotis daubentonii, and the megabat Rousettus aegyptiacus, and their response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0020523. [PMID: 37728614 PMCID: PMC10653997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A common hypothesis holds that bats (order Chiroptera) are outstanding reservoirs for zoonotic viruses because of a special antiviral interferon (IFN) system. However, functional studies about key components of the bat IFN system are rare. RIG-I is a cellular sensor for viral RNA signatures that activates the antiviral signaling chain to induce IFN. We cloned and functionally characterized RIG-I genes from two species of the suborders Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera. The bat RIG-Is were conserved in their sequence and domain organization, and similar to human RIG-I in (i) mediating virus- and IFN-activated gene expression, (ii) antiviral signaling, (iii) temperature dependence, and (iv) recognition of RNA ligands. Moreover, RIG-I of Rousettus aegyptiacus (suborder Yinpterochiroptera) and of humans were found to recognize SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, members of both bat suborders encode RIG-Is that are comparable to their human counterpart. The ability of bats to harbor zoonotic viruses therefore seems due to other features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schoen
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai B. Wallerang
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Boutzoukas AE, Freedman DA, Koterba C, Hunt GW, Mack K, Cass J, Yildiz VO, de los Reyes E, Twanow J, Chung MG, Ouellette CP. La Crosse Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in Children: A Contemporary Analysis of Clinical/Neurobehavioral Outcomes and Predictors of Disease Severity. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e1114-e1122. [PMID: 35607778 PMCID: PMC10169387 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most common neuroinvasive arboviral infection in children in the United States. However, data regarding predictors of disease severity and neurologic outcome are limited. Additionally, long-term neurologic and neurobehavioral outcomes remain relatively sparse. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study, followed by recruitment for a cross-sectional analysis of long-term neurobehavioral outcomes, among children aged 0-18 years with proven or probable LACV neuroinvasive disease (LACV-ND) between January 2009 and December 2018. Case ascertainment was assured by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes cross-referenced with laboratory results detecting LACV. Demographics, diagnostics, radiographs, and outcomes were evaluated. Recruitment of patients with prior diagnosis of LACV-ND occurred from January 2020 to March 2020, with assessment performed by validated pediatric questionnaires. RESULTS One-hundred fifty-two children (83 males; median age, 8 years [interquartile range, 5-11.5 years]) were diagnosed with proven (n = 61 [47%]) and probable (n = 91 [60%]) LACV-ND. Sixty-five patients (43%) had severe disease. Altered mental status (AMS) (odds ratio [OR], 6.36 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.03-19.95]; P = .0002) and seizures at presentation (OR, 10.31 [95% CI, 3.45-30.86]; P = .0001) were independent predictors of severe disease. Epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG) were independently associated with epilepsy diagnosis at follow-up (OR, 13.45 [95% CI, 1.4-128.77]; P = .024). Fifty-four patients were recruited for long-term neurobehavioral follow-up, with frequent abnormal assessments identified (19%-54%) irrespective of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Severe disease was observed frequently among children with LACV-ND. Seizures and AMS at presentation were independent predictors of severe disease. EEG may help determine long-term epilepsy risk. Long-term neurobehavioral issues are frequent and likely underrecognized among children with LACV-ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique E Boutzoukas
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Christine Koterba
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Garrett W Hunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Cass
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vedat O Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily de los Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jaime Twanow
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Melissa G Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher P Ouellette
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Kohl A, Dunlop JI, Hettenbach SM, Park SL, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Comparison of Immunogenicity Between a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine and an Inactivated Vaccine for Cache Valley Virus. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:41-47. [PMID: 36622942 PMCID: PMC9885547 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that is enzootic throughout the new world. Although CVV is known as an important agricultural pathogen, primarily associated with embryonic lethality and abortions in ruminants, it has recently been recognized for its expansion as a zoonotic pathogen. With the increased emergence of bunyaviruses with human and veterinary importance, there have been significant efforts dedicated to the development of bunyavirus vaccines. In this study, the immunogenicity of a candidate live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) for CVV, which contains the deletion of the nonstructural small (NSs) and nonstructural medium (NSm) genes (2delCVV), was evaluated and compared with an autogenous candidate vaccine created through the inactivation of CVV using binary ethylenimine (BEI) with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (BEI-CVV) in sheep. Both 2delCVV and BEI-CVV produced a neutralizing antibody response that exceeds the correlate of protection, that is, plaque reduction neutralization test titer >10. However, on day 63 postinitial immunization, 2delCVV was more immunogenic than BEI-CVV. These results warrant further development of 2delCVV as a candidate LAV and demonstrate that the double deletion of the NSs and NSm genes can be applied to the development of vaccines and as a common attenuation strategy for orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Hettenbach
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Dana L. Vanlandingham, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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11
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Boshra H. An Overview of the Infectious Cycle of Bunyaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:2139. [PMID: 36298693 PMCID: PMC9610998 DOI: 10.3390/v14102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses represent the largest group of RNA viruses and are the causative agent of a variety of febrile and hemorrhagic illnesses. Originally characterized as a single serotype in Africa, the number of described bunyaviruses now exceeds over 500, with its presence detected around the world. These predominantly tri-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses are transmitted primarily through arthropod and rodent vectors and can infect a wide variety of animals and plants. Although encoding for a small number of proteins, these viruses can inflict potentially fatal disease outcomes and have even developed strategies to suppress the innate antiviral immune mechanisms of the infected host. This short review will attempt to provide an overall description of the order Bunyavirales, describing the mechanisms behind their infection, replication, and their evasion of the host immune response. Furthermore, the historical context of these viruses will be presented, starting from their original discovery almost 80 years ago to the most recent research pertaining to viral replication and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development (GUARD), 911 Rue Principale, Batiscan, QC G0X 1A0, Canada
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12
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Ohta K, Saka N, Nishio M. Hazara Orthonairovirus Nucleoprotein Antagonizes Type I Interferon Production by Inhibition of RIG-I Ubiquitination. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091965. [PMID: 36146771 PMCID: PMC9504875 DOI: 10.3390/v14091965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various strategies to evade the host innate immune system. The relationship between nairoviruses and the interferon (IFN) system is poorly understood. We investigated whether and how nairoviruses antagonize host innate immunity using Hazara orthonairovirus (HAZV) as a surrogate model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. HAZV nucleoprotein (N) was found to interact with the tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25). The N-terminal region of N protein and the C-terminal region of TRIM25 are important for their interaction. Overexpression of N protein results in weakened interaction of TRIM25 with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Furthermore, K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I is inhibited in the presence of N protein. Our data collectively suggest that HAZV N protein interferes with the binding of TRIM25 to RIG-I and subsequent K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I, which leads to inhibition of type I IFN production.
