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Hu J, Zeng Z, Chen X, Zhang M, Hu Z, Gu M, Wang X, Gao R, Hu S, Chen Y, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X. Phosphorylation of PB2 at serine 181 restricts viral replication and virulence of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Virol Sin 2024; 39:97-112. [PMID: 38103645 PMCID: PMC10877443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a pandemic threat to public health, resulting a high mortality rate annually and during pandemic years. Posttranslational modification of viral protein plays a substantial role in regulating IAV infection. Here, based on immunoprecipitation (IP)-based mass spectrometry (MS) and purified virus-coupled MS, a total of 89 phosphorylation sites distributed among 10 encoded viral proteins of IAV were identified, including 60 novel phosphorylation sites. Additionally, for the first time, we provide evidence that PB2 can also be acetylated at site K187. Notably, the PB2 S181 phosphorylation site was consistently identified in both IP-based MS and purified virus-based MS. Both S181 and K187 are exposed on the surface of the PB2 protein and are highly conserved in various IAV strains, suggesting their fundamental importance in the IAV life cycle. Bioinformatic analysis results demonstrated that S181E/A and K187Q/R mimic mutations do not significantly alter the PB2 protein structure. While continuous phosphorylation mimicked by the PB2 S181E mutation substantially decreases viral fitness in mice, PB2 K187Q mimetic acetylation slightly enhances viral virulence in mice. Mechanistically, PB2 S181E substantially impairs viral polymerase activity and viral replication, remarkably dampens protein stability and nuclear accumulation of PB2, and significantly weakens IAV-induced inflammatory responses. Therefore, our study further enriches the database of phosphorylation and acetylation sites of influenza viral proteins, laying a foundation for subsequent mechanistic studies. Meanwhile, the unraveled antiviral effect of PB2 S181E mimetic phosphorylation may provide a new target for the subsequent study of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zixiong Zeng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Dey S, Mondal A. Unveiling the role of host kinases at different steps of influenza A virus life cycle. J Virol 2024; 98:e0119223. [PMID: 38174932 PMCID: PMC10805039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a major public health concern causing contagious respiratory illnesses that result in around 290,000-650,000 global deaths every year. Their ability to constantly evolve through antigenic shifts and drifts leads to the emergence of newer strains and resistance to existing drugs and vaccines. To combat this, there is a critical need for novel antiviral drugs through the introduction of host-targeted therapeutics. Influenza viruses encode only 14 gene products that get extensively modified through phosphorylation by a diverse array of host kinases. Reversible phosphorylation at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues dynamically regulates the structure, function, and subcellular localization of viral proteins at different stages of their life cycle. In addition, kinases influence a plethora of signaling pathways that also regulate virus propagation by modulating the host cell environment thus establishing a critical virus-host relationship that is indispensable for executing successful infection. This dependence on host kinases opens up exciting possibilities for developing kinase inhibitors as next-generation anti-influenza therapy. To fully capitalize on this potential, extensive mapping of the influenza virus-host kinase interaction network is essential. The key focus of this review is to outline the molecular mechanisms by which host kinases regulate different steps of the influenza A virus life cycle, starting from attachment-entry to assembly-budding. By assessing the contributions of different host kinases and their specific phosphorylation events during the virus life cycle, we aim to develop a holistic overview of the virus-host kinase interaction network that may shed light on potential targets for novel antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Dey
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arindam Mondal
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Lin L, Wang X, Chen Z, Deng T, Yan Y, Dong W, Huang Y, Zhou J. TRIM21 restricts influenza A virus replication by ubiquitination-dependent degradation of M1. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011472. [PMID: 37343022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in the host antiviral response. However, the mechanism and antiviral spectrum of TRIM21 in influenza A virus (IAV) remain unclear. Here, we report that TRIM21 inhibits the replication of various IAV subtypes by targeting matrix protein 1 (M1) from H3/H5/H9, but not H1 and H7 M1. Mechanistically, TRIM21 binds to the residue R95 of M1 and facilitates K48 ubiquitination of M1 K242 for proteasome-dependent degradation, leading to the inhibition of H3, H5, and H9 IAV replication. Interestingly, the recombinant viruses with M1 R95K or K242R mutations were resistance to TRIM21 and exhibited more robust replication and severe pathogenicity. Moreover, the amino acid sequence M1 proteins, mainly from avian influenza such as H5N1, H7N9, H9N2, ranging from 1918 to 2022, reveals a gradual dominant accumulation of the TRIM21-driven R95K mutation when the virus jumps into mammals. Thus, TRIM21 in mammals' functions as a host restriction factor and drives a host adaptive mutation of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Lin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Phosphorylation of Influenza A Virus Matrix Protein 1 at Threonine 108 Controls Its Multimerization State and Functional Association with the STRIPAK Complex. mBio 2023; 14:e0323122. [PMID: 36602306 PMCID: PMC9973344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03231-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV)-encoded matrix protein 1 (M1) acts as a master regulator of virus replication and fulfills multiple structural and regulatory functions in different cell compartments. Therefore, the spatiotemporal regulation of M1 is achieved by different mechanisms, including its structural and pH-dependent flexibility, differential association with cellular factors, and posttranslational modifications. Here, we investigated the function of M1 phosphorylation at the evolutionarily conserved threonine 108 (T108) and found that its mutation to a nonphosphorylatable alanine prohibited virus replication. Absent T108, phosphorylation led to strongly increased self-association of M1 at the cell membrane and consequently prohibited its ability to enter the nucleus and to contribute to viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export. M1 T108 phosphorylation also controls the binding affinity to the cellular STRIPAK (striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases) complex, which contains different kinases and the phosphatase PP2A to shape phosphorylation-dependent signaling networks. IAV infection led to the redistribution of the STRIPAK scaffolding subunits STRN and STRN3 from the cell membrane to cytosolic and perinuclear clusters, where it colocalized with M1. Inactivation of the STRIPAK complex resulted in compromised M1 polymerization and IAV replication. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses pose a major threat to human health and cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Many virus-encoded proteins exert various functions in different subcellular compartments, as exemplified by the M1 protein, but the molecular mechanisms endowing the multiplicity of functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that phosphorylation of M1 at T108 is essential for virus replication and controls its propensity for self-association and nuclear localization. This phosphorylation also controls binding affinity of the M1 protein to the STRIPAK complex, which contributes to M1 polymerization and virus replication.
