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Miller LG, Chiok K, Mariasoosai C, Mohanty I, Pandit S, Mehari L, Haas AL, Natesan S, Miura TA, Bose S. Extracellular ISG15 triggers ISGylation via a type-I interferon independent mechanism to regulate host response during virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602290. [PMID: 39026703 PMCID: PMC11257485 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN) are key antiviral factors that induce several cellular proteins with antiviral activity. One such protein is Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15). ISG15 is conjugated to proteins during ISGylation to confer antiviral activity. Apart from ISGylation, unconjugated ISG15 is also released from cells during immuno-stimulation and virus infection. The role of extracellular ISG15 during virus infection was unknown. We now show that extracellular ISG15 acts as a soluble antiviral factor to restrict virus infection in human epithelial cells via an IFN-independent mechanism. Additionally, we demonstrated that extracellular ISG15 induces expression of intracellular ISG15 and ISGylation in the absence of IFN. Mechanistic studies revealed that extracellular ISG15 interacts with cell surface integrin (α5β1 integrins) molecules via its RGD-like motif to activate the integrin-FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) pathway resulting in IFN-independent ISGylation. Thus, our studies have identified ISG15 protein as a new soluble factor that confers IFN-independent antiviral activity by inducing ISGylation. Additionally, we have unfolded an IFN-independent non-canonical ISGylation by extracellular ISG15 that operates via the integrin-FAK pathway.
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McEwen DP, Ray P, Nancarrow DJ, Wang Z, Kasturirangan S, Abdullah S, Balan A, Hoskeri R, Thomas D, Lawrence TS, Beer DG, Lagisetty KH, Ray D. ISG15/GRAIL1/CD3 axis influences survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e179315. [PMID: 38781019 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.179315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a common feature of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and has been linked to poor overall survival (OS). We hypothesized that upstream factors might negatively influence CD3 levels and T cell activity, thus promoting immunosuppression and worse survival. We used clinical data and patient samples of those who progressed from Barrett's to dysplasia to EAC, investigated gene (RNA-Seq) and protein (tissue microarray) expression, and performed cell biology studies to delineate a pathway impacting CD3 protein stability that might influence EAC outcome. We showed that the loss of both CD3-ε expression and CD3+ T cell number correlated with worse OS in EAC. The gene related to anergy in lymphocytes isoform 1 (GRAIL1), which is the prominent isoform in EACs, degraded (ε, γ, δ) CD3s and inactivated T cells. In contrast, isoform 2 (GRAIL2), which is reduced in EACs, stabilized CD3s. Further, GRAIL1-mediated CD3 degradation was facilitated by interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), a ubiquitin-like protein. Consequently, the overexpression of a ligase-dead GRAIL1, ISG15 knockdown, or the overexpression of a conjugation-defective ISG15-leucine-arginine-glycine-glycine mutant could increase CD3 levels. Together, we identified an ISG15/GRAIL1/mutant p53 amplification loop negatively influencing CD3 levels and T cell activity, thus promoting immunosuppression in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dafydd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David G Beer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery
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Espada CE, da Rocha EL, Ricciardi-Jorge T, dos Santos AA, Soares ZG, Malaquias G, Patrício DO, Gonzalez Kozlova E, dos Santos PF, Bordignon J, Sanford TJ, Fajardo T, Sweeney TR, Báfica A, Mansur DS. ISG15/USP18/STAT2 is a molecular hub regulating IFN I-mediated control of Dengue and Zika virus replication. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331731. [PMID: 38384473 PMCID: PMC10879325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a virus infection is the result of the pathogen's ability to replicate in a hostile environment generated by the host's immune system. Here, we found that ISG15 restricts Dengue and Zika viruses' replication through the stabilization of its binding partner USP18. ISG15 expression was necessary to control DV replication driven by both autocrine and paracrine type one interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Moreover, USP18 competes with NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation, a major mechanism for establishment of flavivirus infection. Strikingly, reconstitution of USP18 in ISG15-deficient cells was sufficient to restore the STAT2's stability and restrict virus growth, suggesting that the IFNAR-mediated ISG15 activity is also antiviral. Our results add a novel layer of complexity in the virus/host interaction interface and suggest that NS5 has a narrow window of opportunity to degrade STAT2, therefore suppressing host's IFN-I mediated response and promoting virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Eleonora Espada
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz da Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Taissa Ricciardi-Jorge
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adara Aurea dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Zamira Guerra Soares
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Greicy Malaquias
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Patrício
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edgar Gonzalez Kozlova
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC)/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thomas J. Sanford
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Teodoro Fajardo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor R. Sweeney
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Viral Gene Expression Group, The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - André Báfica
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos Mansur
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Álvarez E, Falqui M, Sin L, McGrail JP, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Marcos-Villar L, Tárrega C, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. Unveiling the Multifaceted Roles of ISG15: From Immunomodulation to Therapeutic Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:153. [PMID: 38400136 PMCID: PMC10891536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15), a unique Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifier exclusive to vertebrates, plays a crucial role in the immune system. Primarily induced by interferon (IFN) type I, ISG15 functions through diverse mechanisms: (i) covalent protein modification (ISGylation); (ii) non-covalent intracellular action; and (iii) exerting extracellular cytokine activity. These various roles highlight its versatility in influencing numerous cellular pathways, encompassing DNA damage response, autophagy, antiviral response, and cancer-related processes, among others. The well-established antiviral effects of ISGylation contrast with its intriguing dual role in cancer, exhibiting both suppressive and promoting effects depending on the tumour type. The multifaceted functions of ISG15 extend beyond intracellular processes to extracellular cytokine signalling, influencing immune response, chemotaxis, and anti-tumour effects. Moreover, ISG15 emerges as a promising adjuvant in vaccine development, enhancing immune responses against viral antigens and demonstrating efficacy in cancer models. As a therapeutic target in cancer treatment, ISG15 exhibits a double-edged nature, promoting or suppressing oncogenesis depending on the tumour context. This review aims to contribute to future studies exploring the role of ISG15 in immune modulation and cancer therapy, potentially paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions, vaccine development, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Sin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Céline Tárrega
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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da Silva RP, Thomé BL, da Souza APD. Exploring the Immune Response against RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1223. [PMID: 37759622 PMCID: PMC10525162 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in children. RSV is a prominent cause of lower respiratory tract infections among infants, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with lower overall severity in children than in adults. In this review, we aimed to compare the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by RSV and SARS-CoV-2 to better understand differences in the pathogenesis of infection. Some studies have demonstrated that children present a more robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 than adults; however, this response is dissimilar to that of RSV. Each virus has a distinctive mechanism to escape the immune response. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving the management of pediatric respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte da Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil; (R.P.d.S.); (B.L.T.)