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13
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Hollidge BS, Salzano MV, Ibrahim JM, Fraser JW, Wagner V, Leitner NE, Weiss SR, Weber F, González-Scarano F, Soldan SS. Targeted Mutations in the Fusion Peptide Region of La Crosse Virus Attenuate Neuroinvasion and Confer Protection against Encephalitis. Viruses 2022; 14:1464. [PMID: 35891445 PMCID: PMC9317099 DOI: 10.3390/v14071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a major cause of pediatric encephalitis and aseptic meningitis in the Midwestern, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern United States, where it is an emerging pathogen. The LACV Gc glycoprotein plays a critical role in the neuropathogenesis of LACV encephalitis as the putative virus attachment protein. Previously, we identified and experimentally confirmed the location of the LACV fusion peptide within Gc and generated a panel of recombinant LACVs (rLACVs) containing mutations in the fusion peptide as well as the wild-type sequence. These rLACVs retained their ability to cause neuronal death in a primary embryonic rat neuronal culture system, despite decreased replication and fusion phenotypes. To test the role of the fusion peptide in vivo, we tested rLACVs in an age-dependent murine model of LACV encephalitis. When inoculated directly into the CNS of young adult mice (P28), the rLACV fusion peptide mutants were as neurovirulent as the rLACV engineered with a wild-type sequence, confirming the results obtained in tissue culture. In contrast, the fusion peptide mutant rLACVs were less neuroinvasive when suckling (P3) or weanling (P21) mice were inoculated peripherally, demonstrating that the LACV fusion peptide is a determinant of neuroinvasion, but not of neurovirulence. In a challenge experiment, we found that peripheral challenge of weanling (P21) mice with fusion peptide mutant rLACVs protected from a subsequent WT-LACV challenge, suggesting that mutations in the fusion peptide are an attractive target for generating live-attenuated virus vaccines. Importantly, the high degree of conservation of the fusion peptide amongst the Bunyavirales and, structurally, other arboviruses suggests that these findings are broadly applicable to viruses that use a class II fusion mechanism and cause neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Hollidge
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary-Virginia Salzano
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - John M. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - Jonathan W. Fraser
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - Valentina Wagner
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany; (V.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Nicole E. Leitner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany; (V.W.); (F.W.)
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Francisco González-Scarano
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
| | - Samantha S. Soldan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.S.H.); (M.-V.S.); (J.M.I.); (J.W.F.); (N.E.L.); (S.R.W.); (F.G.-S.)
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Moalem Y, Malis Y, Voloshin K, Dukhovny A, Hirschberg K, Sklan EH. Sandfly Fever Viruses Attenuate the Type I Interferon Response by Targeting the Phosphorylation of JAK-STAT Components. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865797. [PMID: 35720342 PMCID: PMC9198438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandfly fever viruses are emerging Phleboviruses typically causing mild febrile illness. Some strains, however, can cause severe and occasionally fatal neuro-invasive disease. Like most viruses, Phleboviruses have devised various strategies to inhibit the type I interferon (IFN) response to support a productive infection. Still, most of the strategies identified so far focus on inhibiting the sensing arm of the IFN response. In contrast, the effect of sandfly virus infection on signaling from the IFN receptor is less characterized. Therefore, we tested the effect of sandfly fever virus Naples (SFNV) and Sicily (SFSV) infection on IFN signaling. We found that infection with either of these viruses inhibits signaling from the IFN receptor by inhibiting STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. We show that the viral nonstructural protein NSs mediates these effects, but only NSs from SFNV was found to interact with STAT1 directly. Thus, we tested the upstream IFN signaling components and found that Janus kinase 1 (Jak1) phosphorylation is also impaired by infection. Furthermore, the NSs proteins from both viruses directly interacted with Jak1. Last, we show that IFN inhibition by SFNV and SFSV is most likely downstream of the IFN receptor at the Jak1 level. Overall, our results reveal the multiple strategies used by these related viruses to overcome host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Moalem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehonathan Malis
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Konstantin Voloshin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Dukhovny
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Koret Hirschberg
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella H Sklan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Bühler M, Runft S, Li D, Götting J, Detje CN, Nippold V, Stoff M, Beineke A, Schulz T, Kalinke U, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. IFN-β Deficiency Results in Fatal or Demyelinating Disease in C57BL/6 Mice Infected With Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786940. [PMID: 35222374 PMCID: PMC8864290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are important inducers of the antiviral immune response and immune modulators. IFN-β is the most highly expressed IFN-I in the central nervous system (CNS). The infection of SJL mice with the BeAn or the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in a progressive demyelinating disease. C57BL/6 mice are usually resistant to TMEV-induced demyelination and eliminate these strains from the CNS within several weeks. Using C57BL/6 IFN-β knockout (IFN-β-/-) mice infected with TMEV, we evaluated the role of IFN-β in neuroinfection. Despite the resistance of C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice to TMEV infection, DA-infected IFN-β-/- mice had to be killed at 7 to 8 days post infection (dpi) due to severe clinical disease. In contrast, BeAn-infected IFN-β-/- mice survived until 98 dpi. Nevertheless at 14 dpi, BeAn-infected IFN-β-/- mice showed a stronger encephalitis and astrogliosis, higher viral load as well as higher mRNA levels of Isg15, Eif2ak2 (PKR), Tnfa, Il1b, Il10, Il12 and Ifng in the cerebrum than BeAn-infected WT mice. Moreover, the majority of IFN-β-/- mice did not clear the virus from the CNS and developed mild demyelination in the spinal cord at 98 dpi, whereas virus and lesions were absent in the spinal cord of WT mice. Persistently infected IFN-β-/- mice also had higher Isg15, Eif2ak1, Tnfa, Il1a, Il1b and Ifng mRNA levels in the spinal cord at 98 dpi than their virus-negative counterparts indicating an activation of IFN-I signaling and ongoing inflammation. Most importantly, BeAn-infected NesCre+/- IFN-βfl/fl mice, which do not express IFN-β in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, only developed mild brain lesions similar to WT mice. Consequently, IFN-β produced by neuroectodermal cells does not seem to play a critical role in the resistance of C57BL/6 mice against fatal and demyelinating disease induced by TMEV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bühler
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Runft
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dandan Li
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nippold
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoff
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Gerhauser
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Differences in neuroinvasion and protective innate immune pathways between encephalitic California Serogroup orthobunyaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010384. [PMID: 35245345 PMCID: PMC8926202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup (CSG) of Orthobunyaviruses comprises several members capable of causing neuroinvasive disease in humans, including La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV), Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus (JCV), and Inkoo orthobunyavirus (INKV). Despite being genetically and serologically closely related, their disease incidences and pathogenesis in humans and mice differ. We have previously shown that following intraperitoneal inoculation of weanling mice, LACV was highly pathogenic while JCV and INKV were not. To determine why there were differences, we examined the ability of these viruses to invade the CNS and compared the host innate immune responses that regulated viral pathogenesis. We found that LACV was always neuroinvasive, which correlated with its high level of neuroinvasive disease. Interestingly, JCV was not neuroinvasive in any mice, while INKV was neuroinvasive in most mice. The type I interferon (IFN) response was critical for protecting mice from both JCV and INKV disease, although in the periphery JCV induced little IFN expression, while INKV induced high IFN expression. Despite their differing neuroinvasive abilities, JCV and INKV shared innate signaling components required for protection. The presence of either cytoplasmic Rig-I-Like Receptor signaling or endosomal Toll-Like Receptor signaling was sufficient to protect mice from JCV or INKV, however, inhibition of both pathways rendered mice highly susceptible to neurological disease. Comparison of IFN and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) responses to INKV in the brains of resistant wild type (WT) mice and susceptible immune knockout mice showed similar IFN responses in the brain, but WT mice had higher ISG responses, suggesting induction of key ISGs in the brain is critical for protection of mice from INKV. Overall, these results show that the CSG viruses differ in neuroinvasiveness, which can be independent from their neuropathogenicity. The type I IFN response was crucial for protecting mice from CSG virus-induced neurological disease, however, the exact correlates of protection appear to vary between CSG viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B. Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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17