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Aziz MH, Shabbir MZ, Ali MM, Asif Z, Ijaz MU. Immunoinformatics Approach for Epitope Mapping of Immunogenic Regions (N, F and H Gene) of Small Ruminant Morbillivirus and Its Comparative Analysis with Standard Vaccinal Strains for Effective Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122179. [PMID: 36560589 PMCID: PMC9785197 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) are regularly occurring in Pakistan despite vaccine availability. This study was designed to identify substitutions within the immunogenic structural and functional regions of the nucleocapsid, fusion, and hemagglutinin genes of SRMV and their comparison with vaccinal strains of Nigerian and Indian origin. METHODS Swabs and tissue samples were collected from diseased animals. RT-PCR was used to characterize selected genes encoded by viral RNA. The study's N, F, and H protein sequences and vaccinal strains were analyzed for B and T cell epitope prediction using ABCpred, Bipred, and IEDB, respectively. RESULTS Significant substitutions were found on the C terminus of the nucleocapsid, within the fusion motif region of the fusion gene and in the immunoreactive region of the hemagglutinin gene. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the need for the development of effective vaccines that match the existing variants of SRMV strains circulating in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasaan Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.Z.S.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.Z.S.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Zian Asif
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ijaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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Meineke R, Stelz S, Busch M, Werlein C, Kühnel M, Jonigk D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. FDA-Approved Inhibitors of RTK/Raf Signaling Potently Impair Multiple Steps of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Influenza A Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092058. [PMID: 36146864 PMCID: PMC9504178 DOI: 10.3390/v14092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections pose a burden on global public health with significant morbidity and mortality. The limited range of currently licensed IV antiviral drugs is susceptible to the rapid rise of resistant viruses. In contrast, FDA-approved kinase inhibitors can be repurposed as fast-tracked host-targeted antivirals with a higher barrier of resistance. Extending our recent studies, we screened 21 FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) and identified seven candidates as potent inhibitors of pandemic and seasonal IV infections. These SMKIs were further validated in a biologically and clinically relevant ex vivo model of human precision-cut lung slices. We identified steps of the virus infection cycle affected by these inhibitors (entry, replication, egress) and found that most SMKIs affected both entry and egress. Based on defined and overlapping targets of these inhibitors, the candidate SMKIs target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of Raf/MEK/ERK pathways to limit influenza A virus infection. Our data and the established safety profiles of these SMKIs support further clinical investigations and repurposing of these SMKIs as host-targeted influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Stelz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Busch
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Wang C, Qu R, Zong Y, Qin C, Liu L, Gao X, Sun H, Sun Y, Chang KC, Zhang R, Liu J, Pu J. Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010645. [PMID: 35793327 PMCID: PMC9258882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can evolve multiple strategies to combat host antiviral defenses and establish efficient infectivity in mammals, including humans. H9N2 AIV and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health; however, the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. We previously reported that the M1 mutation T37A has become predominant among chicken H9N2 isolates in China. Here, we report that, since 2010, this mutation has also been found in the majority of human isolates of H9N2 AIV and its emerging reassortants. The T37A mutation of M1 protein enhances the replication of H9N2 AIVs in mice and in human cells. Interestingly, having A37 instead of T37 increases the M1 protein stability and resistance to proteasomal degradation. Moreover, T37 of the H9N2 M1 protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG), and this phosphorylation induces the rapid degradation of M1 and reduces viral replication. Similar effects are also observed in the novel H5N6 virus. Additionally, ubiquitination at K187 contributes to M1-37T degradation and decreased replication of the virus harboring T37 in the M1 protein. The prevailing AIVs thereby evolve a phospho-resistant mutation in the M1 protein to avoid viral protein degradation by host factors, which is advantageous in terms of replication in mammalian hosts. H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health, but the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. Notably, the role of viral M1 protein in increasing the mammalian infection of AIV has been rarely reported. Here, we demonstrate that a phospho-resistant T37A mutation, encoded by the M1 protein of recently prevalent chicken H9N2 virus, increases M1 protein stability and viral replication in mammalian cells. The T37, but not the A37, in H9N2 M1 protein can be phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG). Through the T37A mutation, viral M1 protein evades phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation, resulting in increased avian H9N2 virus replication in mice and in human cells. Similar effects were also observed for the novel H5N6 virus. This study provides insight into a novel strategy by which AIV evades mammalian host defenses. It is necessary to pay close attention to the epidemiological and public health implications of AIVs carrying this mutant M1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Runkang Qu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Han J, Kyu Lee M, Jang Y, Cho WJ, Kim M. Repurposing of cyclophilin A inhibitors as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1895-1912. [PMID: 35609743 PMCID: PMC9123807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is linked to diverse human diseases including viral infections. With the worldwide emergence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), drug repurposing has been highlighted as a strategy with the potential to speed up antiviral development. Because CypA acts as a proviral component in hepatitis C virus, coronavirus and HIV, its inhibitors have been suggested as potential treatments for these infections. Here, we review the structure of cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A analogs as well as synthetic micromolecules inhibiting CypA; and we discuss their broad-spectrum antiviral efficacy in the context of the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Jang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Meeheyin Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Zhu L, Li X, Xu H, Fu L, Gao GF, Liu W, Zhao L, Wang X, Jiang W, Fang M. Multiple RNA virus matrix proteins interact with SLD5 to manipulate host cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34882534 PMCID: PMC8744269 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein of many enveloped RNA viruses regulates multiple stages of viral life cycle and has the characteristics of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. We have previously demonstrated that matrix protein 1 (M1) of an RNA virus, influenza virus, blocks host cell cycle progression by interacting with SLD5, a member of the GINS complex, which is required for normal cell cycle progression. In this study, we found that M protein of several other RNA viruses, including VSV, SeV and HIV, interacted with SLD5. Furthermore, VSV/SeV infection and M protein of VSV/SeV/HIV induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Importantly, overexpression of SLD5 partially rescued the cell cycle arrest by VSV/SeV infection and VSV M protein. In addition, SLD5 suppressed VSV replication in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced type Ⅰ interferon signalling. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting SLD5 by M protein might be a common strategy used by multiple enveloped RNA viruses to block host cell cycle. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights for virus to manipulate cell cycle progression by hijacking host replication factor SLD5 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Henan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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10
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Boergeling Y, Brunotte L, Ludwig S. Dynamic phospho-modification of viral proteins as a crucial regulatory layer of influenza A virus replication and innate immune responses. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1493-1504. [PMID: 34062629 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses with a genome of about 13 kb. Because of this limited coding capacity, viral proteins have evolved to fulfil multiple functions in the infected cell. This implies that there must be mechanisms allowing to dynamically direct protein action to a distinct activity in a spatio-temporal manner. Furthermore, viruses exploit many cellular processes, which also have to be dynamically regulated during the viral replication cycle. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are fundamental for the control of many cellular responses. There is accumulating evidence that this mechanism represents a so far underestimated level of regulation in influenza virus replication. Here, we focus on the current knowledge of dynamics of phospho-modifications in influenza virus replication and show recent examples of findings underlining the crucial role of phosphorylation in viral transport processes as well as activation and counteraction of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Zheng W, Cui L, Li M, Li Y, Fan W, Yang L, Li J, Sun L, Liu W. Nucleoprotein phosphorylation site (Y385) mutation confers temperature sensitivity to influenza A virus due to impaired nucleoprotein oligomerization at a lower temperature. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:633-643. [PMID: 32803713 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in viral proteins can lead to the cold adaption of influenza A virus and the cold-adapted virus is an important vaccination instrument. Here, we identify a novel strain of influenza A virus with cold sensitivity conferred by a mutation at a phosphorylation site within the nucleoprotein (NP). The highly conserved tyrosine 385 residue (Y385) of NP was identified as a phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. The constructive NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y385E mutation was fatal for virus replication, while the continuous Y385 dephosphorylation mimicked by Y385F mutation had little impact on virus replication in vitro. Notably, the Y385F virus showed much lower replicative capacity in turbinates of mice compared with the wild type virus. Moreover, the replication of Y385F virus was significantly reduced in both A549 and MDCK cells grown at 33°C, when compared to that at 37°C. These results indicated that the Y385F mutation led to cold sensitivity of virus. We further found that the cold sensitivity of Y385F virus could be attributed to diminished NP oligomerization rather than any changes in intracellular localization. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of NP may be a critical factor that regulates the temperature sensitivity of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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12
