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Zhang X, Ross TM. Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:474-484. [PMID: 38632930 PMCID: PMC11157429 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of anti-NA immunity, and also to evaluate the approaches on developing NA-based influenza vaccines or enhancing immune responses against NA for current influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, the structure of influenza neuraminidase, the contribution of anti-NA immunity to protection, as well as the efforts and challenges of targeting the immune responses to NA were discussed. We also listed some of the newly discovered anti-NA monoclonal antibodies and discussed their contribution in therapeutic as well as the antigen design of a broadly protective NA vaccine. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the immune response to both HA and NA may be critical for achieving the optimal protection since there are different mechanisms of HA and NA elicited protective immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the conserved protective lateral face or catalytic sites are effective therapeutics. The epitope discovery using monoclonal antibodies may benefit NA-based vaccine elicited broadly reactive antibody responses. Therefore, the potential for a vaccine that elicits cross-reactive antibodies against neuraminidase is a high priority for next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Jiang H, Zhang Z. Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase. Virol J 2023; 20:193. [PMID: 37641134 PMCID: PMC10463456 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Overreaction of the innate immune response to influenza virus infection results in hypercytokinemia, which is responsible for mortality and morbidity. The influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) plays a vital role in viral attachment, entry, and virion release from infected cells. NA acts as a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acids from cell surface proteins and carbohydrate side chains on nascent virions. Here, we review progress in understanding the role of NA in modulating host immune response to influenza virus infection. We also discuss recent exciting findings targeting NA protein to interrupt influenza-induced immune injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jiang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Wasberg A, Faria IR, Bergholm J, Petric PP, Mostafa A, Pleschka S, Schwemmle M, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Naguib MM. Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4476. [PMID: 36934147 PMCID: PMC10024770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exchange of viral segments between one or more influenza virus subtypes can contribute to a shift in virulence and adaptation to new hosts. Among several influenza subtypes, H9N2 is widely circulating in poultry populations worldwide and has the ability to infect humans. Here, we studied the reassortant compatibility between chicken H9N2 with N1-N9 gene segments of wild bird origin, either with an intact or truncated stalk. Naturally occurring amino acid deletions in the NA stalk of the influenza virus can lead to increased virulence in both mallard ducks and chickens. Our findings show extended genetic compatibility between chicken H9Nx gene segments and the wild-bird NA with and without 20 amino acid stalk deletion. Replication kinetics in avian, mammalian and human cell lines revealed that parental chH9N2 and rH9N6 viruses with intact NA-stalk replicated significantly better in avian DF1 cells compared to human A549 cells. After introducing a stalk deletion, an enhanced preference for replication in mammalian and human cell lines could be observed for rH9N2Δ(H6), rH9N6Δ and rH9N9Δ compared to the parental chH9N2 virus. This highlights the potential emergence of novel viruses with variable phenotypic traits, warranting the continuous monitoring of H9N2 and co-circulating subtypes in avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anishia Wasberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inês R Faria
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Bergholm
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Key amino acid position 272 in neuraminidase determines the replication and virulence of H5N6 avian influenza virus in mammals. iScience 2022; 25:105693. [PMID: 36567717 PMCID: PMC9772848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza H5N6 virus not only wreaks economic havoc in the poultry industry but also threatens human health. Strikingly, as of August 2022, 78 human beings were infected with H5N6, and the spike in the number of human infections with H5N6 occurred during 2021. In the life cycle of influenza virus, neuraminidase (NA) has numerous functions, especially viral budding and replication. Here, we found that NA-D272N mutation became predominant in H5N6 viruses since 2015 and significantly increased the viral replication and virulence in mice. D272N mutation in NA protein increased viral release from erythrocytes, thermostability, early transcription, and accumulation of NA protein. Particularly, the dominant 272 residue switch from N to S has occurred in wild bird-origin H5N6 viruses since late 2016 and N272S mutation induced significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in infected human cells. Therefore, comprehensive surveillance of bird populations needs to be enhanced to monitor mammalian adaptive mutations of H5N6 viruses.
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Yao Z, Zheng H, Xiong J, Ma L, Gui R, Zhu G, Li Y, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang J, Chen Q. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus in Migratory Birds between 2015 and 2019 in Central China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0165222. [PMID: 35862978 PMCID: PMC9431584 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01652-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in wetlands and lakes is important for exploring the gene pool in wild birds. Through active surveillance from 2015 through 2019, 10,900 samples from wild birds in central China were collected, and 89 AIVs were isolated, including 2 subtypes of highly pathogenic AIV and 12 of low-pathogenic AIV; H9N2 and H6Ny were the dominant subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates demonstrated that extensive intersubtype reassortments and frequent intercontinental gene exchange occurred in AIVs. AIV gene segments persistently circulated in several migration seasons, but interseasonal persistence of the whole genome was rare. The whole genomes of one H6N6 and polymerase basic 2 (PB2), polymerase acidic (PA), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), M, and nonstructural (NS) genes of one H9N2 virus were found to be of poultry origin, suggesting a spillover of AIVs from poultry to wild birds. Importantly, one H9N2 virus only bound to human-type receptor, and one H1N1, four H6, and seven H9N2 viruses possessed dual receptor-binding capacity. Nineteen of 20 representative viruses tested could replicate in the lungs of mice without preadaptation, which poses a clear threat of infection in humans. Together, our study highlights the need for intensive AIV surveillance. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus surveillance in wild birds plays an important role in the early recognition and control of the virus. However, the AIV gene pool in wild birds in central China along the East Asian-Australasian flyway has not been well studied. Here, we conducted a 5-year AIV active surveillance in this region. Our data revealed the long-term circulation and prevalence of AIVs in wild birds in central China, and we observed that intercontinental gene exchange of AIVs is more frequent and continuous than previously thought. Spillover events from poultry to wild bird were observed in H6 and H9 viruses. In addition, in 20 representative viruses, 12 viruses could bind human-type receptors, and 19 viruses could replicate in mice without preadaption. Our work highlights the potential threat of wild bird AIVs to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huabin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiasong Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongliang Zhu
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Chen
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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7
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Wang C, Qu R, Zong Y, Qin C, Liu L, Gao X, Sun H, Sun Y, Chang KC, Zhang R, Liu J, Pu J. Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010645. [PMID: 35793327 PMCID: PMC9258882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can evolve multiple strategies to combat host antiviral defenses and establish efficient infectivity in mammals, including humans. H9N2 AIV and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health; however, the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. We previously reported that the M1 mutation T37A has become predominant among chicken H9N2 isolates in China. Here, we report that, since 2010, this mutation has also been found in the majority of human isolates of H9N2 AIV and its emerging reassortants. The T37A mutation of M1 protein enhances the replication of H9N2 AIVs in mice and in human cells. Interestingly, having A37 instead of T37 increases the M1 protein stability and resistance to proteasomal degradation. Moreover, T37 of the H9N2 M1 protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG), and this phosphorylation induces the rapid degradation of M1 and reduces viral replication. Similar effects are also observed in the novel H5N6 virus. Additionally, ubiquitination at K187 contributes to M1-37T degradation and decreased replication of the virus harboring T37 in the M1 protein. The prevailing AIVs thereby evolve a phospho-resistant mutation in the M1 protein to avoid viral protein degradation by host factors, which is advantageous in terms of replication in mammalian hosts. H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health, but the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. Notably, the role of viral M1 protein in increasing the mammalian infection of AIV has been rarely reported. Here, we demonstrate that a phospho-resistant T37A mutation, encoded by the M1 protein of recently prevalent chicken H9N2 virus, increases M1 protein stability and viral replication in mammalian cells. The T37, but not the A37, in H9N2 M1 protein can be phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG). Through the T37A mutation, viral M1 protein evades phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation, resulting in increased avian H9N2 virus replication in mice and in human cells. Similar effects were also observed for the novel H5N6 