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6
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Falqui M, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Albert M, Marcos-Villar L, McGrail JP, Sorzano CÓS, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. An MVA-based vector expressing cell-free ISG15 increases IFN-I production and improves HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell immune responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187193. [PMID: 37313341 PMCID: PMC10258332 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), responsible of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), continues to be a major global public health issue with any cure or vaccine available. The Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that is induced by interferons and plays a critical role in the immune response. ISG15 is a modifier protein that covalently binds to its targets via a reversible bond, a process known as ISGylation, which is the best-characterized activity of this protein to date. However, ISG15 can also interact with intracellular proteins via non-covalent binding or act as a cytokine in the extracellular space after secretion. In previous studies we proved the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when delivered by a DNA-vector in heterologous prime-boost combination with a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based recombinant virus expressing HIV-1 antigens Env/Gag-Pol-Nef (MVA-B). Here we extended these results evaluating the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when expressed by an MVA vector. For this, we generated and characterized two novel MVA recombinants expressing different forms of ISG15, the wild-type ISG15GG (able to perform ISGylation) or the mutated ISG15AA (unable to perform ISGylation). In mice immunized with the heterologous DNA prime/MVA boost regimen, the expression of the mutant ISG15AA from MVA-Δ3-ISG15AA vector in combination with MVA-B induced an increase in the magnitude and quality of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells as well as in the levels of IFN-I released, providing a better immunostimulatory activity than the wild-type ISG15GG. Our results confirm the importance of ISG15 as an immune adjuvant in the vaccine field and highlights its role as a potential relevant component in HIV-1 immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit and Computational Genomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Zheng J, Lin J, Ma Y, Yang C, Zhong Q, Li Y, Yang Q. Establishment of sheep nasal mucosa explant model and its application in antiviral research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124936. [PMID: 37256060 PMCID: PMC10226428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is the first barrier to pathogen invasion through the respiratory tract. Few studies have focused on nasal resistance to invasion by respiratory pathogens due to the lack of models related to the nasal mucosa. Hence, it is necessary to construct a nasal mucosal model to study host-pathogen interactions. We established a long-term in vitro sheep nasal mucosa explant model (NMEM), which exhibited typical epithelial cilia and epithelial proliferation ability within 11 days. Moreover, to evaluate whether the NMEM was suited for in vitro pathogenic study, we used pseudorabies virus (PRV) and showed that it successfully infected and produced severe lesions in the NMEM, particularly interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). IFN decreased significantly after the PRV infection. Similarly, we used this NMEM model to screen several antiviral substances, such as probiotics and drugs. A previous study showed that nasal commensal bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, had high antiviral activity. Then, we used the NMEM to evaluate six sheep-derived B. subtilis strains and demonstrated that it significantly induced the production of IFN and expression of ISG15. The sheep-derived B. subtilis was pretreated with the sheep NMEM before the PRV infection to evaluate the antiviral effect. The results showed that NSV2 significantly inhibited infection by PRV and reduced the viral load (p < 0.05). Furthermore, NSV2 may inhibit PRV replication by enhancing ISGylation of cells. In conclusion, we established a reliable in vitro culture model of sheep NMEM, and applied it in antiviral research.
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Zhang D, Zhao Y, You X, He S, Li E. Repurposing Axl Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0148722. [PMID: 36853000 PMCID: PMC10019287 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01487-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection persists as a common pathogen of pulmonary infection in infants and in the elderly with high morbidity and mortality. However, no specific therapeutics are available. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk) family receptor kinases, is a pleiotropic inhibitor of the innate immune response and functions as a negative regulator of interferon pathway activation. In this report, we investigated Axl inhibitors for their effects against RSV infection. Axl inhibition with kinase inhibitors, including BMS-777607, R428, and TP-0903, or Axl ablation resulted in a significant reduction of RSV infection in cell-based assays. In an animal model of pulmonary RSV infection, treatment with BMS-777607, R428, or TP-0903 ameliorated pulmonary pathology with a significant reduction of RSV titers in the lung tissues and, consequently, decreased the expression of proinflammatory genes. The host promotes ISG expression for the antiviral response and for viral clearance. We found that Axl inhibition led to more robust IFN-β expression and antiviral gene induction. Thus, the results of this study imply that Axl kinase inhibitors may possess a broad spectrum of antiviral effects by promoting ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Yancheng People's 1st Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Yancheng People's 1st Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Free ISG15 Inhibits the Replication of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus by Breaking the Interaction of Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0103122. [PMID: 36036587 PMCID: PMC9603952 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious disease in small ruminants and severe economic losses in developing countries. PPRV infection can stimulate high levels of interferon (IFN) and many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as ISG15, which may play a key role in the process of viral infection. However, the role of ISG15 in PPRV infection and replication has not yet been reported. In this study, we found ISG15 expression to be significantly upregulated after PPRV infection of caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), and ISG15 inhibits the proliferation of PPRV. Further analysis showed that free ISG15 could inhibit PPRV proliferation. Moreover, ISG15 does not affect the binding, entry, and transcription but does suppress the replication of PPRV. A detailed analysis revealed that ISG15 interacts and colocalizes with both viral N and P proteins and that its interactive regions are all located in the N-terminal domain. Further studies showed that ISG15 can competitively interact with N and P proteins and significantly interfere with their binding. Finally, through the construction of the C-terminal mutants of ISG15 with different lengths, it was found that amino acids (aa) 77 to 101 play a key role in inhibiting the binding of N and P proteins and that interaction with the P protein disappears after the deletion of 77 to 101 aa. The present study revealed a novel mechanism of ISG15 in disrupting the activity of the N0-P complex to inhibit viral replication. IMPORTANCE PPRV, a widespread and fatal disease of small ruminants, is one of the most devastating animal diseases in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, causing severe economic losses. IFNs play an important role as a component of natural immunity against pathogens, yet the role of ISG15, an IFN-stimulated gene, in protecting against PPRV infection is currently unknown. We demonstrated, for the first time, that free ISG15 inhibits PPRV proliferation by disrupting the activity of the N0-P complex, a finding that has not been reported in other viruses. Our results provide important insights that can further understand the pathogenesis and innate immune mechanisms of PPRV.
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10
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Strickland BA, Rajagopala SV, Kamali A, Shilts MH, Pakala SB, Boukhvalova MS, Yooseph S, Blanco JCG, Das SR. Species-specific transcriptomic changes upon respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16579. [PMID: 36195733 PMCID: PMC9531660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon) is the gold standard pre-clinical small animal model for respiratory viral pathogens, especially for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, without a reference genome or a published transcriptome, studies requiring gene expression analysis in cotton rats are severely limited. The aims of this study were to generate a comprehensive transcriptome from multiple tissues of two species of cotton rats that are commonly used as animal models (Sigmodon fulviventer and Sigmodon hispidus), and to compare and contrast gene expression changes and immune responses to RSV infection between the two species. Transcriptomes were assembled from lung, spleen, kidney, heart, and intestines for each species with a contig N50 > 1600. Annotation of contigs generated nearly 120,000 gene annotations for each species. The transcriptomes of S. fulviventer and S. hispidus were then used to assess immune response to RSV infection. We identified 238 unique genes that are significantly differentially expressed, including several genes implicated in RSV infection (e.g., Mx2, I27L2, LY6E, Viperin, Keratin 6A, ISG15, CXCL10, CXCL11, IRF9) as well as novel genes that have not previously described in RSV research (LG3BP, SYWC, ABEC1, IIGP1, CREB1). This study presents two comprehensive transcriptome references as resources for future gene expression analysis studies in the cotton rat model, as well as provides gene sequences for mechanistic characterization of molecular pathways. Overall, our results provide generalizable insights into the effect of host genetics on host-virus interactions, as well as identify new host therapeutic targets for RSV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton A Strickland
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seesandra V Rajagopala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, S2108 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Arash Kamali
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Meghan H Shilts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, S2108 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, S2108 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Marina S Boukhvalova
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Shibu Yooseph
- Department of Computer Science, Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jorge C G Blanco
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Suman R Das
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 21st Avenue South, S2108 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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11
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Corsello T, Qu Y, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Antiviral activity of extracellular vesicles derived from respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886701. [PMID: 36032066 PMCID: PMC9412241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and elderly. No vaccine or effective treatment is currently available for RSV. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microvesicles known to carry biologically active molecules, including RNA, DNA and proteins (i.e. cargo). Viral infections can induce profound changes in EV cargo, and the cargo can modulate cellular responses of recipient cells. We have recently shown that EVs isolated from RSV-infected cells were able to activate innate immune response by inducing cytokine and chemokine release from human monocytes and airway epithelial cells, however, we did not investigate the potential antiviral contribution of EVs to a subsequent infection. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of innate immune mediators, including type I and III interferons (IFNs) in EVs released from airway epithelial cells infected with RSV, and their potential role in modulating viral replication in recipient cells. EV-derived from cells infected with RSV were associated with significant amounts of cytokine and chemokines, as well as IFN-β and -λ, compared to EVs isolated from mock-infected cells. Cells treated with RSV-EVs showed significantly lower levels of viral replication compared to untreated or mock-EV-treated RSV infected cells. Cellular pretreatment with Cerdulatinib, an IFN receptor signaling inhibitor, inhibited the antiviral activity of RSV-EVs in recipient airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, treatment of A549 cells with RSV-EVs induced the expression of IFN-dependent antiviral genes, supporting the idea that RSV-EVs exerts their antiviral activity through an interferon-dependent mechanism. Finally, we determined the concentrations of soluble and EV-associated IFN-β and IFN-λ in five nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) of children with viral infections. There were significant levels of IFN-λ in NPS and NPS-derived EVs, while IFN-β was not detected in either of the two types of samples. EVs released from RSV-infected cells could represent a potential therapeutic approach for modulating RSV replication in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Corsello
