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Debski-Antoniak O, Flynn A, Klebl DP, Rojas Rechy MH, Tiede C, Wilson IA, Muench SP, Tomlinson D, Fontana J. Exploiting the Affimer platform against influenza A virus. mBio 2024; 15:e0180424. [PMID: 39037231 PMCID: PMC11323568 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01804-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is well known for its pandemic potential. While current surveillance and vaccination strategies are highly effective, therapeutic approaches are often short-lived due to the high mutation rates of IAV. Recently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, both against current strains and future IAV pandemics. In addition to mAbs, several antibody-like alternatives exist, which aim to improve upon mAbs. Among these, Affimers stand out for their short development time, high expression levels in Escherichia coli, and animal-free production. In this study, we utilized the Affimer platform to isolate and produce specific and potent inhibitors of IAV. Using a monomeric version of the IAV trimeric hemagglutinin (HA) fusion protein, we isolated 12 Affimers that inhibit IAV infection in vitro. Two of these Affimers were characterized in detail and exhibited nanomolar-binding affinities to the target H3 HA protein, specifically binding to the HA1 head domain. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), employing a novel spray approach to prepare cryo-grids, allowed us to image HA-Affimer complexes. Combined with functional assays, we determined that these Affimers inhibit IAV by blocking the interaction of HA with the host-cell receptor, sialic acid. Furthermore, these Affimers inhibited IAV strains closely related to the one used for their isolation. Overall, our results support the use of Affimers as a viable alternative to existing targeted therapies for IAV and highlight their potential as diagnostic reagents. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus is one of the few viruses that can cause devastating pandemics. Due to the high mutation rates of this virus, annual vaccination is required, and antivirals are short-lived. Monoclonal antibodies present a promising approach to tackle influenza virus infections but are associated with some limitations. To improve on this strategy, we explored the Affimer platform, which are antibody-like proteins made in bacteria. By performing phage-display against a monomeric version of influenza virus fusion protein, an established viral target, we were able to isolate Affimers that inhibit influenza virus infection in vitro. We characterized the mechanism of inhibition of the Affimers by using assays targeting different stages of the viral replication cycle. We additionally characterized HA-Affimer complex structure, using a novel approach to prepare samples for cryo-electron microscopy. Overall, these results show that Affimers are a promising tool against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Debski-Antoniak
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Flynn
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Klebl
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Moisés H. Rojas Rechy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fontana
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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2
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Luo Z, Miranda HA, Burke KN, Spurrier MA, Berry M, Stover EL, Spreng RL, Waitt G, Soderblom EJ, Macintyre AN, Wiehe K, Heaton NS. Vaccination with antigenically complex hemagglutinin mixtures confers broad protection from influenza disease. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj4685. [PMID: 38691617 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines induce responses primarily against immunodominant but highly plastic epitopes in the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Because of viral antigenic drift at these sites, vaccines need to be updated and readministered annually. To increase the breadth of influenza vaccine-mediated protection, we developed an antigenically complex mixture of recombinant HAs designed to redirect immune responses to more conserved domains of the protein. Vaccine-induced antibodies were disproportionally redistributed to the more conserved stalk of the HA without hindering, and in some cases improving, antibody responses against the head domain. These improved responses led to increased protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenges in both mice and ferrets compared with conventional vaccine approaches. Thus, antigenically complex protein mixtures can at least partially overcome HA head domain antigenic immunodominance and may represent a step toward a more universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hector A Miranda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Burke
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica L Stover
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Greg Waitt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA. Cellular and Molecular Immunity to Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:389. [PMID: 38675771 PMCID: PMC11154265 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens has been termed "original antigenic sin" or, more recently, "immune imprinting" and "seniority". We have researched a comparison between the immune response to live flu infections and inactivated flu vaccinations. A brief history of antibody generation theories is presented, culminating in new findings about the immune-network theory and suggesting that a network of clones exists between anti-idiotypic antibodies and T cell receptors. Findings regarding the 2009 pandemic flu strain and immune responses to it are presented, including memory B cells and conserved regions within the hemagglutinin protein. The importance of CD4+ memory T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells responding to both infections and vaccinations are discussed and compared. Innate immune cells, like natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, are discussed regarding their roles in adaptive immune responses. Antigen presentation via macroautophagy processes is described. New vaccines in development are mentioned along with the results of some clinical trials. The manuscript concludes with how repeated vaccinations are impacting the immune system and a sketch of what might be behind the imprinting phenomenon, including future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Health Science, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Park J, Champion JA. Development of Self-Assembled Protein Nanocage Spatially Functionalized with HA Stalk as a Broadly Cross-Reactive Influenza Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25045-25060. [PMID: 38084728 PMCID: PMC10753887 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
There remains a need for the development of a universal influenza vaccine, as current seasonal influenza vaccines exhibit limited protection against mismatched, mutated, or pandemic influenza viruses. A desirable approach to developing an effective universal influenza vaccine is the incorporation of highly conserved antigens in a multivalent scaffold that enhances their immunogenicity. Here, we develop a broadly cross-reactive influenza vaccine by functionalizing self-assembled protein nanocages (SAPNs) with multiple copies of the hemagglutinin stalk on the outer surface and matrix protein 2 ectodomain on the inner surface. SAPNs were generated by engineering short coiled coils, and the design was simulated by MD GROMACS. Due to the short sequences, off-target immune responses against empty SAPN scaffolds were not seen in immunized mice. Vaccination with the multivalent SAPNs induces high levels of broadly cross-reactive antibodies of only external antigens, demonstrating tight spatial control over the designed antigen placement. This work demonstrates the use of SAPNs as a potential influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
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5
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Nuñez IA, Jang H, Huang Y, Kelvin A, Ross TM. Influenza virus immune imprinting dictates the clinical outcomes in ferrets challenged with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1286758. [PMID: 38170075 PMCID: PMC10759238 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1286758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into the human population is an increasing global threat. The recent 2022 HPAIV outbreak significantly highlighted this possibility, increasing concern in the general population. The clinical outcomes of H5N1 influenza virus exposure can be determined by an individual's primary influenza virus infection (imprinting) or vaccination status. Immunological imprinting with Group 1 - (H1N1, H2N2, and H2N3) increases survival rates following H5N1 viral infection compared to Group 2 - (H3N2) imprinted individuals. Vaccination against H5N1 influenza viruses can offer protection to at-risk populations; however, stockpiled inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines are not readily available to the public. We hypothesize that the immunological response to vaccination and subsequent clinical outcome following H5N1 influenza virus infection is correlated with the immunological imprinting status of an individual. To test this hypothesis, our lab established a ferret pre-immune model of disease. Naïve ferrets were intranasally inoculated with seasonal influenza viruses and allowed to recover for 84 days prior to H5N1 virus infection. Ferrets imprinted following H1N1 and H2N3 virus infections were completely protected against lethal H5N1 influenza virus challenge (100% survival), with few to no clinical symptoms. In comparison, H3N2 influenza virus-imprinted ferrets had severe clinical symptoms, delayed disease progression, and a sublethal phenotype (40% mortality). Consecutive infections with H1N1 influenza viruses followed by an H3N2 influenza virus infection did not abrogate the immune protection induced by the original H1N1 influenza virus infection. In addition, ferrets consecutively infected with H1N1 and H2N3 viruses had no clinical symptoms or weight loss. H3N2 pre-immune ferrets were vaccinated with a broadly reactive H5 HA-based or H1 NA-based vaccine (Hu-CO 2). These ferrets were protected against H5N1 influenza virus challenge, whereas ferrets vaccinated with the H1N1 wild-type CA/09 rHA vaccine had similar phenotypes as non-vaccinated H3N2-imprinted ferrets with 40% survival. Overall, Group 2 imprinted ferrets, which were vaccinated with heterologous Group 1 HA vaccines, had redirected immune responses to Group 1 influenza viral antigens and rescued a sublethal phenotype to complete protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alyson Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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6
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Lubow J, Levoir LM, Ralph DK, Belmont L, Contreras M, Cartwright-Acar CH, Kikawa C, Kannan S, Davidson E, Duran V, Rebellon-Sanchez DE, Sanz AM, Rosso F, Doranz BJ, Einav S, Matsen IV FA, Goo L. Single B cell transcriptomics identifies multiple isotypes of broadly neutralizing antibodies against flaviviruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011722. [PMID: 37812640 PMCID: PMC10586629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential dengue virus (DENV) infections often generate neutralizing antibodies against all four DENV serotypes and sometimes, Zika virus. Characterizing cross-flavivirus broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses can inform countermeasures that avoid enhancement of infection associated with non-neutralizing antibodies. Here, we used single cell transcriptomics to mine the bnAb repertoire following repeated DENV infections. We identified several new bnAbs with comparable or superior breadth and potency to known bnAbs, and with distinct recognition determinants. Unlike all known flavivirus bnAbs, which are IgG1, one newly identified cross-flavivirus bnAb (F25.S02) was derived from IgA1. Both IgG1 and IgA1 versions of F25.S02 and known bnAbs displayed neutralizing activity, but only IgG1 enhanced infection in monocytes expressing IgG and IgA Fc receptors. Moreover, IgG-mediated enhancement of infection was inhibited by IgA1 versions of bnAbs. We demonstrate a role for IgA in flavivirus infection and immunity with implications for vaccine and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lubow
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Levoir
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Duncan K. Ralph
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Belmont
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maya Contreras
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catiana H. Cartwright-Acar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Caroline Kikawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shruthi Kannan
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edgar Davidson