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König S. Spectral quality overrides software score-A brief tutorial on the analysis of peptide fragmentation data for mass spectrometry laymen. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4616. [PMID: 32955142 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry has dramatically increased the research pace in the life sciences. The influence of the technique is enormous and its results can have far-reaching consequences such as jail time when applied in forensics. Therefore, analytical chemists trained in proper procedure know that they must validate their experiments. However, those quality measures have not been adopted in a similar manner in the omics technologies even though the stakes are equally high. Reasons are, among others, the segregation of the data generation and data mining functions and an undue belief in software capabilities. In this article, problematic issues such as false or overinterpretation of data are discussed, and assistance is provided for mass spectrometry laymen to evaluate the quality of their results; a quick guide to mass spectral data interpretation of peptide fragmentation experiments, the basis of bottom-up proteomics, is offered. Good science can only be generated in tight collaboration of principal investigator, analytical chemist, and bioinformatician so that the limits and the potential of each method and approach can be responsibly communicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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13
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Zhang J, Peng Q, Zhao W, Sun W, Yang J, Liu N. Proteomics in Influenza Research: The Emerging Role of Posttranslational Modifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:110-121. [PMID: 33348980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue evolving and have the ability to cause a global pandemic, so it is very important to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new treatment methods. In recent years, proteomics has made important contributions to describing the dynamic interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts, especially in posttranslational regulation of a variety of key biological processes. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) increase the diversity of functionality of the organismal proteome and affect almost all aspects of pathogen biology, primarily by regulating the structure, function, and localization of the modified proteins. Considerable technical achievements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have been made in a large number of proteome-wide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms. Herein we specifically focus on the proteomic studies regarding a variety of PTMs that occur in both the influenza viruses, mainly influenza A viruses (IAVs), and their hosts, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modification, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, and some types of acylation. Integration of these data sets provides a unique scenery of the global regulation and interplay of different PTMs during the interaction between IAVs and their hosts. Various techniques used to globally profiling these PTMs, mostly MS-based approaches, are discussed regarding their increasing roles in mechanical regulation of interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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14
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Wang J, Prinz RA, Liu X, Xu X. In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Activity of Gingerenone A on Influenza A Virus Is Mediated by Targeting Janus Kinase 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101141. [PMID: 33050000 PMCID: PMC7650803 DOI: 10.3390/v12101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been developed as novel immunomodulatory drugs and primarily used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have suggested that this category of anti-inflammatory drugs could be potentially useful for the control of inflammation "storms" in respiratory virus infections. In addition to their role in regulating immune cell functions, JAK1 and JAK2 have been recently identified as crucial cellular factors involved in influenza A virus (IAV) replication and could be potentially targeted for antiviral therapy. Gingerenone A (Gin A) is a compound derived from ginger roots and a dual inhibitor of JAK2 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K1). Our present study aimed to determine the antiviral activity of Gin A on influenza A virus (IAV) and to understand its mechanisms of action. Here, we reported that Gin A suppressed the replication of three IAV subtypes (H1N1, H5N1, H9N2) in four cell lines. IAV replication was also inhibited by Ruxolitinib (Rux), a JAK inhibitor, but not by PF-4708671, an S6K1 inhibitor. JAK2 overexpression enhanced H5N1 virus replication and attenuated Gin A-mediated antiviral activity. In vivo experiments revealed that Gin A treatment suppressed IAV replication in the lungs of H5N1 virus-infected mice, alleviated their body weight loss, and prolonged their survival. Our study suggests that Gin A restricts IAV replication by inhibiting JAK2 activity; Gin A could be potentially useful for the control of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Richard A. Prinz
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA;
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-7382
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15
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Li Y, Chai W, Min J, Ye Z, Tong X, Qi D, Liu W, Luo E, Li J, Ye X. Neddylation of M1 negatively regulates the replication of influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1242-1250. [PMID: 33016861 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification plays a critical role in viral replication. Previously we reported that neddylation of PB2 of influenza A virus (IAV) can inhibit viral replication. However, we found that NEDD8 overexpression can still inhibit the replication of PB2 K699R mutant viruses, implying that other viral protein(s) can be neddylated. In this study, we revealed that M1 of IAV can also be modified by NEDD8. We found that the E3 ligase HDM2 significantly promotes M1 neddylation. Furthermore, we identified M1 K187 as the major neddylation site. We generated an IAV M1 K187R mutant (WSN-M1 K187R) and compared the growth of wild-type and mutant viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The data showed that the replication of WSN-M1 K187R was more efficient than that of wild-type WSN. More importantly, we observed that overexpression of NEDD8 inhibited the replication of the wild-type WSN more effectively than that of WSN-M1 K187R. In addition, we found that the neddylation-deficient M1 mutant (M1 K187R) had a longer half-life than that of wild-type M1, indicating that the neddylation of M1 reduces stability. Then we performed a viral infection assay and found that WSN-M1 K187R exhibited greater virulence in mice than wild-type WSN, suggesting that the neddylation of M1 reduced IAV replication in vivo. In conclusion, we uncovered that neddylation of M1 by HDM2 negatively regulates the stability of M1, which in turn inhibits viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Wenjia Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, PR China
| | - Jie Min
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhen Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Dandan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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16
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Dawson AR, Wilson GM, Coon JJ, Mehle A. Post-Translation Regulation of Influenza Virus Replication. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:167-187. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010320-070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus exploits cellular factors to complete each step of viral replication. Yet, multiple host proteins actively block replication. Consequently, infection success depends on the relative speed and efficacy at which both the virus and host use their respective effectors. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) afford both the virus and the host means to readily adapt protein function without the need for new protein production. Here we use influenza virus to address concepts common to all viruses, reviewing how PTMs facilitate and thwart each step of the replication cycle. We also discuss advancements in proteomic methods that better characterize PTMs. Although some effectors and PTMs have clear pro- or antiviral functions, PTMs generally play regulatory roles to tune protein functions, levels, and localization. Synthesis of our current understanding reveals complex regulatory schemes where the effects of PTMs are time and context dependent as the virus and host battle to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Dawson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Gary M. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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17
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TRIM Proteins and Their Roles in the Influenza Virus Life Cycle. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091424. [PMID: 32947942 PMCID: PMC7565951 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been recognized for regulating fundamental cellular processes, followed by induction of proteasomal degradation of target proteins, and triggers multiple signaling pathways that are crucial for numerous aspects of cellular physiology. Especially tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, well-known E3 ubiquitin ligases, emerge as having critical roles in several antiviral signaling pathways against varying viral infections. Here we highlight recent advances in the study of antiviral roles of TRIM proteins toward influenza virus infection in terms of the modulation of pathogen recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune sensing, direct obstruction of influenza viral propagation, and participation in virus-induced autophagy.
