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Xie J, Idris A, Feng R. The complex interplay between encephalomyocarditis virus and the host defence system. Virulence 2024; 15:2383559. [PMID: 39066684 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2383559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A variety of animals can be infected by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). EMCV is the established causative agent of myocarditis and encephalitis in some animals. EMCV causes high fatality in suckling and weaning piglets, making pigs the most susceptible domestic animal species. Importantly, EMCV has zoonotic potential to infect the human population. The ability of the pathogen to avoid and undermine the initial defence mechanism of the host contributes to its virulence and pathogenicity. A large body of literature highlights the intricate strategies employed by EMCV to escape the innate immune machinery to suit its "pathogenic needs." Here, we also provide examples on how EMCV interacts with certain host proteins to dampen the infection process. Hence, this concise review aims to summarize these findings in a compendium of decades of research on this exciting yet underappreciated topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Hong JJ, Zhang RT, Ma CL, Hu QY. Pulmonary microbial spectrum in late-stage SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024:10.1007/s10096-024-04897-6. [PMID: 39031269 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a kind of respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily spreads through the respiratory tract from human to human. Its extensive and rapid spread has led to a global pandemic, causing great harm to human health and economic development all over the world. Current known evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 has evolved accumulating multiple mutations, with altered infectivity and viral replication capacity. A better understanding of the complications of COVID-19 and its relationship with underlying diseases is crucial for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. This case series reviewed case data of our 4 recent patients with severe or critical COVID-19, including treatment plan, status of pulmonary infection and their microbiology workup with metagenomic next-generation sequencing with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This report shed light on the significance of rapid and accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Hong
- School of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling (Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital), Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Blvd, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Ren-Tao Zhang
- School of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling (Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital), Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Blvd, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Chun-Lian Ma
- School of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling (Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital), Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Blvd, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| | - Qiong-Ying Hu
- School of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling (Taizhou University Affiliated Wenling Hospital), Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Blvd, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
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Wei Y, Song J, Zhang J, Chen S, Yu Z, He L, Chen J. Exploring TRIM proteins' role in antiviral defense against influenza A virus and respiratory coronaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1420854. [PMID: 39077432 PMCID: PMC11284085 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1420854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, identified as E3 ubiquitin ligases, participate in various viral infections through ubiquitylation, ISGylation, and SUMOylation processes. Respiratory viruses, particularly influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs), have severely threatened public health with high morbidity and mortality, causing incalculable losses. Research on the regulation of TRIM proteins in respiratory virus infections is crucial for disease prevention and control. This review introduces TRIM proteins, summarizes recent discoveries regarding their roles and molecular mechanisms in IAV and CoVs infections, discusses current research gaps, and explores potential future trends in this rapidly developing field. It aims to enhance understanding of virus-host interactions and inform the development of new molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Junzhu Song
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lei He
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Sun R, Zhang X, Hou J, Jia W, Li P, Song C. Development and validation of nomogram for predicting the risk of transferring to the ICU for children with influenza. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024:10.1007/s10096-024-04898-5. [PMID: 39002105 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of a nomogram model for predicting the magnitude of risk of transferring hospitalized children with influenza to the ICU. METHODS In a single-center retrospective study, 318 children with influenza who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2018 to August 2023 were collected as study subjects. Children with influenza were randomly assigned to the training set and validation set in a ratio of 4:1. In the training set, risk factors were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and a nomogram model was created on this basis. The validation set was used to evaluate the predictive power of the model. RESULTS Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed six independent risk factors for transfer to the ICU in hospitalized children with influenza, including elevated peripheral white blood cell counts, elevated large platelet ratios, reduced mean platelet width, reduced complement C3, elevated serum globulin levels, and reduced total immunoglobulin M levels. Using these six metrics as predictors to construct a nomogram graphical model, the C-index was 0.970 (95% Cl: 0.953-0.988). The areas under the curve for the training and validation sets were 0.966 (95%Cl 0.947-0.985) and 0.919 (95%Cl 0.851-0.986), respectively. CONCLUSION A nomogram for predicting the risk of transferring to the ICU for children with influenza was developed and validated, which demonstrates good calibration and clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Sun
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jiapu Hou
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wanyu Jia
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Peng Li
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Hernández-Sarmiento LJ, Tamayo-Molina YS, Valdés-López JF, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Interleukin 27, Similar to Interferons, Modulates Gene Expression of Tripartite Motif (TRIM) Family Members and Interferes with Mayaro Virus Replication in Human Macrophages. Viruses 2024; 16:996. [PMID: 38932287 PMCID: PMC11209095 DOI: 10.3390/v16060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Tripartite motif (TRIM) family includes more than 80 distinct human genes. Their function has been implicated in regulating important cellular processes, including intracellular signaling, transcription, autophagy, and innate immunity. During viral infections, macrophages are key components of innate immunity that produce interferons (IFNs) and IL27. We recently published that IL27 and IFNs induce transcriptional changes in various genes, including those involved in JAK-STAT signaling. Furthermore, IL27 and IFNs share proinflammatory and antiviral pathways in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), resulting in both common and unique expression of inflammatory factors and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) encoding antiviral proteins. Interestingly, many TRIM proteins have been recognized as ISGs in recent years. Although it is already very well described that TRIM expression is induced by IFNs, it is not fully understood whether TRIM genes are induced in macrophages by IL27. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of stimulation with IL27 and type I, II, and III IFNs on the mRNA expression profiles of TRIM genes in MDMs. METHODS We used bulk RNA-seq to examine the TRIM expression profile of MDMs treated with IFNs or IL27. Initially, we characterized the expression patterns of different TRIM subfamilies using a heatmap. Subsequently, a volcano plot was employed to identify commonly differentially expressed TRIM genes. Additionally, we conducted gene ontology analysis with ClueGO to explore the biological processes of the regulated TRIMs, created a gene-gene interaction network using GeneMANIA, and examined protein-protein interactions with the STRING database. Finally, RNA-seq data was validated using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the effect of IL27 on Mayaro virus replication was also evaluated. RESULTS We found that IL27, similar to IFNs, upregulates several TRIM genes' expression in human macrophages. Specifically, we identified three common TRIM genes (TRIM19, 21, and 22) induced by IL27 and all types of human IFNs. Additionally, we performed the first report of transcriptional regulation of TRIM19, 21, 22, and 69 genes in response to IL27. The TRIMs involved a broad range of biological processes, including defense response to viruses, viral life cycle regulation, and negative regulation of viral processes. In addition, we observed a decrease in Mayaro virus replication in MDMs previously treated with IL27. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that IL27, like IFNs, modulates the transcriptional expression of different TRIM-family members involved in the induction of innate immunity and an antiviral response. In addition, the functional analysis demonstrated that, like IFN, IL27 reduced Mayaro virus replication in MDMs. This implies that IL27 and IFNs share many similarities at a functional level. Moreover, identifying distinct TRIM groups and their differential expressions in response to IL27 provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the antiviral response in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (L.J.H.-S.); (Y.S.T.-M.); (J.F.V.-L.)
