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Moretti M, Meuwissen A, Rezende AM, Zange S, Van Nedervelde E, de Block T, Vercauteren K, Demuyser T, Allard SD. Breakthrough Mpox Outbreak Investigation, the Delicate Balance Between Host Immune Response and Viral Immune Escape. Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51:499-503. [PMID: 38647249 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on Mpox breakthrough infections. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate a Mpox breakthrough outbreak in 3 vaccinated individuals. METHODS Study participants provided informed consent. Serology testing was performed in one involved individual (ID-1) using an in-house assay detecting anti-orthopoxvirus IgG. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out and compared with the reference sequence ON563414.3 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ON563414.3/ ). RESULTS Three individuals vaccinated with modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic contracted Mpox following one sexual intercourse event. One of them (ID-1) had received only one vaccine dose, while the other two were fully vaccinated. ID-1 presented to the sexual health clinic of the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel with proctitis related to Mpox. Despite one vaccination, serology testing Three months post vaccine showed absence of Mpox virus (MPXV) specific antibodies in ID-1. In contrast, 2 weeks after the sexual intercourse, seroconversion occurred. Whole genome sequencing of the isolated MPXV showed, compared with the reference sequence, a total of seven single nucleotide variants with four of them indicating protein amino-acid changes. CONCLUSION Incomplete MPXV vaccination as well as MPXV variants might result in breakthrough infections. Preventive measures, such as MPVX vaccination, could maintain immunity in individuals with higher risk of MPXV infection, and might lower disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretti
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels
| | - Annelies Meuwissen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels
| | | | - Sabine Zange
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Els Van Nedervelde
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels
| | - Tessa de Block
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Sabine D Allard
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels
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2
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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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3
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Kaur M, Sharma A, Kaur H, Singh M, Devi B, Naresh Raj AR, Sood V, Pandey A, Gartia J, Kumar R, Suresh Babu AR, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Screening of potential inhibitors against structural proteins from Monkeypox and related viruses of Poxviridae family via docking and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37776002 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an orthopoxvirus which causes zoonotic infection in humans. Even though sporadic cases of this infection are limited to the African continent, but if the infection continues to increase unabated, it can be a cause of serious concern for the human populace. Smallpox vaccination has been in use against monkeypox infection but it only provides mild protection. In the current study, we have screened novel small molecules (estrone fused heterocycles (EH1-EH7)) exhibiting good binding with monkeypox virus protein and related proteins from Poxviridae family of viruses via computational approaches. EH1-7 series of small molecules selected for the work have been synthesized via cycloaddition methodology. Docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) results highlight EH4 compound to have strong binding affinity towards monkeypox and other related viral proteins selected for the study. Thus, computational outcomes suggest EH4 as a good candidate against monkeypox. Currently, no antiviral medication has been approved against monkeypox and the treatment is only via therapeutics available for smallpox and related conditions that may be helpful against monkeypox. Our study is thus an attempt to screen novel compounds against monkeypox infection, which would, in turn, facilitate development of novel therapeutics against Poxviridae family. HIGHLIGHTSMonkeypox infection is a public health emergency and necessitates immediate drug discovery.Molecular docking study to screen estrone-fused heterocycles compounds against Monkeypox and other orthopoxviruses.Molecular dynamics simulations revealed interaction/high binding affinities among EH4 heterocyclic compound and profilin-like protein from the monkeypox virus.Estrone-fused heterocycles compounds are promising anti-viral agents as per our in silico analysis.Our study provides evidence for investigating estrone-fused heterocycles compounds for further pharmacological interventions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Janeka Gartia