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Tiziana Corsello, ; Antonella Casola,
| | - Yue Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Tiziana Corsello, ; Antonella Casola,
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12
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Curcumin partly prevents ISG15 activation via ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like protein and decreases ISGylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:94-101. [PMID: 35952613 PMCID: PMC9352433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Tecalco Cruz AC. Free ISG15 and protein ISGylation emerging in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:686-691. [PMID: 35297347 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220316094720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-simulated gene 15 (ISG15) belongs to the family of ubiquitin-like proteins. ISG15 acts as a cytokine and modifies proteins through ISGylation. This posttranslational modification has been associated with antiviral and immune response pathways. In addition, it is known that the genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes proteases critical for viral replication. Consequently, these proteases are also central in the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Interestingly, the protease SARS-CoV-2-PLpro removes ISG15 from ISGylated proteins such as IRF3 and MDA5, affecting immune and antiviral defense from the host. Here, the implications of ISG15, ISGylation, and generation of SARS-CoV-2-PLpro inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco Cruz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), CDMX, México
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14
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Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus NS2 Protein Induces Autophagy by Modulating Beclin1 Protein Stabilization and ISGylation. mBio 2022; 13:e0352821. [PMID: 35038909 PMCID: PMC8764521 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03528-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the leading cause of pneumonia in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Understanding host-virus interactions is essential for the development of effective interventions. RSV induces autophagy to modulate the immune response. The viral factors and mechanisms underlying RSV-induced autophagy are unknown. Here, we identify the RSV nonstructural protein NS2 as the virus component mediating RSV-induced autophagy. We show that NS2 interacts and stabilizes the proautophagy mediator Beclin1 by preventing its degradation by the proteasome. NS2 further impairs interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-mediated Beclin1 ISGylation and generates a pool of "hypo-ISGylated" active Beclin1 to engage in functional autophagy. Studies with NS2-deficient RSV revealed that NS2 contributes to RSV-mediated autophagy during infection. The present study is the first report to show direct activation of autophagy by a paramyxovirus nonstructural protein. We also report a new viral mechanism for autophagy induction wherein the viral protein NS2 promotes hypo-ISGylation of Beclin1 to ensure availability of active Beclin1 to engage in the autophagy process. IMPORTANCE Understanding host-virus interactions is essential for the development of effective interventions against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a paramyxovirus that is a leading cause of viral pneumonia in infants. RSV induces autophagy following infection, although the viral factors involved in this mechanism are unknown. Here, we identify the RSV nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) as the virus component involved in autophagy induction. NS2 promotes autophagy by interaction with and stabilization of the proautophagy mediator Beclin1 and by impairing its ISGylation to overcome autophagy inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a viral protein regulating the autophagy pathway by modulating ISGylation of autophagy mediators. Our studies highlight a direct role of a paramyxovirus nonstructural protein in activating autophagy by interacting with the autophagy mediator Beclin1. NS2-mediated regulation of the autophagy and ISGylation processes is a novel function of viral nonstructural proteins to control the host response against RSV.
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15
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Martín-Vicente M, Resino S, Martínez I. Early innate immune response triggered by the human respiratory syncytial virus and its regulation by ubiquitination/deubiquitination processes. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:11. [PMID: 35152905 PMCID: PMC8841119 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. An exuberant inadequate immune response is behind most of the pathology caused by the HRSV. The main targets of HRSV infection are the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, where the immune response against the virus begins. This early innate immune response consists of the expression of hundreds of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral genes that stimulates subsequent innate and adaptive immunity. The early innate response in infected cells is mediated by intracellular signaling pathways composed of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), adapters, kinases, and transcriptions factors. These pathways are tightly regulated by complex networks of post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination. Numerous ubiquitinases and deubiquitinases make these modifications reversible and highly dynamic. The intricate nature of the signaling pathways and their regulation offers the opportunity for fine-tuning the innate immune response against HRSV to control virus replication and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Kaikai H, Zhao D, Liu Y, Liu Q, Huang X, Yang J, Zhang L, Li Y. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM25 Inhibits Tembusu Virus Replication in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722113. [PMID: 34595229 PMCID: PMC8476877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused significant economic losses to the duck industry in China since 2010 due to egg production losses and neurological dysfunction. DTMUV is a public health concern because the infection spreads rapidly among birds. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)serves as an innate immune sensor and plays a key role in host antiviral defenses. Tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is pivotal for RIG-I ubiquitination and activation. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an interferon-stimulated gene and mediates the antiviral activity. However, the effect of duck TRIM25 on DTMUV has not been assessed. Herein, we reportthe antiviral function of TRIM25 against DTMUV. First, we constructed the pcDNA3.1-c-myc-duTRIM25 plasmid. TRIM25 has a 2052 bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted 684 amino acid protein consisting of a RING finger domain, a B-box domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a PRY/SPRY domain. The protein sequence identity with chicken, mouse, and human TRIM25 is 69.7, 47.8, and 48.3%, respectively. TRIM25 was upregulated in BHK-21 cells, duck embryo fibroblasts, and 293T cellsupon DTMUV infection. The expression of viral RNA and proteins was significantly lower in cells over expressing TRIM25 than in control cells. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated silencing of TRIM25 increased the production of viral progeny. These results help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the host response to DTMUV infection and suggest potential control measures for DTMUV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kaikai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Thery F, Martina L, Asselman C, Zhang Y, Vessely M, Repo H, Sedeyn K, Moschonas GD, Bredow C, Teo QW, Zhang J, Leandro K, Eggermont D, De Sutter D, Boucher K, Hochepied T, Festjens N, Callewaert N, Saelens X, Dermaut B, Knobeloch KP, Beling A, Sanyal S, Radoshevich L, Eyckerman S, Impens F. Ring finger protein 213 assembles into a sensor for ISGylated proteins with antimicrobial activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5772. [PMID: 34599178 PMCID: PMC8486878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, ubiquitin-like protein that can conjugate to substrate proteins (ISGylation) to counteract microbial infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we use a virus-like particle trapping technology to identify ISG15-binding proteins and discover Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213) as an ISG15 interactor and cellular sensor of ISGylated proteins. RNF213 is a poorly characterized, interferon-induced megaprotein that is frequently mutated in Moyamoya disease, a rare cerebrovascular disorder. We report that interferon induces ISGylation and oligomerization of RNF213 on lipid droplets, where it acts as a sensor for ISGylated proteins. We show that RNF213 has broad antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, counteracting infection with Listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus 1, human respiratory syncytial virus and coxsackievirus B3, and we observe a striking co-localization of RNF213 with intracellular bacteria. Together, our findings provide molecular insights into the ISGylation pathway and reveal RNF213 as a key antimicrobial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thery
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lia Martina
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Asselman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Madeleine Vessely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Heidi Repo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - George D Moschonas
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Bredow
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jingshu Zhang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Leandro
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denzel Eggermont
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katie Boucher
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Festjens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Dermaut
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lilliana Radoshevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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18
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He W, Li C, Dong L, Yang G, Liu H. Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of ISG15 Knockout PK15 Cells in Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101557. [PMID: 34680952 PMCID: PMC8535405 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is recognized as one of the most important pathogens of swine and poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Available commercial vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of new PRV strains. Therefore, the new protein targets against PRV highlight the urgent need for uncovering the molecular determinants of host cellular proteins following PRV infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) demonstrates an outstanding antiviral response. However, the molecular mechanism of ISG15 that affects PRV replication is incompletely known. Here, we performed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based approach to quantitatively identify protein expression changes in PRV-infected ISG15 knockout PK15 (ISG15−/−-PK15) cells. In total, 4958 proteins were identified by using TMT coupled with LC-MS/MS in this study. In the PRV- and mock-infected groups, 241 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, 162 upregulated and 79 downregulated proteins at 24 h post-infection (hpi), among which AFP, Vtn, Hsp40, Herc5, and Mccc1 may play important roles in PRV propagation. To ensure the validity and reliability of the proteomics data, the randomly selected DEPs were verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis, and the results were consistent with the TMT results. Bioinformatics analyses further demonstrated that the DEPs are mainly involved in various biological processes and signaling pathways, such as signal transduction, the digestive system, and the PI3K-AKT pathway. These findings may provide new insight into molecular mechanisms for PRV infection, which is helpful for identifying potential protein targets for antiviral agents.