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Nimer NA, Nimer SN. Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:9952803. [PMID: 38938549 PMCID: PMC11208815 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9952803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on the rise since the beginning of 2020 and turned into a life-threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried to develop a possible preventive and therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID-19-recovered persons' immunity. This study aims to review immunization against SARS-CoV-2, along with exploring the interventions that have been developed for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. This study also highlighted the role of phototherapy in treating SARS-CoV infection. The study adopted a review approach to gathering the information available and the progress that has been made in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, and vector-based vaccines, as well as attenuated and inactivated forms that have already been shown to have prophylactic efficacy against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, have been summarized. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies are all associated with viral infections. Because there is no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies for coronaviruses, the main treatment strategy is supportive care, which is reinforced by combining broad-spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, and corticosteroids. COVID-19 has been a challenge to keep reconsidering the usual approaches to regulatory evaluation as a result of getting mixed and complicated findings on the vaccines, as well as licensing procedures. However, it is observed that medicinal herbs also play an important role in treating infection of the upper respiratory tract, the principal symptom of SARS-CoV due to their natural bioactive composite. However, some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens and nephrotoxins and the toxicological properties of the majority of Chinese herbal remedies are unknown. Therefore, to treat the COVID-19 infection along with conventional treatment, it is recommended that herb-drug interaction be examined thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Nimer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Seema N. Nimer
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Liu BM, Rakhmanina NY, Yang Z, Bukrinsky MI. Mpox (Monkeypox) Virus and Its Co-Infection with HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, or Bacterial Superinfections: Double Whammy or a New Prime Culprit? Viruses 2024; 16:784. [PMID: 38793665 PMCID: PMC11125633 DOI: 10.3390/v16050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have established that mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreaks worldwide in 2022-2023, due to Clade IIb mpox virus (MPXV), disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. More than 35% and 40% of the mpox cases suffer from co-infection with HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus), respectively. Bacterial superinfection can also occur. Co-infection of MPXV and other infectious agents may enhance disease severity, deteriorate outcomes, elongate the recovery process, and potentially contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the ensuing diseases. However, the interplays between MPXV and HIV, bacteria, other STI pathogens and host cells are poorly studied. There are many open questions regarding the impact of co-infections with HIV, STIs, or bacterial superinfections on the diagnosis and treatment of MPXV infections, including clinical and laboratory-confirmed mpox diagnosis, suboptimal treatment effectiveness, and induction of antiviral drug resistance. In this review article, we will discuss the progress and knowledge gaps in MPXV biology, antiviral therapy, pathogenesis of human MPXV and its co-infection with HIV, STIs, or bacterial superinfections, and the impact of the co-infections on the diagnosis and treatment of mpox disease. This review not only sheds light on the MPXV infection and co-infection of other etiologies but also calls for more research on MPXV life cycles and the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of co-infection of MPXV and other infectious agents, as well as research and development of a novel multiplex molecular testing panel for the detection of MPXV and other STI co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Liu
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- Children’s National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20012, USA
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Natella Y. Rakhmanina
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Michael I. Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Liu BM, Li NL, Wang R, Li X, Li ZA, Marion TN, Li K. Key roles for phosphorylation and the Coiled-coil domain in TRIM56-mediated positive regulation of TLR3-TRIF-dependent innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107249. [PMID: 38556084 PMCID: PMC11067339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripartite-motif protein-56 (TRIM56) positively regulates the induction of type I interferon response via the TLR3 pathway by enhancing IRF3 activation and depends on its C-terminal residues 621-750 for interacting with the adaptor TRIF. However, the precise underlying mechanism and detailed TRIM56 determinants remain unclear. Herein, we show ectopic expression of murine TRIM56 also enhances TLR3-dependent interferon-β promoter activation, suggesting functional conservation. We found that endogenous TRIM56 and TRIF formed a complex early (0.5-2 h) after poly-I:C stimulation and that TRIM56 overexpression also promoted activation of NF-κB by poly-I:C but not that by TNF-α or IL-1β, consistent with a specific effect on TRIF prior to the bifurcation of NF-κB and IRF3. Using transient transfection and Tet-regulated cell lines expressing various TRIM56 mutants, we demonstrated the Coiled-coil domain and a segment spanning residues ∼434-610, but not the B-box or residues 355-433, were required for TRIM56 augmentation of TLR3 signaling. Moreover, alanine substitution at each putative phosphorylation site, Ser471, Ser475, and Ser710, abrogated TRIM56 function. Concordantly, mutants bearing Ser471Ala, Ser475Ala, or Ser710Ala, or lacking the Coiled-coil domain, all lost the capacity to enhance poly-I:C-induced establishment of an antiviral state. Furthermore, the Ser710Ala mutation disrupted the TRIM56-TRIF association. Using phospho-specific antibodies, we detected biphasic phosphorylation of TRIM56 at Ser471 and Ser475 following TLR3 stimulation, with the early phase occurring at ∼0.5 to 1 h, prior to IRF3 phosphorylation. Together, these data reveal novel molecular details critical for the TRIM56 augmentation of TLR3-dependent antiviral response and highlight important roles for TRIM56 scaffolding and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Divisions of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Pathology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Children's National Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nan L Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Z Alex Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tony N Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Zhang J, Shi H, Zhang L, Feng T, Chen J, Zhang X, Ji Z, Jing Z, Zhu X, Liu D, Yang X, Zeng M, Shi D, Feng L. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes the IFN response through inhibiting TRIM25 oligomerization and functional activation of RIG-I/TRIM25. Vet Res 2024; 55:44. [PMID: 38589930 PMCID: PMC11000385 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), an emerging Alpha-coronavirus, brings huge economic loss in swine industry. Interferons (IFNs) participate in a frontline antiviral defense mechanism triggering the activation of numerous downstream antiviral genes. Here, we demonstrated that TRIM25 overexpression significantly inhibited SADS-CoV replication, whereas TRIM25 deficiency markedly increased viral yield. We found that SADS-CoV N protein suppressed interferon-beta (IFN-β) production induced by Sendai virus (SeV) or poly(I:C). Moreover, we determined that SADS-CoV N protein interacted with RIG-I N-terminal two caspase activation and recruitment domains (2CARDs) and TRIM25 coiled-coil dimerization (CCD) domain. The interaction of SADS-CoV N protein with RIG-I and TRIM25 caused TRIM25 multimerization inhibition, the RIG-I-TRIM25 interaction disruption, and consequent the IRF3 and TBK1 phosphorylation impediment. Overexpression of SADS-CoV N protein facilitated the replication of VSV-GFP by suppressing IFN-β production. Our results demonstrate that SADS-CoV N suppresses the host IFN response, thus highlighting the significant involvement of TRIM25 in regulating antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Cheng R, Zhou C, Zhao M, Zhang S, Wan W, Yu Y, Wen B, Jiao J, Xiong X, Xu Q, OuYang X. TRIM56-mediated production of type I interferon inhibits intracellular replication of Rickettsia rickettsii. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0369523. [PMID: 38358243 PMCID: PMC10986528 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03695-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii), the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), is the most pathogenic member among Rickettsia spp. Previous studies have shown that tripartite motif-containing 56 (TRIM56) E3 ligase-induced ubiquitination of STING is important for cytosolic DNA sensing and type I interferon production to induce anti-DNA viral immunity, but whether it affects intracellular replication of R. rickettsii remains uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the effect of TRIM56 on HeLa and THP-1 cells infected with R. rickettsii. We found that the expression of TRIM56 was upregulated in the R. rickettsii-infected cells, and the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while R. rickettsii replication was enhanced in the TRIM56-silenced host cells with the reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING and the increased production of interferon-β. In addition, the mutation of the TRIM56 E3 ligase catalytic site impairs the inhibitory function against R. rickettsii in HeLa cells. Altogether, our study discovers that TRIM56 is a host restriction factor of R. rickettsii by regulating the cGAS-STING-mediated signaling pathway. This study gives new evidence for the role of TRIM56 in the innate immune response against intracellular bacterial infection and provides new therapeutic targets for RMSF. IMPORTANCE Given that Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii) is the most pathogenic member within the Rickettsia genus and serves as the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, there is a growing need to explore host targets. In this study, we examined the impact of host TRIM56 on R. rickettsii infection in HeLa and THP-1 cells. We observed a significant upregulation of TRIM56 expression in R. rickettsii-infected cells. Remarkably, the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while silencing TRIM56 enhanced bacterial replication accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING, along with increased interferon-β production. Notably, the mutation of the TRIM56's E3 ligase catalytic site did not impede R. rickettsii replication in HeLa cells. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of TRIM56 as a host restriction factor against R. rickettsii through the modulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxi Cheng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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11
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Zhang M, Sun J, Shi Y, Zhang F, Li S, Zhao D, Wu G, Li L, Miao Z, Liu M. The antiviral effects of TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:105097. [PMID: 37967780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