virus. This study provides insight into a novel strategy by which AIV evades mammalian host defenses. It is necessary to pay close attention to the epidemiological and public health implications of AIVs carrying this mutant M1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Runkang Qu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yao Q, Mai W, Lian Y, Zhang M, Yao Q, Huang C, Ge Y, Zhao Z. Emergence and Evolution of Novel Canine-Avian Reassortant H3N2 Influenza A Viruses in Duck in Leizhou Peninsula, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857800. [PMID: 35479631 PMCID: PMC9037141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-to-mammal transmission and mammalian adaptation of avian influenza virus (AIV) are threats to public health and of great concern. The H3 subtype of influenza virus has low pathogenicity and is widely distributed in humans, canines, equines and avians. In 2018–2019, we isolated six H3N2 subtype influenza viruses from 329 samples acquired from ducks on the Leizhou Peninsula, China, as part of an ongoing virus surveillance program. All viruses were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent genetic comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that reassortment of these viruses has occurred among different hosts and subtypes. Some of the H3 AIV isolates have similar genes as subtypes H5 and H7 of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Most importantly, one strain of H3N2 virus is a novel reassortant influenza virus containing HA and PB2 segments from canine H3N2 virus. The time of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) data indicated that this reassortant H3N2 virus might have emerged in 2011–2018. The findings suggest that the viruses studied here have undergone multiple reassortment events. Our results provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and we should pay more attention to canine which lived with avian together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiucheng Yao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenhong Mai
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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9
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The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091851. [PMID: 34578433 PMCID: PMC8472980 DOI: 10.3390/v13091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak caused by H7N3 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) occurred in commercial turkey farms in the states of North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), United States in March of 2020. Subsequently, H7N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected on a turkey farm in SC. The infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the H7N3 HPAIV and two LPAIV isolates, including one with a deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) protein stalk, were studied in turkeys and chickens. High infectivity [<2 log10 50% bird infectious dose (BID50)] and transmission to birds exposed by direct contact were observed with the HPAIV in turkeys. In contrast, the HPAIV dose to infect chickens was higher than for turkeys (3.7 log10 BID50), and no transmission was observed. Similarly, higher infectivity (<2–2.5 log10 BID50) and transmissibility were observed with the H7N3 LPAIVs in turkeys compared to chickens, which required higher virus doses to become infected (5.4–5.7 log10 BID50). The LPAIV with the NA stalk deletion was more infectious in turkeys but did not have enhanced infectivity in chickens. These results show clear differences in the pathobiology of AIVs in turkeys and chickens and corroborate the high susceptibility of turkeys to both LPAIV and HPAIV infections.
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Elgendy EM, Arai Y, Kawashita N, Isobe A, Daidoji T, Ibrahim MS, Ono T, Takagi T, Nakaya T, Matsumoto K, Watanabe Y. Double mutations in the H9N2 avian influenza virus PB2 gene act cooperatively to increase viral host adaptation and replication for human infections. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34061017 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian H9N2 influenza viruses in East Asia are genetically diversified and multiple genotypes (A-W) have been established in poultry. Genotype S strains are currently the most prevalent strains, have caused many human infections and pose a public health threat. In this study, human adaptation mutations in the PB2 polymerase in genotype S strains were identified by database screening. Several PB2 double mutations were identified that acted cooperatively to produce higher genotype S virus polymerase activity and replication in human cells than in avian cells and to increase viral growth and virulence in mice. These mutations were chronologically and phylogenetically clustered in a new group within genotype S viruses. Most of the relevant human virus isolates carry the PB2-A588V mutation together with another PB2 mutation (i.e. K526R, E627V or E627K), indicating a host adaptation advantage for these double mutations. The prevalence of PB2 double mutations in human H9N2 virus isolates has also been found in genetically related human H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. These results suggested that PB2 double mutations in viruses in the field acted cooperatively to increase human adaptation of the currently prevalent H9N2 genotype S strains. This may have contributed to the recent surge of H9N2 infections and may be applicable to the human adaptation of several other avian influenza viruses. Our study provides a better understanding of the human adaptation pathways of genetically related H9N2, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayana Isobe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Madiha Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Takao Ono
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Wang F, Wu J, Wang Y, Wan Z, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Qin A. Identification of key residues involved in the neuraminidase antigenic variation of H9N2 influenza virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:210-219. [PMID: 33467981 PMCID: PMC7872579 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1879602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A H9N2 virus causes economic loss to the poultry industry and has likely contributed to the genesis of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. The neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2 virus, like haemagglutinin, is under antibody selective pressure and may undergo antigenic change; however, its antigenic structure remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to probe the H9N2 viral NA residues that are key for antibody binding/inhibition. These mAbs fell into three groups based on their binding/inhibition of the NA of H9N2 viruses isolated during 1999–2019: group I only bounded the NA of the early 2000 H9N2 viruses but possessed no neutralizing ability, group II bounded and inhibited the NA of H9N2 viruses isolated before 2012, and group III reacted with most or all tested H9N2 viruses. We showed that NA residue 356 is key for the recognition by group I mAbs, residues 344, 368, 369, and 400 are key for the binding/inhibition of NA by group II antibodies, whereas residues 248, 253, and the 125/296 combination are key for neutralizing antibodies in group III. Our findings highlighted NA antigenic change of the circulating H9N2 viruses, and provided data for a more complete picture of the antigenic structure of H9N2 viral NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Reassortment with dominant chicken H9N2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth H7N9 virus human epidemic. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01578-20. [PMID: 33731452 PMCID: PMC8139711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. Whether H9N2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. Since 2013, avian H7N9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in China; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. Here, we found that, just prior to the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic, H9N2 viruses had phylogenetically mutated into new sub-clades, changed antigenicity and increased its prevalence in chickens vaccinated with existing H9N2 vaccines. In turn, the new H9N2 virus sub-clades of PB2 and PA genes, housing mammalian adaptive mutations, were reassorted into co-circulating H7N9 virus to create a novel dominant H7N9 virus genotype that was responsible for the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic. H9N2-derived PB2 and PA genes in H7N9 virus conferred enhanced polymerase activity in human cells at 33°C and 37°C, and increased viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected mice which could account for the sharp increase in human cases of H7N9 virus infection in the 2016-2017 epidemic. The role of H9N2 virus in the continual mutation of H7N9 virus highlights the public health significance of H9N2 virus in the generation of variant reassortants of increasing zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCEAvian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role, as donor of new sub-clade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (G72) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016-2017 N7N9 virus epidemic. Our findings emphasize that the ongoing evolution of prevalent H9N2 virus in chickens is an important source, via reassortment, of mammalian adaptive genes for other influenza virus subtypes. Thus, close monitoring of prevalence and variants of H9N2 virus in chicken flocks is necessary in the detection of zoonotic mutations.
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13
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A risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza A (H9N2) virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:71. [PMID: 33452423 PMCID: PMC7811019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 influenza variants. Here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (HACS) of H9N2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic HACS were found at high prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Our finding suggested that the tribasic H9N2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, pathogenicity and transmission in chickens and the virulence of mice compared to the monobasic H9N2 viruses. Notably, the enlarged stem-loop structures of HACS in the RNA region were found in the increasing tribasic H9N2 viruses. The enlarged HACS RNA secondary structures of H9N2 viruses did not influence the viral replication but accelerated the frequency of nucleotide insertion in HACS. With the prevailing tendency of the tribasic H9N2 viruses, the tribasic HACS in H9N2 viruses should be paid more attention.