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Banerjee A, Li D, Guo Y, Mei Z, Lau C, Chen K, Westwick J, Klauda JB, Schrum A, Lazear ER, Krupnick AS. A reengineered common chain cytokine augments CD8+ T cell–dependent immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158889. [PMID: 35603788 PMCID: PMC9220948 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine therapy is limited by undesirable off-target side effects as well as terminal differentiation and exhaustion of chronically stimulated T cells. Here, we describe the signaling properties of a potentially unique cytokine by design, where T cell surface binding and signaling are separated between 2 different families of receptors. This fusion protein cytokine, called OMCPmutIL-2, bound with high affinity to the cytotoxic lymphocyte-defining immunoreceptor NKG2D but signaled through the common γ chain cytokine receptor. In addition to precise activation of cytotoxic T cells due to redirected binding, OMCPmutIL-2 resulted in superior activation of both human and murine CD8+ T cells by improving their survival and memory cell generation and decreasing exhaustion. This functional improvement was the direct result of altered signal transduction based on the reorganization of surface membrane lipid rafts that led to Janus kinase-3–mediated phosphorylation of the T cell receptor rather than STAT/AKT signaling intermediates. This potentially novel signaling pathway increased CD8+ T cell response to low-affinity antigens, activated nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factors, and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. OMCPmutIL-2 thus outperformed other common γ chain cytokines as a catalyst for in vitro CD8+ T cell expansion and in vivo CD8+ T cell–based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongge Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Schrum
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery, and Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric R. Lazear
- Courier Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
- Valo Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Courier Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Weaver GC, Arya R, Schneider CL, Hudson AW, Stern LJ. Structural Models for Roseolovirus U20 And U21: Non-Classical MHC-I Like Proteins From HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864898. [PMID: 35444636 PMCID: PMC9013968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human roseolovirus U20 and U21 are type I membrane glycoproteins that have been implicated in immune evasion by interfering with recognition of classical and non-classical MHC proteins. U20 and U21 are predicted to be type I glycoproteins with extracytosolic immunoglobulin-like domains, but detailed structural information is lacking. AlphaFold and RoseTTAfold are next generation machine-learning-based prediction engines that recently have revolutionized the field of computational three-dimensional protein structure prediction. Here, we review the structural biology of viral immunoevasins and the current status of computational structure prediction algorithms. We use these computational tools to generate structural models for U20 and U21 proteins, which are predicted to adopt MHC-Ia-like folds with closed MHC platforms and immunoglobulin-like domains. We evaluate these structural models and place them within current understanding of the structural basis for viral immune evasion of T cell and natural killer cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Weaver
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Richa Arya
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Amy W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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6
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Interleukin 2-Based Fusion Proteins for the Treatment of Cancer. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7855808. [PMID: 34790830 PMCID: PMC8592747 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7855808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) plays a fundamental role in both immune activation and tolerance and has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy since its discovery. The ability of IL-2 to mediate tumor regression in preclinical and clinical settings led to FDA approval for its use in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma in the 1990s. Although modest success is observed in the clinic, cancer patients receiving IL-2 therapy experience a wide array of side effects ranging from flu-like symptoms to life-threatening conditions such as vascular leak syndrome. Over the past three decades, efforts have focused on circumventing IL-2-related toxicities by engineering methods to localize IL-2 to the tumor or secondary lymphoid tissue, preferentially activate CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and alter pharmacokinetic properties to increase bioavailability. This review summarizes the various IL-2-based strategies that have emerged, with a focus on chimeric fusion methods.
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7
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SARS-CoV-2 peptides bind to NKG2D and increase NK cell activity. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104454. [PMID: 34773897 PMCID: PMC8577527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is commonly
observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces severe lung
inflammation and innate immune cell dysregulation. However, the precise
interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the innate immune system is currently
unknown. To understand the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and natural
killer (NK) cells, several SARS-CoV-2 S protein peptides capable of
binding to the NKG2D receptor were screened by in
silico analysis. Among them, two peptides, cov1 and cov2,
bound to NK cells and NKG2D receptors. These cov peptides increased NK
cytotoxicity toward lung cancer cells, stimulated interferon gamma
(IFN-γ) production by NK cells, and likely mediated these responses
through the phosphorylation of Vav1, a key downstream-signaling molecule
of NKG2D and NK activation genes. The direct interaction between
SARS-CoV-2 and NK cells is a novel finding, and modulation of this
interaction has potential clinical application as a therapeutic target
for COVID-19.
