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Martin-Lopez E, Brennan B, Mao T, Spence N, Meller SJ, Han K, Yahiaoui N, Wang C, Iwasaki A, Greer CA. Inflammatory Response and Defects on Myelin Integrity in the Olfactory System of K18hACE2 Mice Infected with SARS-CoV-2. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0106-24.2024. [PMID: 38834299 PMCID: PMC11185043 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0106-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), use respiratory epithelial cells as an entry point for infection. Within the nasal cavity, the olfactory epithelium (OE) is particularly sensitive to infections which may lead to olfactory dysfunction. In patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019, deficits in olfaction have been characterized as a distinctive symptom. Here, we used the K18hACE2 mice to study the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in the olfactory system (OS) after 7 d of infection. In the OE, we found that SARS-CoV-2 selectively targeted the supporting/sustentacular cells (SCs) and macrophages from the lamina propria. In the brain, SARS-CoV-2 infected some microglial cells in the olfactory bulb (OB), and there was a widespread infection of projection neurons in the OB, piriform cortex (PC), and tubular striatum (TuS). Inflammation, indicated by both elevated numbers and morphologically activated IBA1+ cells (monocyte/macrophage lineages), was preferentially increased in the OE septum, while it was homogeneously distributed throughout the layers of the OB, PC, and TuS. Myelinated OS axonal tracts, the lateral olfactory tract, and the anterior commissure, exhibited decreased levels of 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, indicative of myelin defects. Collectively, our work supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infected SC and macrophages in the OE and, centrally, microglia and subpopulations of OS neurons. The observed inflammation throughout the OS areas and central myelin defects may account for the long-lasting olfactory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Bowen Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-0834
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Natalie Spence
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8074
| | - Kimberly Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Nawal Yahiaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Chelsea Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-0834
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8074
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2
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Singh A, Adam A, Aditi, Peng BH, Yu X, Zou J, Kulkarni VV, Kan P, Jiang W, Shi PY, Samir P, Cisneros I, Wang T. A murine model of post-acute neurological sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 variant infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384516. [PMID: 38765009 PMCID: PMC11099216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral variant is one known risk factor associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), yet the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-induced PASC in K18-hACE2 mice. The virus replicated productively, induced robust inflammatory responses in lung and brain tissues, and caused weight loss and mortality during the acute infection. Longitudinal behavior studies in surviving mice up to 4 months post-acute infection revealed persistent abnormalities in neuropsychiatric state and motor behaviors, while reflex and sensory functions recovered over time. In the brain, no detectable viral RNA and minimal residential immune cell activation was observed in the surviving mice post-acute infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed persistent activation of immune pathways, including humoral responses, complement, and phagocytosis, and gene expression levels associated with ataxia telangiectasia, impaired cognitive function and memory recall, and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Furthermore, surviving mice maintained potent systemic T helper 1 prone cellular immune responses and strong sera neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants months post-acute infection. Overall, our findings suggest that infection in K18-hACE2 mice recapitulates the persistent clinical symptoms reported in long-COVID patients and provides new insights into the role of systemic and brain residential immune factors in PASC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Aditi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irma Cisneros
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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3
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Singh A, Adam A, Aditi, Peng BH, Yu X, Zou J, Kulkarni VV, Kan P, Jiang W, Shi PY, Samir P, Cisneros I, Wang T. A Murine Model of Post-acute Neurological Sequelae Following SARS-CoV-2 Variant Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574064. [PMID: 38260531 PMCID: PMC10802283 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Viral variant is one known risk factor associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), yet the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-induced PASC in K18-hACE2 mice. The virus replicated productively, induced robust inflammatory responses in lung and brain tissues, and caused weight loss and mortality during the acute infection. Longitudinal behavior studies in surviving mice up to 4 months post-acute infection revealed persistent abnormalities in neuropsychiatric state and motor behaviors, while reflex and sensory functions recovered over time. Surviving mice showed no detectable viral RNA in the brain and minimal neuroinflammation post-acute infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed persistent activation of immune pathways, including humoral responses, complement, and phagocytosis, and reduced levels of genes associated with ataxia telangiectasia, impaired cognitive function and memory recall, and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Furthermore, surviving mice maintained potent T helper 1 prone cellular immune responses and high neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants in the periphery for months post-acute infection. Overall, infection in K18-hACE2 mice recapitulates the persistent clinical symptoms reported in long COVID patients and may be useful for future assessment of the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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4