TRIM proteins play a crucial antiviral effector role in the innate immune system of vertebrates. In this study, we found that TRIM proteins exhibited the highest expression levels in immune organs such as spleen and kidney during IHNV infection in rainbow trout, meanwhile, we successfully amplified TRIM23 and TRIM32 from diseased rainbow trout and analyzed their gene sequences, revealing that rainbow trout TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins are closely related to Atlantic salmon and Chinook salmon; In this experiment, the TRIM23 and TRIM32 protein genes were resoundingly constructed as a recombinant plasmids and expressed in CHSE-214 cells. Upon transfected with the recombinant plasmid, followed by viral infection, significant decreasion in the copy numbers of the virus was observed, indicating that the TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins of rainbow trout play an important role in inhibiting virus replication, with the TRIM32 role being the most pronounced. These results provide a basis for subsequent in-depth study of the antiviral effects of TRIM proteins, and provide new ideas for immune enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanxue Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Futing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shuaibo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Guangqing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Linsong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiruo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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12
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Liu BM, Mulkey SB, Campos JM, DeBiasi RL. Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections in children due to emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:543-550. [PMID: 38042947 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of numerous medically important viruses that cause central nervous system (CNS) infections in children, e.g., Zika, West Nile, and enterovirus/parechovirus. Children with immature immune defenses and blood-brain barrier are more vulnerable to viral CNS infections and meningitis than adults. Viral invasion into the CNS causes meningitis, encephalitis, brain imaging abnormalities, and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Rapid and accurate detection of neurotropic viral infections is essential for diagnosing CNS diseases and setting up an appropriate patient management plan. The addition of new molecular assays and next-generation sequencing has broadened diagnostic capabilities for identifying infectious meningitis/encephalitis. However, the expansion of test menu has led to new challenges in selecting appropriate tests and making accurate interpretation of test results. There are unmet gaps in development of rapid, sensitive and specific molecular assays for a growing list of emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses. Herein we will discuss the advances and challenges in the laboratory diagnosis of viral CNS infections in children. This review not only sheds light on selection and interpretation of a suitable diagnostic test for emerging/re-emerging neurotropic viruses, but also calls for more research on development and clinical utility study of novel molecular assays. IMPACT: Children with immature immune defenses and blood-brain barrier, especially neonates and infants, are more vulnerable to viral central nervous system infections and meningitis than adults. The addition of new molecular assays and next-generation sequencing has broadened diagnostic capabilities for identifying infectious meningitis and encephalitis. There are unmet gaps in the development of rapid, sensitive and specific molecular assays for a growing list of emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Liu
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Sarah B Mulkey
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph M Campos
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
- Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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13
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Zuckerman NS, Schwartz E, Pandey P, Erster O, Halpern O, Bucris E, Morad-Eliyahu H, Wax M, Lustig Y. Dengue Types 1 and 3 Identified in Travelers Returning from Kathmandu, Nepal, during the October 2022 Outbreak Are Related to Strains Recently Identified in India. Viruses 2023; 15:2334. [PMID: 38140575 PMCID: PMC10921925 DOI: 10.3390/v15122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of dengue serotypes 1 and 3, which were diagnosed in travelers and Nepalese infected in Kathmandu during the October 2022 outbreak, revealed that both serotypes were clustered closest to the sequences sampled in India. This suggests both serotypes may have originated in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta S. Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel;
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine Center, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Oran Erster
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Osnat Halpern
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Efrat Bucris
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hagar Morad-Eliyahu
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Marina Wax
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; (O.E.); (O.H.); (E.B.); (H.M.-E.); (M.W.); (Y.L.)
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
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14
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Lin L, Wang X, Chen Z, Deng T, Yan Y, Dong W, Huang Y, Zhou J. TRIM21 restricts influenza A virus replication by ubiquitination-dependent degradation of M1. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011472. [PMID: 37343022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in the host antiviral response. However, the mechanism and antiviral spectrum of TRIM21 in influenza A virus (IAV) remain unclear. Here, we report that TRIM21 inhibits the replication of various IAV subtypes by targeting matrix protein 1 (M1) from H3/H5/H9, but not H1 and H7 M1. Mechanistically, TRIM21 binds to the residue R95 of M1 and facilitates K48 ubiquitination of M1 K242 for proteasome-dependent degradation, leading to the inhibition of H3, H5, and H9 IAV replication. Interestingly, the recombinant viruses with M1 R95K or K242R mutations were resistance to TRIM21 and exhibited more robust replication and severe pathogenicity. Moreover, the amino acid sequence M1 proteins, mainly from avian influenza such as H5N1, H7N9, H9N2, ranging from 1918 to 2022, reveals a gradual dominant accumulation of the TRIM21-driven R95K mutation when the virus jumps into mammals. Thus, TRIM21 in mammals' functions as a host restriction factor and drives a host adaptive mutation of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Lin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Tavakoli R, Rahimi P, Hamidi-Fard M, Eybpoosh S, Doroud D, Ahmadi I, Anvari E, Aghasadeghi M, Fateh A. Expression of TRIM56 gene in SARS-CoV-2 variants and its relationship with progression of COVID-19. Future Virol 2023; 18:563-574. [PMID: 38051999 PMCID: PMC10348059 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim The present study aimed to determine a correlation between differential TRIM56 expression levels and severe infections of COVID-19 between the Alpha, Delta and Omicron BA.5 variants. Materials & methods This study was performed on 330 COVID-19 patients, including 142 with severe and 188 with mild infections, as well as 160 healthy controls. The levels of TRIM56 gene expression were determined using a qPCR. Results TRIM56 gene showed significantly lower mRNA expression in the severe and mild groups compared with healthy individuals. Our finding indicated the high and low reduction of TRIM56 mRNA expression in Delta and Omicron BA.5 variant, respectively. Conclusion Further research is needed to characterize the impact of TRIM proteins on the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Tavakoli
- Hepatitis & AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- Hepatitis & AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hamidi-Fard
- Hepatitis & AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sana Eybpoosh
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delaram Doroud
- Quality Control Department, Production & Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Aghasadeghi
- Hepatitis & AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Lou X, Ma B, Zhuang Y, Xiao X, Minze LJ, Xing J, Zhang Z, Li XC. TRIM56 coiled-coil domain structure provides insights into its E3 ligase functions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2801-2808. [PMID: 37168870 PMCID: PMC10165346 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a post-translation modification mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. The RING domain E3 ligases are the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, they act as a scaffold, bringing the E2-ubiquitin complex and its substrate together to facilitate direct ubiquitin transfer. However, the quaternary structures of RING E3 ligases that perform ubiquitin transfer remain poorly understood. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of TRIM56, a member of the RING E3 ligase. The structure of the coiled-coil domain indicated that the two anti-parallel dimers bound together to form a tetramer at a small crossing angle. This tetramer structure allows two RING domains to exist on each side to form an active homodimer in supporting ubiquitin transfer from E2 to its nearby substrate recruited by the C-terminal domains on the same side. These findings suggest that the coiled-coil domain-mediated tetramer is a feasible scaffold for facilitating the recruitment and transfer of ubiquitin to accomplish E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Lou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binbin Ma
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laurie J. Minze
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junji Xing
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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17
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Chen L, Li X, Deng Y, Bi Y, Yan Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Li H, Xie J, Feng R. IFITM2 Presents Antiviral Response through Enhancing Type I IFN Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040866. [PMID: 37112847 PMCID: PMC10141943 DOI: 10.3390/v15040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) helps cells fight viral infections by further inducing the expression of many downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Human interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) are one of these ISGs. The antiviral function of human IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 are well known. In this study, we report that IFITM can significantly inhibit EMCV infectivity in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of IFITM proteins could promote IFN-β production. Meanwhile, IFITMs facilitated type I IFN signaling pathway adaptor MDA5 expression. We detected the binding of IFITM2 to MDA5 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. It was also found that the ability of IFITM2 to activate IFN-β was significantly inhibited after interfering with MDA5 expression, suggesting that MDA5 may play an important role in the activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway by IFITM2. Moreover, the N-terminal domain plays an active role in the antiviral activity and the activation of IFN-β by IFITM2. These findings suggest that IFITM2 plays a vital role in antiviral signaling transduction. In addition, a positive feed-forward loop between IFITM2 and type I IFN establishes a key role for IFITM2 in enforcing innate immune responses.