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Veronica Duran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ana M. Sanz
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rosso
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shirit Einav
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Matsen IV
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie Goo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Chiba S, Kong H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Influenza H3 hemagglutinin vaccine with scrambled immunodominant epitopes elicits antibodies directed toward immunosubdominant head epitopes. mBio 2023; 14:e0062223. [PMID: 37466314 PMCID: PMC10470489 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00622-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective countermeasure to reduce the severity of influenza. Current seasonal influenza vaccines mainly elicit humoral immunity targeting hemagglutinin (HA). In particular, the amino acid residues around the receptor-binding site in the HA head domain are predominantly targeted by humoral immunity as "immunodominant" epitopes. However, mutations readily accumulate in the head domain due to high plasticity, resulting in antigenic drift and vaccine mismatch, particularly with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A vaccine strategy that targets more conserved immunosubdominant epitopes is required to attain a universal vaccine. Here, we designed an H3 HA vaccine antigen with various amino acids at immunodominant epitopes of the HA head domain, termed scrambled HA (scrHA). In ferrets, scrHA vaccination induced lower serum neutralizing antibody levels against homologous virus compared with wild-type (WT) HA vaccination; however, similar levels of moderately neutralizing titers against antigenically distinct H3N2 viruses were observed. Ferrets vaccinated with scrHA twice and then challenged with homologous or heterologous virus showed the same level of reduced virus shedding in nasal swabs as WT HA-vaccinated animals but reduced body temperature increase, whereas WT HA-vaccinated ferrets exhibited body temperature increases similar to those of mock-vaccinated animals. scrHA elicited antibodies against HA immunodominant and -subdominant epitopes at lower and higher levels, respectively, than WT HA vaccination, whereas antistalk antibodies were induced at the same level for both groups, suggesting scrHA-induced redirection from immunodominant to immunosubdominant head epitopes. scrHA vaccination thus induced broader coverage than WT HA vaccination by diluting out the immunodominancy of HA head epitopes. IMPORTANCE Current influenza vaccines mainly elicit antibodies that target the immunodominant head domain, where strain-specific mutations rapidly accumulate, resulting in frequent antigenic drift and vaccine mismatch. Targeting conserved immunosubdominant epitopes is essential to attain a universal vaccine. Our findings with the scrHA developed in this study suggest that designing vaccine antigens that "dilute out" the immunodominancy of the head epitopes may be an effective strategy to induce conserved immunosubdominant epitope-based immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Chiba
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Huihui Kong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Nagashima K, Abbadi N, Vyas V, Roegner A, Ross TM, Mousa JJ. Adjuvant-Mediated Differences in Antibody Responses to Computationally Optimized Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020347. [PMID: 36851561 PMCID: PMC9960755 DOI: 10.3390/v15020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) are a next-generation universal influenza vaccine candidate. However, how these COBRAs induce antibody responses when combined with different adjuvants has not previously been well-characterized. Therefore, we performed in vivo studies with an HA-based H1 COBRA, Y2, and an NA-based N1 COBRA, N1-I, to assess this effect for the H1N1 subtype. We tested the adjuvants AddaVax, AddaS03, CpG, and Alhydrogel. AddaS03 performed the best, eliciting high IgG titers and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity for Y2 immunizations. Interestingly, serum antibody epitopes were relatively similar across adjuvant groups. Moreover, following N1-I immunization with these adjuvants, AddaS03 also elicited the highest IgG and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) titers against the 2009 pandemic virus, A/California/07/2009 (A/CA/09). These results inform adjuvant selection efforts for H1 and N1 COBRA HA and NA antigens in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Nagashima
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nada Abbadi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ved Vyas
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Abigail Roegner
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zhang M, An Y, Wu X, Cai M, Zhang X, Yang C, Tong J, Cui Z, Li X, Huang W, Zhao C, Wang Y. Retrospective immunogenicity analysis of seasonal flu H3N2 vaccines recommended in the past ten years using immunized animal sera. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104350. [PMID: 36403423 PMCID: PMC9678686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A (H3N2) virus (A/H3N2) has complex antigenic evolution, resulting in frequent vaccine strain updates. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the vaccine strains on the circulating strains from past ten years and provide a basis for finding a broader and more efficient A/H3N2 vaccine strain. METHODS Eighty-four representative circulating A/H3N2 strains were selected from 65,791 deposited sequences in 2011-2020 and pseudotyped viruses were constructed with the VSV vector. We immunized guinea pigs with DNA vaccine containing the A/H3N2 components of the vaccine strains from 2011 to 2021 and tested neutralizing antibody against the pseudotyped viruses. We used a hierarchical clustering method to classify the eighty-four representative strains into different antigenic clusters. We also immunized animals with monovalent vaccine stock of the vaccine strains for the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 seasons and tested neutralizing antibody against the pseudotyped viruses. FINDINGS The vaccine strains PE/09, VI/11 and TE/12 induced higher levels of neutralizing antibody against representative strains circulating in recommended year and the year immediately prior whereas vaccine strains HK/14, HK/19 and CA/20 induced poor neutralization against all representative strains. The representative strains were divided into five antigenic clusters (AgV), which were not identical to gene clades. The AgV5 strains were most difficult to be protected among the five clusters. Compared with single-dose immunization, three doses of monovalent vaccine stock (HK/19 or CA/20) could induce stronger and broader neutralizing antibodies against strains in each of the antigenic clusters. INTERPRETATION The protective effect of vaccine strains indicated that the accurate selection of A/H3N2 vaccine strains must remain a top priority. By increasing the frequency of immunization, stronger and broader neutralizing antibodies against strains in all antigenic clusters were induced, which provides direction for a new immunization strategy. FUNDING This work was supported by a grant from National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFC2301700).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yimeng An
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China,Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co. LTD, 350 Anshun Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Meina Cai
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, No. 9 Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chaoying Yang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jincheng Tong
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xueli Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, No. 9 Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China,Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing,Corresponding author. Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.
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10
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Yegorov S, Celeste DB, Gomes KB, Ang JC, Vandenhof C, Wang J, Rybkina K, Tsui V, Stacey HD, Loeb M, Miller MS. Inactivated and live-attenuated seasonal influenza vaccines boost broadly neutralizing antibodies in children. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100509. [PMID: 35243417 PMCID: PMC8861809 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target the hemagglutinin stalk domain is a promising strategy for the development of “universal” influenza virus vaccines. bNAbs can be boosted in adults by sequential exposure to heterosubtypic viruses through natural infection or vaccination. However, little is known about if or how bNAbs are induced by vaccination in more immunologically naive children. Here, we describe the impact of repeated seasonal influenza vaccination and vaccine type on induction of bNAbs against group 1 influenza viruses in a pediatric cohort enrolled in randomized controlled trials of seasonal influenza vaccination. Repeated seasonal vaccination results in significant boosting of a durable bNAb response. Boosting of serological bNAb titers is comparable within inactivated and live attenuated (LAIV) vaccinees and declines with age. These data provide insights into vaccine-elicited bNAb induction in children, which have important implications for the design of universal influenza vaccine modalities in this critical population. Repeated inactivated influenza vaccination boosts bNAbs Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are similarly efficient at boosting bNAbs The magnitude of IIV and LAIV vaccine-elicited bNAb boosting declines with age
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel B. Celeste
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberly Braz Gomes
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jann C. Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Vandenhof
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne Wang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Tsui
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah D. Stacey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Health Research Methodology, Evidence, and Impact, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author
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11
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Li Y, Xu M, Li Y, Gu W, Halimu G, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Liao H, Yao S, Zhang H, Zhang C. A recombinant protein containing influenza viral conserved epitopes and superantigen induces broad-spectrum protection. eLife 2021; 10:e71725. [PMID: 34783655 PMCID: PMC8635977 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza pandemics pose public health threats annually for lacking vaccine that provides cross-protection against novel and emerging influenza viruses. Combining conserved antigens that induce cross-protective antibody responses with epitopes that activate cross-protective T cell responses might be an attractive strategy for developing a universal vaccine. In this study, we constructed a recombinant protein named NMHC that consists of influenza viral conserved epitopes and a superantigen fragment. NMHC promoted the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and induced CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th1, Th2, and Th17 subtypes. Mice vaccinated with NMHC produced high levels of immunoglobulins that cross-bound to HA fragments from six influenza virus subtypes with high antibody titers. Anti-NMHC serum showed potent hemagglutinin inhibition effects to highly divergent group 1 (H1 subtype) and group 2 (H3 subtype) influenza virus strains. Furthermore, purified anti-NMHC antibodies bound to multiple HAs with high affinities. NMHC vaccination effectively protected mice from infection and lung damage when exposed to two subtypes of H1N1 influenza virus. Moreover, NMHC vaccination elicited CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that cleared the virus from infected tissues and prevented virus spread. In conclusion, this study provides proof of concept that NMHC vaccination triggers B and T cell immune responses against multiple influenza virus infections. Therefore, NMHC might be a candidate universal broad-spectrum vaccine for the prevention and treatment of multiple influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Mingkai Xu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Wu Gu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Gulinare Halimu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Yuqi Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Libao Zhou
- Chengda Biotechnology Co. LtdLiaoningChina
| | - Hui Liao
- Chengda Biotechnology Co. LtdLiaoningChina
| | | | - Huiwen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Superantigen Research, Shenyang Bureau of Science and TechnologyShenyangChina
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12