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8
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Banerjee A, Li D, Guo Y, Mahgoub B, Paragas L, Slobin J, Mei Z, Manafi A, Hata A, Li K, Shi L, Westwick J, Slingluff C, Lazear E, Krupnick AS. Retargeting IL-2 Signaling to NKG2D-Expressing Tumor-Infiltrating Leukocytes Improves Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:333-343. [PMID: 34155069 PMCID: PMC8688582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion followed by reinfusion of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) has been used successfully for the treatment of multiple malignancies. Most protocols rely on the use of the cytokine IL-2 to expand TILs prior to reinfusion. In addition, TIL administration relies on systemic administration of IL-2 after reinfusion to support transferred cell survival. The use of IL-2, however, can be problematic because of its preferential expansion of regulatory T and myeloid cells as well as its systemic side effects. In this study, we describe the use of a novel IL-2 mutant retargeted to NKG2D rather than the high-affinity IL-2R for TIL-mediated immunotherapy in a murine model of malignant melanoma. We demonstrate that the NKG2D-retargeted IL-2 (called OMCPmutIL-2) preferentially expands TIL-resident CTLs, such as CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and γδT cells, whereas wild-type IL-2 provides a growth advantage for CD4+Foxp3+ T cells as well as myeloid cells. OMCPmutIL-2-expanded CTLs express higher levels of tumor-homing receptors, such as LFA-1, CD49a, and CXCR3, which correlate with TIL localization to the tumor bed after i.v. injection. Consistent with this, OMCPmutIL-2-expanded TILs provided superior tumor control compared with those expanded in wild-type IL-2. Our data demonstrate that adoptive transfer immunotherapy can be improved by rational retargeting of cytokine signaling to NKG2D-expressing CTLs rather than indiscriminate expansion of all TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;
| | - Dongge Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Bayan Mahgoub
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lea Paragas
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Zhongcheng Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Atsushi Hata
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; and
| | - Lei Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; and
| | | | - Craig Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;
- Courier Therapeutics, Houston, TX
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9
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Elasifer H, Wang EC, Prod’homme V, Davies J, Forbes S, Stanton RJ, Patel M, Fielding CA, Roberts D, Traherne JA, Gruber N, Bugert JJ, Aicheler RJ, Wilkinson GWG. Downregulation of HLA-I by the molluscum contagiosum virus mc080 impacts NK-cell recognition and promotes CD8 + T-cell evasion. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:863-872. [PMID: 32510303 PMCID: PMC7641395 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a common cause of benign skin lesions in young children and currently the only endemic human poxvirus. Following the infection of primary keratinocytes in the epidermis, MCV induces the proliferation of infected cells and this results in the production of wart-like growths. Full productive infection is observed only after the infected cells differentiate. During this prolonged replication cycle the virus must avoid elimination by the host immune system. We therefore sought to investigate the function of the two major histocompatibility complex class-I-related genes encoded by the MCV genes mc033 and mc080. Following insertion into a replication-deficient adenovirus vector, codon-optimized versions of mc033 and mc080 were expressed as endoglycosidase-sensitive glycoproteins that localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. MC080, but not MC033, downregulated cell-surface expression of endogenous classical human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and non-classical HLA-E by a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-independent mechanism. MC080 exhibited a capacity to inhibit or activate NK cells in autologous assays in a donor-specific manner. MC080 consistently inhibited antigen-specific T cells being activated by peptide-pulsed targets. We therefore propose that MC080 acts to promote evasion of HLA-I-restricted cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Elasifer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Eddie C.Y. Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Virginie Prod’homme
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Present address: Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, University of Nice Sophia, Antipolis, France