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18
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Wu B, Qi Z, Qian X. Recent Advancements in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:813. [PMID: 37112794 PMCID: PMC10143207 DOI: 10.3390/v15040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the global incidence of flavivirus infection has been increasing dramatically and presents formidable challenges for public health systems around the world. Most clinically significant flaviviruses are mosquito-borne, such as the four serotypes of dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. Until now, no effective antiflaviviral drugs are available to fight flaviviral infection; thus, a highly immunogenic vaccine would be the most effective weapon to control the diseases. In recent years, flavivirus vaccine research has made major breakthroughs with several vaccine candidates showing encouraging results in preclinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes the current advancement, safety, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of vaccines against mosquito-borne flaviviruses posing significant threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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19
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The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055046. [PMID: 36902478 PMCID: PMC10003129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the TRIM (tripartite motif) protein family, TRIM56 can function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, TRIM56 has been shown to possess deubiquitinase activity and the ability to bind RNA. This adds to the complexity of the regulatory mechanism of TRIM56. TRIM56 was initially found to be able to regulate the innate immune response. In recent years, its role in direct antiviral and tumor development has also attracted the interest of researchers, but there is no systematic review on TRIM56. Here, we first summarize the structural features and expression of TRIM56. Then, we review the functions of TRIM56 in TLR and cGAS-STING pathways of innate immune response, the mechanisms and structural specificity of TRIM56 against different types of viruses, and the dual roles of TRIM56 in tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the future research directions regarding TRIM56.
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20
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Yang D, Wu Y, Turan I, Keil J, Li K, Chen MH, Liu R, Wang L, Sun XL, Chen GY. Targeting intracellular Neu1 for coronavirus infection treatment. iScience 2023; 26:106037. [PMID: 36714013 PMCID: PMC9870608 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no effective therapies for COVID-19 or antivirals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and vaccines appear less effective against new SARS-CoV-2 variants; thus, there is an urgent need to understand better the virulence mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and the host response to develop therapeutic agents. Herein, we show that host Neu1 regulates coronavirus replication by controlling sialylation on coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 patients and in coronavirus HCoV-OC43-infected cells were heavily sialylated; this sialylation controlled the RNA-binding activity and replication of coronavirus. Neu1 overexpression increased HCoV-OC43 replication, whereas Neu1 knockdown reduced HCoV-OC43 replication. Moreover, a newly developed Neu1 inhibitor, Neu5Ac2en-OAcOMe, selectively targeted intracellular sialidase, which dramatically reduced HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and rescued mice from HCoV-OC43 infection-induced death. Our findings suggest Neu1 inhibitors could be used to limit SARS-CoV-2 replication in patients with COVID-19, making Neu1 a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19 and future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darong Yang
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Yin Wu
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Isaac Turan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Joseph Keil
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Michael H. Chen
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Guo-Yun Chen
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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21
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Baskol G, Özel M, Saracoglu H, Ulger B, Kalin Unuvar G, Onuk S, Bayram A, Karayol Akin A, Muhtaroglu S, Sagiroglu P, Kilic E. New Avenues to Explore in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Both TRIM25 and TRIM56 Positively Correlate with VEGF, GAS6, and sAXL in COVID-19 Patients. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:690-699. [PMID: 36450108 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant threat to human health. Many hypotheses regarding pathogenesis have been proposed and are being tried to be clarified by experimental and clinical studies. This study aimed to reveal the roles of the innate immune system modulator GAS6/sAXL pathway, endothelial dysfunction markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and antiviral effective TRIM25 and TRIM56 proteins in pathogenesis of COVID-19. The study included 55 patients with COVID-19 and 25 healthy individuals. The serum levels of GAS6, sAXL, VEGF, HIF-1α, TRIM25, and TRIM56 were measured using commercial ELISA kits and differences between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls, and the relationship to severity and prognosis were evaluated. GAS6, sAXL, TRIM56, and VEGF were found to be higher, while TRIM25 was lower in patients. There were strong positive correlations between GAS6, sAXL, TRIM25, TRIM56, and VEGF. None of the research parameters other than HIF-1α was associated with severity or prognosis. However, HIF-1α was positively correlated with APACHE II. We speculate that the antiviral effective TRIM25 and TRIM56 proteins, as well as the GAS6/sAXL pathway, act together as a defense mechanism in COVID-19. We hope that our study will contribute to further studies to elucidate the molecular mechanism associated with TRIM56, TRIM25, GAS6, sAXL, and VEGF in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülden Baskol
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Merve Özel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Saracoglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Birkan Ulger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gamze Kalin Unuvar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevda Onuk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adnan Bayram
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aynur Karayol Akin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Muhtaroglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Pinar Sagiroglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eser Kilic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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22
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Tian X, Dong H, Lai X, Ou G, Cao J, Shi J, Xiang C, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang K, Song J, Deng J, Deng H, Lu S, Zhuang H, Li T, Xiang K. TRIM56 impairs HBV infection and replication by inhibiting HBV core promoter activity. Antiviral Res 2022; 207:105406. [PMID: 36084850 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family strongly induced by interferons (IFNs) are parts of the innate immune system with antiviral activity. However, it is still unclear which TRIMs could play important roles in hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibition. Here, we identified that TRIM56 expression responded in IFN-treated HepG2-NTCP cells and HBV-infected liver tissues, which was a potent IFN-inducible inhibitor of HBV replication. Mechanistically, TRIM56 suppressed HBV replication via its Ring and C-terminal domain. C-terminal domain was essential for TRIM56 translocating from cytoplasm to nucleus during HBV infection. Further analysis revealed that TRIM56's Ring domain targeted IκBα for ubiquitination. This modification induced phosphorylation of p65, which subsequently inhibited HBV core promoter activity, resulting in the inhibition of HBV replication. The p65 was found to be necessary for NF-κB signal pathway to inhibit HBV replication. We verified our findings using HepG2-NTCP and primary human hepatocytes. Our findings reveal that TRIM56 is a critical antiviral immune effector and exerts an anti-HBV activity via NF-κB signal pathway, which is essential for inhibiting transcription of HBV covalently closed circular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huijun Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyuan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guomin Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junning Cao
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jihang Shi
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Chengang Xiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic, Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua, Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuechao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic, Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua, Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shichun Lu
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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23
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Ding C, Zhu X, Song X, Ren Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Sun X. TRIM56 positively regulates TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling by enhancing the ubiquitination of TAK1. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:571-578. [PMID: 35952808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling participates in many biologic processes including immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Here we reported that tripartite motif-containing protein 56 (TRIM56), an E3 ligase enzyme, participated in TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling by interacting with TAK1. Overexpression of TRIM56 potentiated the activation of TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling, whereas knockdown of TRIM56 had an opposite effect. TRIM56 enhanced the ubiquitination of TAK1, specifically enhanced the M1-linked polyubiquitin chains to TAK1, leading to the tight interactions of the TAK1-IKKα complex. Consequently, the stimulation of TNFa and TRIM56 strengthened the interaction with TAK1. Furthermore, we found that the C terminal (CT) domain was the binding region of TRIM56, and the RING domain of TRIM56 was the E3 enzyme activity region which was important to the ubiquitination of TAK1. Together, these results reveal that TRIM56 positively regulates TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling by heightening the ubiquitination of TAK1 and provide new insight into the complicated mechanisms of the inflammatory and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Cong Ding