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Syage A, Pachow C, Cheng Y, Mangale V, Green KN, Lane TE. Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1291255. [PMID: 38099152 PMCID: PMC10719854 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1291255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia serve numerous functions including maintenance of the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and are among the first responders to injury or infection. More recently, studies have demonstrated that microglia aid in tailoring innate and adaptive immune responses following infection by neurotropic viruses including flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and picornaviruses. These findings have emphasized an important role for microglia in host defense against these viral pathogens. In addition, microglia are also critical in optimizing immune-mediated control of JHMV replication within the CNS while restricting the severity of demyelination and enhancing remyelination. This review will highlight our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which microglia aid in host defense, limit neurologic disease, and promote repair following CNS infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vrushali Mangale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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5
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Zhang M, Zheng R, Liu WJ, Hou JL, Yang YL, Shang HC. Xuebijing injection, a Chinese patent medicine, against severe pneumonia: Current research progress and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 21:413-422. [PMID: 37652781 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases and the leading cause of sepsis and septic shock. Preventing infection, balancing the patient's immune status, and anti-coagulation therapy are all important elements in the treatment of severe pneumonia. As multi-target agents, Xuebijing injection (XBJ) has shown unique advantages in targeting complex conditions and saving the lives of patients with severe pneumonia. This review outlines progress in the understanding of XBJ's anti-inflammatory, endotoxin antagonism, and anticoagulation effects. From the hundreds of publications released over the past few years, the key results from representative clinical studies of XBJ in the treatment of severe pneumonia were selected and summarized. XBJ was observed to effectively suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, counter the effects of endotoxin, and assert an anticoagulation effect in most clinical trials, which are consistent with experimental studies. Collectively, this evidence suggests that XBJ could play an important and expanding role in clinical medicine, especially for sepsis, septic shock and severe pneumonia. Please cite this article as: Zhang M, Zheng R, Liu WJ, Hou JL, Yang YL, Shang HC. Xuebijing injection, a Chinese patent medicine, against severe pneumonia: Current research progress and future perspectives. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(5): 413-422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Wen-Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu-Lei Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Cai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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6
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Frank MG, Fleshner M, Maier SF. Exploring the immunogenic properties of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins: PAMP:TLR signaling in the mediation of the neuroinflammatory and neurologic sequelae of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:259-269. [PMID: 37116592 PMCID: PMC10132835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) produces an array of neurologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the acute and post-acute phase of infection (PASC; post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection). Neuroinflammatory processes are considered key factors in the etiology of these symptoms. Several mechanisms underpinning the development of inflammatory events in the brain have been proposed including SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and peripheral inflammatory responses (i.e., cytokine storm) to infection, which might produce neuroinflammation via immune-to-brain signaling pathways. In this review, we explore evidence in support of an alternate mechanism whereby structural proteins (e.g., spike and spike S1 subunit) derived from SARS-CoV-2 virions function as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to elicit proinflammatory immune responses in the periphery and/or brain via classical Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) inflammatory pathways. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins might directly produce inflammatory processes in brain independent of and/or in addition to peripheral proinflammatory effects, which might converge to play a causal role in the development of neurologic/neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80301, United States.
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80301, United States
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80301, United States
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7
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Villadiego J, García-Arriaza J, Ramírez-Lorca R, García-Swinburn R, Cabello-Rivera D, Rosales-Nieves AE, Álvarez-Vergara MI, Cala-Fernández F, García-Roldán E, López-Ogáyar JL, Zamora C, Astorgano D, Albericio G, Pérez P, Muñoz-Cabello AM, Pascual A, Esteban M, López-Barneo J, Toledo-Aral JJ. Full protection from SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and damage in susceptible transgenic mice conferred by MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:226-238. [PMID: 36624276 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to be safe and effective but their protective efficacy against infection in the brain is yet unclear. Here, in the susceptible transgenic K18-hACE2 mouse model of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we report a spatiotemporal description of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication through the brain. SARS-CoV-2 brain replication occurs primarily in neurons, leading to neuronal loss, signs of glial activation and vascular damage in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. One or two doses of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-CoV2-S) conferred full protection against SARS-CoV-2 cerebral infection, preventing virus replication in all areas of the brain and its associated damage. This protection was maintained even after SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These findings further support the use of MVA-CoV2-S as a promising vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Villadiego
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Reposo Ramírez-Lorca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto García-Swinburn