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Xu Y, Zhong Z, Ren Y, Ma L, Ye Z, Gao C, Wang J, Li Y. Antiviral RNA interference in disease vector (Asian longhorned) ticks. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010119. [PMID: 34860862 PMCID: PMC8673602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks play a major role in the emergence and re-emergence of human and animal viral pathogens. Compared to mosquitoes, however, much less is known about the antiviral responses of ticks. Here we showed that Asian longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis) produced predominantly 22-nucleotide virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) in response to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV, an emerging tick-borne virus), Nodamura virus (NoV), or Sindbis virus (SINV) acquired by blood feeding. Notably, experimental acquisition of NoV and SINV by intrathoracic injection also initiated viral replication and triggered the production of vsiRNAs in H. longicornis. We demonstrated that a mutant NoV deficient in expressing its viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) replicated to significantly lower levels than wildtype NoV in H. longicornis, but accumulated to higher levels after knockdown of the tick Dicer2-like protein identified by phylogeny comparison. Moreover, the expression of a panel of known animal VSRs in cis from the genome of SINV drastically enhanced the accumulation of the recombinant viruses. This study establishes a novel model for virus-vector-mouse experiments with longhorned ticks and provides the first in vivo evidence for an antiviral function of the RNAi response in ticks. Interestingly, comparing the accumulation levels of SINV recombinants expressing green fluorescent protein or SFTSV proteins identified the viral non-structural protein as a putative VSR. Elucidating the function of ticks’ antiviral RNAi pathway in vivo is critical to understand the virus-host interaction and the control of tick-borne viral pathogens. Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are the most common illnesses transmitted by ticks, and the annual number of reported TBD cases continues to increase. The Asian longhorned tick, a vector associated with at least 30 human pathogens, is native to eastern Asia and recently reached the USA as an emerging disease threat. Newly identified tick-transmitted pathogens continue to be reported, raising concerns about how TBDs occur. Interestingly, tick can harbor pathogens without being affected themselves. For viral infections, ticks have their own immune systems that protect them from infection. Meanwhile, tick-borne viruses have evolved to avoid these defenses as they establish themselves within the vector. Here, we show in detail that infecting longhorned ticks with distinct arthropod-borne RNA viruses through two approaches natural blood feeding and injection, all induce the production of vsiRNAs. Dicer2-like homolog plays a role in regulating antiviral RNAi responses as knocking down of this gene enhanced viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tick antiviral RNAi responses are inhibited through expression heterologous VSR proteins in recombinant SINV. We identify both the virus and tick factors are critical components to understanding TBDs. Importantly, our study introduces a novel, in vivo virus-vector-mouse model system for exploring TBDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
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18
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Awogbindin IO, Ben-Azu B, Olusola BA, Akinluyi ET, Adeniyi PA, Di Paolo T, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial Implications in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: Lessons From Viral RNA Neurotropism and Possible Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670298. [PMID: 34211370 PMCID: PMC8240959 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, humankind has been experiencing a ravaging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, the second coronavirus pandemic in a decade after the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) disease in 2012. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is responsible for over 3.1 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of a second and a third wave of infection across the globe, and the rising record of multiple reinfections and relapses, SARS-CoV-2 infection shows no sign of abating. In addition, it is now evident that SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with neurological symptoms that include early hyposmia, ischemic stroke, meningitis, delirium and falls, even after viral clearance. This may suggest chronic or permanent changes to the neurons, glial cells, and/or brain vasculature in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia act as the central housekeepers against altered homeostatic states, including during viral neurotropic infections. In this review, we highlight microglial responses to viral neuroinfections, especially those with a similar genetic composition and route of entry as SARS-CoV-2. As the primary sensor of viral infection in the CNS, we describe the pathogenic and neuroinvasive mechanisms of RNA viruses and SARS-CoV-2 vis-à-vis the microglial means of viral recognition. Responses of microglia which may culminate in viral clearance or immunopathology are also covered. Lastly, we further discuss the implication of SARS-CoV-2 CNS invasion on microglial plasticity and associated long-term neurodegeneration. As such, this review provides insight into some of the mechanisms by which microglia could contribute to the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae and disorders, including Parkinson's disease, which could be pervasive in the coming years given the growing numbers of infected and re-infected individuals globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa O. Awogbindin
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde A. Olusola
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T. Akinluyi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Philip A. Adeniyi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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Wilson SN, López K, Coutermash-Ott S, Auguste DI, Porier DL, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Eastwood G, Auguste AJ. La Crosse Virus Shows Strain-Specific Differences in Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040400. [PMID: 33805389 PMCID: PMC8066585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in North America, and is an important public health pathogen. Historically, studies involving LACV pathogenesis have focused on lineage I strains, but no former work has explored the pathogenesis between or within lineages. Given the absence of LACV disease in endemic regions where a robust entomological risk exists, we hypothesize that some LACV strains are attenuated and demonstrate reduced neuroinvasiveness. Herein, we compared four viral strains representing all three lineages to determine differences in neurovirulence or neuroinvasiveness using three murine models. A representative strain from lineage I was shown to be the most lethal, causing >50% mortality in each of the three mouse studies. However, other strains only presented excessive mortality (>50%) within the suckling mouse neurovirulence model. Neurovirulence was comparable among strains, but viruses differed in their neuroinvasive capacities. Our studies also showed that viruses within lineage III vary in pathogenesis with contemporaneous strains, showing reduced neuroinvasiveness compared to an ancestral strain from the same U.S. state (i.e., Connecticut). These findings demonstrate that LACV strains differ markedly in pathogenesis, and that strain selection is important for assessing vaccine and therapeutic efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Wilson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Sheryl Coutermash-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Dawn I. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Danielle L. Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Philip M. Armstrong
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA; (P.M.A.); (T.G.A.)
| | - Theodore G. Andreadis
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA; (P.M.A.); (T.G.A.)
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-6158
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Lee JK, Shin OS. Nonstructural Protein of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Phlebovirus Inhibits TBK1 to Evade Interferon-Mediated Response. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:226-232. [PMID: 33397830 PMCID: PMC9705905 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging phlebovirus of the Phenuiviridae family that has been circulating in the following Asian countries: Vietnam, Myanmar, Taiwan, China, Japan, and South Korea. Despite the increasing infection rates and relatively high mortality rate, there is limited information available regarding SFTSV pathogenesis. In addition, there are currently no vaccines or effective antiviral treatments available. Previous reports have shown that SFTSV suppresses the host immune response and its nonstructural proteins (NSs) function as an antagonist of type I interferon (IFN), whose induction is an essential part of the host defense system against viral infections. Given that SFTSV NSs suppress the innate immune response by inhibiting type I IFN, we investigated the mechanism utilized by SFTSV NSs to evade IFN-mediated response. Our co-immunoprecipitation data suggest the interactions between NSs and retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) or TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Furthermore, confocal analysis indicates the ability of NSs to sequester RIG-I and related downstream molecules in the cytoplasmic structures called inclusion bodies (IBs). NSs are also capable of inhibiting TBK1-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) interaction, and therefore prevent the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 for the induction of type I IFN. The ability of SFTSV NSs to interact with and sequester TBK1 and IRF3 in IBs demonstrate an effective yet unique method utilized by SFTSV to evade and suppress host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Lee
- BK21 Graduate program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- BK21 Graduate program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2626-3280 E-mail:
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22
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Gori Savellini G, Bini L, Gagliardi A, Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Prathyumnan S, Cusi MG. Ubiquitin and Not Only Unfolded Domains Drives Toscana Virus Non-Structural NSs Protein Degradation. Viruses 2020; 12:E1153. [PMID: 33053780 PMCID: PMC7601456 DOI: 10.3390/v12101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein NSs of the Phenuiviridae family members appears to have a role in the host immunity escape. The stability of Toscana virus (TOSV) NSs protein was tested by a cycloheximide (CHX) chase approach on cells transfected with NSs deleted versions fused to a reporter gene. The presence of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) both at the C- and N-terminus appeared to affect the protein stability. Indeed, the NSsΔC and NSsΔN proteins were more stable than the wild-type NSs counterpart. Since TOSV NSs exerts its inhibitory function by triggering RIG-I for proteasomal degradation, the interaction of the ubiquitin system and TOSV NSs was further examined. Chase experiments with CHX and the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 demonstrated the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in controlling NSs protein amount expressed in the cells. The analysis of TOSV NSs by mass spectrometry allowed the direct identification of K104, K109, K154, K180, K244, K294, and K298 residues targeted for ubiquitination. Analysis of NSs K-mutants confirmed the presence and the important role of lysine residues located in the central and the C-terminal parts of the protein in controlling the NSs cellular level. Therefore, we directly demonstrated a new cellular pathway involved in controlling TOSV NSs fate and activity, and this opens the way to new investigations among more pathogenic viruses of the Phenuiviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Luca Bini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Assunta Gagliardi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Laboratory of Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology, 38122 Trento, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
- S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Shibily Prathyumnan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