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19
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Preprocessing of Public RNA-Sequencing Datasets to Facilitate Downstream Analyses of Human Diseases. DATA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/data6070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Publicly available RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data are a rich resource for elucidating the mechanisms of human disease; however, preprocessing these data requires considerable bioinformatic expertise and computational infrastructure. Analyzing multiple datasets with a consistent computational workflow increases the accuracy of downstream meta-analyses. This collection of datasets represents the human intracellular transcriptional response to disorders and diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), B-cell lymphomas, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), colorectal cancer, lupus erythematosus; as well as infection with pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, hantavirus, influenza A virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We calculated the statistically significant differentially expressed genes and Gene Ontology terms for all datasets. In addition, a subset of the datasets also includes results from splice variant analyses, intracellular signaling pathway enrichments as well as read mapping and quantification. All analyses were performed using well-established algorithms and are provided to facilitate future data mining activities, wet lab studies, and to accelerate collaboration and discovery.
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20
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Chelbi-Alix MK, Thibault P. Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671067. [PMID: 33968942 PMCID: PMC8097047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Identification of pathogenic genes and transcription factors in respiratory syncytial virus. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:27. [PMID: 33419394 PMCID: PMC7796524 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children, especially bronchiolitis. Our study aimed to identify the key genes and upstream transcription factors in RSV. METHODS To screen for RSV pathogenic genes, an integrated analysis was performed using the RSV microarray dataset in GEO. Functional annotation and potential pathways for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further explored by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We constructed the RSV-specific transcriptional regulatory network to identify key transcription factors for DEGs in RSV. RESULTS From three GEO datasets, we identified 1059 DEGs (493 up-regulated and 566 down-regulated genes, FDR < 0.05 and |Combined.ES| > 0.8) between RSV patients and normal controls. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that 'response to virus' (FDR = 7.13E-15), 'mitochondrion' (FDR = 1.39E-14) and 'Asthma' (FDR = 1.28E-06) were significantly enriched pathways for DEGs. The expression of IFI27, IFI44, IFITM3, FCER1A, and ISG15 were shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of RSV. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that IFI27, IFI44, IFITM3, FCER1A, and ISG15 may play a role in RSV. Our finding may contribute to the development of new potential biomarkers, reveal the underlying pathogenesis and also identify novel therapeutic targets for RSV.
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22
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121381. [PMID: 33276587 PMCID: PMC7761617 DOI: 10.3390/v12121381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumovirus family includes a wide range of viruses that can cause respiratory and/or systemic infections in humans and animals. The significant disease burden of these viruses is further exacerbated by the limited therapeutics that are currently available. Host cellular proteins that can antagonize or limit virus replication are therefore a promising area of research to identify candidate molecules with the potential for host-targeted therapies. Host proteins known as host cell restriction factors are constitutively expressed and/or induced in response to virus infection and include proteins from interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISG proteins have been identified but relatively few have been characterized in detail and most studies have focused on studying their antiviral activities against particular viruses, such as influenza A viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. This review summarizes current literature regarding host cell restriction factors against paramyxo- and pneumoviruses, on which there is more limited data. Alongside discussion of known restriction factors, this review also considers viral countermeasures in overcoming host restriction, the strengths and limitations in different experimental approaches in studies reported to date, and the challenges in reconciling differences between in vitro and in vivo data. Furthermore, this review provides an outlook regarding the landscape of emerging technologies and tools available to study host cell restriction factors, as well as the suitability of these proteins as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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23
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Cardon T, Ozcan B, Aboulouard S, Kobeissy F, Duhamel M, Rodet F, Fournier I, Salzet M. Epigenetic Studies Revealed a Ghost Proteome in PC1/3 KD Macrophages under Antitumoral Resistance Induced by IL-10. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27774-27782. [PMID: 33163760 PMCID: PMC7643081 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous investigation on macrophages has allowed us to show that the inhibition of the enzyme proprotein convertase (PC1/3) controls the activation of macrophages. We demonstrated that PC1/3 knockdown (KD) in macrophages exhibits an increased secretion of proinflammatory and antitumoral factors. In this biological context, we assessed the presence of histone modifications and the presence and contribution of a "ghost proteome" in these macrophages. We identified a set of alternative proteins (AltProts) that have a key role in the regulation of various signaling pathways. In this study, to further investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in the resistance of PC1/3-KD macrophages to anti-inflammatory stimuli, we have conducted a proteomic system biology study to assess the epigenome variation, focusing on histone modifications. Results from our study have indicated the presence of significant variations in histone modifications along with the identification of 28 AltProts, which can be correlated with antitumoral resistance under IL-10 stimulation. These findings highlight a key role of altered epigenome histone modifications in driving resistance and indicate that like the reference proteins, AltProts can have a major impact in the field of epigenetics and regulation of gene expression, as shown in our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Cardon
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
| | - Bilgehan Ozcan
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department
of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, Paris 75000, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Inserm,
CHRU Lille, University Lille, U-1192—Laboratoire Protéomique,
Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille 59000, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, Paris 75000, France
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24
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Besteman SB, Callaghan A, Langedijk AC, Hennus MP, Meyaard L, Mokry M, Bont LJ, Calis JJA. Transcriptome of airway neutrophils reveals an interferon response in life-threatening respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Immunol 2020; 220:108593. [PMID: 32920212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are the most abundant cell type infiltrating the airways during severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Their exact role in disease pathophysiology remains enigmatic. Therefore, we determined genome-wide RNA expression profiles of local and systemic neutrophils in RSV bronchiolitis to provide further insight into local neutrophil biology. METHODS We performed a single-center analysis, in 16 infants, admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with severe RSV bronchiolitis. Neutrophils were isolated from blood and tracheobronchial aspirates (sputum). After low input RNA sequencing, differential expression of genes was determined followed by gene set analysis. RESULTS Paired transcriptomic analysis of airway versus blood neutrophils showed an inflammatory phenotype, characterized by NF-kB signaling and upregulated expression of IL-6 and interferon pathways. We observed distinct expression of neutrophil activation genes (TNFSF13B, FCER1G). DISCUSSION Our data indicate that airway neutrophils regulate their function at the transcriptional level in response to viral infection. It also suggests that local interferon drives the neutrophil response of severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjanna B Besteman
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amie Callaghan
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annefleur C Langedijk
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marije P Hennus
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Department of cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorg J A Calis
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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25
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Wang Y, Ren K, Li S, Yang C, Chen L. Interferon stimulated gene 15 promotes Zika virus replication through regulating Jak/STAT and ISGylation pathways. Virus Res 2020; 287:198087. [PMID: 32738280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus is an emergent arbovirus that has caused a public health emergency in South America. Zika virus infection is known to cause microcephaly and other congenital defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Unfortunately no direct antiviral treatments are available at present. IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is one of the most upregulated host genes following type I interferon treatment or virus infections. ISG15 has been shown to have antiviral effect on a wide variety of viruses although pro-HCV replication was observed. However, the effect of ISG15 on ZIKV infection is not well defined. In this study, we try to clarify the effect of ISG15 on ZIKV replication and to further dissect the underlying mechanism. Our results indicated that ZIKV infection led to the increased expression of ISG15 in A549, 2fTGH, U5A cells. Overexpression of ISG15 stimulated ZIKV replication although ISG15 did not affect the viral entry. Further studies showed that this proviral effect was mediated through Jak/STAT signaling pathway and was ISGylation-dependent. Taken together, our work demonstrates that ISG15 is an important host factor exploited by ZIKV to facilitate its replication and might serve as a potential target for the development of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancui Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China; Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Zhao T, Cui L, Yu X, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Hua X. Proteome Analysis Reveals Syndecan 1 Regulates Porcine Sapelovirus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4386. [PMID: 32575635 PMCID: PMC7352226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus A (PSV) is a single stranded, positive-sense, non-enveloped RNA virus that causes enteritis, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis, and reproductive disorders in pigs. Research on PSV infection and interaction with host cells is unclear. In this study, we applied tandem mass tag proteomics analysis to investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in PSV-infected pig kidney (PK)-15 cells and explored the interactions between PSV and host cells. Here we mapped 181 DEPs, including 59 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated DEPs. Among them, osteopontin (SPP1), induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier (ISG15), vinculin (VCL), and syndecan-1 (SDC1) were verified significantly changed using RT-qPCR. Additionally, overexpression of SDC1 promoted PSV viral protein (VP)1 synthesis and virus titer, and silencing of SDC1 revealed the opposite results. Our findings show that SDC1 is a novel host protein and plays crucial roles in regulating PSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiangqian Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China; (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China; (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Z.); (L.C.)