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14
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Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Landmann M, Vallbracht M, Ulrich R, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. Non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a European H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21226. [PMID: 33277593 PMCID: PMC7718272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most widespread low pathogenic (LP) AIV in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. Vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. However, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of H9N2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (CS), a main virulence determinant of AIV. Compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of H9N2 AIV to turkeys. Here, we describe 36 different CS motifs in Eurasian H9N2 viruses identified from 1966 to 2019. The European H9N2 viruses specify unique HACS with particular polymorphism by insertion of non-basic amino acids at position 319. Recombinant viruses carrying single HACS mutations resembling field viruses were constructed (designated G319, A319, N319, S319, D319 and K319). Several viruses replicated to significantly higher titers in turkey cells than in chicken cells. Serine proteases were more efficient than trypsin to support multicycle replication in mammalian cells. Mutations affected cell-to-cell spread and pH-dependent HA fusion activity. In contrast to chickens, mutations in the HACS modulated clinical signs in inoculated and co-housed turkeys. G319 exhibited the lowest virulence, however, it replicated to significantly higher titers in contact-turkeys and in vitro. Interestingly, H9N2 viruses, particularly G319, replicated in brain cells of turkeys and to a lesser extent in mammalian brain cells independent of trypsin. Therefore, the silent circulation of potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses in poultry should be monitored carefully. These results are important for understanding the adaptation of H9N2 in poultry and replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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15
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The Effects of Genetic Variation on H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111220. [PMID: 33126529 PMCID: PMC7693985 DOI: 10.3390/v12111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged in China in 2013, there have been five seasonal waves which have shown human infections and caused high fatality rates in infected patients. A multibasic amino acid insertion seen in the HA of current H7N9 viruses occurred through natural evolution and reassortment, and created a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus from the low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in 2017, and significantly increased pathogenicity in poultry, resulting in widespread HPAI H7N9 in poultry, which along with LPAI H7N9, contributed to the severe fifth seasonal wave in China. H7N9 is a novel reassorted virus from three different subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAVs) which displays a great potential threat to public health and the poultry industry. To date, no sustained human-to-human transmission has been recorded by the WHO. However, the high ability of evolutionary adaptation of H7N9 and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans heightens the pandemic potential. Changes in IAVs proteins can affect the viral transmissibility, receptor binding specificity, pathogenicity, and virulence. The multibasic amino acid insertion, mutations in hemagglutinin, deletion and mutations in neuraminidase, and mutations in PB2 contribute to different virological characteristics. This review summarized the latest research evidence to describe the impacts of viral protein changes in viral adaptation and pathogenicity of H7N9, aiming to provide better insights for developing and enhancing early warning or intervention strategies with the goal of preventing highly pathogenic IAVs circulation in live poultry, and transmission to humans.
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16
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Chen S, Quan K, Wang D, Du Y, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Truncation or Deglycosylation of the Neuraminidase Stalk Enhances the Pathogenicity of the H5N1 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus in Mallard Ducks. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583588. [PMID: 33193225 PMCID: PMC7641914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49–68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (NA) became a major epidemic virus. To determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the NA stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005 (SY) to recover the long-stalk virus (rSNA+). A series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the long-stalk virus, and then the characteristics and pathogenicity of the resulting viruses were evaluated. The results showed that most of the short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses had smaller plaques, and increased thermal and low-pH stability, and a decreased neuraminidase activity when compared with the virus rSNA+. In a mallard ducks challenge study, most of the short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses showed increased pathological lesions and virus titers in the organ tissues and increased virus shedding in the oropharynx and cloaca when compared with the rSNA+ virus, while most of the short-stalk viruses, especially rSNA-20, showed higher pathogenicity than the deglycosylated-stalk virus. In addition, the short-stalk viruses showed a significantly upregulated expression of the immune-related factors in the lungs of the infected mallard ducks, including IFN-α, Mx1, and IL-8. The results suggested that NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation increases the pathogenicity of H5N1 subtype AIV in mallard ducks, which will provide a pre-warning for prevention and control of H5N1 subtype avian influenza in the waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinping Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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17
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H9N2 Influenza Virus Infections in Human Cells Require a Balance between Neuraminidase Sialidase Activity and Hemagglutinin Receptor Affinity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01210-20. [PMID: 32641475 PMCID: PMC7459563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01210-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza (AI) virus, one of the most prevalent AI viruses, has caused repeated poultry and human infections, posing a huge public health risk. The H9N2 virus has diversified into multiple lineages, with the G1 lineage being the most prevalent worldwide. In this study, we isolated G1 variants carrying an 8-amino-acid deletion in their NA stalk, which is, to our knowledge, the longest deletion found in H9N2 viruses in the field. The NA stalk length was found to modulate G1 virus entry into host cells, with the effects being species specific and dependent on the corresponding HA binding affinity. Our results suggest that, in nature, H9N2 G1 viruses balance their HA and NA functions by the NA stalk length, leading to the possible association of host range and virulence in poultry and mammals during the evolution of G1 lineage viruses. Some avian influenza (AI) viruses have a deletion of up to 20 to 30 amino acids in their neuraminidase (NA) stalk. This has been associated with changes in virus replication and host range. Currently prevalent H9N2 AI viruses have only a 2- or 3-amino-acid deletion, and such deletions were detected in G1 and Y280 lineage viruses, respectively. The effect of an NA deletion on the H9N2 phenotype has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we isolated G1 mutants that carried an 8-amino-acid deletion in their NA stalk. To systematically analyze the effect of NA stalk length and concomitant (de)glycosylation on G1 replication and host range, we generated G1 viruses that had various NA stalk lengths and that were either glycosylated or not glycosylated. The stalk length was correlated with NA sialidase activity, using low-molecular-weight substrates, and with virus elution efficacy from erythrocytes. G1 virus replication in avian cells and eggs was positively correlated with the NA stalk length but was negatively correlated in human cells and mice. NA stalk length modulated G1 virus entry into host cells, with shorter stalks enabling more efficient G1 entry into human cells. However, with a hemagglutinin (HA) with a higher α2,6-linked sialylglycan affinity, the effect of NA stalk length on G1 virus infection was reversed, with shorter NA stalks reducing virus entry into human cells. These results indicate that a balance between HA binding affinity and NA sialidase activity, modulated by NA stalk length, is required for optimal G1 virus entry into human airway cells. IMPORTANCE H9N2 avian influenza (AI) virus, one of the most prevalent AI viruses, has caused repeated poultry and human infections, posing a huge public health risk. The H9N2 virus has diversified into multiple lineages, with the G1 lineage being the most prevalent worldwide. In this study, we isolated G1 variants carrying an 8-amino-acid deletion in their NA stalk, which is, to our knowledge, the longest deletion found in H9N2 viruses in the field. The NA stalk length was found to modulate G1 virus entry into host cells, with the effects being species specific and dependent on the corresponding HA binding affinity. Our results suggest that, in nature, H9N2 G1 viruses balance their HA and NA functions by the NA stalk length, leading to the possible association of host range and virulence in poultry and mammals during the evolution of G1 lineage viruses.
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18
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Arbi M, Souiai O, Rego N, Larbi I, Naya H, Ghram A, Houimel M. Historical origins and zoonotic potential of avian influenza virus H9N2 in Tunisia revealed by Bayesian analysis and molecular characterization. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1527-1540. [PMID: 32335769 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During 2009-2012, several outbreaks of avian influenza virus H9N2 were reported in Tunisian poultry. The circulating strains carried in their hemagglutinins the human-like marker 226L, which is known to be important for avian-to-human viral transmission. To investigate the origins and zoonotic potential of the Tunisian H9N2 viruses, five new isolates were identified during 2012-2016 and their whole genomes were sequenced. Bayesian-based phylogeny showed that the HA, NA, M and NP segments belong to the G1-like lineage. The PB1, PB2, PA and NS segments appeared to have undergone multiple intersubtype reassortments and to be only distantly related to all of the Eurasian lineages (G1-like, Y280-like and Korean-like). The spatiotemporal dynamic of virus spread revealed that the H9N2 virus was transferred to Tunisia from the UAE through Asian and European pathways. As indicated by Bayesian analysis of host traits, ducks and terrestrial birds played an important role in virus transmission to Tunisia. The subtype phylodynamics showed that the history of the PB1 and PB2 segments was marked by intersubtype reassortments with H4N6, H10N4 and H2N2 subtypes. Most of these transitions between locations, hosts and subtypes were statistically supported (BF > 3) and not influenced by sampling bias. Evidence of genetic evolution was observed in the predicted amino acid sequences of the viral proteins of recent Tunisian H9N2 viruses, which were characterized by the acquisition of new mutations involved in virus adaptation to avian and mammalian hosts and amantadine resistance. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of Tunisian H9N2 viruses and highlights the zoonotic risk associated with their circulation in poultry, indicating the need for continuous surveillance of their molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP74, 1002, Tunis, Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Oussema Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Natalia Rego
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP74, 1002, Tunis, Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Hugo Naya
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departmento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Eugenio Garzón 780, 12900, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP74, 1002, Tunis, Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Houimel
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP74, 1002, Tunis, Belvedere, Tunisia.