- S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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The Andes Orthohantavirus NSs Protein Antagonizes the Type I Interferon Response by Inhibiting MAVS Signaling. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00454-20. [PMID: 32321811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00454-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small messenger RNA (SmRNA) of the Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV), a rodent-borne member of the Hantaviridae family of viruses of the Bunyavirales order, encodes a multifunctional nucleocapsid (N) protein and for a nonstructural (NSs) protein of unknown function. We have previously shown the expression of the ANDV-NSs, but only in infected cell cultures. In this study, we extend our early findings by confirming the expression of the ANDV-NSs protein in the lungs of experimentally infected golden Syrian hamsters. Next, we show, using a virus-free system, that the ANDV-NSs protein antagonizes the type I interferon (IFN) induction pathway by suppressing signals downstream of the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and upstream of TBK1. Consistent with this observation, the ANDV-NSs protein antagonized mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-induced IFN-β, NF-κB, IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IFN-sensitive response element (ISRE) promoter activity. Results demonstrate that ANDV-NSs binds to MAVS in cells without disrupting the MAVS-TBK-1 interaction. However, in the presence of the ANDV-NSs ubiquitination of MAVS is reduced. In summary, this study provides evidence showing that the ANDV-NSs protein acts as an antagonist of the cellular innate immune system by suppressing MAVS downstream signaling by a yet not fully understand mechanism. Our findings reveal new insights into the molecular regulation of the hosts' innate immune response by the Andes orthohantavirus.IMPORTANCE Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is endemic in Argentina and Chile and is the primary etiological agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in South America. ANDV is distinguished from other hantaviruses by its unique ability to spread from person to person. In a previous report, we identified a novel ANDV protein, ANDV-NSs. Until now, ANDV-NSs had no known function. In this new study, we established that ANDV-NSs acts as an antagonist of cellular innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, hindering the cellular antiviral response during infection. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms used by ANDV to establish its infection.
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Elongin C Contributes to RNA Polymerase II Degradation by the Interferon Antagonist NSs of La Crosse Orthobunyavirus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02134-19. [PMID: 31941775 PMCID: PMC7081911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02134-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne La Crosse virus (LACV; genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) is prevalent in the United States and can cause severe childhood meningoencephalitis. Its main virulence factor, the nonstructural protein NSs, is a strong inhibitor of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system. NSs acts by imposing a global host mRNA synthesis shutoff, mediated by NSs-driven proteasomal degradation of the RPB1 subunit of RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that RPB1 degradation commences as early as 1 h postinfection, and identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit Elongin C (and its binding partners Elongins A and B) as an NSs cofactor involved in RPB1 degradation and in suppression of global as well as IFN-related mRNA synthesis. Mosquito-borne La Crosse virus (LACV; genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) causes up to 100 annual cases of severe meningoencephalitis in children and young adults in the United States. A major virulence factor of LACV is the nonstructural protein NSs, which inhibits host cell mRNA synthesis to prevent the induction of antiviral type I interferons (IFN-α/β). To achieve this host transcriptional shutoff, LACV NSs drives the proteasomal degradation of RPB1, the large subunit of mammalian RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that NSs acts in a surprisingly rapid manner, as RPB1 degradation was commencing already at 1 h postinfection. The RPB1 degradation was partially dependent on the cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit Elongin C. Consequently, removal of Elongin C, but also of the subunits Elongin A or B by siRNA transfection partially rescued general RNAP II transcription and IFN-beta mRNA synthesis from the blockade by NSs. In line with these results, LACV NSs was found to trigger the redistribution of Elongin C out of nucleolar speckles, which, however, is an epiphenomenon rather than part of the NSs mechanism. Our study also shows that the molecular phenotype of LACV NSs is different from RNA polymerase II inhibitors like α-amanitin or Rift Valley fever virus NSs, indicating that LACV is unique in involving the Elongin complex to shut off host transcription and IFN response. IMPORTANCE The mosquito-borne La Crosse virus (LACV; genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) is prevalent in the United States and can cause severe childhood meningoencephalitis. Its main virulence factor, the nonstructural protein NSs, is a strong inhibitor of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system. NSs acts by imposing a global host mRNA synthesis shutoff, mediated by NSs-driven proteasomal degradation of the RPB1 subunit of RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that RPB1 degradation commences as early as 1 h postinfection, and identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit Elongin C (and its binding partners Elongins A and B) as an NSs cofactor involved in RPB1 degradation and in suppression of global as well as IFN-related mRNA synthesis.
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25
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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Differences in Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic California Serogroup Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:728-738. [PMID: 30882310 PMCID: PMC6433036 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses comprises a group of mosquitoborne viruses, including La Crosse (LACV), snowshoe hare (SSHV), Tahyna (TAHV), Jamestown Canyon (JCV), and Inkoo (INKV) viruses, that cause neurologic disease in humans of differing ages with varying incidences. To determine how the pathogenesis of these viruses differs, we compared their ability to induce disease in mice and replicate and induce cell death in vitro. In mice, LACV, TAHV, and SSHV induced neurologic disease after intraperitoneal and intranasal inoculation, and JCV induced disease only after intranasal inoculation. INKV rarely induced disease, which correlated with less viral antigen in the brain than the other viruses. In vitro, all viruses replicated to high titers; however, LACV, SSHV, and TAHV induced high cell death, whereas JCV and INKV did not. Results demonstrated that CSG viruses differ in neuropathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with the differences in pathogenesis reported in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, California/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, California/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, California/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, California/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, California/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Genes, Viral
- Geography, Medical
- Global Health
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mice
- Public Health Surveillance
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serogroup
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26
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Gori Savellini G, Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Prathyumnan S, Cusi MG. Toscana virus non-structural protein NSs acts as E3 ubiquitin ligase promoting RIG-I degradation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008186. [PMID: 31815967 PMCID: PMC6901176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the non-structural protein (NSs) of Toscana virus (TOSV), an emergent sandfly-borne virus causing meningitis or more severe central nervous system injuries in humans, exerts its function triggering RIG-I for degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner, thus breaking off the IFN-β production. The non-structural protein of different members of Bunyavirales has recently appeared as a fundamental protagonist in immunity evasion through ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation targets. We showed that TOSV NSs has an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, mapping at the carboxy-terminal domain and also involving the amino-terminal of the protein. Indeed, neither the amino- (NSsΔN) nor the carboxy- (NSsΔC) terminal-deleted mutants of TOSV NSs were able to cause ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation of RIG-I. Moreover, the addition of the C-terminus of TOSV NSs to the homologous protein of the Sandfly Fever Naples Virus, belonging to the same genus and unable to inhibit IFN-β activity, conferred new properties to this protein, favoring RIG-I ubiquitination and its degradation. NSs lost its antagonistic activity to IFN when one of the terminal residues was missing. Therefore, we showed that NSs could behave as an atypical RING between RING (RBR) E3 ubiquitin ligases. This is the first report which identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in a viral protein among negative strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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27
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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28
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Liu S, Liu H, Zhang K, Li X, Duan Y, Wang Z, Wang T. Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 Effectively Blocks Infection by the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus. Virol Sin 2019; 34:572-582. [PMID: 31637631 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever disease caused by SFTSV, a newly discovered phlebovirus that is named after the disease. Currently, no effective vaccines or drugs are available for use against SFTSV infection, as our understanding of the viral pathogenesis is limited. Bortezomib (PS-341), a dipeptide-boronic acid analog, is the first clinically approved proteasome inhibitor for use in humans. In this study, the antiviral efficacy of PS-341 against SFTSV infection was tested in human embryonic kidney HEK293T (293T) cells. We employed four different assays to analyze the antiviral ability of PS-341 and determined that PS-341 inhibited the proliferation of SFTSV in 293T cells under various treatment conditions. Although PS-341 did not affect the virus absorption, PS-341 treatment within a non-toxic concentration range resulted in a significant reduction of progeny viral titers in infected cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and Western blot analysis revealed that PS-341 could reverse the SFTSV-encoded non-structural protein (NS) mediated degradation of retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I), thereby antagonizing the inhibitory effect of NSs on interferons and blocking virus replication. In addition, we observed that inhibition of apoptosis promotes virus replication. These results indicate that targeting of cellular interferon pathways and apoptosis during acute infection might serve as the bases of future therapeutics for the treatment of SFTSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China
| | - Yuqin Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300073, China.