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Nuñez IA, Huang Y, Ross TM. Next-Generation Computationally Designed Influenza Hemagglutinin Vaccines Protect against H5Nx Virus Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:1352. [PMID: 34832509 PMCID: PMC8625041 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) sequences, termed human COBRA-2 HA, were constructed through layering of HA sequences from viruses isolated from humans collected between 2004-2007 using only clade 2 strains. These COBRA HA proteins, when expressed on the surface of virus-like particles (VLP), elicited protective immune responses in mice, ferrets, and non-human primates. However, these vaccines were not as effective at inducing neutralizing antibodies against newly circulating viruses. Therefore, COBRA HA-based vaccines were updated in order to elicit protective antibodies against the current circulating clades of H5Nx viruses. Next-generation COBRA HA vaccines were designed to encompass the newly emerging viruses circulating in wild avian populations. HA amino acid sequences from avian and human H5 influenza viruses isolated between 2011-2017 were downloaded from the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data). Mice were vaccinated with H5 COBRA rHA that elicited antibodies with hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) activity against H5Nx viruses from five clades. The H5 COBRA rHA vaccine, termed IAN8, elicited protective immune responses against mice challenged with A/Sichuan/26621/2014 and A/Vietnam/1203/2004. This vaccine elicited antibodies with HAI activity against viruses from clades 2.2, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.4.2, 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. Lungs from vaccinated mice had decreased viral titers and the levels of cellular infiltration in mice vaccinated with IAN-8 rHA were similar to mice vaccinated with wild-type HA comparator vaccines or mock vaccinated controls. Overall, these next-generation H5 COBRA HA vaccines elicited protective antibodies against both historical H5Nx influenza viruses, as well as currently circulating clades of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.A.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.A.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (I.A.N.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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A non-neutralizing antibody broadly protects against influenza virus infection by engaging effector cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009724. [PMID: 34352041 PMCID: PMC8341508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the immunodominant protein of the influenza virus. We previously showed that mice injected with a monoglycosylated influenza A HA (HAmg) produced cross-strain-reactive antibodies and were better protected than mice injected with a fully glycosylated HA (HAfg) during lethal dose challenge. We employed a single B-cell screening platform to isolate the cross-protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) 651 from mice immunized with the HAmg of A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) influenza virus (Bris/07). The mAb 651 recognized the head domain of a broad spectrum of HAs from groups 1 and 2 influenza A viruses and offered prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) (Cal/09) and Bris/07 infections in mice. The antibody did not possess neutralizing activity; however, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis mediated by natural killer cells and alveolar macrophages were important in the protective efficacy of mAb 651. Together, this study highlighted the significance of effector functions for non-neutralizing antibodies to exhibit protection against influenza virus infection. The protective efficacy of antibodies is generally related to their neutralization potency. Here, we isolated a monoclonal antibody from mice injected with monoglycosylated hemagglutinin protein-based universal influenza vaccine, and demonstrated a head-domain recognizing, but non-neutralizing, monoclonal antibody carried prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against a broad spectrum of influenza virus infections in vivo via effector functions.
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14
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Influenza hemagglutinin-specific IgA Fc-effector functionality is restricted to stalk epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018102118. [PMID: 33593910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized a panel of human immunoglobulin (Ig) IgA monoclonal antibodies isolated from the plasmablasts of eight donors after 2014/2015 influenza virus vaccination (Fluarix) to study the binding and functional specificities of this isotype. In this cohort, isolated IgA monoclonal antibodies were primarily elicited against the hemagglutinin protein of the H1N1 component of the vaccine. To compare effector functionalities, an H1-specific subset of antibodies targeting distinct epitopes were expressed as monomeric, dimeric, or secretory IgA, as well as in an IgG1 backbone. When expressed with an IgG Fc domain, all antibodies elicited Fc-effector activity in a primary polymorphonuclear cell-based assay which differs from previous observations that found only stalk-specific antibodies activate the low-affinity FcγRIIIa. However, when expressed with IgA Fc domains, only antibodies targeting the stalk domain showed Fc-effector activity in line with these previous findings. To identify the cause of this discrepancy, we then confirmed that IgG signaling through the high-affinity FcγI receptor was not restricted to stalk epitopes. Since no corresponding high-affinity Fcα receptor exists, the IgA repertoire may therefore be limited to stalk-specific epitopes in the context of Fc receptor signaling.
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15
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Huang Y, França MS, Allen JD, Shi H, Ross TM. Next Generation of Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive HA Vaccines Elicited Cross-Reactive Immune Responses and Provided Protection against H1N1 Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070793. [PMID: 34358209 PMCID: PMC8310220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections, but the diversity of antigenically distinct isolates is a persistent challenge for vaccine development. In order to conquer the antigenic variability and improve influenza virus vaccine efficacy, our research group has developed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) in the form of recombinant hemagglutinins (rHAs) to elicit broader immune responses. However, previous COBRA H1N1 vaccines do not elicit immune responses that neutralize H1N1 virus strains in circulation during the recent years. In order to update our COBRA vaccine, two new candidate COBRA HA vaccines, Y2 and Y4, were generated using a new seasonal-based COBRA methodology derived from H1N1 isolates that circulated during 2013–2019. In this study, the effectiveness of COBRA Y2 and Y4 vaccines were evaluated in mice, and the elicited immune responses were compared to those generated by historical H1 COBRA HA and wild-type H1N1 HA vaccines. Mice vaccinated with the next generation COBRA HA vaccines effectively protected against morbidity and mortality after infection with H1N1 influenza viruses. The antibodies elicited by the COBRA HA vaccines were highly cross-reactive with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-like viruses isolated from 2009 to 2021, especially with the most recent circulating viruses from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, viral loads in lungs of mice vaccinated with Y2 and Y4 were dramatically reduced to low or undetectable levels, resulting in minimal lung injury compared to wild-type HA vaccines following H1N1 influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.H.); (J.D.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Monique S. França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - James D. Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.H.); (J.D.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.H.); (J.D.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.H.); (J.D.A.); (H.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-9708; Fax: +1-706-583-0297
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16
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Stacey HD, Golubeva D, Posca A, Ang JC, Novakowski KE, Zahoor MA, Kaushic C, Cairns E, Bowdish DME, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. IgA potentiates NETosis in response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101497118. [PMID: 34183391 PMCID: PMC8271757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101497118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the second most abundant antibody present in circulation and is enriched at mucosal surfaces. As such, IgA plays a key role in protection against a variety of mucosal pathogens including viruses. In addition to neutralizing viruses directly, IgA can also stimulate Fc-dependent effector functions via engagement of Fc alpha receptors (Fc-αRI) expressed on the surface of certain immune effector cells. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte, express Fc-αRI, and are often the first to respond to sites of injury and infection. Here, we describe a function for IgA-virus immune complexes (ICs) during viral infections. We show that IgA-virus ICs potentiate NETosis-the programmed cell-death pathway through which neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Mechanistically, IgA-virus ICs potentiated a suicidal NETosis pathway via engagement of Fc-αRI on neutrophils through a toll-like receptor-independent, NADPH oxidase complex-dependent pathway. NETs also were capable of trapping and inactivating viruses, consistent with an antiviral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Stacey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Diana Golubeva
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Alyssa Posca
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Jann C Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Kyle E Novakowski
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Ewa Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Caitlin E Mullarkey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1;
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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17
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Sano K, Saito S, Suzuki T, Kotani O, Ainai A, van Riet E, Tabata K, Saito K, Takahashi Y, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Maruno T, Usami K, Uchiyama S, Ogawa-Goto K, Hasegawa H. An influenza HA stalk reactive polymeric IgA antibody exhibits anti-viral function regulated by binary interaction between HA and the antibody. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245244. [PMID: 33412571 PMCID: PMC7790537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA antibodies, which are secreted onto the mucosal surface as secretory IgA antibodies (SIgAs), play an important role in preventing influenza virus infection. A recent study reported that anti-hemagglutinin (HA) head-targeting antibodies increase anti-viral functions such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (NT), in addition to HA binding activity (reactivity) via IgA polymerization. However, the functional properties of anti-viral IgA antibodies with mechanisms of action distinct from those of anti-HA head-targeting antibodies remain elusive. Here, we characterized the functional properties of IgG, monomeric IgA, and polymeric IgA anti-HA stalk-binding clones F11 and FI6, and B12 (a low affinity anti-HA stalk clone), as well as Fab-deficient (ΔFab) IgA antibodies. We found that IgA polymerization impacts the functional properties of anti-HA stalk antibodies. Unlike anti-HA head antibodies, the anti-viral functions of anti-HA stalk antibodies were not simply enhanced by IgA polymerization. The data suggest that two modes of binding (Fab paratope-mediated binding to the HA stalk, and IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to the HA receptor binding site (RBS)) occur during interaction between anti-stalk HA IgA antibodies and HA. In situations where Fab paratope-mediated binding to the HA stalk exceeded IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to HA RBS, IgA polymerization increased anti-viral functions. By contrast, when IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to the HA RBS was dominant, anti-viral activity will fall upon IgA polymerization. In summary, the results suggest that coordination between these two independent binding modules determines whether IgA polymerization has a negative or positive effect on the anti-viral functions of anti-HA stalk IgA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elly van Riet
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaede Usami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi Incorporated, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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18
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Abstract