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27
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Freitas BT, Scholte FEM, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. How ISG15 combats viral infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:198036. [PMID: 32492472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein critical for the control of microbial infections. ISG15 appears to serve a wide variety of functions, which regulate multiple cellular responses contributing to the development of an antiviral state. ISG15 is a versatile molecule directly modulating both host and virus protein function which regulate many signaling pathways, including its own synthesis. Here we review the various roles ISG15 plays in the antiviral immune response, and examine the mechanisms by which viruses attempt to mitigate or exploit ISG15 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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28
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Jiao P, Fan W, Cao Y, Zhang H, Tian L, Sun L, Luo T, Liu W, Li J. Robust induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression by influenza B/Yamagata lineage virus infection of A549 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231039. [PMID: 32267861 PMCID: PMC7141683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and generally causes sporadic epidemics but is occasionally deadly to individuals. The current research mainly focuses on clinical and pathological characteristics of IBV. However, to better prevent or treat the disease, one must determine the strategies developed by IBV to invade and disrupt cellular proteins and approach to replicate itself, to suppress antiviral innate immunity, and understand how the host responds to IBV infection. The B/Shanghai/PD114/2018 virus was able to infect alveolar epithelial cells (A549) cells, with good potential for replication. To identify host cellular responses against IBV infection, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained using RNA sequencing. The GO and KEGG pathway term enrichment analyses with the DEGs were performed, and we found that the DEGs were primary involved in metabolic processes and cellular function, which may be related to the host response, including the innate immune response against the virus. Our transcriptome analysis results demonstrated robust induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression by IBV in human cells during the early stages of infection, providing a foundation for further studies focused on antiviral drug development and interactions between the virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
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29
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Martín-Vicente M, González-Sanz R, Cuesta I, Monzón S, Resino S, Martínez I. Downregulation of A20 Expression Increases the Immune Response and Apoptosis and Reduces Virus Production in Cells Infected by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010100. [PMID: 32102364 PMCID: PMC7157707 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults. Regulation of the immune response against HRSV is crucial to limiting virus replication and immunopathology. The A20/TNFAIP3 protein is a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors 3/7 (IRF3/7), which are key transcription factors involved in the inflammatory/antiviral response of epithelial cells to virus infection. Here, we investigated the impact of A20 downregulation or knockout on HRSV growth and the induction of the immune response in those cells. Cellular infections in which the expression of A20 was silenced by siRNAs or eliminated by gene knockout showed increased inflammatory/antiviral response and reduced virus production. Similar results were obtained when the expression of A20-interacting proteins, such as TAX1BP1 and ABIN1, was silenced. Additionally, downregulation of A20, TAX1BP1, and ABIN1 increased cell apoptosis in HRSV-infected cells. These results show that the downregulation of A20 expression might contribute in the control of HRSV infections by potentiating the early innate immune response and increasing apoptosis in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rubén González-Sanz
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (I.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (I.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-8223272; Fax: +34-91-5097919
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30
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Li C, Wang Y, Zheng H, Dong W, Lv H, Lin J, Guo K, Zhang Y. Antiviral activity of ISG15 against classical swine fever virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages via inhibition of autophagy by ISGylating BECN1. Vet Res 2020; 51:22. [PMID: 32093773 PMCID: PMC7038623 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) for defense against numerous viral infections, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of ISGs on CSFV infection are rarely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α treatment induces upregulation of ISG15 and thus attenuates CSFV replication. To determine whether ISG15 is critical for controlling CSFV replication, we established porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with stable overexpression or knockdown of ISG15. Overexpression of Flag-ISG15 significantly prevented CSFV replication, whereas loss of ISG15 led to abnormal proliferation of CSFV. Furthermore, upregulated ISG15 promoted beclin-1 (BECN1) ISGylation and dysfunction and subsequently inhibited autophagy, which is indispensable for CSFV replication. In addition, HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), which functions to catalyze conjugation of ISG15 protein, was confirmed to interact with BECN1. Collectively, these results indicate that IFN-α restricts CSFV replication through ISG15-mediated BECN1 ISGylation and autophagy inhibition, providing insight into the mechanism of CSFV replication control by type I IFN. This mechanism may not be the only antiviral mechanism of ISG15; nonetheless, this study may contribute to the development of CSFV treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Pang F, Wang X, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Wang C, Yang X, An Q, Du L, Wang F. Integrated Analysis of Differentially Expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in Goat Skin Fibroblast Cells in Response to Orf Virus Infection Reveals That cfa-let-7a Regulates Thrombospondin 1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010118. [PMID: 31963559 PMCID: PMC7019303 DOI: 10.3390/v12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a zoonotic disease that has caused huge economic losses globally. Systematical analysis of dysregulated cellular micro RNAs (miRNAs) in response to Orf virus (ORFV) infection has not been reported. In the current study, miRNA sequencing and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed in goat skin fibroblast (GSF) cells at 0, 18, and 30 h post infection (h.p.i). We identified 140 and 221 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs at 18 and 30 h.p.i, respectively. We also identified 729 and 3961 DE genes (DEGs) at 18 and 30 h.p.i, respectively. GO enrichment analysis indicates enrichment of apoptotic regulation, defense response to virus, immune response, and inflammatory response at both time points. DE miRNAs and DEGs with reverse expression were used to construct miRNA-gene networks. Seven DE miRNAs and seven DEGs related to "negative regulation of viral genome replication" were identified. These were validated by RT-qPCR. Cfa-let-7a, a significantly upregulated miRNA, was found to repress Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) mRNA and protein expression by directly targeting the THBS1 3' untranslated region. THBS1 has been reported to induce apoptosis; therefore, the cfa-let-7a-THBS1 axis may play an important role in cellular apoptosis during ORFV infection. This study provides new insights into ORFV and host cell interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Xinying Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, 550003, China;
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Qi An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Li Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Fengyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:4-20. [PMID: 31610541 PMCID: PMC6959104 DOI: 10.1159/000503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host's immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Microbiome-Transcriptome Interactions Related to Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13824. [PMID: 31554845 PMCID: PMC6761288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. Although risk factors for RSV infection have been identified, the role of microbial species in the respiratory tract is only partially known. We aimed to understand the impact of interactions between the nasal microbiome and host transcriptome on the severity and clinical outcomes of RSV infection. We used 16 S rRNA sequencing to characterize the nasal microbiome of infants with RSV infection. We used RNA sequencing to interrogate the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells obtained from the same set of infants. After dimension reduction through principal component (PC) analysis, we performed an integrative analysis to identify significant co-variation between microbial clade and gene expression PCs. We then employed LIONESS (Linear Interpolation to Obtain Network Estimates for Single Samples) to estimate the clade-gene association patterns for each infant. Our network-based integrative analysis identified several clade-gene associations significantly related to the severity of RSV infection. The microbial taxa with the highest loadings in the implicated clade PCs included Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus. Interestingly, many of the genes with the highest loadings in the implicated gene PCs are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, while others are involved in the host immune response. This study on microbiome-transcriptome interactions provides insights into how the host immune system mounts a response against RSV and specific infectious agents in nasal microbiota.