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiangzhan Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanhong Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qionglin Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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24
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Xu X, Wang L, Liu Y, Shi X, Yan Y, Zhang S, Zhang Q. TRIM56 overexpression restricts porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus replication in Marc-145 cells by enhancing TLR3-TRAF3-mediated IFN-β antiviral response. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35503719 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) causes severe enteric disease in suckling piglets, causing massive economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Tripartite motif-containing 56 (TRIM56) has been shown to augment type I IFN response, but whether it affects PEDV replication remains uncharacterized. Here we investigated the role of TRIM56 in Marc-145 cells during PEDV infection. We found that TRIM56 expression was upregulated in cells infected with PEDV. Overexpression of TRIM56 effectively reduced PEDV replication, while knockdown of TRIM56 resulted in increased viral replication. TRIM56 overexpression significantly increased the phosphorylation of IRF3 and NF-κB P65, and enhanced the IFN-β antiviral response, while silencing TRIM56 did not affect IRF3 activation. TRIM56 overexpression increased the protein level of TRAF3, the component of the TLR3 pathway, thereby significantly activating downstream IRF3 and NF-κB signalling. We demonstrated that TRIM56 overexpression inhibited PEDV replication and upregulated expression of IFN-β, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and chemokines in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, truncations of the RING domain, N-terminal domain or C-terminal portion on TRIM56 were unable to induce IFN-β expression and failed to restrict PEDV replication. Together, our results suggested that TRIM56 was upregulated in Marc-145 cells in response to PEDV infection. Overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited PEDV replication by positively regulating the TLR3-mediated antiviral signalling pathway. These findings provide evidence that TRIM56 plays a positive role in the innate immune response during PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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25
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TLR2-mediated mucosal immune priming boosts anti-rhabdoviral immunity in early vertebrates. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Bagga T, Tulsian NK, Mok YK, Kini RM, Sivaraman J. Mapping of molecular interactions between human E3 ligase TRIM69 and Dengue virus NS3 protease using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:233. [PMID: 35397701 PMCID: PMC11072344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) E3 ligases target specific substrates, including viral proteins, for proteasomal degradation, and are thus essential regulators of the innate antiviral response. TRIM69 ubiquitinates the non-structural NS3 protein of Dengue virus for its degradation by the host machinery. This antiviral strategy abrogates the immunosuppression mediated by the NS2B-NS3 protease complex. To understand how this host-driven antiviral response against Dengue virus, we sought to define the mode of interaction between human TRIM69 and Dengue NS2B-NS3 and the subsequent polyubiquitination of the protease by the E3 ligase. We show that NS2B-NS3Δpro is sufficient as a substrate for ubiquitination by TRIM69 using ELISA and in vitro assays. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDXMS), we mapped the interface of the interaction between TRIM69 and NS2B-NS3Δpro, and propose a rationale for the binding and subsequent ubiquitination process. Furthermore, through sequence analysis, we showed that the regions targeted by TRIM69 on the DENV-2 NS3 protease (NS3Δpro) are well conserved across DENV serotypes and other flaviviruses, including Zika virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Our results show the direct interactions of TRIM69 with viral proteins, provide mechanistic insights at a molecular level, and highlight the functional relevance of TRIM69 interacting with the Dengue viral protein. Collectively, our findings suggest that TRIM69 may act as a pan-antiflaviviral restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Bagga
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Kumar Tulsian
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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27
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Zhao P, Jing H, Dong W, Duan E, Ke W, Tao R, Li Y, Cao S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang J. TRIM26-mediated degradation of nucleocapsid protein limits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection. Virus Res 2022; 311:198690. [PMID: 35077707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRSV, has ranked among the most economically important veterinary infectious diseases globally. Recently, tripartite motif (TRIMs) family members have arisen as novel restriction factors in antiviral immunity. Noteworthy, TRIM26 was reported as a binding partner of IRF3, TBK1, TAB1, and NEMO, yet its role in virus infection remains controversial. Herein, we showed that TRIM26 bound N protein by the C-terminal PRY/SPRY domain. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRIM26 impaired PRRSV replication and induced degradation of N protein. The anti-PRRSV activity was independent of the nuclear localization signal (NLS). Instead, deletion of the RING domain, or the PRY/SPRY portion, abrogated the antiviral function. Finally, siRNA depletion of TRIM26 resulted in enhanced production of viral RNA and virus yield in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) after PRRSV infection. Overexpression of an RNAi-resistant TRIM26 rescue-plasmid led to the acquisition of PRRSV restriction in TRIM26-knockdown cells. Together, these data add TRIM26 as a potential target for drug design against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Erzhen Duan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sufang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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28
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Tan S, Banwell MG, Ye WC, Lan P, White LV. The Inhibition of RNA Viruses by Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: Opportunities for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-Coronavirus Drugs. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101215. [PMID: 35032358 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of millions and disrupted nearly every aspect of human society. Currently, vaccines remain the only widely available medical means to address the cause of the pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Unfortunately, current scientific consensus deems the emergence of vaccine-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants highly likely. In this context, the design and development of broad-spectrum, small-molecule based antiviral drugs has been described as a potentially effective, alternative medical strategy to address circulating and re-emerging CoVs. Small molecules are well-suited to target the least-rapidly evolving structures within CoVs such as highly conserved RNA replication enzymes, and this renders them less vulnerable to evolved drug resistance. Examination of the vast literature describing the inhibition of RNA viruses by Amaryllidaceae alkaloids suggests that future, broad-spectrum anti-CoV drugs may be derived from this family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tan
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Martin G Banwell
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lorenzo V White
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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29
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Impaired Antiviral Responses to Extracellular Double-Stranded RNA and Cytosolic DNA, but Not to Interferon-α Stimulation, in TRIM56-Deficient Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010089. [PMID: 35062293 PMCID: PMC8777648 DOI: 10.3390/v14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologic function of tripartite motif protein 56 (TRIM56), a ubiquitously expressed E3 ligase classified within the large TRIM protein family, remains elusive. Gene knockdown studies have suggested TRIM56 as a positive regulator of the type I interferon (IFN-I) antiviral response elicited via the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways, which detect and respond to danger signals-extracellular double-stranded (ds) RNA and cytosolic dsDNA, respectively. However, to what extent these pathways depend on TRIM56 in human cells is unclear. In addition, it is debatable whether TRIM56 plays a part in controlling the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) resulting from IFN-I based antiviral treatment. In this study, we created HeLa-derived TRIM56 null cell lines by gene editing and used these cell models to comprehensively examine the impact of endogenous TRIM56 on innate antiviral responses. Our results showed that TRIM56 knockout severely undermined the upregulation of ISGs by extracellular dsRNA and that loss of TRIM56 weakened the response to cytosolic dsDNA. ISG induction and ISGylation following IFN-α stimulation, however, were not compromised by TRIM56 deletion. Using a vesicular stomatitis virus-based antiviral bioactivity assay, we demonstrated that IFN-α could efficiently establish an antiviral state in TRIM56 null cells, providing direct evidence that TRIM56 is not required for the general antiviral action of IFN-I. Altogether, these data ascertain the contributions of TRIM56 to TLR3- and cGAS-STING-dependent antiviral pathways in HeLa cells and add to our understanding of the roles this protein plays in innate immunity.