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18
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Hu J, Zhang L, Liu X. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Influenza A Virus Life Cycle and Host Innate Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:517461. [PMID: 33013775 PMCID: PMC7498822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.517461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout various stages of its life cycle, influenza A virus relies heavily on host cellular machinery, including the post-translational modifications (PTMs) system. During infection, influenza virus interacts extensively with the cellular PTMs system to aid in its successful infection and dissemination. The complex interplay between viruses and the PTMs system induces global changes in PTMs of the host proteome as well as modifications of specific host or viral proteins. The most common PTMs include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, methylation, NEDDylation, and glycosylation. Many PTMs directly support influenza virus infection, whereas others contribute to modulating antiviral responses. In this review, we describe current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs in different stages of the influenza virus replication cycle. We also discuss the concerted role of PTMs in antagonizing host antiviral responses, with an emphasis on their impact on viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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19
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Mecate-Zambrano A, Sukumar S, Seebohm G, Ciminski K, Schreiber A, Anhlan D, Greune L, Wixler L, Grothe S, Stein NC, Schmidt MA, Langer K, Schwemmle M, Shi T, Ludwig S, Boergeling Y. Discrete spatio-temporal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation directs influenza A virus M1 protein towards its function in virion assembly. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008775. [PMID: 32866218 PMCID: PMC7485975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNA viruses only have a very limited coding capacity, thus most viral proteins have evolved to fulfill multiple functions. The highly conserved matrix protein 1 (M1) of influenza A viruses is a prime example for such a multifunctional protein, as it acts as a master regulator of virus replication whose different functions have to be tightly regulated. The underlying mechanisms, however, are still incompletely understood. Increasing evidence points towards an involvement of posttranslational modifications in the spatio-temporal regulation of M1 functions. Here, we analyzed the role of M1 tyrosine phosphorylation in genuine infection by using recombinant viruses expressing M1 phosphomutants. Presence of M1 Y132A led to significantly decreased viral replication compared to wildtype and M1 Y10F. Characterization of phosphorylation dynamics by mass spectrometry revealed the presence of Y132 phosphorylation in M1 incorporated into virions that is most likely mediated by membrane-associated Janus kinases late upon infection. Molecular dynamics simulations unraveled a potential phosphorylation-induced exposure of the positively charged linker domain between helices 4 and 5, supposably acting as interaction platform during viral assembly. Consistently, M1 Y132A showed a defect in lipid raft localization due to reduced interaction with viral HA protein resulting in a diminished structural stability of viral progeny and the formation of filamentous particles. Importantly, reduced M1-RNA binding affinity resulted in an inefficient viral genome incorporation and the production of non-infectious virions that interferes with virus pathogenicity in mice. This study advances our understanding of the importance of dynamic phosphorylation as a so far underestimated level of regulation of multifunctional viral proteins and emphasizes the potential feasibility of targeting posttranslational modifications of M1 as a novel antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Swathi Sukumar
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Darisuren Anhlan
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Wixler
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grothe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nora Caroline Stein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tianlai Shi
- Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) DTA, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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20
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Wang J, Sun J, Hu J, Wang C, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. A77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide, inhibits influenza A virus replication in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the activity of Janus kinases. FASEB J 2020; 34:10132-10145. [PMID: 32598086 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902793rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The newly reassorted IAV subtypes from zoonotic reservoirs respond poorly to current vaccines and antiviral therapy. There is an unmet need in developing novel antiviral drugs for better control of IAV infection. The cellular factors that are crucial for virus replication have been sought as novel molecular targets for antiviral therapy. Recent studies have shown that Janus kinases (JAK), JAK1, and JAK2, play an important role in IAV replication. Leflunomide is an anti-inflammatory drug primarily used for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Prior studies suggest that A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibits the activity of JAK1 and JAK3. Our current study aims to determine if A77 1726 can function as a JAK inhibitor to control IAV infection. Here, we report that A77 1726 inhibited the replication of three IAV subtypes(H5N1, H1N1, H9N2)in three cell types (chicken embryonic fibroblasts, A549, and MDCK). A77 1726 inhibited JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Similar observations were made with Ruxolitinib (Rux), a JAK-specific inhibitor. JAK2 overexpression enhanced H5N1 virus replication and compromised the antiviral activity of A77 1726. Leflunomide inhibited virus replication in the lungs of IAV-infected mice, alleviated their body weight loss, and prolonged their survival. Our study demonstrates for the first time the ability of A77 1726 to inhibit JAK2 activity and suggests that inhibition of JAK activity contributes to its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Esparza M, Mor A, Niederstrasser H, White K, White A, Zhang K, Gao S, Wang J, Liang J, Sho S, Sakthivel R, Sathe AA, Xing C, Muñoz-Moreno R, Shay JW, García-Sastre A, Ready J, Posner B, Fontoura BMA. Chemical intervention of influenza virus mRNA nuclear export. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008407. [PMID: 32240278 PMCID: PMC7117665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are human pathogens with limited therapeutic options. Therefore, it is crucial to devise strategies for the identification of new classes of antiviral medications. The influenza A virus genome is constituted of 8 RNA segments. Two of these viral RNAs are transcribed into mRNAs that are alternatively spliced. The M1 mRNA encodes the M1 protein but is also alternatively spliced to yield the M2 mRNA during infection. M1 to M2 mRNA splicing occurs at nuclear speckles, and M1 and M2 mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm for translation. M1 and M2 proteins are critical for viral trafficking, assembly, and budding. Here we show that gene knockout of the cellular protein NS1-BP, a constituent of the M mRNA speckle-export pathway and a binding partner of the virulence factor NS1 protein, inhibits M mRNA nuclear export without altering bulk cellular mRNA export, providing an avenue to preferentially target influenza virus. We performed a high-content, image-based chemical screen using single-molecule RNA-FISH to label viral M mRNAs followed by multistep quantitative approaches to assess cellular mRNA and cell toxicity. We identified inhibitors of viral mRNA biogenesis and nuclear export that exhibited no significant activity towards bulk cellular mRNA at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Among the hits is a small molecule that preferentially inhibits nuclear export of a subset of viral and cellular mRNAs without altering bulk cellular mRNA export. These findings underscore specific nuclear export requirements for viral mRNAs and phenocopy down-regulation of the mRNA export factor UAP56. This RNA export inhibitor impaired replication of diverse influenza A virus strains at non-toxic concentrations. Thus, this screening strategy yielded compounds that alone or in combination may serve as leads to new ways of treating influenza virus infection and are novel tools for studying viral RNA trafficking in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Esparza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amir Mor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hanspeter Niederstrasser
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kris White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shengyan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sei Sho
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramanavelan Sakthivel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adwait A. Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ready
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruce Posner
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beatriz M. A. Fontoura
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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22
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Cheng J, Tao J, Li B, Shi Y, Liu H. The tyrosine 73 and serine 83 dephosphorylation of H1N1 swine influenza virus NS1 protein attenuates virus replication and induces high levels of beta interferon. Virol J 2019; 16:152. [PMID: 31805964 PMCID: PMC6896355 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor encoded by influenza A virus (IAV) that is expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cells during the earliest stages of infection. NS1 is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in virus replication, virulence and inhibition of the host antiviral immune response. However, to date, the phosphorylation sites of NS1 have not been identified, and the relationship between phosphorylation and protein function has not been thoroughly elucidated. METHOD In this study, potential phosphorylation sites in the swine influenza virus (SIV) NS1 protein were bioinformatically predicted and determined by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis. To study the role of NS1 phosphorylation sites, we rescued NS1 mutants (Y73F and S83A) of A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain and compared their replication ability, cytokine production as well as the intracellular localization in cultured cells. Additionally, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) assay to explore whether changes in the type I IFN response with dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 were mediated by the RIG-I pathway. RESULTS We checked 18 predicted sites in 30 SIV NS1 genes to exclude strain-specific sites, covering H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes and identified two phosphorylation sites Y73 and S83 in the H1N1 SIV protein by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis. We found that dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 of the NS1 protein attenuated virus replication and reduced the ability of NS1 to antagonize IFN-β expression but had no effect on nuclear localization. Knockdown of RIG-I dramatically impaired the induction of IFN-β and ISG56 in NS1 Y73F or S83A mutant-infected cells, indicating that RIG-I plays a role in the IFN-β response upon rSIV NS1 Y73F and rSIV NS1 S83A infection. CONCLUSION We first identified two functional phosphorylation sites in the H1N1 SIV protein: Y73 and S83. We found that dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 of the NS1 protein affected the antiviral state in the host cells, partly through the RIG-I pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