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19
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Ghabeshi S, Ebrahimie E, Salimi V, Ghanizadeh A, Khodakhah F, Yavarian J, Norouzbabaei Z, Sasani F, Rezaie F, Azad TM. Experimental direct-contact transmission of influenza A/H9N2 virus in the guinea pig model in Iran. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The present study aims to evaluate risk factors for the transmission of A/H9N2 viruses in guinea pig model. Materials & methods: Lung tissue samples were collected from the chicken clinically infected with influenza A/H9N2 virus in 2018. Next, virus isolation and titration, as well as reverse transcription PCR were performed. Then, hemagglutnation and neuraminidase genes was sequenced to identify different positions (hotspots) involved in transmission and host adaptation. Results: Influenza A/H9N2 virus could replicate in low titers in the nasal turbinate and transmit from infected to noninfected guinea pigs. Conclusion: Hotspots on the surface glycoproteins had the potential to alter transmission properties in the new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad Ghabeshi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Animal and VeterinarySciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Genomics Research Platform, Schoolof Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghanizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Farshad Khodakhah
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Norouzbabaei
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaie
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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A D200N hemagglutinin substitution contributes to antigenic changes and increased replication of avian H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108669. [PMID: 32456831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) plays an important role in viral antigenicity, replication and host range. However, few amino acid positions in HA were reported to play multiple functions in both viral antigenicity and replication. In the present study, through analyzing the amino acid sequences of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated from China, we identified a multi-functional substitution of D200N in HA1 protein. Firstly, the substitution of D200N changed the antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs. Secondly, the D200N increased the HA cleavage efficiency and reduced acid and thermal stability of HA protein, which triggered viral-endosomal membrane fusion whereby promoted the release of viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Finally, residue 200-N increased the replication of H9N2 viruses in both chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and chicken embryonated eggs. In summary, the D200N substitution is a newly identified antigenicity and replication determinant of H9N2 AIVs, which should be paid more attention during surveillance.
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21
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A Well-Defined H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Genotype with High Adaption in Mammals was Prevalent in Chinese Poultry Between 2016 to 2019. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040432. [PMID: 32290398 PMCID: PMC7232211 DOI: 10.3390/v12040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely prevalent in poultry, and the virus is becoming adaptive to mammals, which poses pandemic importance. Here, BALB/c mice were employed as a model to evaluate the adaption in mammals of 21 field H9N2 viruses isolated from avian species between 2016 to 2019 in China. The replication capacity of the viruses was evaluated in the lungs of mice. The pathogenicity of the viruses were compared by weight loss and lung lesions from infected mice. The whole genomic sequences of the viruses were further characterized to define the associated phenotypes of the H9N2 viruses in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that most viruses could replicate well and cause lesions in the mouse lungs. The propagation capacity in MDCK cells and damage to respiratory tissues of the infected mice corresponded to relative viral titers in the mouse lungs. Further genome analysis showed that all of the H9N2 viruses belonged to the same genotype, G57, and contained a couple of amino acid substitutions or deletions that have been demonstrated as avian-human markers. Additionally, nine amino acids residues in seven viral proteins were found to be correlated with the replication phenotypes of the H9N2 viruses in mammals. The study demonstrated that a well-defined H9N2 AIV genotype with high adaption in mammals was prevalent in China in recent years. Further investigations on the role of the identified residues and continuous surveillance of newly identified mutations associated with host adaption should be strengthened to prevent any devastating human influenza pandemics.
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22
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Song W, Qin K. Human‐infecting influenza A (H9N2) virus: A forgotten potential pandemic strain? Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:203-212. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- Department of Microbiology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute of Viral Disease Control and PreventionChina CDCBeijingChina
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23
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Lestari, Wibawa H, Lubis EP, Dharmawan R, Rahayu RA, Mulyawan H, Charoenkul K, Nasamran C, Poermadjaja B, Amonsin A. Co-circulation and characterization of HPAI-H5N1 and LPAI-H9N2 recovered from a duck farm, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:994-1007. [PMID: 31770478 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In July 2016, an avian influenza outbreak in duck farms in Yogyakarta province was reported to Disease Investigation Center (DIC), Wates, Indonesia, with approximately 1,000 ducks died or culled. In this study, two avian influenza (AI) virus subtypes, A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OR/2016 (H5N1) and A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OP/2016 (H9N2) isolated from ducks in the same farm during an AI outbreak in Bantul district, Yogyakarta province, were sequenced and characterized. Our results showed that H5N1 virus was closely related to the highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c, while the H9N2 virus was clustered with LPAI viruses from China, Vietnam and Indonesia H9N2 (CVI lineage). Genetic analysis revealed virulence characteristics for both in avian and in mammalian species. In summary, co-circulation of HPAI-H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c and LPAI-H9N2 was identified in a duck farm during an AI outbreak in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Our findings raise a concern of the potential risk of the viruses, which could increase viral transmission and/or threat to human health. Routine surveillance of avian influenza viruses should be continuously conducted to understand the dynamic and diversity of the viruses for influenza prevention and control in Indonesia and SEA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lestari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elly Puspasari Lubis
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rama Dharmawan
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rina Astuti Rahayu
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herdiyanto Mulyawan
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanakarn Nasamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bagoes Poermadjaja
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhang B, Zhang M, Wang J, Jiang Y, Yang C, Jiang T. Genetic Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis in Chickens and Mice of Three H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121127. [PMID: 31817585 PMCID: PMC6950319 DOI: 10.3390/v11121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza is a remarkable disease that has circulated in domestic poultry in large regions of China and posed a serious threat to the poultry industry. The H9N2 virus can not only infect mammals directly, but also provide gene segments to generate novel, but lethal human reassortants. Therefore, it is important to study the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of the H9N2 virus. In this study, three H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens in different layer farms were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these H9N2 viruses were all multiple genotype reassortants, with genes originating from Y280-like, F/98-like, and G1-like viruses. Animal studies indicated that the AV1535 and AV1548 viruses replicated efficiently in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys, and brains of chickens; the viruses shed for at least 11 days post-inoculation (DPI) and were transmitted efficiently among contact chickens. The AV1534 virus replicated poorly in chickens, shed for 7 DPI, and were not transmitted efficiently among contact chickens. The AV1534 virus replicated well in mice lungs and caused about 2% weight loss. The AV1535 and AV1548 viruses were not able to replicate in the lungs of mice. Our results indicate that we should pay attention to H9N2 avian influenza virus surveillance in poultry and changes in the pathogenicity of them to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taozhen Jiang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-61203518; Fax: +86-010-61255380
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25
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Shi L, Yao Q, Gao Y, Yu B, Yang B, Yao W, He L, Li Q, Liang Q, Wang X, Ping J, Ge Y. Molecular evolution and amino acid characteristics of newly isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Liaoning Province, China. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:101-108. [PMID: 31801929 PMCID: PMC6983663 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 is widespread among poultry and humans. Though this subtype is not lethal to either species, it can cause considerable financial losses for farmers and threaten human health. In this
study, 10 new H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) produced by reassortment were isolated from domestic birds in Liaoning Province between March 2012 and October 2014. Nucleotide sequence
comparisons indicate that the internal genes of one of these strains are highly similar to those of human H7N9 viruses. Amino acid substitutions and deletions occurred in the HA and NA
proteins separately, indicating that all 10 of these isolates may have an enhanced ability to infect mammals. A cross-hemagglutinin inhibition assay conducted with two vaccine strains that
are broadly used in China suggests that antisera against vaccine candidates cannot completely inhibit the new isolates. Two of the 10 newly isolated viruses could replicate in respiratory