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30
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How Influenza A Virus NS1 Deals with the Ubiquitin System to Evade Innate Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112309. [PMID: 34835115 PMCID: PMC8619935 DOI: 10.3390/v13112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification regulating critical cellular processes such as protein degradation, trafficking and signaling pathways, including activation of the innate immune response. Therefore, viruses, and particularly influenza A virus (IAV), have evolved different mechanisms to counteract this system to perform proper infection. Among IAV proteins, the non-structural protein NS1 is shown to be one of the main virulence factors involved in these viral hijackings. NS1 is notably able to inhibit the host's antiviral response through the perturbation of ubiquitination in different ways, as discussed in this review.
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31
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Role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 entry. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100847. [PMID: 34058196 PMCID: PMC8160279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic coronaviruses into the human population is a pressing concern highlighted by the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Recent work has helped to illuminate much about the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell, which determines host- and tissue-specific tropism, pathogenicity, and zoonotic transmission. Here we discuss current findings on the factors governing SARS-CoV-2 entry. We first reviewed key features of the viral spike protein (S) mediating fusion of the viral envelope and host cell membrane through binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We then examined the roles of host proteases including transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsins in processing S for virus entry and the impact of this processing on endosomal and plasma membrane virus entry routes. We further discussed recent work on several host cofactors that enhance SARS-CoV-2 entry including Neuropilin-1, CD147, phosphatidylserine receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, sialic acids, and C-type lectins. Finally, we discussed two key host restriction factors, i.e., interferon-induced transmembrane proteins and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E, which can disrupt SARS-CoV-2 entry. The features of SARS-CoV-2 are presented in the context of other human coronaviruses, highlighting unique aspects. In addition, we identify the gaps in understanding of SARS-CoV-2 entry that will need to be addressed by future studies.
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Liu S, Sun Y, Yang R, Ren W, Li C, Tang S. Expression profiling of TRIM gene family reveals potential diagnostic biomarkers for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104916. [PMID: 34000303 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), especially rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) presents a major challenge for TB control today. However, there is a lack of reliable and specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of RR-TB. We utilized reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to profile the transcript levels of 72 tripartite motif (TRIM) genes from a discovery cohort of 10 drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) patients, 10 RR-TB patients, and 10 healthy controls (HCs). A total of 35 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out, all of which were down-regulated. The bio functions and pathways of these DEGs were enriched in protein ubiquitination, regulation of the viral process, Interferon signaling, and innate immune response, etc. A protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed and analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape. Twelve TRIM genes were identified as hub genes, and seven (TRIM1, 9, 21, 32, 33, 56, 66) of them were verified by RT-qPCR in a validation cohort of 95 subjects. Moreover, we established the RR-TB decision tree models based on the 7 biomarkers. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that the models exhibited the areas under the curve (AUC) values of 0.878 and 0.868 in discriminating RR-TB from HCs and DS-TB, respectively. Our study proposes potential biomarkers for RR-TB diagnosis, and also provides a new experimental basis to understand the pathogenesis of RR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Liu
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China; Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Centre for Tuberculosis, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China; Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Ruifang Yang
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Weicong Ren
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Chuanyou Li
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Shenjie Tang
- Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Centre for Tuberculosis, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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Shen Z, Wei L, Yu ZB, Yao ZY, Cheng J, Wang YT, Song XT, Li M. The Roles of TRIMs in Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:628275. [PMID: 33791238 PMCID: PMC8005608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.628275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, which contains over 80 members in human sapiens, is the largest subfamily of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase family. It is implicated in regulating various cellular functions, including cell cycle process, autophagy, and immune response. The dysfunction of TRIMs may lead to numerous diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lots of studies in recent years have demonstrated that many TRIM proteins exert antiviral roles. TRIM proteins could affect viral replication by regulating the signaling pathways of antiviral innate immune responses. Besides, TRIM proteins can directly target viral components, which can lead to the degradation or functional inhibition of viral protein through degradative or non-degradative mechanisms and consequently interrupt the viral lifecycle. However, new evidence suggests that some viruses may manipulate TRIM proteins for their replication. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the interactions between TRIM protein and virus, especially TRIM proteins’ role in the signaling pathway of antiviral innate immune response and the direct “game” between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Song
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Rose KM, Spada SJ, Broeckel R, McNally KL, Hirsch VM, Best SM, Bouamr F. From Capsids to Complexes: Expanding the Role of TRIM5α in the Restriction of Divergent RNA Viruses and Elements. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030446. [PMID: 33801908 PMCID: PMC7998678 DOI: 10.3390/v13030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Rose
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Rockville, MD 20894, USA; (K.M.R.); (S.J.S.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Stephanie J. Spada
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Rockville, MD 20894, USA; (K.M.R.); (S.J.S.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Rebecca Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, MT 59840, USA; (R.B.); (K.L.M.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Kristin L. McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, MT 59840, USA; (R.B.); (K.L.M.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Rockville, MD 20894, USA; (K.M.R.); (S.J.S.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, MT 59840, USA; (R.B.); (K.L.M.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Rockville, MD 20894, USA; (K.M.R.); (S.J.S.); (V.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu BM, Martins TB, Peterson LK, Hill HR. Clinical significance of measuring serum cytokine levels as inflammatory biomarkers in adult and pediatric COVID-19 cases: A review. Cytokine 2021; 142:155478. [PMID: 33667962 PMCID: PMC7901304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly evolving infectious/inflammatory disorder which has turned into a global pandemic. With severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as its etiologic agent, severe COVID-19 cases usually develop uncontrolled inflammatory responses and cytokine storm-like syndromes. Measuring serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and others) as inflammatory biomarkers may have several potential applications in the management of COVID-19, including risk assessment, monitoring of disease progression, determination of prognosis, selection of therapy and prediction of response to treatment. This is especially true for pediatric patients with COVID-19 associated Kawasaki-like disease and similar syndromes. In this report, we review the current knowledge of COVID-19 associated cytokines, their roles in host immune and inflammatory responses, the clinical significance and utility of cytokine immunoassays in adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients, as well as the challenges and pitfalls in implementation and interpretation of cytokine immunoassays. Given that cytokines are implicated in different immunological disorders and diseases, it is challenging to interpret the multiplex cytokine data for COVID-19 patients. Also, it should be taken into consideration that biological and technical variables may affect the commutability of cytokine immunoassays and enhance complexity of cytokine immunoassay interpretation. It is recommended that the same method, platform and laboratory should be used when monitoring differences in cytokine levels between groups of individuals or for the same individual over time. It may be important to correlate cytokine profiling data with the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification testing and imaging observations to make an accurate interpretation of the inflammatory status and disease progression in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Thomas B Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Harry R Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Goyani S, Roy M, Singh R. TRIM-NHL as RNA Binding Ubiquitin E3 Ligase (RBUL): Implication in development and disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166066. [PMID: 33418035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TRIM proteins are RING domain-containing modular ubiquitin ligases, unique due to their stimuli specific expression, localization, and turnover. The TRIM family consists of more than 76 proteins, including the TRIM-NHL sub-family which possesses RNA binding ability along with the inherent E3 Ligase activity, hence can be classified as a unique class of RNA Binding Ubiquitin Ligases (RBULs). Having these two abilities, TRIM-NHL proteins can play important role in a wide variety of cellular processes and their dysregulation can lead to complex and systemic pathological conditions. Increasing evidence suggests that TRIM-NHL proteins regulate RNA at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level having implications in differentiation, development, and many pathological conditions. This review explores the evolving role of TRIM-NHL proteins as TRIM-RBULs, their ubiquitin ligase and RNA binding ability regulating cellular processes, and their possible role in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanikumar Goyani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Milton Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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Liu BM, Hill HR. Role of Host Immune and Inflammatory Responses in COVID-19 Cases with Underlying Primary Immunodeficiency: A Review. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:549-554. [PMID: 33337932 PMCID: PMC7757688 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly and become a pandemic. Caused by a novel human coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), severe COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine storm syndromes due to innate immune activation. Primary immunodeficiency (PID) cases represent a special patient population whose impaired immune system might make them susceptible to severe infections, posing a higher risk to COVID-19, but this could also lead to suppressed inflammatory responses and cytokine storm. It remains an open question as to whether the impaired immune system constitutes a predisposing or protective factor for PID patients when facing SARS-CoV-2 infection. After literature review, it was found that, similar to other patient populations with different comorbidities, PID patients may be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Their varied immune status, however, may lead to different disease severity and outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. PID patients with deficiency in antiviral innate immune signaling [eg, Toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR7, or interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)] or interferon signaling (IFNAR2) may be linked to severe COVID-19. Because of its anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, routine intravenous immunoglobulin therapy may provide some protective effects to the PID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Harry R. Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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38