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23
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Han J, Perez JT, Chen C, Li Y, Benitez A, Kandasamy M, Lee Y, Andrade J, tenOever B, Manicassamy B. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screen Identifies Host Factors Essential for Influenza Virus Replication. Cell Rep 2019; 23:596-607. [PMID: 29642015 PMCID: PMC5939577 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from zoonotic reservoirs poses a great threat to human health. As seasonal vaccines are ineffective against zoonotic strains, and newly transmitted viruses can quickly acquire drug resistance, there remains a need for host-directed therapeutics against IAVs. Here, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in human lung epithelial cells with a human isolate of an avian H5N1 strain. Several genes involved in sialic acid biosynthesis and related glycosylation pathways were highly enriched post-H5N1 selection, including SLC35A1, a sialic acid transporter essential for IAV receptor expression and thus viral entry. Importantly, we have identified capicua (CIC) as a negative regulator of cell-intrinsic immunity, as loss of CIC resulted in heightened antiviral responses and restricted replication of multiple viruses. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be utilized for the discovery of host factors critical for the replication of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Han
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jasmine T Perez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cindy Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Asiel Benitez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Benjamin tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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24
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Cui L, Zheng W, Li M, Bai X, Yang W, Li J, Fan W, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Phosphorylation Status of Tyrosine 78 Residue Regulates the Nuclear Export and Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1816. [PMID: 31440228 PMCID: PMC6692485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nucleoprotein (NP) play significant roles in the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV), and the biological functions of each phosphorylation site on NP are not exactly the same in controlling viral replication. Here, we identified tyrosine 78 residue (Y78) of NP as a novel phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Y78 is highly conserved, and the constant NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y78E delayed NP nuclear export through reducing the binding of NP to the cellular export receptor CRM1, and impaired virus growth. Furthermore, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors Dasatinib and AG490 reduced Y78 phosphorylation and accelerated NP nuclear export, suggesting that the Janus and Src kinases-catalyzed Y78 phosphorylation regulated NP nuclear export during viral replication. More importantly, we found that the NP phosphorylation could suppress NP ubiquitination via weakening the interaction between NP and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM22, which demonstrated a cross-talk between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of NP. This study suggests that the phosphorylation status of Y78 regulates IAV replication by inhibiting the nuclear export and ubiquitination of NP. Overall, these findings shed new light on the biological roles of NP phosphorylation, especially its negative role in NP ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Hom N, Gentles L, Bloom JD, Lee KK. Deep Mutational Scan of the Highly Conserved Influenza A Virus M1 Matrix Protein Reveals Substantial Intrinsic Mutational Tolerance. J Virol 2019; 93:e00161-19. [PMID: 31019050 PMCID: PMC6580950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00161-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus matrix protein M1 is involved in multiple stages of the viral infectious cycle. Despite its functional importance, our present understanding of this essential viral protein is limited. The roles of a small subset of specific amino acids have been reported, but a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between M1 sequence, structure, and virus fitness remains elusive. In this study, we used deep mutational scanning to measure the effect of every amino acid substitution in M1 on viral replication in cell culture. The map of amino acid mutational tolerance we have generated allows us to identify sites that are functionally constrained in cell culture as well as sites that are less constrained. Several sites that exhibit low tolerance to mutation have been found to be critical for M1 function and production of viable virions. Surprisingly, significant portions of the M1 sequence, especially in the C-terminal domain, whose structure is undetermined, were found to be highly tolerant of amino acid variation, despite having extremely low levels of sequence diversity among natural influenza virus strains. This unexpected discrepancy indicates that not all sites in M1 that exhibit high sequence conservation in nature are under strong constraint during selection for viral replication in cell culture.IMPORTANCE The M1 matrix protein is critical for many stages of the influenza virus infection cycle. Currently, we have an incomplete understanding of this highly conserved protein's function and structure. Key regions of M1, particularly in the C terminus of the protein, remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used deep mutational scanning to determine the extent of M1's tolerance to mutation. Surprisingly, nearly two-thirds of the M1 sequence exhibits a high tolerance for substitutions, contrary to the extremely low sequence diversity observed across naturally occurring M1 isolates. Sites with low mutational tolerance were also identified, suggesting that they likely play critical functional roles and are under selective pressure. These results reveal the intrinsic mutational tolerance throughout M1 and shape future inquiries probing the functions of this essential influenza A virus protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lauren Gentles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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26
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Bergmann S, Elbahesh H. Targeting the proviral host kinase, FAK, limits influenza a virus pathogenesis and NFkB-regulated pro-inflammatory responses. Virology 2019; 534:54-63. [PMID: 31176924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections result in ∼500,000 global deaths annually. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways at various stages of infection and are attractive therapeutic target. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates several cellular processes including NFkB and antiviral responses. We investigated how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV pathogenesis. Using a severe infection model, we infected IAV-susceptible DBA/2 J mice with a lethal dose of H1N1 IAV. We observed reduced viral load and pro-inflammatory cytokines, delayed mortality, and increased survival in FAK inhibitor (Y15) treated mice. In vitro IAV-induced NFkB-promoter activity was reduced by Y15 or a dominant negative kinase-dead FAK mutant (FAK-KD) independently of the viral immune modulator, NS1. Finally, we observed reduced IAV-induced nuclear localization of NFkB in FAK-KD expressing cells. Our data suggest a novel mechanism where IAV hijacks FAK to promote viral replication and limit its ability to contribute to innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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27
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Zheng W, Fan W, Zhang S, Jiao P, Shang Y, Cui L, Mahesutihan M, Li J, Wang D, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Naproxen Exhibits Broad Anti-influenza Virus Activity in Mice by Impeding Viral Nucleoprotein Nuclear Export. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1875-1885.e5. [PMID: 31067470 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has previously been shown to exert antiviral activity against influenza A virus by inhibiting nucleoprotein (NP) binding to RNA. Here, we show that naproxen is a potential broad, multi-mechanistic anti-influenza virus therapeutic, as it inhibits influenza B virus replication both in vivo and in vitro. The anti-influenza B virus activity of naproxen is more efficient than that of the commonly used neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in mice. Furthermore, the NP of influenza B virus (BNP) has a higher binding affinity to naproxen than influenza A virus NP (ANP). Specifically, naproxen targets the NP at residues F209 (BNP) and Y148 (ANP). This interaction antagonizes the nuclear export of NP normally mediated by the host export protein CRM1. This study reveals a crucial mechanism of broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus activity of naproxen, suggesting that the existing drug naproxen may be used as an anti-influenza drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. Influenza Virus Infections and Cellular Kinases. Viruses 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30791550 PMCID: PMC6410056 DOI: 10.3390/v11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of respiratory illness and are responsible for yearly epidemics associated with more than 500,000 annual deaths globally. Novel IAVs may cause pandemic outbreaks and zoonotic infections with, for example, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, which pose a threat to public health. Treatment options are limited and emergence of strains resistant to antiviral drugs jeopardize this even further. Like all viruses, IAVs depend on host factors for every step of the virus replication cycle. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways in respond to a myriad of stimuli, including viral infections. Their regulation of multiple response networks has justified actively targeting cellular kinases for anti-cancer therapies and immune modulators for decades. There is a growing volume of research highlighting the significant role of cellular kinases in regulating IAV infections. Their functional role is illustrated by the required phosphorylation of several IAV proteins necessary for replication and/or evasion/suppression of the innate immune response. Identified in the majority of host factor screens, functional studies further support the important role of kinases and their potential as host restriction factors. PKC, ERK, PI3K and FAK, to name a few, are kinases that regulate viral entry and replication. Additionally, kinases such as IKK, JNK and p38 MAPK are essential in mediating viral sensor signaling cascades that regulate expression of antiviral chemokines and cytokines. The feasibility of targeting kinases is steadily moving from bench to clinic and already-approved cancer drugs could potentially be repurposed for treatments of severe IAV infections. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of cellular kinases to IAV infections and their value as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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HDAC6 Restricts Influenza A Virus by Deacetylation of the RNA Polymerase PA Subunit. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01896-18. [PMID: 30518648 PMCID: PMC6364008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01896-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to threaten global public health due to drug resistance and the emergence of frequently mutated strains. Thus, it is critical to find new strategies to control IAV infection. Here, we discover one host protein, HDAC6, that can inhibit viral RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus suppresses virus RNA replication and transcription. Previously, it was reported that IAV can utilize the HDAC6-dependent aggresome formation mechanism to promote virus uncoating, but HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin inhibits viral protein trafficking at late stages of the virus life cycle. These findings together will contribute to a better understanding of the role of HDAC6 in regulating IAV infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HDAC6 at various periods of viral infection may illuminate novel strategies for developing antiviral drugs. The life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV) is modulated by various cellular host factors. Although previous studies indicated that IAV infection is controlled by HDAC6, the deacetylase involved in the regulation of PA remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that HDAC6 acts as a negative regulator of IAV infection by destabilizing PA. HDAC6 binds to and deacetylates PA, thereby promoting the proteasomal degradation of PA. Based on mass spectrometric analysis, Lys(664) of PA can be deacetylated by HDAC6, and the residue is crucial for PA protein stability. The deacetylase activity of HDAC6 is required for anti-IAV activity, because IAV infection was enhanced due to elevated IAV RNA polymerase activity upon HDAC6 depletion and an HDAC6 deacetylase dead mutant (HDAC6-DM; H216A, H611A). Finally, we also demonstrate that overexpression of HDAC6 suppresses IAV RNA polymerase activity, but HDAC6-DM does not. Taken together, our findings provide initial evidence that HDAC6 plays a negative role in IAV RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus restricts IAV RNA transcription and replication. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to threaten global public health due to drug resistance and the emergence of frequently mutated strains. Thus, it is critical to find new strategies to control IAV infection. Here, we discover one host protein, HDAC6, that can inhibit viral RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus suppresses virus RNA replication and transcription. Previously, it was reported that IAV can utilize the HDAC6-dependent aggresome formation mechanism to promote virus uncoating, but HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin inhibits viral protein trafficking at late stages of the virus life cycle. These findings together will contribute to a better understanding of the role of HDAC6 in regulating IAV infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HDAC6 at various periods of viral infection may illuminate novel strategies for developing antiviral drugs.
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CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus. Virol Sin 2018; 33:440-448. [PMID: 30328013 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However, the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102R/K104R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102R/K104R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.
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31
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Dawson AR, Mehle A. Flu's cues: Exploiting host post-translational modifications to direct the influenza virus replication cycle. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007205. [PMID: 30235357 PMCID: PMC6147566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Dawson
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li Y, Sun L, Zheng W, Madina Mahesutihan, Li J, Bi Y, Wang H, Liu W, Luo TR. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of threonine 188 in nucleoprotein is crucial for the replication of influenza A virus. Virology 2018; 520:30-38. [PMID: 29775781 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex that is responsible for viral replication, transcription and packaging of influenza A virus. Phosphorylation of NP plays an important role during viral infection. In the present study, we identified threonine 188 (T188) as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NP of influenza A virus by using mass spectrometry. T188 is located within nuclear export signal 2 (NES2) which is chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent. We observed that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of residue T188 regulated viral replication by controlling NES2-dependent NP nuclear export and the polymerase activity of the vRNP complex. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heran Wang
- International Department, Beijing National Day School, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Abstract
Although several virus families are internalized into their host cells by direct fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane, most viruses, for example, influenza virus, make use of endocytic pathways for productive entry and infection. After endocytosis, the influenza virus escapes from the endocytic compartment to the cytosol. The distribution of the incoming influenza virus could be traced by detection of the viral RNA in the distinct cellular compartments, including endosome, cytosol, and nucleus. To accomplish this work, we developed a subcellular fractionation method based on density gradient ultracentrifugation and detected the viral RNA using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. This chapter is devoted to the practical methods and precautions for studying endocytic traffic of virus as well as host cellular factors affecting viral endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Su
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Emerging Viruses, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael M C Lai
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Emerging Viruses, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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34
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CASCIRE surveillance network and work on avian influenza viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1386-1391. [PMID: 29294220 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Goto T, Shimotai Y, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, Sho R, Sugawara K, Hongo S. Effect of Phosphorylation of CM2 Protein on Influenza C Virus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:e00773-17. [PMID: 28878070 PMCID: PMC5660502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00773-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CM2 is the second membrane protein of the influenza C virus and has been demonstrated to play a role in the uncoating and genome packaging processes in influenza C virus replication. Although the effects of N-linked glycosylation, disulfide-linked oligomerization, and palmitoylation of CM2 on virus replication have been analyzed, the effect of the phosphorylation of CM2 on virus replication remains to be determined. In this study, a phosphorylation site(s) at residue 78 and/or 103 of CM2 was replaced with an alanine residue(s), and the effects of the loss of phosphorylation on influenza C virus replication were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in the packaging of the reporter gene between influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) produced from 293T cells expressing wild-type CM2 and those from the cells expressing the CM2 mutants lacking the phosphorylation site(s). Reporter gene expression in HMV-II cells infected with VLPs containing the CM2 mutants was inhibited in comparison with that in cells infected with wild-type VLPs. The virus production of the recombinant influenza C virus possessing CM2 mutants containing a serine-to-alanine change at residue 78 was significantly lower than that of wild-type recombinant influenza C virus. Furthermore, the virus growth of the recombinant viruses possessing CM2 with a serine-to-aspartic acid change at position 78, to mimic constitutive phosphorylation, was virtually identical to that of the wild-type virus. These results suggest that phosphorylation of CM2 plays a role in efficient virus replication, probably through the addition of a negative charge to the Ser78 phosphorylation site.IMPORTANCE It is well-known that many host and viral proteins are posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation, which plays a role in the functions of these proteins. In influenza A and B viruses, phosphorylation of viral proteins NP, M1, NS1, and the nuclear export protein (NEP), which are not integrated into the membranes, affects the functions of these proteins, thereby affecting virus replication. However, it was reported that phosphorylation of the influenza A virus M2 ion channel protein, which is integrated into the membrane, has no effect on virus replication in vitro or in vivo We previously demonstrated that the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein is modified by N-glycosylation, oligomerization, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation and have analyzed the effects of these modifications, except phosphorylation, on virus replication. This is the first report demonstrating that phosphorylation of the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein, unlike that of the influenza A virus M2 protein, plays a role in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Goto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ri Sho
- Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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36
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Chen L, Wang C, Luo J, Li M, Liu H, Zhao N, Huang J, Zhu X, Ma G, Yuan G, He H. Amino Acid Substitution K470R in the Nucleoprotein Increases the Virulence of H5N1 Influenza A Virus in Mammals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1308. [PMID: 28744280 PMCID: PMC5504190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 is a highly pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) and poses a major threat to the public health. The nucleoprotein (NP) has a multiple functions during the viral life cycle, however, the precise role of NP mutants in viral replication and pathogenicity is not completely understood. Here, we attempted to identify five residues in NP that may contribute to viral replication or pathogenicity. Of these, K227R, K229R, and K470R viruses were successfully rescued by reverse genetic, but the K91R and K198R viruses were not viable. A mini-genome assay demonstrated that the NP mutations K91R and K198R significantly decreased the polymerase activity. Moreover, these two mutations resulted in disrupted cellular localization in mammalian cells. Importantly, mutation at position 470 of NP significantly increased its virulence in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated that the NP protein plays a major role in influenza virulence and pathogenicity, which adds to the knowledge of IAV virulence determinants and may benefit IAV surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Guoyao Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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37
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Zheng W, Cao S, Chen C, Li J, Zhang S, Jiang J, Niu Y, Fan W, Li Y, Bi Y, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Threonine 80 phosphorylation of non-structural protein 1 regulates the replication of influenza A virus by reducing the binding affinity with RIG-I. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12643. [PMID: 27376632 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus evades host antiviral defense through hijacking innate immunity by its non-structural protein 1 (NS1). By using mass spectrometry, threonine 80 (T80) was identified as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NS1 of the influenza virus A/WSN/1933(H1N1). By generating recombinant influenza viruses encoding NS1 T80 mutants, the roles of this phosphorylation site were characterized during viral replication. The T80E (phosphomimetic) mutant attenuated virus replication, whereas the T80A (non-phosphorylatable) mutant did not. Similar phenotypes were observed for these mutants in a mouse model experiment. In further study, the T80E mutant decreased the binding capacity between NS1 and viral nucleoprotein (NP), leading to impaired viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP)-mediated viral transcription. The T80E mutant was also unable to inhibit interferon (IFN) production by reducing the binding affinity between NS1 and retinoic acid-induced gene 1 protein (RIG-I), causing attenuation of virus replication. Taken together, the present study reveals that T80 phosphorylation of NS1 reduced influenza virus replication through controlling RIG-I-mediated IFN production and vRNP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yange Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li J, Zheng W, Hou L, Chen C, Fan W, Qu H, Jiang J, Liu J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Sun L, Liu W. Differential nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the nucleoprotein of influenza a viruses and association with host tropism. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lidan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Hongren Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Office of Director-General; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Elbahesh H, Bergmann S, Russell CJ. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates polymerase activity of multiple influenza A virus subtypes. Virology 2016; 499:369-374. [PMID: 27743963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause numerous pandemics and yearly epidemics resulting in ~500,000 annual deaths globally. IAV modulates cellular signaling pathways at every step of the infection cycle. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been shown to play a critical role in endosomal trafficking of influenza A viruses, yet it is unclear how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV replication. Using mini-genomes derived from H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, we dissected RNA replication by IAVs independent of viral entry or release. Our results show FAK activity promotes efficient IAV polymerase activity and inhibiting FAK activity with a chemical inhibitor or a kinase-dead mutant significantly reduces IAV polymerase activity. Using co-immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays, we observed interactions between FAK and the viral nucleoprotein, supporting a direct role of FAK in IAV replication. Altogether, the data indicates that FAK kinase activity is important in promoting IAV replication by regulating its polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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40
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Antiviral activity of KR-23502 targeting nuclear export of influenza B virus ribonucleoproteins. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Cyclophilin A protects mice against infection by influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28978. [PMID: 27354005 PMCID: PMC4926061 DOI: 10.1038/srep28978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that Cyclophilin A (CypA) impairs the replication of influenza A virus in vitro. To further evaluate the antiviral functions of CypA and explore its mechanism, transgenic mice with overexpression of CypA by two specific promoters with SPC (CypA-SPC) or CMV (CypA-CMV) were developed. After challenge with the A/WSN/33(H1N1) influenza virus, CypA-SPC and CypA-CMV transgenic mice displayed nearly 2.5- and 3.8-fold stronger disease resistance to virus infection, respectively, compared to wild-type animals. Virus replication, pathological lesions and inflammatory cytokines were substantially reduced in both lines of transgenic mice. In addition, after infection there was an upregulation of genes associated with cell migration, immune function, and organ development; and a downregulation of genes associated with the positive regulation of immune cells and apoptosis in the peritoneal macrophages of CypA-overexpressing transgenic mice (CypA+). These results indicate that CypA is a key modulator of influenza virus resistance in mice, and that CypA+ mice constitutes an important model to study the roles of CypA in the regulation of immune responses and infections.
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Robust Lys63-Linked Ubiquitination of RIG-I Promotes Cytokine Eruption in Early Influenza B Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:6263-6275. [PMID: 27122586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00549-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A and B virus infections both cause a host innate immunity response. Here, we report that the robust production of type I and III interferons (IFNs), IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory factors can be induced by influenza B virus rather than influenza A virus infection in alveolar epithelial (A549) cells during early infection. This response is mainly dependent on the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated signaling pathway. Infection by influenza B virus promotes intense Lys63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, resulting in cytokine eruption. It is known that the influenza A virus NS1 protein (NS1-A) interacts with RIG-I and TRIM25 to suppress the activation of RIG-I-mediated signaling. However, the present results indicate that the influenza B virus NS1 protein (NS1-B) is unable to interact with RIG-I but engages in the formation of a RIG-I/TRIM25/NS1-B ternary complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the N-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD) of NS1-B is responsible for interaction with TRIM25 and that this interaction blocks the inhibitory effect of the NS1-B C-terminal effector domain (TED) on RIG-I ubiquitination. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for the host cytokine response to influenza B virus infection through regulatory interplay between host and viral proteins. IMPORTANCE Influenza B virus generally causes local mild epidemics but is occasionally lethal to individuals. Existing studies describe the broad characteristics of influenza B virus epidemiology and pathology. However, to develop better prevention and treatments for the disease, determining the concrete molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis becomes pivotal to understand how the host reacts to the challenge of influenza B virus. Thus, we aimed to characterize the host innate immune response to influenza B virus infection. Here, we show that vigorous Lys63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I and cytokine eruption dependent on RIG-I-mediated signal transduction are induced by virus infection. Additionally, TRIM25 positively regulates RIG-I-mediated signaling by ablating the inhibitory function of NS1-B on RIG-I ubiquitination.
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Challenges and opportunities of using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods to develop complex vaccine antigens as pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:23-38. [PMID: 27071526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methods, combined with mass spectrometry, offer exciting and important opportunities to better characterize complex vaccine antigens including recombinant proteins, virus-like particles, inactivated viruses, polysaccharides, and protein-polysaccharide conjugates. The current abilities and limitations of these physicochemical methods to complement traditional in vitro and in vivo vaccine potency assays are explored in this review through the use of illustrative case studies. Various applications of these state-of-the art techniques are illustrated that include the analysis of influenza vaccines (inactivated whole virus and recombinant hemagglutinin), virus-like particle vaccines (human papillomavirus and hepatitis B), and polysaccharide linked to protein carrier vaccines (pneumococcal). Examples of utilizing these analytical methods to characterize vaccine antigens in the presence of adjuvants, which are often included to boost immune responses as part of the final vaccine dosage form, are also presented. Some of the challenges of using chromatographic and LC-MS as physicochemical assays to routinely test complex vaccine antigens are also discussed.