organs of infected BALB/c mice without adaption, suggesting that these isolates can potentially infect mammals. The continued surveillance of poultry is important to provide early warning
and control of AIV outbreaks. Our results highlight the high genetic diversity of AIV and the need for more extensive AIV surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Agriculture College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiucheng Yao
- Agriculture College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Benliang Yu
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Benyong Yang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Likun He
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Qingzhu Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Qiao Liang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center Province, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jihui Ping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ye Ge
- Agriculture College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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26
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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27
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Gao W, Zu Z, Liu J, Song J, Wang X, Wang C, Liu L, Tong Q, Wang M, Sun H, Sun Y, Liu J, Chang KC, Pu J. Prevailing I292V PB2 mutation in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases viral polymerase function and attenuates IFN-β induction in human cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1273-1281. [PMID: 31305236 PMCID: PMC7414430 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of PB2 protein is important for the establishment of avian influenza viruses in mammalian hosts. Here, we identify I292V as the prevalent mutation in PB2 of circulating avian H9N2 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. The same dominant PB2 mutation is also found in most human isolates of emergent avian H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. In human cells, PB2-292V in H9N2 virus has the combined ability of conferring higher viral polymerase activity and stronger attenuation of IFN-β induction than that of its predecessor PB2-292I. IFN-β attenuation is accompanied by higher binding affinity of PB2-292V for host mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein, an important intermediary protein in the induction of IFN-β. In the mouse in vivo model, PB2-292V mutation increases H9N2 virus replication with ensuing increase in disease severity. Collectively, PB2-292V is a new mammalian adaptive marker that promotes H9N2 virus replication in mammalian hosts with the potential to improve transmission from birds to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jingwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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28
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Du R, Cui Q, Rong L. Competitive Cooperation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase during Influenza A Virus Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050458. [PMID: 31137516 PMCID: PMC6563287 DOI: 10.3390/v11050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus possess antagonistic activities on interaction with sialic acid (SA), which is the receptor for virus attachment. HA binds SA through its receptor-binding sites, while NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme by removing SAs. The function of HA during virus entry has been extensively investigated, however, examination of NA has long been focused to its role in the exit of progeny virus from infected cells, and the role of NA in the entry process is still under-appreciated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of HA and NA in relation to each other during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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29
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Flexibility In Vitro of Amino Acid 226 in the Receptor-Binding Site of an H9 Subtype Influenza A Virus and Its Effect In Vivo on Virus Replication, Tropism, and Transmission. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02011-18. [PMID: 30567980 PMCID: PMC6401463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02011-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A single amino acid change at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) from glutamine (Q) to leucine (L) has been shown to play a key role in receptor specificity switching in various influenza virus HA subtypes, including H9. We tested the flexibility of amino acid usage and determined the effects of such changes. The results reveal that amino acids other than L226 and Q226 are well tolerated and that some amino acids allow for the recognition of both avian and human influenza virus receptors in the absence of other changes. Our results can inform better avian influenza virus surveillance efforts as well as contribute to rational vaccine design and improve structural molecular dynamics algorithms. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant public health threat, causing more than 300,000 hospitalizations in the United States during the 2015–2016 season alone. While only a few IAVs of avian origin have been associated with human infections, the ability of these viruses to cause zoonotic infections further increases the public health risk of influenza. Of these, H9N2 viruses in Asia are of particular importance as they have contributed internal gene segments to other emerging zoonotic IAVs. Notably, recent H9N2 viruses have acquired molecular markers that allow for a transition from avian-like to human-like terminal sialic acid (SA) receptor recognition via a single amino acid change at position 226 (H3 numbering), from glutamine (Q226) to leucine (L226), within the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding site (RBS). We sought to determine the plasticity of amino acid 226 and the biological effects of alternative amino acids on variant viruses. We created a library of viruses with the potential of having any of the 20 amino acids at position 226 on a prototypic H9 HA subtype IAV. We isolated H9 viruses that carried naturally occurring amino acids, variants found in other subtypes, and variants not found in any subtype at position 226. Fitness studies in quails revealed that some natural amino acids conferred an in vivo replication advantage. This study shows the flexibility of position 226 of the HA of H9 influenza viruses and the resulting effect of single amino acid changes on the phenotype of variants in vivo and in vitro. IMPORTANCE A single amino acid change at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) from glutamine (Q) to leucine (L) has been shown to play a key role in receptor specificity switching in various influenza virus HA subtypes, including H9. We tested the flexibility of amino acid usage and determined the effects of such changes. The results reveal that amino acids other than L226 and Q226 are well tolerated and that some amino acids allow for the recognition of both avian and human influenza virus receptors in the absence of other changes. Our results can inform better avian influenza virus surveillance efforts as well as contribute to rational vaccine design and improve structural molecular dynamics algorithms.
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30
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Kosik I, Angeletti D, Gibbs JS, Angel M, Takeda K, Kosikova M, Nair V, Hickman HD, Xie H, Brooke CB, Yewdell JW. Neuraminidase inhibition contributes to influenza A virus neutralization by anti-hemagglutinin stem antibodies. J Exp Med 2019; 216:304-316. [PMID: 30683737 PMCID: PMC6363425 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) that bind the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stem may enable universal influenza vaccination. Here, we show that anti-stem Abs sterically inhibit viral neuraminidase (NA) activity against large substrates, with activity inversely proportional to the length of the fibrous NA stalk that supports the enzymatic domain. By modulating NA stalk length in recombinant IAVs, we show that anti-stem Abs inhibit virus release from infected cells by blocking NA, accounting for their in vitro neutralization activity. NA inhibition contributes to anti-stem Ab protection in influenza-infected mice, likely due at least in part to NA-mediated inhibition of FcγR-dependent activation of innate immune cells by Ab bound to virions. Food and Drug Administration-approved NA inhibitors enhance anti-stem-based Fc-dependent immune cell activation, raising the possibility of therapeutic synergy between NA inhibitors and anti-stem mAb treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - James S Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Angel
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Martina Kosikova
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Vinod Nair
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
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31
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McAuley JL, Gilbertson BP, Trifkovic S, Brown LE, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Structure and Functions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30761095 PMCID: PMC6362415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the constant threat of emergence of a novel influenza virus pandemic, there must be continued evaluation of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to virulence. Although the influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) has been studied mainly in the context of its role in viral release from cells, accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important, multifunctional role in virus infection and fitness. This review investigates the various structural features of NA, linking these with functional outcomes in viral replication. The contribution of evolving NA activity to viral attachment, entry and release of virions from infected cells, and maintenance of functional balance with the viral hemagglutinin are also discussed. Greater insight into the role of this important antiviral drug target is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brad P Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McKimm-Breschkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Han L, He W, Yan H, Li X, Wang C, Shi Q, Zhou T, Dong G. The evolution and molecular characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Jiangxi of China. J Med Virol 2018; 91:711-716. [PMID: 30560545 PMCID: PMC6619444 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To understand the evolution and molecular characteristics of Jiangxi H9N2 viruses, we isolated 17 viruses in 2011 and analyzed their characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that their hemagglutinin genes originate from JS/1/00-like sublineage, neuraminidase genes originate from BJ/94-like sublineage, PB1, PA, NP, and NS genes all come from SH/F/98-like sublineage, PB2 genes originate from ST/163/04-like sublineage, while M genes come from G1-like sublineage. Genotype analysis showed that our isolates were classified as genotype 57. Molecular analyses indicated that our strains contained specific sites characteristic of low-pathogenic viruses. The current study once again highlights the necessity for continued surveillance of novel H9N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Han