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Cabello-Rivera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia E Rosales-Nieves
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Álvarez-Vergara
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Cala-Fernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto García-Roldán
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan L López-Ogáyar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Zamora
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Astorgano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Cabello
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Toledo-Aral
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Pinto MA, da Silva ADS, Rodrigues DDRF, Müller R, de Vasconcelos GALBM, Neves PCDC, de Oliveira JM, Marchevsky RS. Animal models and SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary and neurological injuries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 117:e220239. [PMID: 36700583 PMCID: PMC9870265 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals are essential mainly for experiments aiming to study pathogenesis and evaluate antivirals and vaccines against emerging human infectious diseases. Preclinical studies of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pathogenesis have used several animal species as models: transgenic human ACE2 mice (K18 mice), inbred BALB/c or C57BL/6N mice, ferrets, minks, domestic cats and dogs, hamsters, and macaques. However, the choice of an animal model relies on several limitations. Besides the host susceptibility, the researcher's experience with animal model management and the correct interpretation of clinical and laboratory records are crucial to succeed in preclinical translational research. Here, we summarise pathological and clinical findings correlated with virological data and immunological changes observed from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experimental infections using different well-established SARS-CoV-2 animal model species. This essay aims to critically evaluate the current state of animal model translation to clinical data, as described in the human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,+ Corresponding author:
| | - Alexandre dos Santos da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Müller
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Laboratório de Experimentação Animal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Patrícia Cristina da Costa Neves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Renato Sergio Marchevsky
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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9
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de Melo BAG, Mundim MV, Lemes RMR, Cruz EM, Ribeiro TN, Santiago CF, da Fonsêca JHL, Benincasa JC, Stilhano RS, Mantovani N, Santana LC, Durães‐Carvalho R, Diaz RS, Janini LMR, Maricato JT, Porcionatto MA. 3D Bioprinted Neural-Like Tissue as a Platform to Study Neurotropism of Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200002. [PMID: 35521969 PMCID: PMC9347594 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of neuroinvasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) become clinically relevant due to the numerous neurological symptoms observed in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during infection and post-COVID syndrome or long COVID. This study reports the biofabrication of a 3D bioprinted neural-like tissue as a proof-of-concept platform for a more representative study of SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. Bioink is optimized regarding its biophysical properties and is mixed with murine neural cells to construct a 3D model of COVID-19 infection. Aiming to increase the specificity to murine cells, SARS-CoV-2 is mouse-adapted (MA-SARS-CoV-2) in vitro, in a protocol first reported here. MA-SARS-CoV-2 reveals mutations located at the Orf1a and Orf3a domains and is evolutionarily closer to the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain than SARS-CoV-2 used for adaptation. Remarkably, MA-SARS-CoV-2 shows high specificity to murine cells, which present distinct responses when cultured in 2D and 3D systems, regarding cell morphology, neuroinflammation, and virus titration. MA-SARS-CoV-2 represents a valuable tool in studies using animal models, and the 3D neural-like tissue serves as a powerful in vitro platform for modeling brain infection, contributing to the development of antivirals and new treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A. G. de Melo
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Mayara V. Mundim
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Robertha M. R. Lemes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal de São PauloDiadema09920‐540Brazil
| | - Elisa M. Cruz
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Tais N. Ribeiro
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Carolina F. Santiago
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Jéssica H. L. da Fonsêca
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials EngineeringFaculdade de Engenharia MecânicaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSP13083‐860Brazil
| | - Julia C. Benincasa
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Roberta S. Stilhano
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculdade de Ciências MédicasSanta Casa de São PauloSão Paulo01221‐020Brazil
| | - Nathalia Mantovani
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Santana
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães‐Carvalho
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Luiz M. R. Janini
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Juliana T. Maricato
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Marimelia A. Porcionatto
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
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10
