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Chen L, Zhong S, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Hu G. Bmp4 in Zebrafish Enhances Antiviral Innate Immunity through p38 MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14444. [PMID: 37833891 PMCID: PMC10572509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of structurally and functionally related signaling molecules that comprise a subfamily, belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. Most BMPs play roles in the regulation of embryonic development, stem cell differentiation, tumor growth and some cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although evidence is emerging for the antiviral immunity of a few BMPs, more BMPs are needed to determine whether this function is universal. Here, we identified the zebrafish bmp4 ortholog, whose expression is up-regulated through challenge with grass carp reovirus (GCRV) or its mimic poly(I:C). The overexpression of bmp4 in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells significantly decreased the viral titer of GCRV-infected cells. Moreover, compared to wild-type zebrafish, viral load and mortality were significantly increased in both larvae and adults of bmp4-/- mutant zebrafish infected with GCRV virus. We further demonstrated that Bmp4 promotes the phosphorylation of Tbk1 and Irf3 through the p38 MAPK pathway, thereby inducing the production of type I IFNs in response to virus infection. These data suggest that Bmp4 plays an important role in the host defense against virus infection. Our study expands the understanding of BMP protein functions and opens up new targets for the control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhenhui Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Guobin Hu
- College of Marine Life Science, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
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2
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Yu X, Zhang Q, Ding H, Wang P, Feng J. Plasma Non-transferrin-Bound Iron Could Enter into Mice Duodenum and Negatively Affect Duodenal Defense Response to Virus and Immune Responses. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:786-799. [PMID: 35294743 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasma non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) exists when the plasma iron content exceeds the carrying capacity of transferrin and can be quickly cleared by the liver, pancreas, and other organs. However, whether it could enter the small intestine and its effects still remain unclear. Herein, these issues were explored. Mice were intravenously administrated of ferric citrate (treatment) or citrate acid (control) 10 min after the saturation of the transferrin. Two hours later, hepatic, duodenal, and jejunal iron content and distribution were measured and duodenal transcriptome sequencing was performed. Significant increase of duodenal and hepatic iron content was detected, indicating that plasma NTBI could be absorbed by the duodenum as well as the liver. A total of 103 differentially expressed genes were identified in the duodenum of mice in the treatment group compared to the control group. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis of these genes showed that they were mainly involved in defense response to virus and immune response. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) analysis revealed that there were major changes in the hematopoietic cell lineage and some virus infection pathways between the two groups. Determination of 7 cytokines in the duodenum were further conducted, which demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory factors interferon (IL)-4 and IL-10 in the duodenum were significantly decreased after NTBI uptake. Our findings revealed that NTBI in plasma can enter the duodenum, which would change the duodenal hematopoietic cell lineage and have a negative impact on defense response to the virus and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Wen Y, Xu H, Wan W, Shang W, Jin R, Zhou F, Mei H, Wang J, Xiao G, Chen H, Wu X, Zhang L. Visualizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in cells and living mice. iScience 2022; 25:105090. [PMID: 36185356 PMCID: PMC9519613 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenavirus are a large family of enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several agents responsible for severe hemorrhagic fevers. Until now, no FDA-licensed drug has been admitted for treating an arenavirus infection, and only few effective anti-arenavirus drugs have been tested in vivo. In this work, we designed a recombinant reporter arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus that stably expressed nanoluciferase (LCMV-Nluc). The LCMV-Nluc was proved to share similar biological properties with wild-type LCMV and the Nluc intensity reliably reflected viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Replication of the Nluc-encoding virus in living mice can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging, and bioluminescence can be detected in a variety of organs of infected mice. This work provides a novel approach that enables real-time study of the arenavirus infection and is a convenient and valuable tool for screening of compounds that are active against arenaviruses in vitro and in living mice. LCMV-Nluc was constructed and shared similar biological properties with LCMV-WT Replication of the LCMV-Nluc can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging LCMV-Nluc is a valuable tool for screening antiviral compounds in vitro LCMV-Nluc is successfully applied for screening antiviral compounds in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Haematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical and Research Centre of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingshi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory,Wuhan 430000, China