| | - James Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Simone Forbes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Mihil Patel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Dawn Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - James A. Traherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicole Gruber
- DKMS Life Science Lab, St. Petersburger Str. 2, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim J. Bugert
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Present address: Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Germany
| | - Rebecca J. Aicheler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
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10
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Abstract
The continuous interactions between host and pathogens during their coevolution have shaped both the immune system and the countermeasures used by pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are considered central players in the antiviral response. Not only do they express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors to discriminate and eliminate target cells but they can also produce immunoregulatory cytokines to alert the immune system. Reciprocally, several unrelated viruses including cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and dengue virus have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to evade NK cell function, such as the targeting of pathways for NK cell receptors and their ligands, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated signaling. The studies discussed in this article provide further insights into the antiviral function of NK cells and the pathways involved, their constituent proteins, and ways in which they could be manipulated for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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11
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Cowpox virus encodes a protein that binds B7.1 and B7.2 and subverts T cell costimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21113-21119. [PMID: 31575740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909414116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation is required for optimal T cell activation, yet it is unclear whether poxviruses dedicatedly subvert costimulation during infection. Here, we report that the secreted M2 protein encoded by cowpox virus (CPXV) specifically interacts with human and murine B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). We also show that M2 competes with CD28 and CTLA4 for binding to cell surface B7 ligands, with stronger efficacy against CD28. Functionally, recombinant M2 and culture supernatants from wild-type (WT) but not M2-deficient (∆M2) CPXV-infected cells can potently suppress B7 ligand-mediated T cell proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Furthermore, we observed increased antiviral CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in C57BL/6 mice challenged by ∆M2 CPXV compared with WT virus. These differences in immune responses to ∆M2 and WT CPXV were not observed in CD28-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings define a mechanism of viral sabotage of T cell activation that highlights the role of CD28 costimulation in host defense against poxvirus infections.
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12
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Molluscum contagiosum virus MC80 sabotages MHC-I antigen presentation by targeting tapasin for ER-associated degradation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007711. [PMID: 31034515 PMCID: PMC6508746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human specific poxvirus molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) produces skin lesions that can persist with minimal inflammation, suggesting that the virus has developed robust immune evasion strategies. However, investigations into the underlying mechanisms of MCV pathogenesis have been hindered by the lack of a model system to propagate the virus. Herein we demonstrate that MCV-encoded MC80 can disrupt MHC-I antigen presentation in human and mouse cells. MC80 shares moderate sequence-similarity with MHC-I and we find that it associates with components of the peptide-loading complex. Expression of MC80 results in ER-retention of host MHC-I and thereby reduced cell surface presentation. MC80 accomplishes this by engaging tapasin via its luminal domain, targeting it for ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation in a process dependent on the MC80 transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. Tapasin degradation is accompanied by a loss of TAP, which limits MHC-I access to cytosolic peptides. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism by which MCV undermines adaptive immune surveillance.