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun He
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huixin Yan
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiumei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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34
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Ge Y, Yao Q, Chai H, Hua Y, Deng G, Chen H. A 627K variant in the PB2 protein of H9 subtype influenza virus in wild birds. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:728-741. [PMID: 29999583 PMCID: PMC6185888 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds are gaining increasing attention as gene-mixing reservoirs for influenza viruses. To investigate the molecular properties of the viruses isolated and epidemiological analysis of H9N2 subtype AIV in wild birds, we studied samples obtained over two years (2014-2015) from wetlands in Anhui province, China. METHODS A total of 4534 samples were collected from migratory waterfowl in Anhui in 2014-2015, and 8 strains of H9 subtype AIV were isolated. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed different degrees of gene segment reassortment in H9 viruses between the Eurasian lineage and the North American lineage. Most importantly, two viruses harbored the E627K mutation in the polymerase PB2 (PB2) protein. This is the first report of the mutation of this virus from low pathogenicity to high pathogenicity in wild birds. CONCLUSIONS The continued surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important to provide early warning and control of AIV outbreaks. Our results highlight the high genetic diversity of AIV along the Eurasian-Australian migration flyway and the need for more extensive AIV surveillance in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ge
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiucheng Yao
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Lee DW, Whittaker GR. Use of AAScatterPlot tool for monitoring the evolution of the hemagglutinin cleavage site in H9 avian influenza viruses. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:2431-2435. [PMID: 28383669 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Viruses rapidly evolve due to their error-prone genome replication, and identifying which mutations are selected for during evolution is critical for virus surveillance efforts. Here we introduce a scatter plot tool (AAScatterPlot) that easily shows the selection and avoidance of certain protein mutations based on biochemical properties. We demonstrate its utility for monitoring the evolution of H9 avian influenza viruses from China between 2005 and 2015, particularly at the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (PCS) that can affect virus activation and pathogenicity. Results Given genome sequences, the AAScatterPlot tool compacts into a single plot, information about the hydropathy index, Van der Waals volume, chemical property and occurrence frequency of amino acid residues. The tool also shows the range of residues that could arise from a single point mutation in the genome, which can then be compared against the observed residues to identify mutation constraints. Through this approach, we found that the 2nd position towards the N-terminus side of the HA PCS (P2 position) avoided hydrophobic residues, whereas the P3 position avoided hydrophilic residues. Availability and Implementation AAScatterPlot is available at https://github.com/WhittakerLab/AAScatterPlot. Contact gary.whittaker@cornell.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Wang D, Wang J, Bi Y, Fan D, Liu H, Luo N, Yang Z, Wang S, Chen W, Wang J, Xu S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Yin Y. Characterization of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from ostriches (Struthio camelus). Sci Rep 2018; 8:2273. [PMID: 29396439 PMCID: PMC5797180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry in the world, and occasionally transmitted to humans. Although H9N2 AIVs are seldom isolated from ostriches, seven such strains were isolated from sick ostriches in China between 2013 and 2014. Sequence analysis showed several amino acid changes relating to viral adaptation in mammals were identified. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that these isolates were quadruple reassortant viruses, which are different from the early ostrich isolates from South Africa or Israel. Most of the ostrich virus carried a human-type receptor-binding property. The chicken experiments showed the ostrich strains displayed low pathogenicity, while they could cause mild to severe symptoms in chicken. Theses strains could efficiently transmit among chickens, and one strain showed higher transmissibility. The virus could not kill mice, and merely replicated in the lung of mice. The ostrich strains could not efficiently transmit between guinea pigs in the direct contact model. These results suggested we should pay attention to the interface between ostrich and other domestic fowl, and keep an eye on this population when monitoring of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Zongtong Yang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Shouchun Wang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Wenya Chen
- Qingdao Oland-Better Bioengineering Co., LTD, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Shouzhen Xu
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China
| | - Jiming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China. .,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China.
| | - Yanbo Yin
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266019, China.
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Sealy JE, Yaqub T, Peacock TP, Chang P, Ermetal B, Clements A, Sadeyen JR, Mehboob A, Shelton H, Bryant JE, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Iqbal M. Association of Increased Receptor-Binding Avidity of Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses with Escape from Antibody-Based Immunity and Enhanced Zoonotic Potential. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 25:63-72. [PMID: 30561311 PMCID: PMC6302589 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.180616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 55 influenza A(H9N2) viruses isolated in Pakistan during 2014-2016 and found that the hemagglutinin gene is of the G1 lineage and that internal genes have differentiated into a variety of novel genotypes. Some isolates had up to 4-fold reduction in hemagglutination inhibition titers compared with older viruses. Viruses with hemagglutinin A180T/V substitutions conveyed this antigenic diversity and also caused up to 3,500-fold greater binding to avian-like and >20-fold greater binding to human-like sialic acid receptor analogs. This enhanced binding avidity led to reduced virus replication in primary and continuous cell culture. We confirmed that altered receptor-binding avidity of H9N2 viruses, including enhanced binding to human-like receptors, results in antigenic variation in avian influenza viruses. Consequently, current vaccine formulations might not induce adequate protective immunity in poultry, and emergence of isolates with marked avidity for human-like receptors increases the zoonotic risk.
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38
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Park S, Il Kim J, Lee I, Bae JY, Yoo K, Nam M, Kim J, Sook Park M, Song KJ, Song JW, Kee SH, Park MS. Adaptive mutations of neuraminidase stalk truncation and deglycosylation confer enhanced pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10928. [PMID: 28883554 PMCID: PMC5589767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been noticed that neuraminidase (NA) stalk truncation has arisen from evolutionary adaptation of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry. We identified this molecular alteration after the adaptation of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) in BALB/c mice. The mouse-adapted pH1N1 lost its eight consecutive amino acids including one potential N-linked glycosite from the NA stalk region. To explore the relationship of NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation with viral pathogenicity changes, we generated NA stalk mutant viruses on the pH1N1 backbone by reverse genetics. Intriguingly, either NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation changed pH1N1 into a lethal virus to mice by resulting in extensive pathologic transformation in the mouse lungs and systemic infection affecting beyond the respiratory organs in mice. The increased pathogenicity of these NA stalk mutants was also reproduced in ferrets. In further investigation using a human-infecting H7N9 avian IAV strain, NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation enhanced the replication property and pathogenicity of H7N9 NA stalk mutant viruses in the same mouse model. Taken together, our results suggest that NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation can be the pathogenic determinants of seasonal influenza viruses associated with the evolutionary adaptation of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirim Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Nam
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Liu YF, Lai HZ, Li L, Liu YP, Zhang WY, Gao R, Huang WK, Luo QF, Gao Y, Luo Q, Xie XY, Xu JH, Chen RA. Endemic Variation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in China. Avian Dis 2017; 60:817-825. [PMID: 27902899 DOI: 10.1637/11452-061616-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated from vaccinated commercial chickens in China from 2012 to 2015. Their HA genes had nucleotide sequence homology from 86.7% to 99.7%, and similarity to the classic vaccine strain was 88.6%-92.6%. A comparison was carried out with published HA genes (410 H9 strains) and whole genomes (306 strains) isolated in China during 2012-2015. Interestingly, 99.1% (448/452) of Chinese H9N2 AIV belonged to lineage h9.4.2, and 98.5% (445/452) of the viruses belonged to h9.4.2.5. Meanwhile, 99.6% (443/445) of lineage 9.4.2.5 viruses had PSRSSR↓GLF instead of PARSSR↓GLF motifs in the HA cleavage sites; 98.2% (444/452) of HA genes showed human receptor binding associated mutation Q226L. A total of 96.8% (337/348) of the viruses had three amino-acid deletions at 63-65 in the NA stalk, associated with enhanced virulence in chickens and mice; 97.1% (338/348) of M2 proteins had the S31N mutation associated with adamantane resistance in humans. Two H9 viruses isolated in this study were highly homologous to the human-origin H9N2 virus reported in 2013. The isolates were divided into four different genotypes (U, S, V, and W). Genotype S was the major one, accounting for 94.8% (330/348). Genotypes V and W were new reassortment genotypes, with genotype W recombined with the PB2 gene originating from the new wild waterfowl-like lineage. According to the cross-HI antibody titer data, HA gene evolution, and isolation history, the isolates were divided into A, B, and C antigenic groups successively. All the antigenic group viruses were found to circulate throughout China. This study emphasizes the importance of updated vaccine and strengthened veterinary biosecurity on poultry farms and trade markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Liu