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4
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Duodu P, Sosa G, Canar J, Chhugani O, Gamero AM. Exposing the Two Contrasting Faces of STAT2 in Inflammation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:467-481. [PMID: 35877097 PMCID: PMC9527059 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural immune defense mechanism of the body's response to injury, infection, and other damaging triggers. Uncontrolled inflammation may become chronic and contribute to a range of chronic inflammatory diseases. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is an essential transcription factor exclusive to type I and type III interferon (IFN) signaling pathways. Both pathways are involved in multiple biological processes, including powering the immune system as a means of controlling infection that must be tightly regulated to offset the development of persistent inflammation. While studies depict STAT2 as protective in promoting host defense, new evidence is accumulating that exposes the deleterious side of STAT2 when inappropriately regulated, thus prompting its reevaluation as a signaling molecule with detrimental effects in human disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the findings based on literature regarding the inflammatory behavior of STAT2 in microbial infections, cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. In conveying the extent of our knowledge of STAT2 as a proinflammatory mediator, the aim of this review is to stimulate further investigations into the role of STAT2 in diseases characterized by deregulated inflammation and the mechanisms responsible for triggering severe responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Duodu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geohaira Sosa
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge Canar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia Chhugani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana M. Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Herr F, Desterke C, Bargiel K, Vernochet A, Vanhove B, Vadanici R, Ye F, Dekeyser M, Durrbach A. The proliferation of belatacept-resistant T cells requires early IFNα pathway activation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:489-503. [PMID: 34431219 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Belatacept was developed to replace calcineurin inhibitors in kidney transplantation. Its use is associated with better kidney transplant function, a lower incidence of anti-donor antibodies and higher graft survival. However, it is also associated with a higher risk of cellular rejection. We studied the activation and proliferation mechanisms of belatacept-resistant T lymphocytes (TLs), to identify new pathways for control. We performed a transcriptomic analysis on CD4+ CD57+ PD1- memory TLs, which are responsible for a higher incidence of graft rejection, after allogeneic stimulation with activated dendritic cells (aDCs) in the presence or absence of belatacept. After six hours of contact with aDCs, the (CD4+ CD57+ PD1- ) (CD4+ CD57+ PD1+ ) and (CD4+ CD57- ) lymphocytes had different transcriptional profiles with or without belatacept. In the CD4+ CD57+ PD1- population, the IFNα-dependent activation pathway was positively overrepresented, and IRF7 transcript levels were high. IRF7 was associated with IFNα/β and IL-6 regulation. The inhibition of both these cytokines in a context of belatacept treatment inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ CD57+ PD1- T cells. Our results show that IRF7 is rapidly upregulated in belatacept-resistant CD4+ CD57+ PD1- TLs. The inhibition of type I IFN or IL-6 in association with belatacept treatment reduces the proliferation of belatacept-resistant TLs, paving the way for new treatments for use in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Herr
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Karen Bargiel
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Amelia Vernochet
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Fan Ye
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Manon Dekeyser
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Creteil, France
| | - Antoine Durrbach
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Creteil, France
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6
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Jaggi U, Matundan HH, Yu J, Hirose S, Mueller M, Wormley FL, Ghiasi H. Essential role of M1 macrophages in blocking cytokine storm and pathology associated with murine HSV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009999. [PMID: 34653236 PMCID: PMC8550391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular HSV-1 infection is a major cause of eye disease and innate and adaptive immunity both play a role in protection and pathology associated with ocular infection. Previously we have shown that M1-type macrophages are the major and earliest infiltrates into the cornea of infected mice. We also showed that HSV-1 infectivity in the presence and absence of M2-macrophages was similar to wild-type (WT) control mice. However, it is not clear whether the absence of M1 macrophages plays a role in protection and disease in HSV-1 infected mice. To explore the role of M1 macrophages in HSV-1 infection, we used mice lacking M1 activation (M1-/- mice). Our results showed that macrophages from M1-/- mice were more susceptible to HSV-1 infection in vitro than were macrophages from WT mice. M1-/- mice were highly susceptible to ocular infection with virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae, while WT mice were refractory to infection. In addition, M1-/- mice had higher virus titers in the eyes than did WT mice. Adoptive transfer of M1 macrophages from WT mice to M1-/- mice reduced death and rescued virus replication in the eyes of infected mice. Infection of