The importance of post-translational glycosylation in protein structure and function has gained significant clinical relevance recently. The latest developments in glycobiology, glycochemistry, and glycoproteomics have made the field more manageable and relevant to disease progression and immune-response signaling. Here, we summarize the current progress in glycoscience, including the new methodologies that have led to the introduction of programmable and automatic as well as large-scale enzymatic synthesis, and the development of glycan array, glycosylation probes, and inhibitors of carbohydrate-associated enzymes or receptors. These novel methodologies and tools have facilitated our understanding of the significance of glycosylation and development of carbohydrate-derived medicines that bring the field to the next level of scientific and medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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19
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Bao Y, Ling Y, Chen YY, Tian D, Zhao GP, Zhang XH, Hang H, Li Y, Su B, Lu HZ, Xu J, Wang Y. Dynamic anti-spike protein antibody profiles in COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:540-548. [PMID: 33310028 PMCID: PMC7836795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study intended to investigate the dynamics of anti-spike (S) IgG and IgM antibodies in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Anti-S IgG/IgM was determined by a semi-quantitative fluorescence immunoassay in the plasma of COVID-19 patients at the manifestation and rehabilitation stages. The immunoreactivity to full-length S proteins, C-terminal domain (CTD), and N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1 fragments were determined by an ELISA assay. Clinical properties at admission and discharge were collected simultaneously. RESULTS The positive rates of anti-S IgG/IgM in COVID-19 patients were elevated after rehabilitation compared to the in-patients. Anti-S IgG and IgM were not apparent until day 14 and day ten, respectively, according to Simple Moving Average analysis with five days' slide window deduction. More than 90% of the rehabilitation patients exhibited IgG and IgM responses targeting CTD-S1 fragments. Decreased total peripheral lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts were seen in COVID-19 patients at admission and recovered after the rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS Anti-S IgG and IgM do not appear at the onset with the decrease in T cells, making early serological screening less significant. However, the presence of high IgG and IgM to S1-CTD in the recovered patients highlights humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be associated with efficient immune protection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Zhang
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Hong Hang
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Yu Li
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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20
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Dugan HL, Guthmiller JJ, Arevalo P, Huang M, Chen YQ, Neu KE, Henry C, Zheng NY, Lan LYL, Tepora ME, Stovicek O, Bitar D, Palm AKE, Stamper CT, Changrob S, Utset HA, Coughlan L, Krammer F, Cobey S, Wilson PC. Preexisting immunity shapes distinct antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection and vaccination in humans. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eabd3601. [PMID: 33298562 PMCID: PMC8115023 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humans are repeatedly exposed to variants of influenza virus throughout their lifetime. As a result, preexisting influenza-specific memory B cells can dominate the response after infection or vaccination. Memory B cells recalled by adulthood exposure are largely reactive to conserved viral epitopes present in childhood strains, posing unclear consequences on the ability of B cells to adapt to and neutralize newly emerged strains. We sought to investigate the impact of preexisting immunity on generation of protective antibody responses to conserved viral epitopes upon influenza virus infection and vaccination in humans. We accomplished this by characterizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from plasmablasts, which are predominantly derived from preexisting memory B cells. We found that, whereas some influenza infection-induced mAbs bound conserved and neutralizing epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain or neuraminidase, most of the mAbs elicited by infection targeted non-neutralizing epitopes on nucleoprotein and other unknown antigens. Furthermore, most infection-induced mAbs had equal or stronger affinity to childhood strains, indicating recall of memory B cells from childhood exposures. Vaccination-induced mAbs were similarly induced from past exposures and exhibited substantial breadth of viral binding, although, in contrast to infection-induced mAbs, they targeted neutralizing HA head epitopes. Last, cocktails of infection-induced mAbs displayed reduced protective ability in mice compared to vaccination-induced mAbs. These findings reveal that both preexisting immunity and exposure type shape protective antibody responses to conserved influenza virus epitopes in humans. Natural infection largely recalls cross-reactive memory B cells against non-neutralizing epitopes, whereas vaccination harnesses preexisting immunity to target protective HA epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Dugan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip Arevalo
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karlynn E Neu
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Linda Yu-Ling Lan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Micah E Tepora
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olivia Stovicek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dalia Bitar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Henry A Utset
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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Nguyen-Contant P, Embong AK, Topham DJ, Sangster MY. Analysis of Antigen-Specific Human Memory B Cell Populations Based on In Vitro Polyclonal Stimulation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 131:e109. [PMID: 33017091 PMCID: PMC7647051 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific memory B cell (MBC) populations mediate the rapid, strong, and high-affinity secondary antibody responses that play a key role in combating infection and generating protective responses to vaccination. Recently, cell staining with fluorochrome-labeled antigens together with sequencing methods such as Drop-seq and CITE-seq have provided information on the specificity, phenotype, and transcriptome of single MBCs. However, characterization of MBCs at the level of antigen-reactive populations remains an important tool for assessing an individual's B cell immunity and responses to antigen exposure. This is readily performed using a long-established method based on in vitro polyclonal stimulation of MBCs to induce division and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Post-stimulation antigen-specific measurement of the MBC-derived ASCs (or the secreted antibodies) indicates the size of precursor MBC populations. Additional information about the character of antigen-reactive MBC populations is provided by analysis of MBC-derived antibodies of particular specificities for binding avidity and functionality. This article outlines a simple and reliable strategy for efficient in vitro MBC stimulation and use of the ELISpot assay as a post-stimulation readout to determine the size of antigen-specific MBC populations. Other applications of the in vitro stimulation technique for MBC analysis are discussed. The following protocols are included. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC Basic Protocol 1: Polyclonal stimulation of memory B cells using unfractionated PBMCs Alternate Protocol: Stimulation of small PBMC numbers using 96-well plates with U-bottom wells Basic Protocol 2: ELISpot assay for enumeration of memory B cell-derived antibody-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen-Contant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - A. Karim Embong
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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22
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Carreño JM, McDonald JU, Hurst T, Rigsby P, Atkinson E, Charles L, Nachbagauer R, Behzadi MA, Strohmeier S, Coughlan L, Aydillo T, Brandenburg B, García-Sastre A, Kaszas K, Levine MZ, Manenti A, McDermott AB, Montomoli E, Muchene L, Narpala SR, Perera RAPM, Salisch NC, Valkenburg SA, Zhou F, Engelhardt OG, Krammer F. Development and Assessment of a Pooled Serum as Candidate Standard to Measure Influenza A Virus Group 1 Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040666. [PMID: 33182279 PMCID: PMC7712758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stalk domain of the hemagglutinin has been identified as a target for induction of protective antibody responses due to its high degree of conservation among numerous influenza subtypes and strains. However, current assays to measure stalk-based immunity are not standardized. Hence, harmonization of assay readouts would help to compare experiments conducted in different laboratories and increase confidence in results. Here, serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 110) were screened using a chimeric cH6/1 hemagglutinin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures stalk-reactive antibodies. We identified samples with moderate to high IgG anti-stalk antibody levels. Likewise, screening of the samples using the mini-hemagglutinin (HA) headless construct #4900 and analysis of the correlation between the two assays confirmed the presence and specificity of anti-stalk antibodies. Additionally, samples were characterized by a cH6/1N5 virus-based neutralization assay, an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, and competition ELISAs, using the stalk-reactive monoclonal antibodies KB2 (mouse) and CR9114 (human). A “pooled serum” (PS) consisting of a mixture of selected serum samples was generated. The PS exhibited high levels of stalk-reactive antibodies, had a cH6/1N5-based neutralization titer of 320, and contained high levels of stalk-specific antibodies with ADCC activity. The PS, along with blinded samples of varying anti-stalk antibody titers, was distributed to multiple collaborators worldwide in a pilot collaborative study. The samples were subjected to different assays available in the different laboratories, to measure either binding or functional properties of the stalk-reactive antibodies contained in the serum. Results from binding and neutralization assays were analyzed to determine whether use of the PS as a standard could lead to better agreement between laboratories. The work presented here points the way towards the development of a serum standard for antibodies to the HA stalk domain of phylogenetic group 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
| | - Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (J.U.M.); (T.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Tara Hurst
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (J.U.M.); (T.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Division of Analytical and Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (P.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Eleanor Atkinson
- Division of Analytical and Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (P.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Lethia Charles
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (J.U.M.); (T.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
| | - Teresa Aydillo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Boerries Brandenburg
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.B.); (K.K.); (L.M.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Krisztian Kaszas
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.B.); (K.K.); (L.M.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Min Z. Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | | | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Immunology Program (VIP), Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.B.M.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Leacky Muchene
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.B.); (K.K.); (L.M.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Immunology Program (VIP), Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.B.M.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.A.P.M.P.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Nadine C. Salisch
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.B.); (K.K.); (L.M.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.A.P.M.P.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Center, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- K.G. Jebsen Center for influenza vaccines, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (J.U.M.); (T.H.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (O.G.E.); (F.K.)