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Han-Zhang Lai
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Ren Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Wen-Ke Huang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qin-Fang Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yan Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xie
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Jia-Hua Xu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
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40
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Zhang X, Xu G, Wang C, Jiang M, Gao W, Wang M, Sun H, Sun Y, Chang KC, Liu J, Pu J. Enhanced pathogenicity and neurotropism of mouse-adapted H10N7 influenza virus are mediated by novel PB2 and NA mutations. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1185-1195. [PMID: 28597818 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The H10 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulates globally in wild birds and poultry, and this subtype has been shown to be increasingly prevalent in China. Among the various H10 viruses, H10N7 AIVs have caused repeated mammal and human infections. To investigate their genetic adaptation in mammals, we generated a mouse-adapted avian H10N7 variant (A/mallard/Beijing/27/2011-MA; BJ27-MA) which exhibited increased virulence in mice compared to wild-type virus and acquired neurotropism. Sequencing showed the absence of the widely recognized mammalian adaptation markers of E627K and D701N in PB2 in the mouse-adapted strain; instead, five amino acid mutations were identified: E158G and M631L in PB2; G218E in haemagglutinin (H3 numbering); and K110E and S453I in neuraminidase (NA). The neurovirulence of the BJ27-MA virus necessitated the combined presence of the PB2 and NA mutations. Mutations M631L and E158G of PB2 and K110E of NA were required to mediate increased virus replication and severity of infection in mice and mammalian cells. PB2-M631L was functionally the most dominant mutation in that it strongly upregulated viral polymerase activity and played a critical role in the enhancement of virus replication and disease severity in mice. K110E mutation in NA, on the other hand, significantly promoted NA enzymatic activity. These results indicate that the novel mutations in PB2 and NA genes are critical for the adaptation of H10N7 AIV in mice, and they could serve as molecular signatures of virus transmission to mammalian hosts, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weihua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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41
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Ge Y, Chai H, Fan Z, Wang X, Yao Q, Ma J, Chen S, Hua Y, Deng G, Chen H. New H6 influenza virus reassortment strains isolated from Anser fabalis in Anhui Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28222765 PMCID: PMC5320792 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H6 subtype avian influenza viruses are globally distributed and, in recent years, have been isolated with increasing frequency from both domestic and wild bird species as well as infected humans. Many reports have examined the viruses in the context of poultry or several wild bird species, but there is less information regarding their presence in migratory birds. Methods Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were used to measure HA activity for different HA subtypes. Whole viral genomes were sequenced and analysed using DNAstar and MEGA 6 to understand their genetic evolution. Pathogenicity was evaluated using a mouse infection model. Results We isolated 13 strains of H6 virus from faecal samples of migratory waterfowl in Anhui Province of China in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed gene reassortment between Eurasian and North American lineages. Five of the identified H6 strains had the ability to infect mice without adaptation. Conclusion Our findings suggest that regular surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important for providing early warning and control of avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Natural Protection & Management Station of Forestry Department Centre of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiucheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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42
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of the Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in Eastern China in 2013. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.27752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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43
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A Single Mutation at Position 190 in Hemagglutinin Enhances Binding Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and Replication of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:9806-9825. [PMID: 27558420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has an extended host range, but the molecular basis underlying H9N2 AIV transmission to mammals remains unclear. We isolated more than 900 H9N2 AIVs in our 3-year surveillance in live bird markets in China from 2009 to 2012. Thirty-seven representative isolates were selected for further detailed characterization. These isolates were categorized into 8 genotypes (B64 to B71) and formed a distinct antigenic subgroup. Three isolates belonging to genotype B69, which is a predominant genotype circulating in China, replicated efficiently in mice, while the viruses tested in parallel in other genotypes replicated poorly, although they, like the three B69 isolates, have a leucine at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site, which is critical for binding human type sialic acid receptors. Further molecular and single mutation analysis revealed that a valine (V) residue at position 190 in HA is responsible for efficient replication of these H9N2 viruses in mice. The 190V in HA does not affect virus receptor binding specificity but enhances binding affinity to human cells and lung tissues from mouse and humans. All these data indicate that the 190V in HA is one of the important determinants for H9N2 AIVs to cross the species barrier to infect mammals despite multiple genes conferring adaptation and replication of H9N2 viruses in mammals. Our findings provide novel insights on understanding host range expansion of H9N2 AIVs. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for binding to host cell receptors and therefore influences the viral host range and pathogenicity in different species. We showed that the H9N2 avian influenza viruses harboring 190V in the HA exhibit enhanced virus replication in mice. Further studies demonstrate that 190V in the HA does not change virus receptor binding specificity but enhances virus binding affinity of the H9N2 virus to human cells and attachment to lung tissues from humans and mouse. Our findings suggest that more attention should be given to the H9N2 AIVs with HA-190V during surveillance due to their potential threat to mammals, including humans.
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44
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Prevailing PA Mutation K356R in Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Increases Mammalian Replication and Pathogenicity. J Virol 2016; 90:8105-14. [PMID: 27384648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00883-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adaptation of the viral polymerase complex comprising PB1, PB2, and PA is necessary for efficient influenza A virus replication in new host species. We found that PA mutation K356R (PA-K356R) has become predominant since 2014 in avian H9N2 viruses in China as with seasonal human H1N1 viruses. The same mutation is also found in most human isolates of emergent avian H7N9 and H10N8 viruses whose six internal gene segments are derived from the H9N2 virus. We further demonstrated the mammalian adaptive functionality of the PA-K356R mutation. Avian H9N2 virus with the PA-K356R mutation in human A549 cells showed increased nuclear accumulation of PA and increased viral polymerase activity that resulted in elevated levels of viral transcription and virus output. The same mutant virus in mice also enhanced virus replication and caused lethal infection. In addition, combined mutation of PA-K356R and PB2-E627K, a well-known mammalian adaptive marker, in the H9N2 virus showed further cooperative increases in virus production and severity of infection in vitro and in vivo In summary, PA-K356R behaves as a novel mammalian tropism mutation, which, along with other mutations such as PB2-E627K, might render avian H9N2 viruses adapted for human infection. IMPORTANCE Mutations of the polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, and PA) of influenza A virus are necessary for viral adaptation to new hosts. This study reports a novel and predominant mammalian adaptive mutation, PA-K356R, in avian H9N2 viruses and human isolates of emergent H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. We found that PA-356R in H9N2 viruses causes significant increases in virus replication and severity of infection in human cells and mice and that PA-K356R cooperates with the PB2-E627K mutation, a well-characterized human adaptive marker, to exacerbate mammalian infection in vitro and in vivo Therefore, the PA-K356R mutation is a significant adaptation in H9N2 viruses and related H7N9 and H10N8 reassortants toward human infectivity.
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45
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Pathogenicity of reassortant H9 influenza viruses with different NA genes in mice and chickens. Vet Res 2016; 47:67. [PMID: 27342800 PMCID: PMC4919838 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the influence of different NA genes on pathogenicity of H9 viruses, three reassortant H9 viruses (rH9N1, H9N2 and rH9N3) were generated and characterized. All three viruses replicated efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells, whereas the rH9N1 and rH9N3 replicated more efficiently than H9N2 in A549 cells. The rH9N3 replicated more efficiently than rH9N1 and H9N2 viruses in mice, however, rH9N3 replicated and shed less efficiently than the H9N2 virus in chickens. Further studies indicate that N3 had higher NA activity and released virus from erythrocytes faster, which may improve the adaptation of H9 influenza virus to mammals.