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Wang B, Xie ZR, Chen J, Wu Y. Integrating Structural Information to Study the Dynamics of Protein-Protein Interactions in Cells. Structure 2018; 26:1414-1424.e3. [PMID: 30174150 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The information of how two proteins interact is embedded in the atomic details of their binding interfaces. These interactions, spatial-temporally coordinating each other as a network in a variable cytoplasmic environment, dominate almost all biological functions. A feasible and reliable computational model is highly demanded to realistically simulate these cellular processes and unravel the complexities beneath them. We therefore present a multiscale framework that integrates simulations on two different scales. The higher-resolution model incorporates structural information of proteins and energetics of their binding, while the lower-resolution model uses a highly simplified representation of proteins to capture the long-time-scale dynamics of a system with multiple proteins. Through a systematic benchmark test and two practical applications of biomolecular systems with specific cellular functions, we demonstrated that this method could be a powerful approach to understand molecular mechanisms of dynamic interactions between biomolecules and their functional impacts with high computational efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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14
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Xavier-Carvalho C, Cardoso CC, de Souza Kehdy F, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Host genetics and dengue fever. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:99-110. [PMID: 29133029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a major worldwide problem in tropical and subtropical areas; it is caused by four different viral serotypes, and it can manifest as asymptomatic, mild, or severe. Many factors interact to determine the severity of the disease, including the genetic profile of the infected patient. However, the mechanisms that lead to severe disease and eventually death have not been determined, and a great challenge is the early identification of patients who are more likely to progress to a worse health condition. Studies performed in regions with cyclic outbreaks such as Cuba, Brazil, and Colombia have demonstrated that African ancestry confers protection against severe dengue. Highlighting the host genetics as an important factor in infectious diseases, a large number of association studies between genetic polymorphisms and dengue outcomes have been published in the last two decades. The most widely used approach involves case-control studies with candidate genes, such as the HLA locus and genes for receptors, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Additionally, a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified SNPs associated with African ethnicity that had not previously been identified in case-control studies. Despite the increasing number of publications in America, Africa, and Asia, the results are quite controversial, and a meta-analysis is needed to assess the consensus among the studies. SNPs in the MICB, TNF, CD209, FcγRIIA, TPSAB1, CLEC5A, IL10 and PLCE1 genes are associated with the risk or protection of severe dengue, and the findings have been replicated in different populations. A thorough understanding of the viral, human genetic, and immunological mechanisms of dengue and how they interact is essential for effectively preventing dengue, but also managing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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15
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Lazear E, Ghasemi R, Hein SM, Westwick J, Watkins D, Fremont DH, Krupnick AS. Targeting of IL-2 to cytotoxic lymphocytes as an improved method of cytokine-driven immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1265721. [PMID: 28344875 PMCID: PMC5353927 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1265721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) has fallen out of favor due to severe life-threatening side effects. We have recently described a unique way of directly targeting IL-2 to cytotoxic lymphocytes using a virally encoded immune evasion protein and an IL-2 mutant that avoids off-target side effects such as activation of regulatory T cells and vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Ghasemi R, Lazear E, Wang X, Arefanian S, Zheleznyak A, Carreno BM, Higashikubo R, Gelman AE, Kreisel D, Fremont DH, Krupnick AS. Selective targeting of IL-2 to NKG2D bearing cells for improved immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12878. [PMID: 27650575 PMCID: PMC5036003 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite over 20 years of clinical use, IL-2 has not fulfilled expectations as a safe and effective form of tumour immunotherapy. Expression of the high affinity IL-2Rα chain on regulatory T cells mitigates the anti-tumour immune response and its expression on vascular endothelium is responsible for life threatening complications such as diffuse capillary leak and pulmonary oedema. Here we describe the development of a recombinant fusion protein comprised of a cowpox virus encoded NKG2D binding protein (OMCP) and a mutated form of IL-2 with poor affinity for IL-2Rα. This fusion protein (OMCP-mutIL-2) potently and selectively activates IL-2 signalling only on NKG2D-bearing cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, without broadly activating IL-2Rα-bearing cells. OMCP-mutIL-2 provides superior tumour control in several mouse models of malignancy and is not limited by mouse strain-specific variability of NK function. In addition, OMCP-mutIL-2 lacks the toxicity and vascular complications associated with parental wild-type IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghasemi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Eric Lazear
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Saeed Arefanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Zheleznyak