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Abstract
The host response to viral infection includes the induction of type I interferons and the subsequent upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. Over the past 15 years, efforts to understand how ISG15 protects the host during infection have revealed that its actions are diverse and pathogen-dependent. In this Review, we describe new insights into how ISG15 directly inhibits viral replication and discuss the recent finding that ISG15 modulates the host damage and repair response, immune response and other host signalling pathways. We also explore the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract the actions of ISG15. These findings are integrated with a discussion of the recent identification of ISG15-deficient individuals and a cellular receptor for ISG15 that provides new insights into how ISG15 shapes the host response to viral infection. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. In this Review, Perng and Lenschow provide new insights into how ISG15 restricts and shapes the host response to viral infection and the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract ISG15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Perng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4812. [PMID: 30886158 PMCID: PMC6423325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) is a probiotic lactic acid bacterium with multifunctional effects, including the prevention of influenza A virus infection in mice, reduction of adipocyte size in mice, and increased lifespan in C. elegans. We investigated whether LG2055 exhibits antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a global pathogen for which a preventive strategy is required. Following oral administration of LG2055 in mice, the RSV titre in the lung was significantly decreased, while body weight was not decreased after virus infection. Additionally, the elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung upon RSV infection decreased after LG2055 administration. Moreover, interferon and interferon stimulated genes were upregulated by LG2055 treatment. Comparative cellular proteomic analysis revealed that SWI2/SNF2-related CREB-binding protein activator protein (SRCAP) was a candidate for the antiviral activity of LG2055 against RSV. There was a positive correlation between the inhibition of RSV replication and the suppression of SRCAP expression and RSV replication was suppressed by SRCAP silencing. Since SRCAP is a scaffold protein to which viral non-structural proteins bind, the downregulation of SRCAP induced by LG2055 could provide new insights about the inhibition of RSV replication. In summary, our study demonstrated that LG2055 has prophylactic potential against RSV infection.
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Albert M, Bécares M, Falqui M, Fernández-Lozano C, Guerra S. ISG15, a Small Molecule with Huge Implications: Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110629. [PMID: 30428561 PMCID: PMC6265978 DOI: 10.3390/v10110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for the majority of infectious diseases, from the common cold to HIV/AIDS or hemorrhagic fevers, the latter with devastating effects on the human population. Accordingly, the development of efficient antiviral therapies is a major goal and a challenge for the scientific community, as we are still far from understanding the molecular mechanisms that operate after virus infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays an important antiviral role during viral infection. ISG15 catalyzes a ubiquitin-like post-translational modification termed ISGylation, involving the conjugation of ISG15 molecules to de novo synthesized viral or cellular proteins, which regulates their stability and function. Numerous biomedically relevant viruses are targets of ISG15, as well as proteins involved in antiviral immunity. Beyond their role as cellular powerhouses, mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that act as signaling hubs in antiviral responses. In this review, we give an overview of the biological consequences of ISGylation for virus infection and host defense. We also compare several published proteomic studies to identify and classify potential mitochondrial ISGylation targets. Finally, based on our recent observations, we discuss the essential functions of mitochondria in the antiviral response and examine the role of ISG15 in the regulation of mitochondrial processes, specifically OXPHOS and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Bécares
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández-Lozano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Uche IK, Guerrero-Plata A. Interferon-Mediated Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090505. [PMID: 30231515 PMCID: PMC6163993 DOI: 10.3390/v10090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children worldwide. Although this pathogen infects mainly young children, elderly and immunocompromised people can be also seriously affected. To date, there is no commercial vaccine available against it. Upon HMPV infection, the host innate arm of defense produces interferons (IFNs), which are critical for limiting HMPV replication. In this review, we offer an updated landscape of the HMPV mediated-IFN response in different models as well as some of the defense tactics employed by the virus to circumvent IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi K Uche
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
- Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Transmembrane Protein pUL50 of Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits ISGylation by Downregulating UBE1L. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00462-18. [PMID: 29743376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00462-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that can be conjugated to proteins via an enzymatic cascade involving the E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. ISG15 expression and protein ISGylation modulate viral infection; however, the viral mechanisms regulating the function of ISG15 and ISGylation are not well understood. We recently showed that ISGylation suppresses the growth of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) at multiple steps of the virus life cycle and that the virus-encoded pUL26 protein inhibits protein ISGylation. In this study, we demonstrate that the HCMV UL50-encoded transmembrane protein, a component of the nuclear egress complex, also inhibits ISGylation. pUL50 interacted with UBE1L, an E1-activating enzyme for ISGylation, and (to a lesser extent) with ISG15, as did pUL26. However, unlike pUL26, pUL50 caused proteasomal degradation of UBE1L. The UBE1L level induced in human fibroblast cells by interferon beta treatment or virus infection was reduced by pUL50 expression. This activity of pUL50 involved the transmembrane (TM) domain within its C-terminal region, although pUL50 could interact with UBE1L in a manner independent of the TM domain. Consistently, colocalization of pUL50 with UBE1L was observed in cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that RNF170, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase, interacted with pUL50 and promoted pUL50-mediated UBE1L degradation via ubiquitination. Our results demonstrate a novel role for the pUL50 transmembrane protein of HCMV in the regulation of protein ISGylation.IMPORTANCE Proteins can be conjugated covalently by ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, such as SUMO and ISG15. ISG15 is highly induced in viral infection, and ISG15 conjugation, termed ISGylation, plays important regulatory roles in viral growth. Although ISGylation has been shown to negatively affect many viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), viral countermeasures that might modulate ISGylation are not well understood. In the present study, we show that the transmembrane protein encoded by HCMV UL50 inhibits ISGylation by causing proteasomal degradation of UBE1L, an E1-activating enzyme for ISGylation. This pUL50 activity requires membrane targeting. In support of this finding, RNF170, an ER-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase, interacts with pUL50 and promotes UL50-mediated UBE1L ubiquitination and degradation. Our results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that viruses can regulate ISGylation by directly targeting the ISGylation E1 enzyme.
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Evolution-Guided Structural and Functional Analyses of the HERC Family Reveal an Ancient Marine Origin and Determinants of Antiviral Activity. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00528-18. [PMID: 29669830 PMCID: PMC6002735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00528-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) and regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1)-like domain-containing protein 5 (HERC5) is an interferon-induced protein that inhibits replication of evolutionarily diverse viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To better understand the origin, evolution, and function of HERC5, we performed phylogenetic, structural, and functional analyses of the entire human small-HERC family, which includes HERC3, HERC4, HERC5, and HERC6. We demonstrated that the HERC family emerged >595 million years ago and has undergone gene duplication and gene loss events throughout its evolution. The structural topology of the RCC1-like domain and HECT domains from all HERC paralogs is highly conserved among evolutionarily diverse vertebrates despite low sequence homology. Functional analyses showed that the human small HERCs exhibit different degrees of antiviral activity toward HIV-1 and that HERC5 provides the strongest inhibition. Notably, coelacanth HERC5 inhibited simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), but not HIV-1, particle production, suggesting that the antiviral activity of HERC5 emerged over 413 million years ago and exhibits species- and virus-specific restriction. In addition, we showed that both HERC5 and HERC6 are evolving under strong positive selection, particularly blade 1 of the RCC1-like domain, which we showed is a key determinant of antiviral activity. These studies provide insight into the origin, evolution, and biological importance of the human restriction factor HERC5 and the other HERC family members. IMPORTANCE Intrinsic immunity plays an important role as the first line of defense against viruses. Studying the origins, evolution, and functions of proteins responsible for effecting this defense will provide key information about virus-host relationships that can be exploited for future drug development. We showed that HERC5 is one such antiviral protein that belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of HERCs with an ancient marine origin. Not all vertebrates possess all HERC members, suggesting that different HERCs emerged at different times during evolution to provide the host with a survival advantage. Consistent with this, two of the more recently emerged HERC members, HERC5 and HERC6, displayed strong signatures of having been involved in an ancient evolutionary battle with viruses. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary origin and function of the HERC family in vertebrate evolution, identifying HERC5 and possibly HERC6 as important effectors of intrinsic immunity in vertebrates.