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29
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Throw out the Map: Neuropathogenesis of the Globally Expanding California Serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090794. [PMID: 31470541 PMCID: PMC6784171 DOI: 10.3390/v11090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup (CSG) comprises 18 serologically and genetically related mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses. Of these viruses, at least seven have been shown to cause neurological disease in humans, including the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA, La Crosse virus. Despite the disease burden from these viruses, much is still unknown about the CSG viruses. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the CSG viruses, including human disease and the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis.
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30
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Zhu M, van Grinsven IL, Kormelink R, Tao X. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:41-62. [PMID: 30893008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most important plant pathogens and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Tospoviruses have evolved to smartly utilize the host cellular machinery to accomplish their life cycle. Plants mount two layers of defense to combat their invasion. The first one involves the activation of an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) defense response. However, tospoviruses encode an RNA silencing suppressor that enables them to counteract antiviral RNAi. To further combat viral invasion, plants also employ intracellular innate immune receptors (e.g., Sw-5b and Tsw) to recognize different viral effectors (e.g., NSm and NSs). This leads to the triggering of a much more robust defense against tospoviruses called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Tospoviruses have further evolved their effectors and can break Sw-5b-/Tsw-mediated resistance. The arms race between tospoviruses and both layers of innate immunity drives the coevolution of host defense and viral genes involved in counter defense. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview is presented on the tospoviral life cycle and the multilined interplays between tospoviruses and the distinct layers of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Irene Louise van Grinsven
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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Liu J, Swevers L, Kolliopoulou A, Smagghe G. Arboviruses and the Challenge to Establish Systemic and Persistent Infections in Competent Mosquito Vectors: The Interaction With the RNAi Mechanism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:890. [PMID: 31354527 PMCID: PMC6638189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are capable to establish long-term persistent infections in mosquitoes that do not affect significantly the physiology of the insect vectors. Arbovirus infections are controlled by the RNAi machinery via the production of viral siRNAs and the formation of RISC complexes targeting viral genomes and mRNAs. Engineered arboviruses that contain cellular gene sequences can therefore be transformed to "viral silencing vectors" for studies of gene function in reverse genetics approaches. More specifically, "ideal" viral silencing vectors must be competent to induce robust RNAi effects while other interactions with the host immune system should be kept at a minimum to reduce non-specific effects. Because of their inconspicuous nature, arboviruses may approach the "ideal" viral silencing vectors in insects and it is therefore worthwhile to study the mechanisms by which the interactions with the RNAi machinery occur. In this review, an analysis is presented of the antiviral RNAi response in mosquito vectors with respect to the major types of arboviruses (alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and others). With respect to antiviral defense, the exo-RNAi pathway constitutes the major mechanism while the contribution of both miRNAs and viral piRNAs remains a contentious issue. However, additional mechanisms exist in mosquitoes that are capable to enhance or restrict the efficiency of viral silencing vectors such as the amplification of RNAi effects by DNA forms, the existence of incorporated viral elements in the genome and the induction of a non-specific systemic response by Dicer-2. Of significance is the observation that no major "viral suppressors of RNAi" (VSRs) seem to be encoded by arboviral genomes, indicating that relatively tight control of the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) may be sufficient to maintain the persistent character of arbovirus infections. Major strategies for improvement of viral silencing vectors therefore are proposed to involve engineering of VSRs and modifying of the properties of the RdRp. Because of safety issues (pathogen status), however, arbovirus-based silencing vectors are not well suited for practical applications, such as RNAi-based mosquito control. In that case, related mosquito-specific viruses that also establish persistent infections and may cause similar RNAi responses may represent a valuable alternative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhang L, Fu Y, Wang H, Guan Y, Zhu W, Guo M, Zheng N, Wu Z. Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus-Induced Macrophage Differentiation Is Regulated by miR-146. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1095. [PMID: 31156641 PMCID: PMC6529556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate in humans, which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), a novel phlebovirus in the Bunyaviridae family, is tick borne and endemic in Eastern Asia. Previous study found that SFTSV can infect and replicate in macrophages in vivo and in vitro. However, the role of macrophages in virus replication and the potential pathogenic mechanisms of SFTSV in macrophage remain unclear. In this study, we provided evidence that the SFTSV infection drove macrophage differentiation skewed to M2 phenotype, facilitated virus shedding, and resulted in viral spread. We showed evidence that miR-146a and b were significantly upregulated in macrophages during the SFTSV infection, driving the differentiation of macrophages into M2 cells by targeting STAT1. Further analysis revealed that the elevated miR-146b but not miR-146a was responsible for IL-10 stimulation. We also found that SFTSV increased endogenous miR-146b-induced differentiation of macrophages into M2 cells mediated by viral non-structural protein (NSs). The M2 skewed differentiation of macrophages may have important implication to the pathogenesis of SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Role of Type I Interferons on Filovirus Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010022. [PMID: 30791589 PMCID: PMC6466283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, such as Ebola and Marburg virus, encode viral proteins with the ability to counteract the type I interferon (IFN-I) response. These IFN-I antagonist proteins are crucial to ensure virus replication, prevent an antiviral state in infected and bystander cells, and impair the ability of antigen-presenting cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. However, in recent years, a number of studies have underscored the conflicting data between in vitro studies and in vivo data obtained in animal models and clinical studies during outbreaks. This review aims to summarize these data and to discuss the relative contributions of IFN-α and IFN-β to filovirus pathogenesis in animal models and humans. Finally, we evaluate the putative utilization of IFN-I in post-exposure therapy and its implications as a biomarker of vaccine efficacy.