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Mesmoudi S, Lapina C, Rodic M, Peschanski D. Multi-Data Integration Towards a Global Understanding of the Neurological Impact of Human Brain Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:756604. [PMID: 35910337 PMCID: PMC9326261 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.756604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold, numerous neurological symptoms emerge. The literature reports more and more manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) related to headache, dizziness, impaired consciousness, cognitive impairment, and motor disorders. Moreover, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 may have a durable neurological impact. ACE2/TMPRSS2 is the main entry point into cells for some strains of coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2, which uses it to target the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to characterize the scope of the potential complex impact of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain. It concerns different scales: the topographic, cognitive, sensorimotor, and genetic one. We investigated which cognitive and sensorimotor functions are associated with the brain regions where ACE2/TMPRSS2 is overexpressed, hypothesising that they might be particularly affected by the infection. Furthermore, overexpressed genes in these regions are likely to be impacted by COVID-19. This general understanding is crucial to establish the potential neurological manifestations of the infection. Data on mRNA expression levels of genes were provided by the Allen Institute for Brain Science (AIBS), and the localisation of brain functions by the LinkRbrain platform. The latter was also used to analyze the spatial overlap between ACE2/TMPRSS2 overexpression, and either function-specific brain activations or regional overexpression of other genes. The characterisation of these overexpressed genes was based on the GeneCards platform and the gene GSE164332 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We analysed the cognitive and sensorimotor functions whose role might be impaired, of which 88 have been categorised into seven groups: memory and recollection, motor function, pain, lucidity, emotion, sensory, and reward. Furthermore, we categorised the genes showing a significant increase in concentration of their mRNAs in the same regions where ACE2/TMPRSS2 mRNA levels are the highest. Eleven groups emerged from a bibliographical research: neurodegenerative disease, immunity, inflammation, olfactory receptor, cancer/apoptosis, executive function, senses, ischemia, motor function, myelination, and dependence. The results of this exploration could be in relation to the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Furthermore, some genes from peripheral blood are already considered as biomarker of COVID-19. This method could generate new hypotheses to explore the neurological manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mesmoudi
- Paris-1-Panthéon-Sorbonne University CESSP-UMR 8209, Paris, France
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, France
- MATRICE Equipex, Seine-Saint-Denis, France
- Complex Systems Institute Paris Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Colline Lapina
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, France
- MATRICE Equipex, Seine-Saint-Denis, France
- Complex Systems Institute Paris Île-de-France, Paris, France
- Graduate School of Cognitive Engineering (ENSC), Talence, France
| | | | - Denis Peschanski
- Paris-1-Panthéon-Sorbonne University CESSP-UMR 8209, Paris, France
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, France
- MATRICE Equipex, Seine-Saint-Denis, France
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11
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Carossino M, Kenney D, O’Connell AK, Montanaro P, Tseng AE, Gertje HP, Grosz KA, Ericsson M, Huber BR, Kurnick SA, Subramaniam S, Kirkland TA, Walker JR, Francis KP, Klose AD, Paragas N, Bosmann M, Saeed M, Balasuriya UBR, Douam F, Crossland NA. Fatal Neurodissemination and SARS-CoV-2 Tropism in K18-hACE2 Mice Is Only Partially Dependent on hACE2 Expression. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030535. [PMID: 35336942 PMCID: PMC8955233 DOI: 10.3390/v14030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models recapitulating COVID-19 are critical to enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Intranasally inoculated transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 under the cytokeratin 18 promoter (K18-hACE2) represent a lethal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluated the clinical and virological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 using two intranasal doses (104 and 106 PFUs), with a detailed spatiotemporal pathologic analysis of the 106 dose cohort. Despite generally mild-to-moderate pneumonia, clinical decline resulting in euthanasia or death was commonly associated with hypothermia and viral neurodissemination independent of inoculation dose. Neuroinvasion was first observed at 4 days post-infection, initially restricted to the olfactory bulb suggesting axonal transport via the olfactory neuroepithelium as the earliest portal of entry. Absence of viremia suggests neuroinvasion occurs independently of transport across the blood-brain barrier. SARS-CoV-2 tropism was neither restricted to ACE2-expressing cells (e.g., AT1 pneumocytes), nor inclusive of some ACE2-positive cell lineages (e.g., bronchiolar epithelium and brain vasculature). Absence of detectable ACE2 protein expression in neurons but overexpression in neuroepithelium suggest this as the most likely portal of neuroinvasion, with subsequent ACE2 independent lethal neurodissemination. A paucity of epidemiological data and contradicting evidence for neuroinvasion and neurodissemination in humans call into question the translational relevance of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 61329, USA; (M.C.); (U.B.R.B.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 61329, USA
| | - Devin Kenney
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Aoife K. O’Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Paige Montanaro
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna E. Tseng
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Kyle A. Grosz
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Susanna A. Kurnick
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Thomas A. Kirkland
- Promega Biosciences, LLC, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA; (T.A.K.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Joel R. Walker
- Promega Biosciences, LLC, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA; (T.A.K.); (J.R.W.)
| | | | | | - Neal Paragas
- InVivo Analytics Inc., New York, NY 10023, USA; (A.D.K.); (N.P.)
- Department of Radiology Imaging Research Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98133, USA
| | - Markus Bosmann
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 61329, USA; (M.C.); (U.B.R.B.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 61329, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (N.A.C.); Tel.: +1-(617)-358-9174 (F.D.); +1-(617)-358-9285 (N.A.C.)
| | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.K.); (A.K.O.); (P.M.); (A.E.T.); (H.P.G.); (K.A.G.); (S.A.K.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (N.A.C.); Tel.: +1-(617)-358-9174 (F.D.); +1-(617)-358-9285 (N.A.C.)
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12
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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