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Abstract
Moonlighting proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular compartments, and their abnormal regulation could play an important role in many diseases. To date, many proteins have been identified with moonlighting activity, and more such proteins are being gradually identified. Among the proteins that possess moonlighting activity, several secreted proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular locations, such as the extracellular matrix, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While acute inflammation starts rapidly and generally disappears in a few days, chronic inflammation can last for months or years. This is generally because of the failure to eliminate the cause of inflammation, along with repeated exposure to the inflammatory agent. Chronic inflammation is now considered as an overwhelming burden to the general wellbeing of patients and noted as an underlying cause of several diseases. Moonlighting proteins can contribute to the process of chronic inflammation; therefore, it is imperative to overview some proteins that exhibit multiple functions in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will focus on inflammation, particularly unravelling several well-known secreted proteins with multiple functions in different cellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junsun Ryu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Thyroid Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Olmedillas E, Cano O, Martínez I, Luque D, Terrón MC, McLellan JS, Melero JA, Más V. Chimeric Pneumoviridae fusion proteins as immunogens to induce cross-neutralizing antibody responses. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:175-187. [PMID: 29217660 PMCID: PMC5801496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), two members of the Pneumoviridae family, account for the majority of severe lower respiratory tract infections worldwide in very young children. They are also a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised adults. High levels of neutralizing antibodies, mostly directed against the viral fusion (F) glycoprotein, correlate with protection against either hRSV or hMPV However, no cross-neutralization is observed in polyclonal antibody responses raised after virus infection or immunization with purified F proteins. Based on crystal structures of hRSV F and hMPV F, we designed chimeric F proteins in which certain residues of well-characterized antigenic sites were swapped between the two antigens. The antigenic changes were monitored by ELISA with virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Inoculation of mice with these chimeras induced polyclonal cross-neutralizing antibody responses, and mice were protected against challenge with the virus used for grafting of the heterologous antigenic site. These results provide a proof of principle for chimeric fusion proteins as single immunogens that can induce cross-neutralizing antibody and protective responses against more than one human pneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Olmedillas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Cano
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Terrón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Li XQ, Li XN, Liang JJ, Cai XB, Tao Q, Li YX, Qin Q, Xu SP, Luo TR. IRF1 up-regulates isg15 gene expression in dsRNA stimulation or CSFV infection by targeting nucleotides -487 to -325 in the 5' flanking region. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:153-165. [PMID: 29324236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that is heavily involved in immune response elicitation. As an important member of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF1 can activate the expression of multiple genes, including the human optineurin gene (Sudhakar et al., 2013). In this study, a sequence in the promoter region of the optineurin gene was compared to the 5' flanking region of the porcine isg15 gene. Porcine IRF1 also possesses antiviral activity against several swine viruses (Li et al., 2015), but the mechanism is not well understood. Herein, we report that porcine IRF1 and ISG15 were up-regulated in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells following stimulation with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. We also found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of IRF1 expression resulted in lower ISG15 expression in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or CSFV infection. The overexpression of IRF1 resulted in ISG15 up-regulation. IRF1 was shown to translocate to the nucleus in response to dsRNA stimulation. To further identify the functional domain of the isg15 gene that promotes IRF1 transcriptional activity, firefly luciferase and ISG15 reporter systems were constructed. The results of the firefly luciferase and ISG15 reporter assay suggested that IRF1 mediates the up-regulation of ISG15. Nucleotides -487 to -325, located in the 5' flanking region of the isg15 gene, constituted the promoter region of IRF1. ChIP assay indicated that IRF1 protein was able to interact with the DNA in the 5'fr of isg15 gene in cells. As an innate immune response protein with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, the up-regulation of ISG15 mediated by IRF1 in porcine cells is reported for the first time. These results warrant further investigation into the antiviral activity of porcine IRF1 against reported swine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Bin Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Su-Ping Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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43
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Do LAH, Pellet J, van Doorn HR, Tran AT, Nguyen BH, Tran TTL, Tran QH, Vo QB, Tran Dac NA, Trinh HN, Nguyen TTH, Le Binh BT, Nguyen HMK, Nguyen MT, Thai QT, Vo TV, Ngo NQM, Dang TKH, Cao NH, Tran TV, Ho LV, De Meulder B, Auffray C, Hofstra JJ, Farrar J, Bryant JE, de Jong M, Hibberd ML. Host Transcription Profile in Nasal Epithelium and Whole Blood of Hospitalized Children Under 2 Years of Age With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:134-146. [PMID: 29029245 PMCID: PMC5853303 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most insights into the cascade of immune events after acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have been obtained from animal experiments or in vitro models. Methods In this study, we investigated host gene expression profiles in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and whole blood samples during natural RSV and rhinovirus (hRV) infection (acute versus early recovery phase) in 83 hospitalized patients <2 years old with lower respiratory tract infections. Results Respiratory syncytial virus infection induced strong and persistent innate immune responses including interferon signaling and pathways related to chemokine/cytokine signaling in both compartments. Interferon-α/β, NOTCH1 signaling pathways and potential biomarkers HIST1H4E, IL7R, ISG15 in NP samples, or BCL6, HIST2H2AC, CCNA1 in blood are leading pathways and hub genes that were associated with both RSV load and severity. The observed RSV-induced gene expression patterns did not differ significantly in NP swab and blood specimens. In contrast, hRV infection did not as strongly induce expression of innate immunity pathways, and significant differences were observed between NP swab and blood specimens. Conclusions We conclude that RSV induced strong and persistent innate immune responses and that RSV severity may be related to development of T follicular helper cells and antiviral inflammatory sequelae derived from high activation of BCL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Johann Pellet
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Quoc Bao Vo
- Children Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thanh Vu Vo
- Children Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Lu Viet Ho
- Children Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Jorrit-Jan Hofstra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Menno de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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44
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Schiavoni I, Scagnolari C, Horenstein AL, Leone P, Pierangeli A, Malavasi F, Ausiello CM, Fedele G. CD38 modulates respiratory syncytial virus-driven proinflammatory processes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunology 2017; 154:122-131. [PMID: 29178427 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of hospitalization due to bronchiolitis in infants. Although the mechanisms behind this association are not completely elucidated, they appear to involve an excessive immune response causing lung pathology. Understanding the host response to RSV infection may help in the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention. We infected in-vitro human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with RSV and analysed various aspects of the cellular response. We found that RSV induces in DCs the expression of CD38, an ectoenzyme that catalyses the synthesis of cyclic ADPR (cADPR). Remarkably, CD38 was under the transcriptional control of RSV-induced type I interferon (IFN). CD38 and a set of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were inhibited by the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine. When CD38-generated cADPR was restrained by 8-Br-cADPR or kuromanin, a flavonoid known to inhibit CD38 enzymatic activity, RSV-induced type I/III IFNs and ISGs were markedly reduced. Taken together, these results suggest a key role of CD38 in the regulation of anti-viral responses. Inhibition of CD38 enzymatic activity may represent an encouraging approach to reduce RSV-induced hyperinflammation and a novel therapeutic option to treat bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Schiavoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,CERMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Leone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,CERMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Transplantation Immunology 'Città della Salute e della Scienza' Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Clara M Ausiello
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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45
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Magro-Lopez E, Guijarro T, Martinez I, Martin-Vicente M, Liste I, Zambrano A. A Two-Dimensional Human Minilung System (Model) for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120379. [PMID: 29232863 PMCID: PMC5744153 DOI: 10.3390/v9120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of serious pediatric respiratory diseases that lacks effective vaccine or specific therapeutics. Although our understanding about HRSV biology has dramatically increased during the last decades, the need for adequate models of HRSV infection is compelling. We have generated a two-dimensional minilung from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The differentiation protocol yielded at least six types of lung and airway cells, although it is biased toward the generation of distal cells. We show evidence of HRSV replication in lung cells, and the induction of innate and proinflammatory responses, thus supporting its use as a model for the study of HRSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Magro-Lopez
- Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Trinidad Guijarro
- Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Spanish National Center for Microbiology (CNM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Martin-Vicente
- Spanish National Center for Microbiology (CNM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Liste
- Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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46
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Villalón-Letelier F, Brooks AG, Saunders PM, Londrigan SL, Reading PC. Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit Influenza A Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120376. [PMID: 29215570 PMCID: PMC5744151 DOI: 10.3390/v9120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of different cell types induces a unique spectrum of host defence genes, including interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes encoding other proteins with antiviral potential. Although hundreds of ISGs have been described, the vast majority have not been functionally characterised. Cellular proteins with putative antiviral activity (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) can target various steps in the virus life-cycle. In the context of influenza virus infection, restriction factors have been described that target virus entry, genomic replication, translation and virus release. Genome wide analyses, in combination with ectopic overexpression and/or gene silencing studies, have accelerated the identification of restriction factors that are active against influenza and other viruses, as well as providing important insights regarding mechanisms of antiviral activity. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding restriction factors that mediate anti-influenza virus activity and consider the viral countermeasures that are known to limit their impact. Moreover, we consider the strengths and limitations of experimental approaches to study restriction factors, discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential to exploit restriction factors to limit disease caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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47
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Zhao P, Jiang T, Zhong Z, Zhao L, Yang S, Xia X. Inhibition of rabies virus replication by interferon-stimulated gene 15 and its activating enzyme UBA7. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:44-53. [PMID: 29056542 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that ISG15 and its activating enzyme UBA7 have antiviral functions. However, there is no study to demonstrate whether ISG15 and UBA7 have anti-rabies virus function. In the current study, In vivo and in vitro anti-rabies virus function of ISG15 and UBA7 were investigated using RNAi technology. The results showed that shRNA knock-down of expression of ISG15 and UBA7 increased the titers of RABV in neuroblastoma cell line NA and microglial cell line BV-2 cells and shRNA knockdown of ISG15 conjugation alleviates the IFN-induced inhibition of RABV gene expression in vitro. Lentiviral vector mediated-shRNA knock-down of expression of ISG15 and UBA7 increased the titers of RABV in mouse brains and decreased the survivorship of mice. The study showed that ISG15 and UBA7 inhibit RABV replication in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, we for the first time documented the anti-RABV function of ISG15 and UBA7, which may provide a means of understanding the pathogenesis of rabies and improving therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Clinical Core Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, PR China; Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, PR China.
| | - Tianqi Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, PR China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
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48
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Martín-Vicente M, Medrano LM, Resino S, García-Sastre A, Martínez I. TRIM25 in the Regulation of the Antiviral Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1187. [PMID: 29018447 PMCID: PMC5614919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM25 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes, including regulation of the innate immune response against viruses. TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor RIG-I is an essential step for initiation of the intracellular antiviral response and has been thoroughly documented. In recent years, however, additional roles of TRIM25 in early innate immunity are emerging, including negative regulation of RIG-I, activation of the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5–mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein–TRAF6 antiviral axis and modulation of p53 levels and activity. In addition, the ability of TRIM25 to bind RNA may uncover new mechanisms by which this molecule regulates intracellular signaling and/or RNA virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz M Medrano
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Mok L, Wynne JW, Tachedjian M, Shiell B, Ford K, Matthews DA, Bacic A, Michalski WP. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising differential cellular susceptibility to Nelson Bay orthoreovirus infection. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:615. [PMID: 28806913 PMCID: PMC5556373 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nelson Bay orthoreovirus (NBV) is a fusogenic bat borne virus with an unknown zoonotic potential. Previous studies have shown that NBV can infect and replicate in a wide variety of cell types derived from their natural host (bat), as well as from human, mouse and monkey. Within permissive cells, NBV induced significant cytopathic effects characterised by cell-cell fusion and syncytia formation. To understand the molecular events that underpin NBV infection we examined the host transcriptome and proteome response of two cell types, derived from bat (PaKiT03) and mouse (L929), to characterise differential cellular susceptibility to NBV. RESULTS Despite significant differences in NBV replication and cytopathic effects in the L929 and PaKiT03 cells, the host response was remarkably similar in these cells. At both the transcriptome and proteome level, the host response was dominated by IFN production and signalling pathways. The majority of proteins up-regulated in L929 and PaKiT03 cells were also up-regulated at the mRNA (gene) level, and included many important IFN stimulated genes. Further functional experimentation demonstrated that stimulating IFN signalling prior to infection, significantly reduced NBV replication in PaKiT03 cells. Moreover, inhibiting IFN signalling (through specific siRNAs) increased NBV replication in L929 cells. In line with the significant cytopathic effects seen in PaKiT03 cells, we also observed a down-regulation of genes involved in cell-cell junctions, which may be related to the fusogenic effects of NBV. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new multi-dimensional insights into the host response of mammalian cells to NBV infection. We show that IFN activity is capable of reducing NBV replication, although it is unlikely that this is solely responsible for the reduced replication of NBV in L929 cells. The molecular events that underpin the fusogenic cytopathic effects described here will prove valuable for identifying potential therapeutic targets against fusogenic orthoreovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mok
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Shiell
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Matthews
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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50
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Kim YJ, Kim ET, Kim YE, Lee MK, Kwon KM, Kim KI, Stamminger T, Ahn JH. Consecutive Inhibition of ISG15 Expression and ISGylation by Cytomegalovirus Regulators. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005850. [PMID: 27564865 PMCID: PMC5001722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes an ubiquitin-like protein that covalently conjugates protein. Protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) is known to inhibit the replication of many viruses. However, studies on the viral targets and viral strategies to regulate ISGylation-mediated antiviral responses are limited. In this study, we show that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication is inhibited by ISGylation, but the virus has evolved multiple countermeasures. HCMV-induced ISG15 expression was mitigated by IE1, a viral inhibitor of interferon signaling, however, ISGylation was still strongly upregulated during virus infection. RNA interference of UBE1L (E1), UbcH8 (E2), Herc5 (E3), and UBP43 (ISG15 protease) revealed that ISGylation inhibits HCMV growth by downregulating viral gene expression and virion release in a manner that is more prominent at low multiplicity of infection. A viral regulator pUL26 was found to interact with ISG15, UBE1L, and Herc5, and be ISGylated. ISGylation of pUL26 regulated its stability and inhibited its activities to suppress NF-κB signaling and complement the growth of UL26-null mutant virus. Moreover, pUL26 reciprocally suppressed virus-induced ISGylation independent of its own ISGylation. Consistently, ISGylation was more pronounced in infections with the UL26-deleted mutant virus, whose growth was more sensitive to IFNβ treatment than that of the wild-type virus. Therefore, pUL26 is a viral ISG15 target that also counteracts ISGylation. Our results demonstrate that ISGylation inhibits HCMV growth at multiple steps and that HCMV has evolved countermeasures to suppress ISG15 transcription and protein ISGylation, highlighting the importance of the interplay between virus and ISGylation in productive viral infection. Type I IFN response is a front-line defense against virus infection. Activation of type I IFN signaling leads to expression of a subset of cellular proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG15 encodes an ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to protein lysine residues. ISG15 modification (ISGylation) of a protein causes changes of protein function. ISGylation is known to inhibit the replication of many viruses, although pro-viral effects of ISGylation are also reported. Given that ISG15 and the enzymes involved in ISGylation are strongly induced upon virus infection, understanding the interplay between virus and ISGylation is an important issue in virus-host interaction. Nevertheless, viral substrates of ISG15 and viral strategies to regulate ISGylation-mediated antiviral responses are limited to only a few examples. In this study we demonstrate that ISGylation suppresses human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection but the virus is armed with countermeasures that consecutively reduce ISG15 transcription and protein ISGylation. Interestingly, a viral ISG15 target is found to inhibit ISGylation. This study highlights that ISGylation is a critical innate immune response against HCMV infection and interfering with ISG15-mediated anti-viral immunity is critical for productive viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eui Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Mun Kwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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