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46
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Thuy DM, Peacock TP, Bich VTN, Fabrizio T, Hoang DN, Tho ND, Diep NT, Nguyen M, Hoa LNM, Trang HTT, Choisy M, Inui K, Newman S, Trung NV, van Doorn R, To TL, Iqbal M, Bryant JE. Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:530-540. [PMID: 27340015 PMCID: PMC5036934 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite their classification as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV), A/H9N2 viruses cause significant losses in poultry in many countries throughout Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. To date, poultry surveillance in Vietnam has focused on detection of influenza H5 viruses, and there is limited understanding of influenza H9 epidemiology and transmission dynamics. We determined prevalence and diversity of influenza A viruses in chickens from live bird markets (LBM) of 7 northern Vietnamese provinces, using pooled oropharyngeal swabs collected from October to December 2014. Screening by real time RT-PCR revealed 1207/4900 (24.6%) of pooled swabs to be influenza A virus positive; overall prevalence estimates after accounting for pooling (5 swabs/pools) were 5.8% (CI 5.4–6.0). Subtyping was performed on 468 pooled swabs with M gene Ct < 26. No influenza H7 was detected; 422 (90.1%) were H9 positive; and 22 (4.7%) were H5 positive. There was no evidence was of interaction between H9 and H5 virus detection rates. We sequenced 17 whole genomes of A/H9N2, 2 of A/H5N6, and 11 partial genomes. All H9N2 viruses had internal genes that clustered with genotype 57 and were closely related to Chinese human isolates of A/H7N9 and A/H10N8. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 98%, we identified 9 distinct H9 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis suggested multiple introductions of H9 viruses to northern Vietnam rather than in-situ transmission. Further investigations of H9 prevalence and diversity in other regions of Vietnam are warranted to assess H9 endemicity elsewhere in the country. We report detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) from healthy chickens in Live Bird Markets of Vietnam. Because all breeds of domestic chickens are extremely susceptible to HPAI, we speculate that HPAI detections from market chickens may reflect infections that occur after arrival in the market. Alternatively, shedding of HPAI from healthy birds may reflect vaccine-induced protective immunity that mitigates disease but does not block viral infection. As many as 49% of all pooled surveillance swabs were positive for influenza A virus, corresponding to an overall Influenza A prevalence of 5.45% (95% Confidence Interval 5.4-6.0%). Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 accounted for the vast majority of all influenza A detections in market chickens sampled from 9 northern provinces. To date there is no evidence to suggest an interaction effect between circulation of H5 and H9 viruses; however sampling strategies that involve pooling of surveillance swabs from multiple birds greatly complicates the assessment of co-infection rates or evaluation of epidemiological associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Mai Thuy
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Avian Viral Diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK; St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vu Thi Ngoc Bich
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- St Jude's Center for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dang Nguyen Hoang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dang Tho
- MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Diep
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Nguyen Minh Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hau Thi Thu Trang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ken Inui
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Scott Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thanh Long To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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47
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Li Y, Lin Z, Zhao M, Guo M, Xu T, Wang C, Xia H, Zhu B. Reversal of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by silver nanoparticles functionalized with amantadine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversal of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by silver nanoparticles functionalized with amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengfang Lin
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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48
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Changes in the Length of the Neuraminidase Stalk Region Impact H7N9 Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2015; 90:2142-9. [PMID: 26656694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02553-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase stalk of the newly emerged H7N9 influenza virus possesses a 5-amino-acid deletion. This study focuses on characterizing the biological functions of H7N9 with varied neuraminidase stalk lengths. Results indicate that the 5-amino-acid deletion had no impact on virus infectivity or replication in vitro or in vivo compared to that of a virus with a full-length stalk, but enhanced virulence in mice was observed for H7N9 encoding a 19- to 20-amino-acid deletion, suggesting that N9 stalk length impacts virulence in mammals, as N1 stalk length does.
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49
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Choi J, Martin SJH, Tripp RA, Tompkins SM, Dluhy RA. Detection of neuraminidase stalk motifs associated with enhanced N1 subtype influenza A virulence via Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 140:7748-60. [PMID: 26460183 PMCID: PMC4687448 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00977d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides corresponding to neuraminidase (NA) stalk motifs that have been associated with enhanced influenza virulence have been identified using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). 5'-Thiolated ssDNA oligonucleotides were immobilized onto a hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated Au nanoparticles (AuNP). Three synthetic RNA sequences corresponding to specific amino acid deletions in the influenza NA stalk region were attached to the CTAB-modified AuNPs. Two of these sequences were specific to sequences with amino acid deletions associated with increased virulence, and one was a low virulence sequence with no amino acid deletions. Hybridization of synthetic matched and mismatched DNA-RNA complexes were detected based on the intrinsic SERS spectra. In addition, this platform was used to analyze RNA sequences isolated from laboratory grown influenza viruses having the NA stalk motif associated with enhanced virulence, including A/WSN/33/H1N1, A/Anhui/1/2005/H5N, and A/Vietnam/1203/2004/H5N1 strains. Multivariate feature selection methods were employed to determine the specific wavenumbers in the Raman spectra that contributed the most information for class discrimination. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test identified 884 and 1196 wavenumbers as being highly significant in the high and low virulence spectra, respectively (p < 0.01). A post-hoc Tukey Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) test identified the wavenumbers that played a major role in differentiating the DNA-RNA hybrid classes. An estimate of the spectral variability, based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test, found the major source of variation to be predominately between the different classes, and not within the classes, thus confirming that the spectra reflected real class differences and not sampling artifacts. The multivariate classification methods partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) were able to distinguish between different NA stalk-motifs linked to NA-enhanced influenza virus virulence (NA-EIV) with >95% sensitivity and specificity in both synthetic RNA sequences as well as the isolated viral RNA. This study demonstrates the feasibility of SERS for direct identification of influenza NA stalk mutations associated with virulence without sample amplification or labeling.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cetrimonium
- Cetrimonium Compounds/chemistry
- DNA Probes/chemistry
- DNA Probes/genetics
- Gold/chemistry
- Humans
- Immobilized Nucleic Acids/chemistry
- Immobilized Nucleic Acids/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- JooYoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Sharon J H Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard A Dluhy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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50
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Obadan AO, Kimble BJ, Rajao D, Lager K, Santos JJS, Vincent A, Perez DR. Replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted H9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2511-2521. [PMID: 25986634 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a major pathogen of birds, swine and humans. Strains can jump between species in a process often requiring mutations and reassortment, resulting in outbreaks and, potentially, pandemics. H9N2 avian influenza is predominant in poultry across Asia and occasionally infects humans and swine. Pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) is endemic in humans and swine and has a history of reassortment in pigs. Previous studies have shown the compatibility of H9N2 and H1N1pdm for reassortment in ferrets, a model for human infection and transmission. Here, the effects of ferret adaptation of H9 surface gene segments on the infectivity and transmission in at-risk natural hosts, specifically swine and quail, were analysed. Reassortant H9N1 and H9N2 viruses, carrying seven or six gene segments from H1N1pdm, showed infectivity and transmissibility in swine, unlike the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferret-adapted surface genes. In quail, only the reassortant H9N2 with the six internal gene segments from the H1N1pdm strain was able to infect and transmit, although less efficiently than the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferret-adapted surface genes. These results highlight that ferret-adapted mutations on the haemagglutinin of H9 subtype virus do not restrict the ability of the virus to infect swine and quail, and that the ability to transmit in these species depends on the context of the whole virus. As such, this study emphasizes the threat that H9N2 reassortant viruses pose to humans and agricultural species and the importance of the genetic constellation of the virus to its ability to replicate and transmit in natural hosts of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebimpe O Obadan
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Kimble
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Virus and Prion Diseases Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly Lager
- Virus and Prion Diseases Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jefferson J S Santos
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy Vincent
- Virus and Prion Diseases Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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