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.M.C.); (R.N.); (M.A.B.); (S.S.); (L.C.); (T.A.); (A.G.-S.)
- Correspondence: (O.G.E.); (F.K.)
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23
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Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines are based on predicting the circulating viruses year by year, conferring limited effectiveness since the antigenicity of vaccine strains does not always match the circulating viruses. This necessitates development of universal influenza vaccines that provide broader and lasting protection against pan-influenza viruses. The discovery of the highly conserved immunogens (epitopes) of influenza viruses provides attractive targets for universal vaccine design. Here we review the current understanding with broadly protective immunogens (epitopes) and discuss several important considerations to achieve the goal of universal influenza vaccines.
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24
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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25
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Ramberger M, Berretta A, Tan JMM, Sun B, Michael S, Yeo T, Theorell J, Bashford-Rogers R, Paneva S, O’Dowd V, Dedi N, Topia S, Griffin R, Ramirez-Franco J, El Far O, Baulac S, Leite MI, Sen A, Jeans A, McMillan D, Marshall D, Anthony D, Lightwood D, Waters P, Irani SR. Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms. Brain 2020; 143:1731-1745. [PMID: 32437528 PMCID: PMC7296845 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) are found in patients with limbic encephalitis and focal seizures. Here, we generate patient-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against LGI1. We explore their sequences and binding characteristics, plus their pathogenic potential using transfected HEK293T cells, rodent neuronal preparations, and behavioural and electrophysiological assessments in vivo after mAb injections into the rodent hippocampus. In live cell-based assays, LGI1 epitope recognition was examined with patient sera (n = 31), CSFs (n = 11), longitudinal serum samples (n = 15), and using mAbs (n = 14) generated from peripheral B cells of two patients. All sera and 9/11 CSFs bound both the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and the epitempin repeat (EPTP) domains of LGI1, with stable ratios of LRR:EPTP antibody levels over time. By contrast, the mAbs derived from both patients recognized either the LRR or EPTP domain. mAbs against both domain specificities showed varied binding strengths, and marked genetic heterogeneity, with high mutation frequencies. LRR-specific mAbs recognized LGI1 docked to its interaction partners, ADAM22 and ADAM23, bound to rodent brain sections, and induced internalization of the LGI1-ADAM22/23 complex in both HEK293T cells and live hippocampal neurons. By contrast, few EPTP-specific mAbs bound to rodent brain sections or ADAM22/23-docked LGI1, but all inhibited the docking of LGI1 to ADAM22/23. After intrahippocampal injection, and by contrast to the LRR-directed mAbs, the EPTP-directed mAbs showed far less avid binding to brain tissue and were consistently detected in the serum. Post-injection, both domain-specific mAbs abrogated long-term potentiation induction, and LRR-directed antibodies with higher binding strengths induced memory impairment. Taken together, two largely dichotomous populations of LGI1 mAbs with distinct domain binding characteristics exist in the affinity matured peripheral autoantigen-specific memory pools of individuals, both of which have pathogenic potential. In human autoantibody-mediated diseases, the detailed characterization of patient mAbs provides a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms within polyclonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ramberger
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Berretta
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeanne M M Tan
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bo Sun
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia Michael
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianrong Yeo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Theorell
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sofija Paneva
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Neesha Dedi
- UCB Pharma, 208-216 Bath Road, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Oussama El Far
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Baulac
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria I Leite
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjune Sen
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Jeans
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Anthony
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick Waters
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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Abreu RB, Clutter EF, Attari S, Sautto GA, Ross TM. IgA Responses Following Recurrent Influenza Virus Vaccination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32508822 PMCID: PMC7249748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year. Annual vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization to reduce influenza severity and limit transmission through elicitation of antibodies targeting mainly the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of the influenza virus. Antibodies elicited by current seasonal influenza vaccines are predominantly strain-specific. However, continuous antigenic drift by circulating influenza viruses facilitates escape from pre-existing antibodies requiring frequent reformulation of the seasonal influenza vaccine. Traditionally, immunological responses to influenza vaccination have been largely focused on IgG antibodies, with almost complete disregard of other isotypes. In this report, young adults (18–34 years old) and elderly (65–85 years old) subjects were administered the split inactivated influenza vaccine for 3 consecutive seasons and their serological IgA and IgG responses were profiled. Moreover, correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between vaccine-induced IgA antibody titers and traditional immunological endpoints, exposing vaccine-induced IgA antibodies as an important novel immune correlate during influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Emily F Clutter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sara Attari
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Clemens E, Angeletti D, Holbrook BC, Kanekiyo M, Jorgensen MJ, Graham BS, Yewdell J, Alexander-Miller MA. Influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135449. [PMID: 32078584 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity of antibodies (Abs) generated against influenza A virus (IAV) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. At present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. Here, we evaluated the Ab response in newborn and adult African green monkeys following infection with IAV using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (ID) hierarchy of the Ab response to hemagglutinin (HA), the principal target of protective Abs. This revealed altered ID patterns in the early IgM anti-HA response in newborns versus adults that converged over time. While the IgG ID profiles for HA in newborn and adult monkeys were similar, this was not the case for IgA. Importantly, HA stem-specific Abs were generated robustly and similarly in newborns and adults in terms of quality and quantity. Together, these results demonstrate that newborns and adults can differ in the Ab ID pattern established following infection and that the ID pattern can vary across isotypes. In addition, newborns have the ability to generate potent HA stem-specific Ab responses. Our findings further the understanding of the newborn response to IAV antigens and inform the development of improved vaccines for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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28
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Sloan SE, Szretter KJ, Sundaresh B, Narayan KM, Smith PF, Skurnik D, Bedard S, Trevejo JM, Oldach D, Shriver Z. Clinical and virological responses to a broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibody in an influenza virus challenge study. Antiviral Res 2020; 184:104763. [PMID: 32151645 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A infections cause significant seasonal morbidity and mortality as well as periodic pandemic infections. Currently, no approved therapies exist for patients hospitalized with influenza. The efficacy of VIS410, a broadly neutralizing human immunoglobulin IgG1 monoclonal antibody engineered to bind to the stem region of group 1 and 2 influenza A hemagglutinins, was explored in experimental human influenza infection. Healthy volunteers were inoculated with influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) and received a single dose of VIS410 or placebo 24 h later. Subjects were monitored for symptoms, viral shedding, and safety, including cytokine measurements. The primary efficacy endpoint was the area under the curve (AUC) of viral load (VL) in the VIS410 group versus placebo. VIS410 treatment was associated with a 76% reduction in median VL AUC as measured by qRT-PCR (p = 0.024). Similar VIS410 antiviral activity was observed by virus culture, with a 91% reduction in median VL AUC by TCID50 (p = 0.019) compared to placebo-treated volunteers. Influenza symptoms were generally mild or moderate, with a trend toward faster resolution in VIS410-treated subjects. Treatment with VIS410 was generally safe, with an increase in gastrointestinal events that were largely mitigated by pre-treatment with oral diphenhydramine (50 mg) in combination with 600 mg of ibuprofen. Transient elevation of specific cytokines (IL-8 and TNFα) were associated with gastrointestinal adverse events. Treatment with VIS410 did not interfere with the endogenous immune response to influenza A. These data indicate that VIS410 may provide therapeutic benefit in influenza A infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicaTtrials.gov Identification NCT02468115; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02468115?term=NCT02468115&rank=1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristy J Szretter
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR, 8253, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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29
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Bangaru S, Lang S, Schotsaert M, Vanderven HA, Zhu X, Kose N, Bombardi R, Finn JA, Kent SJ, Gilchuk P, Gilchuk I, Turner HL, García-Sastre A, Li S, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crowe JE. A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface. Cell 2020; 177:1136-1152.e18. [PMID: 31100268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a naturally occurring human antibody (Ab), FluA-20, that recognizes a new site of vulnerability on the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain and reacts with most influenza A viruses. Structural characterization of FluA-20 with H1 and H3 head domains revealed a novel epitope in the HA trimer interface, suggesting previously unrecognized dynamic features of the trimeric HA protein. The critical HA residues recognized by FluA-20 remain conserved across most subtypes of influenza A viruses, which explains the Ab's extraordinary breadth. The Ab rapidly disrupted the integrity of HA protein trimers, inhibited cell-to-cell spread of virus in culture, and protected mice against challenge with viruses of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9 subtypes when used as prophylaxis or therapy. The FluA-20 Ab has uncovered an exceedingly conserved protective determinant in the influenza HA head domain trimer interface that is an unexpected new target for anti-influenza therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Iuliia Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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30