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Fuller J, Surtees RA, Shaw AB, Álvarez-Rodríguez B, Slack GS, Bell-Sakyi L, Mankouri J, Edwards TA, Hewson R, Barr JN. Hazara nairovirus elicits differential induction of apoptosis and nucleocapsid protein cleavage in mammalian and tick cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:392-402. [PMID: 30720418 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nairoviridae family within the Bunyavirales order comprise tick-borne segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious disease in a broad range of mammals, yet cause a latent and lifelong infection in tick hosts. An important member of this family is Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is responsible for serious human disease that results in case fatality rates of up to 30 %, and which exhibits the most geographically broad distribution of any tick-borne virus. Here, we explored differences in the cellular response of both mammalian and tick cells to nairovirus infection using Hazara virus (HAZV), which is a close relative of CCHFV within the CCHFV serogroup. We show that HAZV infection of human-derived SW13 cells led to induction of apoptosis, evidenced by activation of cellular caspases 3, 7 and 9. This was followed by cleavage of the classical apoptosis marker poly ADP-ribose polymerase, as well as cellular genome fragmentation. In addition, we show that the HAZV nucleocapsid (N) protein was abundantly cleaved by caspase 3 in these mammalian cells at a conserved DQVD motif exposed at the tip of its arm domain, and that cleaved HAZV-N was subsequently packaged into nascent virions. However, in stark contrast, we show for the first time that nairovirus infection of cells of the tick vector failed to induce apoptosis, as evidenced by undetectable levels of cleaved caspases and lack of cleaved HAZV-N. Our findings reveal that nairoviruses elicit diametrically opposed cellular responses in mammalian and tick cells, which may influence the infection outcome in the respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuller
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R A Surtees
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- ‡Present address: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - A B Shaw
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B Álvarez-Rodríguez
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - G S Slack
- 2National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- 3Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - J Mankouri
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- 4Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T A Edwards
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- 4Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R Hewson
- 2National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - J N Barr
- 1School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- 4Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Abstract
Urbanisation and climate change are altering the pattern of California serogroup viruses in North America. As La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most pathogenic of the California serogroup, it is important to identify changes in distribution, transmission and pathogenesis. A scoping review (ScR) was prioritised to summarise the global evidence on LACV. A comprehensive search strategy was used, identified references were screened for relevance and relevant articles were characterised. Each step was conducted by two independent reviewers using pre-tested forms. Analysis identified areas of research saturation and gaps. The ScR included 481 research articles that were mostly journal articles (78.2%) conducted in North America (90.9%) from 1969 to 2016. Most evidence focused on epidemiology (44.9%), virus characteristics (25.8%), transmission conditions (18.7%) and pathogenesis of LACV in hosts (18.3%). Fewer studies evaluated the accuracy of diagnostic tests (8.7%), the efficacy of treatments (3.5%), prevention and control strategies (3.1%), the economic burden of infection (0.6%) and social impact (0.2%) of LACV. None of the literature predicted the impact of climate change on LACV, nor were any cases reported in Canada. These findings are intended to guide research to close knowledge gaps and inform evidence-based decisions surrounding activities for the prevention and control of LACV.
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Comparison of Schmallenberg virus sequences isolated from mammal host and arthropod vector. Virus Genes 2018; 54:792-803. [PMID: 30341640 PMCID: PMC6244546 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the member of Peribunyaviridae family, which comprises pathogens of importance for human and veterinary medicine. The virus is transmitted only between animals and mainly by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. This study was performed in order to determine SBV genetic diversity and elucidate the host–vector adaptation. All three viral segments were analysed for sequence variability and phylogenetic relations. The Polish SBV strains obtained from acute infections of cattle, congenital cases in sheep, and from Culicoides midges were sequenced using Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. The obtained sequences were genetically similar (99.2–100% identity) to the first-detected strain BH80/11—4 from German cattle. The sampling year and origin of Polish sequences had no effect on molecular diversity of SBV. Considering all analysed Polish as well as European sequences, ovine-derived sequences were the most variable, while the midge ones were more conserved and encompassed unique substitutions located mainly in nonstructural protein S. SBV sequences isolated from Culicoides are the first submitted to GenBank and reported.
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37
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Silvas JA, Aguilar PV. The Emergence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:992-996. [PMID: 28820686 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly recognized hemorrhagic fever disease found throughout Asia with a case fatality rate between 12% and 30%. Since 2009, SFTS has been reported in China throughout 14 Chinese Provinces. In addition, SFTS has been recognized in South Korea and Japan with the first confirmed cases reported in 2012. A similar disease, caused by the closely related Heartland virus, was also reported in the United States in 2009. SFTS is caused by SFTS virus, a novel tick-borne virus in the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus. Unlike other mosquito- and sandfly-borne bunyaviruses, SFTS virus has not been extensively studied due to its recent emergence and many unknowns regarding its pathogenesis, life cycle, transmission, and options for therapeutics remains. In this review, we report the most current findings in SFTS virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Silvas
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Mapping of Transcription Termination within the S Segment of SFTS Phlebovirus Facilitated Generation of NSs Deletant Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00743-17. [PMID: 28592543 PMCID: PMC5533932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus that was first reported in China in 2009. Here we report the generation of a recombinant SFTSV (rHB29NSsKO) that cannot express the viral nonstructural protein (NSs) upon infection of cells in culture. We show that rHB29NSsKO replication kinetics are greater in interferon (IFN)-incompetent cells and that the virus is unable to suppress IFN induced in response to viral replication. The data confirm for the first time in the context of virus infection that NSs acts as a virally encoded IFN antagonist and that NSs is dispensable for virus replication. Using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we mapped the 3' end of the N and NSs mRNAs, showing that the mRNAs terminate within the coding region of the opposite open reading frame. We show that the 3' end of the N mRNA terminates upstream of a 5'-GCCAGCC-3' motif present in the viral genomic RNA. With this knowledge, and using virus-like particles, we could demonstrate that the last 36 nucleotides of the NSs open reading frame (ORF) were needed to ensure the efficient termination of the N mRNA and were required for recombinant virus rescue. We demonstrate that it is possible to recover viruses lacking NSs (expressing just a 12-amino-acid NSs peptide or encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) or an NSs-eGFP fusion protein in the NSs locus. This opens the possibility for further studies of NSs and potentially the design of attenuated viruses for vaccination studies.IMPORTANCE SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) and related tick-borne viruses have emerged globally since 2009. SFTSV has been shown to cause severe disease in humans. For bunyaviruses, it has been well documented that the nonstructural protein (NSs) enables the virus to counteract the human innate antiviral defenses and that NSs is one of the major determinants of virulence in infection. Therefore, the use of reverse genetics systems to engineer viruses lacking NSs is an attractive strategy to rationally attenuate bunyaviruses. Here we report the generation of several recombinant SFTS viruses that cannot express the NSs protein or have the NSs open reading frame replaced with a reporter gene. These viruses cannot antagonize the mammalian interferon (IFN) response mounted to virus infection. The generation of NSs-lacking viruses was achieved by mapping the transcriptional termination of two S-segment-derived subgenomic mRNAs, which revealed that transcription termination occurs upstream of a 5'-GCCAGCC-3' motif present in the virus genomic S RNA.