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ryuji Higashikubo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and Biochemistry &Molecular Biophysics, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center of Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Place, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center of Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Place, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Chávez-Blanco A, Chacón-Salinas R, Dominguez-Gomez G, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Trejo-Becerril C, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Viral inhibitors of NKG2D ligands for tumor surveillance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1375-1387. [PMID: 27322108 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1202928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural Killer cells (NK) are key for the innate immune response against tumors and viral infections. Several viral proteins evade host immune response and target the NK cell receptor NKG2D and its ligands. Areas covered: This review aimed to describe the viruses and their proteins that interfere with the NKG2D receptor and their ligands, and how these interactions lead to immune evasion, host protection, and tissue damage from acute and chronic viral infections. Expert opinion: The study of viral proteins has already impacted the field of oncology. A prime example is the HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral drugs for HIV, Hepatitis C, and the family of Herpesviridae viruses. The NKG2D system seems to be a rational therapeutic target. Nevertheless, an effective cytotoxic response by NK cells is mediated by a network of activating and inhibitory receptors, the integration of which determines if the NK cell becomes cytotoxic or permissive. Immunotherapeutic agents that increase the antitumor lytic activity of NK cells through modulating activation and inhibitory signaling of NK cells are being developed. Nevertheless, more research is needed to dissect the integrative mechanism of NK cells function to fully exploit their antitumor and antiviral effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Chávez-Blanco
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- b Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , México
| | | | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- c Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cancer , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Unidad de Investigacion Basica Aplicada , ISSEMyM Cancer Center , Toluca , Mexico
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18
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Abstract
Human and mouse NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are absent or only poorly expressed by most normal cells but are upregulated by cell stress, hence, alerting the immune system in case of malignancy or infection. Although these ligands are numerous and highly variable (at genetic, genomic, structural, and biochemical levels), they all belong to the major histocompatibility complex class I gene superfamily and bind to a single, invariant, receptor: NKG2D. NKG2D (CD314) is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and subsets of T cells that have a key role in the recognition and lysis of infected and tumor cells. Here, we review the molecular diversity of NKG2DLs, discuss the increasing appreciation of their roles in a variety of medical conditions, and propose several explanations for the evolutionary force(s) that seem to drive the multiplicity and diversity of NKG2DLs while maintaining their interaction with a single invariant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Carapito
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
This protocol describes the growth and purification of bacterial inclusion body proteins with an option to selenomethionine label the targeted protein through feedback inhibition of methionine biosynthesis in common (non-auxotrophic) strains of E. coli. The method includes solubilization of inclusion body proteins by chemical denaturation and disulfide reduction, renaturation of the solubilized material through rapid dilution by pulsed injection into refolding buffer containing arginine and a mixture of oxidized and reduced glutathione, recovery of the recombinant protein using a stirred cell concentrator, and removal of the aggregated or misfolded fraction by passage over size-exclusion chromatography. The quality of the resulting protein can be assessed by SDS-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Computational Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60557, USA
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20
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McCoy WH, Wang X, Yokoyama WM, Hansen TH, Fremont DH. Cowpox virus employs a two-pronged strategy to outflank MHCI antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:156-8. [PMID: 23312338 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Smallpox decimated humanity for thousands of years before being eradicated by vaccination, a success facilitated by the fact that humans are the only host of variola virus. In contrast, other orthopoxviruses such as cowpox virus can infect a variety of mammalian species, although its dominant reservoir appears to be rodents. This difference in host specificity suggests that cowpox may have developed promiscuous immune evasion strategies to facilitate zoonosis. Recent experiments have established that cowpox can disrupt MHCI antigen presentation during viral infection of both human and murine cells, a process enabled by two unique proteins, CPXV012 and CPXV203. While CPXV012 inhibits antigenic peptide transport from the cytosol to the ER, CPXV203 blocks MHCI trafficking to the cell surface by exploiting the KDEL-receptor recycling pathway. Our recent investigations of CPXV203 reveal that it binds a diverse array of classical and non-classical MHCI proteins with dramatically increased affinities at the lower pH of the Golgi relative to the ER, thereby providing mechanistic insight into how it works synergistically with KDEL receptors to block MHCI surface expression. The strategy used by cowpox to both limit peptide supply and disrupt trafficking of fully assembled MHCI acts as a dual-edged sword that effectively disables adaptive immune surveillance of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McCoy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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