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Meade P, Kuan G, Strohmeier S, Maier HE, Amanat F, Balmaseda A, Ito K, Kirkpatrick E, Javier A, Gresh L, Nachbagauer R, Gordon A, Krammer F. Influenza Virus Infection Induces a Narrow Antibody Response in Children but a Broad Recall Response in Adults. mBio 2020; 11:e03243-19. [PMID: 31964741 PMCID: PMC6974575 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03243-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to influenza virus vaccination, natural infection induces long-lived and relatively broad immune responses. However, many aspects of the antibody response to natural infection are not well understood. Here, we assessed the immune response after H1N1 influenza virus infection in children and adults in a Nicaraguan household transmission study using an influenza virus protein microarray (IVPM). This technology allows us to simultaneously measure IgG and IgA antibody responses to hemagglutinins of many different virus strains and subtypes quantitatively with a high throughput. We found that children under 6 years of age responded to natural infection with a relatively narrow response that targeted mostly the hemagglutinin of the strain that caused the infection. Adults, however, have a much broader response, including a boost in antibodies to many group 1 subtype hemagglutinins. Also, a strong recall response against historic H1 hemagglutinins that share the K133 epitope with the pandemic H1N1 virus was observed. Of note, some children, while responding narrowly within H1 and group 1 hemagglutinins, induced a boost to H3 and other group 2 hemagglutinins when infected with H1N1 when they had experienced an H3N2 infection earlier in life. This is an interesting phenomenon providing evidence for immune imprinting and a significant new insight which might be leveraged in future universal influenza virus vaccine strategies. Finally, preexisting immunity to pandemic H1 hemagglutinins was significantly associated with protection from infection in both children and adults. In adults, preexisting immunity to non-H1 group 1 hemagglutinins was also significantly associated with protection from infection.IMPORTANCE It is known since Thomas Francis, Jr. published his first paper on original antigenic sin in 1960 that the first infection(s) with influenza virus leaves a special immunological imprint which shapes immune responses to future infections with antigenically related influenza virus strains. Imprinting has been implicated in both protective effects as well as blunting of the immune response to vaccines. Despite the fact that this phenomenon was already described almost 60 years ago, we have very little detailed knowledge of the characteristics and breadth of the immune response to the first exposure(s) to influenza virus in life and how this compares to later exposure as adults. Here, we investigate these immune responses in detail using an influenza virus protein microarray. While our findings are mostly descriptive in nature and based on a small sample size, they provide a strong basis for future large-scale studies to better understand imprinting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Meade
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Hannah E Maier
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Kimihito Ito
- Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kitaku, Japan
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Andres Javier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
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31
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Zhou Y, Li S, Bi S, Li N, Bi Y, Liu W, Wang B. Long-lasting protective immunity against H7N9 infection is induced by intramuscular or CpG-adjuvanted intranasal immunization with the split H7N9 vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:106013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Abreu RB, Ecker JW, Pierce SR, Kleanthous H, Ross TM. A Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen Subtype-Specific Influenza Vaccine Strategy Elicits Unique Potent Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Hemagglutinin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:375-385. [PMID: 31811019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Computationally optimized broadly reactive Ags (COBRA) targeting H1 elicit a broad cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing Ab response against multiple H1N1 viral strains. To assess B cell breadth, Mus musculus (BALB/c) Ab-secreting cells elicited by a candidate COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) (termed P1) were compared with Ab-secreting cells elicited by historical H1N1 vaccine strains. In addition, to evaluate the Ab response elicited by P1 HA at increased resolution, a panel of P1 HA-specific B cell hybridomas was generated following immunization of mice with COBRA P1 and the corresponding purified mAbs were characterized for Ag specificity and neutralization activity. Both head- and stem-directed mAbs were elicited by the P1 HA Ag, with some mAbs endowed with Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. P1 HA-elicited mAbs exhibited a wide breadth of HA recognition, ranging from narrowly reactive to broadly reactive mAbs. Interestingly, we identified a P1 HA-elicited mAb (1F8) exhibiting broad hemagglutination inhibition activity against both seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza strains. Furthermore, mAb 1F8 recognized an overlapping, but distinct, epitope compared with other narrowly hemagglutination inhibition-positive mAbs elicited by the P1 or wild-type HA Ags. Finally, P1 HA-elicited mAbs were encoded by distinct H chain variable and L chain variable gene segment rearrangements and possessed unique CDR3 sequences. Collectively, the functional characterization of P1 HA-elicited mAbs sheds further insights into the underlying mechanism(s) of expanded Ab breadth elicited by a COBRA HA-based immunogen and advances efforts toward design and implementation of a more broadly protective influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Rodrigo B Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jeffrey W Ecker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Spencer R Pierce
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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33
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Zainal-Abidin MH, Hayyan M, Ngoh GC, Wong WF, Looi CY. Emerging frontiers of deep eutectic solvents in drug discovery and drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2019; 316:168-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Vashisht S, Verma S, Salunke DM. Cross-clade antibody reactivity may attenuate the ability of influenza virus to evade the immune response. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:149-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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DNA vaccine based on conserved HA-peptides induces strong immune response and rapidly clears influenza virus infection from vaccinated pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222201. [PMID: 31553755 PMCID: PMC6760788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIVs) infections cause a significant economic impact to the pork industry. Moreover, pigs may act as mixing vessel favoring genome reassortment of diverse influenza viruses. Such an example is the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus that appeared in 2009, harboring a combination of gene segments from avian, pig and human lineages, which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. In order to confront and prevent these possible emergences as well as antigenic drift phenomena, vaccination remains of vital importance. The present work aimed to evaluate a new DNA influenza vaccine based on distinct conserved HA-peptides fused with flagellin and applied together with Diluvac Forte as adjuvant using a needle-free device (IntraDermal Application of Liquids, IDAL®). Two experimental pig studies were performed to test DNA-vaccine efficacy against SIVs in pigs. In the first experiment, SIV-seronegative pigs were vaccinated with VC4-flagellin DNA and intranasally challenged with a pH1N1. In the second study, VC4-flagellin DNA vaccine was employed in SIV-seropositive animals and challenged intranasally with an H3N2 SIV-isolate. Both experiments demonstrated a reduction in the viral shedding after challenge, suggesting vaccine efficacy against both the H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes. In addition, the results proved that maternally derived antibodies (MDA) did not constitute an obstacle to the vaccine approach used. Moreover, elevated titers in antibodies both against H1 and H3 proteins in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) was detected in the vaccinated animals along with a markedly increased mucosal IgA response. Additionally, vaccinated animals developed stronger neutralizing antibodies in BALFs and higher inhibiting hemagglutination titers in sera against both the pH1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses compared to unvaccinated, challenged-pigs. It is proposed that the described DNA-vaccine formulation could potentially be used as a multivalent vaccine against SIV infections.
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36
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Maurer MA, Meyer L, Bianchi M, Turner HL, Le NPL, Steck M, Wyrzucki A, Orlowski V, Ward AB, Crispin M, Hangartner L. Glycosylation of Human IgA Directly Inhibits Influenza A and Other Sialic-Acid-Binding Viruses. Cell Rep 2019; 23:90-99. [PMID: 29617676 PMCID: PMC5905402 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays an important role in protecting our mucosal surfaces from viral infection, in maintaining a balance with the commensal bacterial flora, and in extending maternal immunity via breast feeding. Here, we report an additional innate immune effector function of human IgA molecules in that we demonstrate that the C-terminal tail unique to IgA molecules interferes with cell-surface attachment of influenza A and other enveloped viruses that use sialic acid as a receptor. This antiviral activity is mediated by sialic acid found in the complex N-linked glycans at position 459. Antiviral activity was observed even in the absence of classical antibody binding via the antigen binding sites. Our data, therefore, show that the C-terminal tail of IgA subtypes provides an innate line of defense against viruses that use sialic acid as a receptor and the role of neuraminidases present on these virions. Heterosubtypic IgA1 or IgA2 antibodies neutralize virus much more potently than IgG1 Sialic acid in IgA’s C-terminal tail competes with viral receptor binding This may represent an innate line of defense against viral pathogens
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Maurer
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Meyer
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Bianchi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | - Ngoc P L Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Marco Steck
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Wyrzucki
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Orlowski
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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37
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Calzas C, Chevalier C. Innovative Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Against Influenza A Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1605. [PMID: 31379823 PMCID: PMC6650573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts made to develop efficient preventive strategies, infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) continue to cause serious clinical and economic problems. Current licensed human vaccines are mainly inactivated whole virus particles or split-virion administered via the parenteral route. These vaccines provide incomplete protection against IAV in high-risk groups and are poorly/not effective against the constant antigenic drift/shift occurring in circulating strains. Advances in mucosal vaccinology and in the understanding of the protective anti-influenza immune mechanisms suggest that intranasal immunization is a promising strategy to fight against IAV. To date, human mucosal anti-influenza vaccines consist of live attenuated strains administered intranasally, which elicit higher local humoral and cellular immune responses than conventional parenteral vaccines. However, because of inconsistent protective efficacy and safety concerns regarding the use of live viral strains, new vaccine candidates are urgently needed. To prime and induce potent and long-lived protective immune responses, mucosal vaccine formulations need to ensure the immunoavailability and the immunostimulating capacity of the vaccine antigen(s) at the mucosal surfaces, while being minimally reactogenic/toxic. The purpose of this review is to compile innovative delivery/adjuvant systems tested for intranasal administration of inactivated influenza vaccines, including micro/nanosized particulate carriers such as lipid-based particles, virus-like particles and polymers associated or not with immunopotentiatory molecules including microorganism-derived toxins, Toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines. The capacity of these vaccines to trigger specific mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular responses against IAV and their (cross)-protective potential are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Calzas
- VIM, UR892, Equipe Virus Influenza, INRA, University PARIS-SACLAY, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- VIM, UR892, Equipe Virus Influenza, INRA, University PARIS-SACLAY, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Ng S, Nachbagauer R, Balmaseda A, Stadlbauer D, Ojeda S, Patel M, Rajabhathor A, Lopez R, Guglia AF, Sanchez N, Amanat F, Gresh L, Kuan G, Krammer F, Gordon A. Novel correlates of protection against pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Nat Med 2019; 25:962-967. [PMID: 31160818 PMCID: PMC6608747 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA.,Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua.,Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Mayuri Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA.,Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvind Rajabhathor