M1-/- mice with avirulent HSV-1 strain KOS also increased ocular virus replication and eye disease but did not affect latency-reactivation seen in WT control mice. Severity of virus replication and eye disease correlated with significantly higher inflammatory responses leading to a cytokine storm in the eyes of M1-/- infected mice that was not seen in WT mice. Thus, for the first time, our study illustrates the importance of M1 macrophages specifically in primary HSV-1 infection, eye disease, and survival but not in latency-reactivation. Macrophages circulating in the blood or present in different tissues constitute an important barrier against infection. We previously showed that the absence of M2 macrophages does not impact HSV-1 infectivity in vivo. However, in this study we demonstrated an essential role of M1 macrophages in protection from primary HSV-1 replication, death, and eye disease but not in latency-reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harry H. Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mathias Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Floyd L. Wormley
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Mishra R, Banerjea AC. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Targets USP33-IRF9 Axis via Exosomal miR-148a to Activate Human Microglia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656700. [PMID: 33936086 PMCID: PMC8079643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus infection has consistently shown an association with neurological anomalies in patients, in addition to its usual respiratory distress syndrome. Multi-organ dysfunctions including neurological sequelae during COVID-19 persist even after declining viral load. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 gene product, Spike, is able to modify the host exosomal cargo, which gets transported to distant uninfected tissues and organs and can initiate a catastrophic immune cascade within Central Nervous System (CNS). SARS-CoV-2 Spike transfected cells release a significant amount of exosomes loaded with microRNAs such as miR-148a and miR-590. microRNAs gets internalized by human microglia and suppress target gene expression of USP33 (Ubiquitin Specific peptidase 33) and downstream IRF9 levels. Cellular levels of USP33 regulate the turnover time of IRF9 via deubiquitylation. Our results also demonstrate that absorption of modified exosomes effectively regulate the major pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of TNFα, NF-κB and IFN-β. These results uncover a bystander pathway of SARS-CoV-2 mediated CNS damage through hyperactivation of human microglia. Our results also attempt to explain the extra-pulmonary dysfunctions observed in COVID-19 cases when active replication of virus is not supported. Since Spike gene and mRNAs have been extensively picked up for vaccine development; the knowledge of host immune response against spike gene and protein holds a great significance. Our study therefore provides novel and relevant insights regarding the impact of Spike gene on shuttling of host microRNAs via exosomes to trigger the neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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8
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Meyts I, Casanova JL. Viral infections in humans and mice with genetic deficiencies of the type I IFN response pathway. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1039-1061. [PMID: 33729549 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are so-named because they interfere with viral infection in vertebrate cells. The study of cellular responses to type I IFNs led to the discovery of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which also governs the response to other cytokine families. We review here the outcome of viral infections in mice and humans with engineered and inborn deficiencies, respectively, of (i) IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, selectively disrupting responses to type I IFNs, (ii) STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, also impairing cellular responses to type II (for STAT1) and/or III (for STAT1, STAT2, IRF9) IFNs, and (iii) JAK1 and TYK2, also impairing cellular responses to cytokines other than IFNs. A picture is emerging of greater redundancy of human type I IFNs for protective immunity to viruses in natural conditions than was initially anticipated. Mouse type I IFNs are essential for protection against a broad range of viruses in experimental conditions. These findings suggest that various type I IFN-independent mechanisms of human cell-intrinsic immunity to viruses have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Bmp8a is an essential positive regulator of antiviral immunity in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2021; 4:318. [PMID: 33750893 PMCID: PMC7943762 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a kind of classical multi-functional growth factor that plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels, and the regulation of adipogenesis and thermogenesis. However, understanding of the role of BMPs in antiviral immunity is still limited. Here we demonstrate that Bmp8a is a newly-identified positive regulator for antiviral immune responses. The bmp8a−/− zebrafish, when infected with viruses, show reduced antiviral immunity and increased viral load and mortality. We also show for the first time that Bmp8a interacts with Alk6a, which promotes the phosphorylation of Tbk1 and Irf3 through p38 MAPK pathway, and induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of Bmp8a in regulation of antiviral immune responses and provides a target for controlling viral infection. Zhang, Liu and colleagues identify the role of Bmp8a in antiviral immunity in zebrafish and provide mechanistic insight into its function. Bmp8a could serve as a future target for investigative studies of antiviral immune responses.