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Phosphorylation of Single Stranded RNA Virus Proteins and Potential for Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2015; 7:5257-73. [PMID: 26473910 PMCID: PMC4632380 DOI: 10.3390/v7102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post translational modification of proteins is a critical requirement that regulates function. Among the diverse kinds of protein post translational modifications, phosphorylation plays essential roles in protein folding, protein:protein interactions, signal transduction, intracellular localization, transcription regulation, cell cycle progression, survival and apoptosis. Protein phosphorylation is also essential for many intracellular pathogens to establish a productive infection cycle. Preservation of protein phosphorylation moieties in pathogens in a manner that mirrors the host components underscores the co-evolutionary trajectory of pathogens and hosts, and sheds light on how successful pathogens have usurped, either in part or as a whole, the host enzymatic machinery. Phosphorylation of viral proteins for many acute RNA viruses including Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses has been demonstrated to be critical for protein functionality. This review focuses on phosphorylation modifications that have been documented to occur on viral proteins with emphasis on acutely infectious, single stranded RNA viruses. The review additionally explores the possibility of repurposing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved inhibitors as antivirals for the treatment of acute RNA viral infections.
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A Single Amino Acid in the M1 Protein Responsible for the Different Pathogenic Potentials of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137989. [PMID: 26368015 PMCID: PMC4569272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains, A/duck/Hokkaido/WZ83/2010 (H5N1) (WZ83) and A/duck/Hokkaido/WZ101/2010 (H5N1) (WZ101), which were isolated from wild ducks in Japan, were found to be genetically similar, with only two amino acid differences in their M1 and PB1 proteins at positions 43 and 317, respectively. We found that both WZ83 and WZ101 caused lethal infection in chickens but WZ101 killed them more rapidly than WZ83. Interestingly, ducks experimentally infected with WZ83 showed no or only mild clinical symptoms, whereas WZ101 was highly lethal. We then generated reassortants between these viruses and found that exchange of the M gene segment completely switched the pathogenic phenotype in both chickens and ducks, indicating that the difference in the pathogenicity for these avian species between WZ83 and WZ101 was determined by only a single amino acid in the M1 protein. It was also found that WZ101 showed higher pathogenicity than WZ83 in mice and that WZ83, whose M gene was replaced with that of WZ101, showed higher pathogenicity than wild-type WZ83, although this reassortant virus was not fully pathogenic compared to wild-type WZ101. These results suggest that the amino acid at position 43 of the M1 protein is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in both avian and mammalian hosts.
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Moattari A, Dehghani B, Khodadad N, Tavakoli F. In Silico Functional and Structural Characterization of H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Hemagglutinin, 2010-2013, Shiraz, Iran. Acta Biotheor 2015; 63:183-202. [PMID: 25963671 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-015-9260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a major virulence factor of influenza viruses and plays an important role in viral pathogenesis. Analysis of amino acid changes, epitopes' regions, glycosylation and phosphorylation sites have greatly contributed to the development of new generations of vaccine. The hemagglutinins of 10 selected isolates, 8 of 2010 and 2 of 2013 samples were sequenced and analyzed by several bioinformatic softwares and the results were compared with those of 3 vaccine isolates. The study detected several amino acid changes related to altered epitopes' sites, modification sites and physico-chemical properties. The results showed some conserved modification sites in HA structure. This study is the first analytical research on isolates obtained from Shiraz, Iran, and our results can be used to better understand the genetic diversity and antigenic variations in Iranian and Asian H1N1 pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afagh Moattari
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran,
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Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of influenza A virus proteins. Viruses 2015; 7:2668-82. [PMID: 26008706 PMCID: PMC4452925 DOI: 10.3390/v7052668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses transcribe and replicate their genomes in the nuclei of infected host cells. The viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex of influenza virus is the essential genetic unit of the virus. The viral proteins play important roles in multiple processes, including virus structural maintenance, mediating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the vRNP complex, virus particle assembly, and budding. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of viral proteins occurs throughout the entire virus life cycle. This review mainly focuses on matrix protein (M1), nucleoprotein (NP), nonstructural protein (NS1), and nuclear export protein (NEP), summarizing the mechanisms of their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the regulation of virus replication through their phosphorylation to further understand the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in host adaptation of the viruses.
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Phosphorylation controls the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of influenza A virus nucleoprotein. J Virol 2015; 89:5822-34. [PMID: 25787277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00015-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex. During the replication of influenza virus, the vRNP complex undergoes nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, during which NP serves as one of the determinants. To date, many phosphorylation sites on NP have been identified, but the biological functions of many of these phosphorylation sites remain unknown. In the present study, the functions of the phosphorylation sites S9, Y10, and Y296 were characterized. These residues are highly conserved, and their phosphorylation was essential for virus growth in cell culture and in a mouse model by regulating the activity of the viral polymerase and the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of NP. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of S9 and Y10 controlled nuclear import of NP by affecting the binding affinity between NP and different isoforms of importin-α. In addition, the phosphorylation of Y296 caused nuclear retention of NP by reducing the interaction between NP and CRM1. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of NP during the early stage of virus infection was ablated when Y296 was mutated to F. However, at later stages of infection, it was weakened by the Y10F mutation. Taken together, the present data indicate that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of NP control the shuttling of NP between the nucleus and the cytoplasm during virus replication. IMPORTANCE It is well known that phosphorylation regulates the functions of viral proteins and the life cycle of influenza A virus. As NP is the most abundant protein in the vRNP complex of influenza A virus, several phosphorylation sites on this protein have been identified. However, the functions of these phosphorylation sites were unknown. The present study demonstrates that the phosphorylation status of these sites on NP can mediate its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, which drives the trafficking of vRNP complexes in infected cells. The present data suggest that the phosphorylated residues of NP are multistep controllers of the virus life cycle and new targets for the design of anti-influenza drugs.
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Huang SY, Shi SP, Qiu JD, Liu MC. Using support vector machines to identify protein phosphorylation sites in viruses. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 56:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Interaction of NS2 with AIMP2 facilitates the switch from ubiquitination to SUMOylation of M1 in influenza A virus-infected cells. J Virol 2014; 89:300-11. [PMID: 25320310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02170-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses (IAVs) rely on host factors to support their life cycle, as viral proteins hijack or interact with cellular proteins to execute their functions. Identification and understanding of these factors would increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms manipulated by the viruses. In this study, we searched for novel binding partners of the influenza A virus NS2 protein, the nuclear export protein responsible for overcoming host range restriction, by a yeast two-hybrid screening assay and glutathione S-transferase-pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays and identified AIMP2, a potent tumor suppressor that usually functions to regulate protein stability, as one of the major NS2-binding candidates. We found that the presence of NS2 protected AIMP2 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation in NS2-transfected cells and AIMP2 functioned as a positive regulator of IAV replication. Interestingly, AIMP2 had no significant effect on NS2 but enhanced the stability of the matrix protein M1. Further, we provide evidence that AIMP2 recruitment switches the modification of M1 from ubiquitination to SUMOylation, which occurs on the same attachment site (K242) on M1 and thereby promotes M1-mediated viral ribonucleoprotein complex nuclear export to increase viral replication. Collectively, our results reveal a new mechanism of AIMP2 mediation of influenza virus replication. IMPORTANCE Although the ubiquitination of M1 during IAV infection has been observed, the precise modification site and the molecular consequences of this modification remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that ubiquitin and SUMO compete for the same lysine (K242) on M1 and the interaction of NS2 with AIMP2 facilitates the switch of the M1 modification from ubiquitination to SUMOylation, thus increasing viral replication.
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