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua.,Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Andrea F Guglia
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua.,Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Florian Krammer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Anasir MI, Poh CL. Structural Vaccinology for Viral Vaccine Design. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:738. [PMID: 31040832 PMCID: PMC6476906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines have proven pivotal against arrays of infectious viral diseases, there are still no effective vaccines against many viruses. New structural insights into the viral envelope, protein conformation, and antigenic epitopes can guide the design of novel vaccines against challenging viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus, enterovirus A71, and dengue virus. Recent studies demonstrated that applications of this structural information can solve some of the vaccine conundrums. This review focuses on recent advances in structure-based vaccine design, or structural vaccinology, for novel and innovative viral vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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40
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Assessing the Protective Potential of H1N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head and Stalk Antibodies in Humans. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02134-18. [PMID: 30700610 PMCID: PMC6450120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02134-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses are a major cause of human disease worldwide. Most neutralizing antibodies (Abs) elicited by influenza viruses target the head domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Anti-HA head Abs can be highly potent, but they have limited breadth since the HA head is variable. There is great interest in developing new universal immunization strategies that elicit broadly neutralizing Abs against conserved regions of HA, such as the stalk domain. Although HA stalk Abs can provide protection in animal models, it is unknown if they are present at sufficient levels in humans to provide protection against naturally acquired influenza virus infections. Here, we quantified H1N1 HA head- and stalk-specific Abs in 179 adults hospitalized during the 2015-2016 influenza virus season. We found that HA head Abs, as measured by hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assays, were associated with protection against naturally acquired H1N1 infection. HA stalk-specific serum total IgG titers were also associated with protection, but this association was attenuated and not statistically significant after adjustment for HA head-specific Ab titers. We found slightly higher titers of HA stalk-specific IgG1 and IgA Abs in sera from uninfected participants than in sera from infected participants; however, we found no difference in serum in vitro antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. In passive transfer experiments, sera from participants with high HAI activity efficiently protected mice, while sera with low HAI activity protected mice to a lower extent. Our data suggest that HA head Abs are more efficient at protecting against H1N1 infection than HA stalk Abs.IMPORTANCE Abs targeting the HA head of influenza viruses are often associated with protection from influenza virus infections. These Abs typically have limited breadth, since mutations frequently arise in HA head epitopes. New vaccines targeting the more conserved HA stalk domain are being developed. Abs that target the HA stalk are protective in animal models, but it is unknown if these Abs exist at protective levels in humans. Here, we completed experiments to determine if Abs against the HA head and stalk were associated with protection from naturally acquired human influenza virus infections during the 2015-2016 influenza season.
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Gianchecchi E, Torelli A, Montomoli E. The use of cell-mediated immunity for the evaluation of influenza vaccines: an upcoming necessity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1021-1030. [PMID: 30614754 PMCID: PMC6605831 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1565269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are a fundamental tool for preventing the disease and reducing its consequences, particularly in specific high-risk groups. In order to be licensed, influenza vaccines have to meet strict criteria established by European Medicines Agency. Although the licensure of influenza vaccines started 65 years ago, Hemagglutination Inhibition and Single Radial Hemolysis are the only serological assays that can ascertain correlates of protection. However, they present evident limitations. The present review focuses on the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which plays an important role in the host immune response in protecting against virus-related illness and in the establishment of long-term immunological memory. Although correlates of protection are not currently available for CMI, it would be advisable to investigate this kind of immunological response for the evaluation of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Torelli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - E Montomoli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,c Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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Immunodominance of Antigenic Site B in the Hemagglutinin of the Current H3N2 Influenza Virus in Humans and Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01100-18. [PMID: 30045991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01100-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin protein of H3N2 influenza viruses is the major target of neutralizing antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. However, the virus frequently escapes antibody-mediated neutralization due to mutations in the globular head domain. Five topologically distinct antigenic sites in the head domain of H3 hemagglutinin, A to E, have been previously described by mapping the binding sites of monoclonal antibodies, yet little is known about the contribution of each site to the immunogenicity of modern H3 hemagglutinins, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition activity, which is known to correlate with protection. To investigate the hierarchy of antibody immunodominance, five Δ1 recombinant influenza viruses expressing hemagglutinin of the A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) strain with mutations in single antigenic sites were generated. Next, the Δ1 viruses were used to determine the hierarchy of immunodominance by measuring the hemagglutination inhibition reactivity of mouse antisera and plasma from 18 human subjects before and after seasonal influenza vaccination in 2017-2018. In both mice and humans, mutations in antigenic site B caused the most significant decrease in hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to wild-type hemagglutinin. This study revealed that antigenic site B is immunodominant in the H3N2 influenza virus strain included in the current vaccine preparations.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses rapidly evade humoral immunity through antigenic drift, making current vaccines poorly effective and antibody-mediated protection short-lived. The majority of neutralizing antibodies target five antigenic sites in the head domain of the hemagglutinin protein that are also the most sequence-variable regions. A better understanding of the contribution of each antigenic site to the overall antibody response to hemagglutinin may help in the design of improved influenza virus vaccines.
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Tsybalova LM, Stepanova LA, Shuklina MA, Mardanova ES, Kotlyarov RY, Potapchuk MV, Petrov SA, Blokhina EA, Ravin NV. Combination of M2e peptide with stalk HA epitopes of influenza A virus enhances protective properties of recombinant vaccine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201429. [PMID: 30138320 PMCID: PMC6107133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza infection could be more effectively controlled if a multi-purpose vaccine with the ability to induce responses against most, or all, influenza A subtypes could be generated. Conserved viral proteins are a promising basis for the creation of a broadly protective vaccine. In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective properties of three recombinant proteins (vaccine candidates), comprising conserved viral proteins fused with bacterial flagellin, were compared. Methods Balb/c mice were immunized intranasally with recombinant proteins comprising either one viral protein (the ectodomain of the M2 protein, ‘M2e’) or two viral proteins (M2e and the hemagglutinin second subunit ‘HA2’ epitope) genetically fused with flagellin. Further, two different consensus variants of HA2 were used. Therefore, three experimental positives were used in addition to the negative control (Flg-his). The mucosal, humoral, and T-cell immune responses to these constructs were evaluated. Result We have demonstrated that insertion of the HA2 consensus polypeptide (aa 76–130), derived from either the first (HA2-1) or second (HA2-2) virus phylogenetic group, into the recombinant Flg4M2e protein significantly enhanced its immunogenicity and protective properties. Intranasal administration of the vaccine candidates (Flg-HA2-2-4M2e or Flg-HA2-1-4M2e) induced considerable mucosal and systemic responses directed at both the M2e-protein and, in general, the influenza A virus. However, the immune response elicited by the Flg-HA2-1-4M2e protein was weaker than the one generated by Flg-HA2-2-4M2e. These recombinant proteins containing both viral peptides provide complete protection from lethal challenge with various influenza viruses: A/H3N2; A/H2N2; and A/H5N1. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the intranasal administration of Flg-HA2-2-4M2e recombinant protein induces a strong immune response which provides broad protection against various influenza viruses. This construct is therefore a strong candidate for development as a universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina A. Shuklina
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugenia S. Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Y. Kotlyarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Potapchuk
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Petrov
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A. Blokhina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Mini-hemagglutinin vaccination induces cross-reactive antibodies in pre-exposed NHP that protect mice against lethal influenza challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:25. [PMID: 29977611 PMCID: PMC6030213 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal vaccines are currently the most effective countermeasure against influenza. However, seasonal vaccines are only effective against strains closely related to the influenza strains contained in the vaccine. Recently a new hemagglutinin (HA) stem-based antigen, the so-called “mini-HA”, has been shown to induce a cross-protective immune response in influenza-naive mice and non-human primates (NHP). However, prior exposure to influenza can have a profound effect on the immune response to subsequent influenza infection and the protective efficacy of vaccination. Here we show that mini-HA, compared to a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), elicits a broadened influenza-specific humoral immune response in NHP previously exposed to influenza. Serum transfer experiments showed that antibodies induced by both mini-HA and seasonal vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with a H1N1 influenza strain heterologous to the H1 HA included in the TIV. However, antibodies elicited by mini-HA showed an additional benefit of protecting mice against lethal heterosubtypic H5N1 influenza challenge, associated with H5 HA-specific functional antibodies. A vaccine candidate developed from a novel flu-based protein induces antibodies able to protect against multiple influenza strains. Alongside a team of Dutch researchers, Janssen’s Joan van der Lubbe created a vaccine, dubbed “mini-HA”, based on a recently discovered influenza protein that induced neutralizing antibodies to many related influenza virus strains in non-human primates. Mini-HA vaccination targeted a surface protein region that is highly conserved between influenza strains and offered protection regardless of previous exposure to the disease, which is known to greatly affect vaccine efficacy. The immune response elicited by the novel vaccine surpassed that of a standard seasonal influenza vaccine. Future research is now warranted to verify whether mini-HA can act as a universal seasonal flu vaccine, potentially even effective against emergent virus strains.