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39
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Zhu CH, Xu D, Liu W, Guo D, Ning Q, Chen G. Pediatric huaiyangshan virus infection: A case report with literature review. IDCases 2017; 9:21-24. [PMID: 28560174 PMCID: PMC5443922 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the clinical manifestations and laboratory characteristics of pediatric severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) case caused by a novel bunyavirus. we retrospectively analyzed a pediatric case of viral SFTS in a 13 year old successfully managed and confirmed to be due to the novel bunyavirus now referred to as Huaiyangshan virus. A literature review of related cases was performed.Our pediatric case was a 13.3-year-old middle school student no underlying disease. Major clinical features included a fever with chills, headache, and dizziness. The patient's epidemiology showed he had close contact with his grandfather who had a confirmed, novel bunyavirus infection. Symptomatic theraphy were given at admission. The patient's temperature and platelet count returned to normal by days 7 and 10, respectively, and he was discharged from the hospital with an improved condition. A literature search was performed using "severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome" and "bunyavirus" as keywords, but few relevant reports were found. Novel bunyavirus infection can be transmitted through close contact. Confirmed cases should be kept in isolation. Clinical manifestations were characterized by aspecific symptoms, such as fever and chills. In some cases, platelet counts may remain normal in the early phase of the disease, and fever may not present throughout the entire illness period. Thus, misdiagnosis is possible. Surveillance and vigorous follow-up should be carried out in children with tick bites or in close contact with an index patient in high-risk areas during peak season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Public Health Department, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Guo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Balakrishna Pillai A, Nagarajan U, Mitra A, Krishnan U, Rajendran S, Hoti SL, Mishra RK. RNA interference in mosquito: understanding immune responses, double-stranded RNA delivery systems and potential applications in vector control. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:127-139. [PMID: 27991710 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the process of post-transcriptional silencing of cellular mRNA by the application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNAi strategies have been widely employed to regulate gene expression in plants and animals including insects. With the availability of the full genome sequences of major vector mosquitoes, RNAi has been increasingly used to conduct genetic studies of human pathogens in mosquito vectors and to study the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of mosquito-pathogen interactions using RNAi and various methods of dsRNA delivery in mosquitoes at different stages. We also discuss potential applications of this technology to develop novel tools for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - A Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - S Rajendran
- Jawaharlal Institute for Post Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - S L Hoti
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Belgaum, India
| | - R K Mishra
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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41
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 28340587 PMCID: PMC5364665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse Virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the USA and can result in severe clinical outcomes. Almost all cases of LACV encephalitis occur in children 16 years or younger, indicating an age-related susceptibility. This susceptibility is recapitulated in a mouse model where weanling (3 weeks old or younger) mice are susceptible to LACV-induced disease, and adults (greater than 6 weeks) are resistant. Disease in mice and humans is associated with infiltrating leukocytes to the CNS. However, what cell types are infiltrating into the brain during virus infection and how these cells influence pathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed lymphocytes recruited to the CNS during LACV-infection in clinical mice, using flow cytometry. We analyzed the contribution of these lymphocytes to LACV pathogenesis in weanling mice using knockout mice or antibody depletion. Additionally, we studied at the potential role of these lymphocytes in preventing LACV neurological disease in resistant adult mice. RESULTS In susceptible weanling mice, disease was associated with infiltrating lymphocytes in the CNS, including NK cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, depletion of these cells did not impact neurological disease, suggesting these cells do not contribute to virus-mediated damage. In contrast, in disease-resistant adult animals, depletion of both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells or depletion of B cells increased neurological disease, with higher levels of virus in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our current results indicate that lymphocytes do not influence neurological disease in young mice, but they have a critical role protecting adult animals from LACV pathogenesis. Although LACV is an acute virus infection, these studies indicate that the innate immune response in adults is not sufficient for protection and that components of the adaptive immune response are necessary to prevent virus from invading the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Nonstructural Protein NSs of Schmallenberg Virus Is Targeted to the Nucleolus and Induces Nucleolar Disorganization. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01263-16. [PMID: 27795408 PMCID: PMC5165206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01263-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was discovered in Germany in late 2011 and then spread rapidly to many European countries. SBV is an orthobunyavirus that causes abortion and congenital abnormalities in ruminants. A virus-encoded nonstructural protein, termed NSs, is a major virulence factor of SBV, and it is known to promote the degradation of Rpb1, a subunit of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, and therefore hampers global cellular transcription. In this study, we found that NSs is mainly localized in the nucleus of infected cells and specifically appears to target the nucleolus through a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) localized between residues 33 and 51 of the protein. NSs colocalizes with nucleolar markers such as B23 (nucleophosmin) and fibrillarin. We observed that in SBV-infected cells, B23 undergoes a nucleolus-to-nucleoplasm redistribution, evocative of virus-induced nucleolar disruption. In contrast, the nucleolar pattern of B23 was unchanged upon infection with an SBV recombinant mutant with NSs lacking the NoLS motif (SBVΔNoLS). Interestingly, unlike wild-type SBV, the inhibitory activity of SBVΔNoLS toward RNA Pol II transcription is impaired. Overall, our results suggest that a putative link exists between NSs-induced nucleolar disruption and its inhibitory function on cellular transcription, which consequently precludes the cellular antiviral response and/or induces cell death. IMPORTANCE Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging arbovirus of ruminants that spread in Europe between 2011 and 2013. SBV induces fetal abnormalities during gestation, with the central nervous system being one of the most affected organs. The virus-encoded NSs protein acts as a virulence factor by impairing host cell transcription. Here, we show that NSs contains a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) and induces disorganization of the nucleolus. The NoLS motif in the SBV NSs is absolutely necessary for virus-induced inhibition of cellular transcription. To our knowledge, this is the first report of nucleolar functions for NSs within the Bunyaviridae family.
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43
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Briese T, Williams DT, Kapoor V, Diviney SM, Certoma A, Wang J, Johansen CA, Chowdhary R, Mackenzie JS, Lipkin WI. Analysis of Arbovirus Isolates from Australia Identifies Novel Bunyaviruses Including a Mapputta Group Virus from Western Australia That Links Gan Gan and Maprik Viruses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164868. [PMID: 27764175 PMCID: PMC5072647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mapputta group comprises antigenically related viruses indigenous to Australia and Papua New Guinea that are included in the family Bunyaviridae but not currently assigned to a specific genus. We determined and analyzed the genome sequences of five Australian viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected during routine arbovirus surveillance in Western Australia (K10441, SW27571, K13190, and K42904) and New South Wales (12005). Based on matching sequences of all three genome segments to prototype MRM3630 of Trubanaman virus (TRUV), NB6057 of Gan Gan virus (GGV), and MK7532 of Maprik virus (MPKV), isolates K13190 and SW27571 were identified as TRUV, 12005 as GGV, and K42904 as a Mapputta group virus from Western Australia linking GGV and MPKV. The results confirmed serum neutralization data that had linked SW27571 to TRUV. The fifth virus, K10441 from Willare, was most closely related to Batai orthobunyavirus, presumably representing an Australian variant of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the close relationship of our TRUV and GGV isolates to two other recently described Australian viruses, Murrumbidgee virus and Salt Ash virus, respectively. Our findings indicate that TRUV has a wide circulation throughout the Australian continent, demonstrating for the first time its presence in Western Australia. Similarly, the presence of a virus related to GGV, which had been linked to human disease and previously known only from the Australian southeast, was demonstrated in Western Australia. Finally, a Batai virus isolate was identified in Western Australia. The expanding availability of genomic sequence for novel Australian bunyavirus variants supports the identification of suitably conserved or diverse primer-binding target regions to establish group-wide as well as virus-specific nucleic acid tests in support of specific diagnostic and surveillance efforts throughout Australasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (DTW)
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (TB); (DTW)
| | - Vishal Kapoor
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sinead M. Diviney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheryl A. Johansen
- The Arbovirus Surveillance and Research Laboratory, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rashmi Chowdhary
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Demir ZC, Bastug A, Bodur H, Ergunay K, Ozkul A. MicroRNA expression profiles in patients with acute Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever reveal possible adjustments to cellular pathways. J Med Virol 2016; 89:417-422. [PMID: 27551771 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several viral diseases are associated with altered microRNA (miRNA) expression, which can provide vital information about how cellular pathways respond to infection. However, the miRNA profile of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHFV) infections are not known. To address this gap, we performed real-time PCR-based miRNA analysis in individuals with acute Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHFV) infections, with the goal of identifying pathways that might be associated with this disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed in eight individuals with detectable viral RNA and compared to five healthy subjects. A total of 106 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 19 miRNAs were either fivefold prominently up- or down-regulation. Several miRNAs associated with cytokine expression, some of which were previously associated with Dengue and Hantavirus infections were revealed. Moreover, possible mechanisms related to secretion of adhesion molecules and viral escape from innate immunity were identified. Pathway enrichment analyses further revealed the putative involvement of TNF-alfa, TGF-beta, MAPK, WNT, and neurotrophin signaling pathways in disease pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 89:417-422, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliye Bastug
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hurrem Bodur
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergunay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Golender N, Wernike K, Bumbarov V, Aebischer A, Panshin A, Jenckel M, Khinich Y, Beer M. Characterization of Shuni viruses detected in Israel. Virus Genes 2016; 52:806-813. [PMID: 27540741 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Shuni virus (SHUV) was recently identified in Israel in several brains of ovine, bovine, and goat fetuses and newborn animals with congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome. In the present study, the sequences of several Israeli SHUV strains were analyzed in detail; based on the small genome segment which encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the small nonstructural protein (NSs), a very high similarity of 99-100 % among each other was found. In contrast to the highly conserved N protein, several mutations were found within the NSs-coding sequence of SHUVs present in brain samples of malformed fetuses, resulting in a considerably frequent appearance of stop codons. Interferon alpha/beta production was demonstrated in an in-vitro interferon bioassay; hence, the virus isolated from the brain of a malformed sheep fetus acquired mutations, resulting in the loss of its NSs protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Divisions of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Divisions of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Panshin
- Divisions of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yevgeny Khinich
- Divisions of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Hedil M, Kormelink R. Viral RNA Silencing Suppression: The Enigma of Bunyavirus NSs Proteins. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070208. [PMID: 27455310 PMCID: PMC4974542 DOI: 10.3390/v8070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyaviridae is a family of arboviruses including both plant- and vertebrate-infecting representatives. The Tospovirus genus accommodates plant-infecting bunyaviruses, which not only replicate in their plant host, but also in their insect thrips vector during persistent propagative transmission. For this reason, they are generally assumed to encounter antiviral RNA silencing in plants and insects. Here we present an overview on how tospovirus nonstructural NSs protein counteracts antiviral RNA silencing in plants and what is known so far in insects. Like tospoviruses, members of the related vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses classified in the genera Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus and Phlebovirus also code for a NSs protein. However, for none of them RNA silencing suppressor activity has been unambiguously demonstrated in neither vertebrate host nor arthropod vector. The second part of this review will briefly describe the role of these NSs proteins in modulation of innate immune responses in mammals and elaborate on a hypothetical scenario to explain if and how NSs proteins from vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses affect RNA silencing. If so, why this discovery has been hampered so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Hedil
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands.