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Liu B, Totten M, Nematollahi S, Datta K, Memon W, Marimuthu S, Wolf LA, Carroll KC, Zhang SX. Development and Evaluation of a Fully Automated Molecular Assay Targeting the Mitochondrial Small Subunit rRNA Gene for the Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Specimens. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1482-1493. [PMID: 33069878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii causes Pneumocystis pneumonia. Although the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene (mtLSU) is commonly used as a PCR target, a mitochondrial small subunit rRNA gene (mtSSU)-targeted MultiCode PCR assay was developed on the fully automated ARIES platform for detection of P. jirovecii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens in 2.5 hours. The assay showed a limit of detection of 800 copies/mL (approximately equal to 22 organisms/mL), with no cross-reactivity with other respiratory pathogens. Compared with the reference Pneumocystis-specific direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) and mtLSU-targeted PCR assay, the new assay demonstrated sensitivity of 96.9% (31/32) and specificity of 94.6% (139/147) in detecting P. jirovecii in 180 clinical bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens. This assay was concordant with all DFA-positive samples and all but one mtLSU PCR-positive sample, and detected eight positive samples that were negative by DFA and mtLSU PCR. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.98 and a threshold cycle (CT) cutoff of 39.1 with sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 99.3%. The detection of 39.1 <CT < 40.0 indicates the presence of a low load of the organism and needs further determination of either colonization or probable/possible Pneumocystis pneumonia. Overall, the new assay demonstrates excellent analytical and clinical performance and may be more sensitive than mtLSU PCR target for the detection of P. jirovecii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Liu
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marissa Totten
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Saman Nematollahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kausik Datta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warda Memon
- Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Subathra Marimuthu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Leslie A Wolf
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Systematic review of the antiviral properties of TRIM56: a potential therapeutic intervention for COVID-19. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:973-984. [PMID: 32903131 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1822168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tripartite motif (TRIM) plays various roles in pathological and physiological functions, including neurological diseases, genetic disorders, carcinogenesis, innate immune signaling, and antiviral activity. TRIM56 is a cytoplasmic protein whose expression is stimulated by type I interferon and may function as an antiviral agent. Here, the authors conducted a systematic search on papers that reported antiviral effects of TRIM56. AREAS COVERED The authors conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed database without time or language limitation, after using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Database terms. Initially, a structured search and full article review yielded 31 papers. Relevant original and review articles on TRIM56 were included. The reference lists were then reviewed, and the cited articles were added. Expert opinion: TRIM56 has been shown to have direct antiviral actions against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses from the families Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, and Retroviridae. Moreover, it may be effective against negative-sense single-strand RNA viruses from the families Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae, as well as a DNA virus, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). These studies could suggest the potential of a TRIM56-based antiviral against COVID-19 from the family Coronaviridae, containing single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. However, its efficacy and antiviral mechanisms need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidary
- Head of Ophthalmology Division, Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran.,Clinician Scientist Program Department, Shahed University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharebaghi
- Kish International Campus, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran.,Research Department, International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center (IVORC) , Austin, Texas, United States
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:381-402. [PMID: 32814065 PMCID: PMC7420067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. These include how host genetic factors affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. We reviewed the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, systematically focusing on human studies. We identified 1,832 articles of potential relevance. Seventy-five involved human host genetic factors, 36 of which involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small numbers of research subjects and loci. Three additional case reports were described. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility (seven of which identified protective alleles) and 16 related to outcomes (three of which identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Among other studies, 30 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 178 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, and 984 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis. Previous human studies have been limited by issues that may be less impactful now, including low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods; however, these may raise additional considerations. We outline key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the study of COVID-19. We also discuss how previous studies may direct current lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa LoPresti
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Koepke L, Gack MU, Sparrer KM. The antiviral activities of TRIM proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:50-57. [PMID: 32829025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a highly versatile family of host-cell factors that play an integral role in the mammalian defense against pathogens. TRIM proteins regulate either transcription-dependent antiviral responses such as pro-inflammatory cytokine induction, or they modulate other important cell-intrinsic defense pathways like autophagy. Additionally, TRIM proteins exert direct antiviral activity whereby they antagonize specific viral components through diverse mechanisms. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the molecular mechanisms of antiviral TRIM proteins and also discuss current and future trends in this fast-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, United States; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. Recent Findings TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. Summary TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
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Soday L, Lu Y, Albarnaz JD, Davies CTR, Antrobus R, Smith GL, Weekes MP. Quantitative Temporal Proteomic Analysis of Vaccinia Virus Infection Reveals Regulation of Histone Deacetylases by an Interferon Antagonist. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1920-1933.e7. [PMID: 31067474 PMCID: PMC6518873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has numerous immune evasion strategies, including multiple mechanisms of inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Here, we use highly multiplexed proteomics to quantify ∼9,000 cellular proteins and ∼80% of viral proteins at seven time points throughout VACV infection. A total of 265 cellular proteins are downregulated >2-fold by VACV, including putative natural killer cell ligands and IFN-stimulated genes. Two-thirds of these viral targets, including class II histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), are degraded proteolytically during infection. In follow-up analysis, we demonstrate that HDAC5 restricts replication of both VACV and herpes simplex virus type 1. By generating a protein-based temporal classification of VACV gene expression, we identify protein C6, a multifunctional IFN antagonist, as being necessary and sufficient for proteasomal degradation of HDAC5. Our approach thus identifies both a host antiviral factor and a viral mechanism of innate immune evasion. Temporal proteomic analysis quantifies host and viral dynamics during vaccinia infection Host protein families are proteasomally degraded over the course of vaccinia infection Vaccinia protein C6 targets HDAC5 for proteasomal degradation HDAC5 is a host antiviral factor that restricts different families of DNA viruses
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Colin T R Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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44
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Hage A, Rajsbaum R. To TRIM or not to TRIM: the balance of host-virus interactions mediated by the ubiquitin system. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1641-1662. [PMID: 31661051 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system responds rapidly to protect against viral infections, but an overactive response can cause harmful damage. To avoid this, the response is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). The ubiquitin system represents a powerful PTM machinery that allows for the reversible linkage of ubiquitin to activate and deactivate a target's function. A precise enzymatic cascade of ubiquitin-activating, conjugating and ligating enzymes facilitates ubiquitination. Viruses have evolved to take advantage of the ubiquitin pathway either by targeting factors to dampen the antiviral response or by hijacking the system to enhance their replication. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases has garnered attention as a major contributor to innate immunity. Many TRIM family members limit viruses either indirectly as components in innate immune signalling, or directly by targeting viral proteins for degradation. In spite of this, TRIMs and other ubiquitin ligases can be appropriated by viruses and repurposed as valuable tools in viral replication. This duality of function suggests a new frontier of research for TRIMs and raises new challenges for discerning the subtleties of these pro-viral mechanisms. Here, we review current findings regarding the involvement of TRIMs in host-virus interactions. We examine ongoing developments in the field, including novel roles for unanchored ubiquitin in innate immunity, the direct involvement of ubiquitin ligases in promoting viral replication, recent controversies on the role of ubiquitin and TRIM25 in activation of the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I, and we discuss the implications these studies have on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.30.20117788. [PMID: 32511629 PMCID: PMC7276057 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. One set of questions involves host genetic factors that may affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, with a systematic focus on human studies. METHODS We conducted a PubMed-based search and analysis for articles relevant to host genetic factors in coronavirus. We categorized articles, summarized themes related to animal studies, and extracted data from human studies for analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,187 articles of potential relevance. Forty-five studies were related to human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, of which 35 involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis on respiratory infections, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small number of research subjects and loci. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility to coronavirus (of which 7 identified protective alleles), and 16 related to outcomes or clinical variables (of which 3 identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Of the other studies, 28 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 174 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 584 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis, 16 involved study of other pathogens (not coronavirus), 321 involved other studies of coronavirus, and 18 studies were assigned to the other categories and removed. KEY FINDINGS We have outlined key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the nascent host genetic factor studies of COVID-19. Previous human studies to date have been limited by issues that may be less impactful on current endeavors, including relatively low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods.