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45
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Sankar S, Ramamurthy M, Suganya S, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Design of peptide epitope from the neuraminidase protein of influenza A and influenza B towards short peptide vaccine development. Bioinformation 2018; 14:183-189. [PMID: 30108413 PMCID: PMC6077822 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses A and B are important human respiratory pathogens causing seasonal, endemic and pandemic infections in several parts of the globe with high morbidity and considerable mortality. The current inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are not effective. Therefore, it is of interest to design universal influenza virus vaccines with high efficacy. The peptide GQSVVSVKLAGNSSL of pandemic influenza, the peptide DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS of seasonal influenza and the peptide DILLKFSPTEITAPT of influenza B were identified as potential linear cell mediated epitopes. The epitopes predicted by BepiPred (B-cell epitope designer) program was subjected to docking experiment-using HexDock and CABS dock programs. The epitopes of pandemic H1N1 influenza A gave similar score of high affinity in docking. The epitope DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS of seasonal influenza A and epitope DILLKFSPTEITAPT of influenza B had high binding energy. It is further observed that the peptides GQSVVSVKLAGNSSL (pandemic influenza), DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS (seasonal influenza) DILLKFSPTEITAPT (influenza B) are found to interact with some known MHC class II alleles. These peptides have high-affinity binding with known MHC class II alleles. Thus, they have the potential to elicit cell immune response. These vaccines have to be further evaluated in animal models and human volunteers. These findings have application in the development of peptide B-cell epitope vaccines against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Suganya
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sebastian S, Lambe T. Clinical Advances in Viral-Vectored Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E29. [PMID: 29794983 PMCID: PMC6027524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. We also discuss future perspectives and limitations in the field that will need to be addressed before new vaccines can significantly impact disease levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 DQ, UK.
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 DQ, UK.
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Ascough S, Paterson S, Chiu C. Induction and Subversion of Human Protective Immunity: Contrasting Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29552008 PMCID: PMC5840263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are among the most important causes of severe respiratory disease worldwide. Despite the clinical need, barriers to developing reliably effective vaccines against these viruses have remained firmly in place for decades. Overcoming these hurdles requires better understanding of human immunity and the strategies by which these pathogens evade it. Although superficially similar, the virology and host response to RSV and influenza are strikingly distinct. Influenza induces robust strain-specific immunity following natural infection, although protection by current vaccines is short-lived. In contrast, even strain-specific protection is incomplete after RSV and there are currently no licensed RSV vaccines. Although animal models have been critical for developing a fundamental understanding of antiviral immunity, extrapolating to human disease has been problematic. It is only with recent translational advances (such as controlled human infection models and high-dimensional technologies) that the mechanisms responsible for differences in protection against RSV compared to influenza have begun to be elucidated in the human context. Influenza infection elicits high-affinity IgA in the respiratory tract and virus-specific IgG, which correlates with protection. Long-lived influenza-specific T cells have also been shown to ameliorate disease. This robust immunity promotes rapid emergence of antigenic variants leading to immune escape. RSV differs markedly, as reinfection with similar strains occurs despite natural infection inducing high levels of antibody against conserved antigens. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of RSV are thus highly effective in inhibiting long-term protection, with disturbance of type I interferon signaling, antigen presentation and chemokine-induced inflammation possibly all contributing. These lead to widespread effects on adaptive immunity with impaired B cell memory and reduced T cell generation and functionality. Here, we discuss the differences in clinical outcome and immune response following influenza and RSV. Specifically, we focus on differences in their recognition by innate immunity; the strategies used by each virus to evade these early immune responses; and effects across the innate-adaptive interface that may prevent long-lived memory generation. Thus, by comparing these globally important pathogens, we highlight mechanisms by which optimal antiviral immunity may be better induced and discuss the potential for these insights to inform novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ascough
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Bailey MJ, Broecker F, Leon PE, Tan GS. A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553549 DOI: 10.3791/56256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-FcγR. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-FcγR interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bailey
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Felix Broecker
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Paul E Leon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Gene S Tan
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute;
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Olafsdottir TA, Alexandersson KF, Sveinbjornsson G, Lapini G, Palladino L, Montomoli E, Del Giudice G, Gudbjartsson DF, Jonsdottir I. Age and Influenza-Specific Pre-Vaccination Antibodies Strongly Affect Influenza Vaccine Responses in the Icelandic Population whereas Disease and Medication Have Small Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1872. [PMID: 29358933 PMCID: PMC5766658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccination remains the best strategy for the prevention of influenza virus-related disease and reduction of disease severity and mortality. However, there is large individual variation in influenza vaccine responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of gender, age, underlying diseases, and medication on vaccine responses in 1,852 Icelanders of broad age range who received trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccination in 2012, 2013, or 2015. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers were measured in pre- and post-vaccination sera. Of the variables tested, the strongest association was with level of pre-vaccination titer that explained a major part of the variance observed in post-vaccination titers, ranging from 19 to 29%, and from 7 to 21% in fold change (FC), depending on the strain and serological (HAI or MN) analysis performed. Thus, increasing pre-vaccination titer associated with decreasing FC (P = 1.1 × 10-99-8.6 × 10-30) and increasing post-vaccination titer (P = 2.1 × 10-159-1.1 × 10-123). Questionnaires completed by 87% of the participants revealed that post-vaccination HAI titer showed association with repeated previous influenza vaccinations. Gender had no effect on vaccine response whereas age had a strong effect and explained 1.6-3.1% of HAI post-vaccination titer variance and 3.1% of H1N1 MN titer variance. Vaccine response, both fold increase and seroprotection rate (percentage of individuals reaching HAI ≥ 40 or MN ≥ 20), was higher in vaccinees ≤37 years of age (YoA) than all other age groups. Furthermore, a reduction was observed in the H1N1 MN titer in people ≥63 YoA, demonstrating a decreased neutralizing functionality of vaccine-induced antibodies at older age. We tested the effects of underlying autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergic diseases and did not observe significant associations with vaccine responses. Intake of immune modulating medication did not show any association. Taken together, our results show that previous encounter of influenza vaccination or infection, reflected in high HAI and MN pre-vaccination titer has the strongest negative effect on vaccine responses measured as FC and the strongest positive effect on post-vaccination titer. Increasing age had also an effect but not gender, underlying disease or medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorunn A Olafsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Carter DM, Darby CA, Johnson SK, Carlock MA, Kirchenbaum GA, Allen JD, Vogel TU, Delagrave S, DiNapoli J, Kleanthous H, Ross TM. Elicitation of Protective Antibodies against a Broad Panel of H1N1 Viruses in Ferrets Preimmune to Historical H1N1 Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01283-17. [PMID: 28978709 PMCID: PMC5709581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01283-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most preclinical animal studies test influenza vaccines in immunologically naive animal models, even though the results of vaccination may not accurately reflect the effectiveness of vaccine candidates in humans that have preexisting immunity to influenza. In this study, novel, broadly reactive influenza vaccine candidates were assessed in preimmune ferrets. These animals were infected with different H1N1 isolates before being vaccinated or infected with another influenza virus. Previously, our group has described the design and characterization of computationally optimized broadly reactive hemagglutinin (HA) antigens (COBRA) for H1N1 isolates. Vaccinating ferrets with virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing COBRA HA proteins elicited antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity against more H1N1 viruses in the panel than VLP vaccines expressing wild-type HA proteins. Specifically, ferrets infected with the 1986 virus and vaccinated with a single dose of the COBRA HA VLP vaccines elicited antibodies with HAI activity against 11 to 14 of the 15 H1N1 viruses isolated between 1934 and 2013. A subset of ferrets was infected with influenza viruses expressing the COBRA HA antigens. These COBRA preimmune ferrets had superior breadth of HAI activity after vaccination with COBRA HA VLP vaccines than COBRA preimmune ferrets vaccinated with VLP vaccines expressing wild-type HA proteins. Overall, priming naive ferrets with COBRA HA based viruses or using COBRA HA based vaccines to boost preexisting antibodies induced by wild-type H1N1 viruses, COBRA HA antigens elicited sera with the broadest HAI reactivity against multiple antigenic H1N1 viral variants. This is the first report demonstrating the effectiveness of a broadly reactive or universal influenza vaccine in a preimmune ferret model.IMPORTANCE Currently, many groups are testing influenza vaccine candidates to meet the challenge of developing a vaccine that elicits broadly reactive and long-lasting protective immune responses. The goal of these vaccines is to stimulate immune responses that react against most, if not all, circulating influenza strains, over a long period of time in all populations of people. Commonly, these experimental vaccines are tested in naive animal models that do not have anti-influenza immune responses; however, humans have preexisting immunity to influenza viral antigens, particularly antibodies to the HA and NA glycoproteins. Therefore, this study investigated how preexisting antibodies to historical influenza viruses influenced HAI-specific antibodies and protective efficacy using a broadly protective vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Darby
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Thorsten U Vogel
- Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Discovery North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Delagrave
- Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Discovery North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua DiNapoli
- Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Discovery North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harold Kleanthous
- Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Discovery North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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