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Hossain MM, Wilson WC, Faburay B, Richt J, McVey DS, Rowland RR. Multiplex Detection of IgG and IgM to Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein, Nonstructural Proteins, and Glycoprotein in Ovine and Bovine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:550-7. [PMID: 27380552 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) was used to detect bovine and ovine IgM and IgG antibodies to several Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) proteins, including the major surface glycoprotein, Gn; the nonstructural proteins, NSs and NSm; and the nucleoprotein, N. Target antigens were assembled into a multiplex and tested in serum samples from infected wild-type RVFV or MP12, a modified live virus vaccine. As expected, the N protein was immunodominant and the best target for early detection of infection. Antibody activity against the other targets was also detected. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of FMIA for the detection of antibodies to RVFV structural and nonstructural proteins, which can be applied to future development and validation of diagnostic tests that can be used to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Hossain
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - William C Wilson
- 2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bonto Faburay
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jürgen Richt
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David S McVey
- 2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raymond R Rowland
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Generation of Recombinant Oropouche Viruses Lacking the Nonstructural Protein NSm or NSs. J Virol 2015; 90:2616-27. [PMID: 26699638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02849-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oropouche virus (OROV) is a midge-borne human pathogen with a geographic distribution in South America. OROV was first isolated in 1955, and since then, it has been known to cause recurring outbreaks of a dengue-like illness in the Amazonian regions of Brazil. OROV, however, remains one of the most poorly understood emerging viral zoonoses. Here we describe the successful recovery of infectious OROV entirely from cDNA copies of its genome and generation of OROV mutant viruses lacking either the NSm or the NSs coding region. Characterization of the recombinant viruses carried out in vitro demonstrated that the NSs protein of OROV is an interferon (IFN) antagonist as in other NSs-encoding bunyaviruses. Additionally, we demonstrate the importance of the nine C-terminal amino acids of OROV NSs in IFN antagonistic activity. OROV was also found to be sensitive to IFN-α when cells were pretreated; however, the virus was still capable of replicating at doses as high as 10,000 U/ml of IFN-α, in contrast to the family prototype BUNV. We found that OROV lacking the NSm protein displayed characteristics similar to those of the wild-type virus, suggesting that the NSm protein is dispensable for virus replication in the mammalian and mosquito cell lines that were tested. IMPORTANCE Oropouche virus (OROV) is a public health threat in Central and South America, where it causes periodic outbreaks of dengue-like illness. In Brazil, OROV is the second most frequent cause of arboviral febrile illness after dengue virus, and with the current rates of urban expansion, more cases of this emerging viral zoonosis could occur. To better understand the molecular biology of OROV, we have successfully rescued the virus along with mutants. We have established that the C terminus of the NSs protein is important in interferon antagonism and that the NSm protein is dispensable for virus replication in cell culture. The tools described in this paper are important in terms of understanding this important yet neglected human pathogen.
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Gori Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Cusi MG. Truncation of the C-terminal region of Toscana Virus NSs protein is critical for interferon-β antagonism and protein stability. Virology 2015; 486:255-62. [PMID: 26474372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toscana Virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus responsible for central nervous system (CNS) injury in humans. The TOSV non-structural protein (NSs), which interacting with RIG-I leads to its degradation, was analysed in the C terminus fragment in order to identify its functional domains. To this aim, two C-terminal truncated NSs proteins, Δ1C-NSs (aa 1-284) and Δ2C-NSs (aa 1-287) were tested. Only Δ1C-NSs did not present any inhibitory effect on RIG-I and it showed a greater stability than the whole NSs protein. Moreover, the deletion of the TLQ aa sequence interposed between the two ΔC constructs caused a greater accumulation of the protein with a weak inhibitory effect on RIG-I, indicating some involvement of these amino acids in the NSs activity. Nevertheless, all the truncated proteins were still able to interact with RIG-I, suggesting that the domains responsible for RIG-I signaling and RIG-I interaction are mapped on different regions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy.
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50
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Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Receptor-Independent Transmission of Novel Tick-Borne Bunyavirus. J Virol 2015; 90:873-86. [PMID: 26512089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02490-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus is a newly recognized member of the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. The virus was isolated from patients presenting with hemorrhagic manifestations and an initial case fatality rate of 12 to 30% was reported. Due to the recent emergence of this pathogen, there is limited knowledge on the molecular virology of SFTS virus. Recently, we reported that the SFTS virus NSs protein inhibited the activation of the beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter. Furthermore, we also found that SFTS virus NSs relocalizes key components of the IFN response into NSs-induced cytoplasmic structures. Due to the important role these structures play during SFTS virus replication, we conducted live cell imaging studies to gain further insight into the role and trafficking of these cytoplasmic structures during virus infection. We found that some of the SFTS virus NSs-positive cytoplasmic structures were secreted to the extracellular space and endocytosed by neighboring cells. We also found that these secreted structures isolated from NSs-expressing cells and SFTS virus-infected cells were positive for the viral protein NSs and the host protein CD63, a protein associated with extracellular vesicles. Electron microscopy studies also revealed that the isolated CD63-immunoprecipitated extracellular vesicles produced during SFTS virus infection contained virions. The virions harbored within these structures were efficiently delivered to uninfected cells and were able to sustain SFTS virus replication. Altogether, these results suggest that SFTS virus exploits extracellular vesicles to mediate virus receptor-independent transmission to host cells and open the avenue for novel therapeutic strategies against SFTS virus and related pathogens. IMPORTANCE SFTS virus is novel bunyavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever illness. Currently, limited information is available about SFTS virus. In the present study, we demonstrated that extracellular vesicles produced by SFTS virus-infected cells harbor infectious virions. We sought to determine whether these "infectious" extracellular vesicles can mediate transmission of the virus and confirmed that the SFTS virions were efficiently transported by these secreted structures into uninfected cells and were able to sustain efficient replication of SFTS virus. These results have significant impact on our understanding of how the novel tick-borne phleboviruses hijack cellular machineries to establish infection and point toward a novel mechanism for virus replication among arthropod-borne viruses.
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