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LeMessurier KS, Rooney R, Ghoneim HE, Liu B, Li K, Smallwood HS, Samarasinghe AE. Influenza A virus directly modulates mouse eosinophil responses. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:151-168. [PMID: 32386457 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0320-343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma and influenza are common respiratory diseases with a high probability of co-occurrence. During the 2009 influenza pandemic, hospitalized patients with influenza experienced lower morbidity if asthma was an underlying condition. We have previously demonstrated that acute allergic asthma protects mice from severe influenza and have implicated eosinophils in the airways of mice with allergic asthma as participants in the antiviral response. However, very little is known about how eosinophils respond to direct exposure to influenza A virus (IAV) or the microenvironment in which the viral burden is high. We hypothesized that eosinophils would dynamically respond to the presence of IAV through phenotypic, transcriptomic, and physiologic changes. Using our mouse model of acute fungal asthma and influenza, we showed that eosinophils in lymphoid tissues were responsive to IAV infection in the lungs and altered surface expression of various markers necessary for cell activation in a niche-specific manner. Siglec-F expression was altered in a subset of eosinophils after virus exposure, and those expressing high Siglec-F were more active (IL-5Rαhi CD62Llo ). While eosinophils exposed to IAV decreased their overall transcriptional activity and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, transcription of genes encoding viral recognition proteins, Ddx58 (RIG-I), Tlr3, and Ifih1 (MDA5), were up-regulated. CD8+ T cells from IAV-infected mice expanded in response to IAV PB1 peptide-pulsed eosinophils, and CpG methylation in the Tbx21 promoter was reduced in these T cells. These data offer insight into how eosinophils respond to IAV and help elucidate alternative mechanisms by which they regulate antiviral immune responses during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Rooney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics & Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Baoming Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Human Type I Interferon Antiviral Effects in Respiratory and Reemerging Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1372494. [PMID: 32455136 PMCID: PMC7231083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1372494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a group of related proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system and play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Upon infection, the IFN-I are rapidly secreted and induce a wide range of effects that not only act upon innate immune cells but also modulate the adaptive immune system. While IFN-I and many IFN stimulated genes are well-known for their protective antiviral role, recent studies have associated them with potential pathogenic functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the complex effects of human IFN-I responses in respiratory as well as reemerging flavivirus infections of public health significance and the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins antagonize the establishment of an antiviral host defense. Antiviral effects and immune modulation of IFN-stimulated genes is discussed in resisting and controlling pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes will be crucial in determining how viral replication can be effectively controlled and in developing safe and effective vaccines and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Katoh S, Obayashi T, Ganesh JS, Iwasaki M, Preethy S, Abraham SJK. Cross-Protection Induced by Encephalitis Vaccines against COVID-19 Might be a Reason for Relatively Lower Mortality Rate in Some Countries. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2020; 8:e54. [PMID: 32440665 PMCID: PMC7212070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an on-going pandemic attributed to a novel virus named SARS-CoV-2. Comparing the statistics of incidence and death rates between nations reveals that there is discrepancy amongst countries in these regards, even between countries that share borders. We herein present information from the literature indicating how cross-protection against COVID-19 conferred by the encephalitis vaccine could be the reason for lower fatality rate in the countries where immunization against encephalitis is widespread or included in national programs. This may pave the way for arriving at efficient prevention strategies as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shojiro Katoh
- Edogawa Evolutionary Lab of Science, Edogawa Hospital Campus, 2-24-18, Higashi-Koiwa, Edogawa, Tokyo 133-0052, Japan.,Edogawa Hospital, 2-24-18, Higashi-Koiwa, Edogawa, Tokyo 133-0052, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Obayashi
- Edogawa Hospital, 2-24-18, Higashi-Koiwa, Edogawa, Tokyo 133-0052, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Iwasaki
- Yamanashi University-Faculty of Medicine, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Senthilkumar Preethy
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), PB 1262, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel JK Abraham
- Yamanashi University-Faculty of Medicine, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.,The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), PB 1262, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li L, Niu D, Yang J, Bi J, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Wang G. TRIM62 From Chicken as a Negative Regulator of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Replication. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:152. [PMID: 32318585 PMCID: PMC7146716 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the tripartite motif containing 62 (TRIM62), a member of the TRIM family, plays an important role in antiviral processes. The objective of the study was to explore the role of TRIM62 in reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection and its potential molecular mechanism. We first demonstrated that the REV infection affected the TRIM62 expression first upregulated and then downregulated in CEF cells. Next, we evaluated the effect of TRIM62 on viral replication. Overexpression of TRIM62 decreased REV replication. On the contrary, silencing of endogenously expressed TRIM62 increased viral replication. Then, to explore the necessity of domains in TRIM62's negative regulation on viral replication, we transfected CEF cells with TRIM62 domain deletion mutants. Deletion domain partially abolished TRIM62's antiviral activity. The effect of SPRY domain deletion was the highest and that of coiled-coil was the lowest. Further, we identified 18 proteins that coimmunoprecipitated and interacted with TRIM62 by immunocoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis. Strikingly, among which, both Ras-related protein Rab-5b (RAB5B) and Arp2/3 complex 34-kDa subunit (ARPC2) were involved in actin cytoskeletal pathway. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that chicken TRIM62 provides host defense against viral infection, and all domains are required for its action. RAB5B and ARPC2 may play important roles in its negative regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongyan Niu
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianmin Bi
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhang
- Penglai City Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center, Penglai, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Abstract
Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans. Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding, partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens. Flaviviruses include the dengue, Zika, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses (DENV, ZIKV, WNV, TBEV and YFV, respectively). As is the case with other families of viruses, the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors. Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses, an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons (IFN-I). In this review, I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors. In particular, I focus on IFI6, Schlafen 11, FMRP, OAS-RNase L, RyDEN, members of the TRIM family of proteins (TRIM5α, TRIM19, TRIM56, TRIM69 and TRIM79α) and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin. Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome, defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.
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