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10
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Irving AT, Zhang Q, Kong PS, Luko K, Rozario P, Wen M, Zhu F, Zhou P, Ng JHJ, Sobota RM, Wang LF. Interferon Regulatory Factors IRF1 and IRF7 Directly Regulate Gene Expression in Bats in Response to Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108345. [PMID: 33147460 PMCID: PMC8755441 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat cells and tissue have elevated basal expression levels of antiviral genes commonly associated with interferon alpha (IFNα) signaling. Here, we show Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1), 3, and 7 levels are elevated in most bat tissues and that, basally, IRFs contribute to the expression of type I IFN ligands and high expression of interferon regulated genes (IRGs). CRISPR knockout (KO) of IRF 1/3/7 in cells reveals distinct subsets of genes affected by each IRF in an IFN-ligand signaling-dependent and largely independent manner. As the master regulators of innate immunity, the IRFs control the kinetics and maintenance of the IRG response and play essential roles in response to influenza A virus (IAV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Melaka virus/Pteropine orthoreovirus 3 Melaka (PRV3M), and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. With its differential expression in bats compared to that in humans, this highlights a critical role for basal IRF expression in viral responses and potentially immune cell development in bats with relevance for IRF function in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University International Campus, Haining, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pui-San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katarina Luko
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Zhou
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Justin H J Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Jung SR, Ashhurst TM, West PK, Viengkhou B, King NJC, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Contribution of STAT1 to innate and adaptive immunity during type I interferon-mediated lethal virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008525. [PMID: 32310998 PMCID: PMC7192509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 is critical for cellular responses to type I interferons (IFN-Is), with the capacity to determine the outcome of viral infection. We previously showed that while wildtype (WT) mice develop mild disease and survive infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), LCMV infection of STAT1-deficient mice results in a lethal wasting disease that is dependent on IFN-I and CD4+ cells. IFN-Is are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we determined the relative contribution of STAT1 on innate and adaptive immunity during LCMV infection. We show that STAT1 deficiency results in a biphasic disease following LCMV infection. The initial, innate immunity-driven phase of disease was characterized by rapid weight loss, thrombocytopenia, systemic cytokine and chemokine responses and leukocyte infiltration of infected organs. In the absence of an adaptive immune response, this first phase of disease largely resolved resulting in survival of the infected host. However, in the presence of adaptive immunity, the disease progressed into a second phase with continued cytokine and chemokine production, persistent leukocyte extravasation into infected tissues and ultimately, host death. Overall, our findings demonstrate the key contribution of STAT1 in modulating innate and adaptive immunity during type I interferon-mediated lethal virus infection. The mammalian immune system is divided into innate and adaptive immunity. In response to harmful agents, innate immunity acts first, followed by late-acting, specialized, adaptive immunity. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important means of communication between innate and adaptive immunity. IFN-Is mediate their effects via a number of signaling molecules, principally including signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). The importance of STAT1 to the immune response is evident from our previous finding that mice deficient in STAT1 develop a lethal, host immunity-mediated disease following infection with the otherwise harmless lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In the present study, we characterized the role of STAT1 in protecting against harmful host immune responses against LCMV. We report that STAT1 plays a significant role in lessening both the early, inflammatory responses of innate immunity and the sustained, destructive actions of adaptive immunity. These findings exemplify the extent of STAT1’s role as a key immune response modulating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Jung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Core Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip K. West
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry Core Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain L. Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Radaelli E, Santagostino SF, Sellers RS, Brayton CF. Immune Relevant and Immune Deficient Mice: Options and Opportunities in Translational Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:211-246. [PMID: 31197363 PMCID: PMC7114723 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1989 ILAR published a list and description of immunodeficient rodents used in research. Since then, advances in understanding of molecular mechanisms; recognition of genetic, epigenetic microbial, and other influences on immunity; and capabilities in manipulating genomes and microbiomes have increased options and opportunities for selecting mice and designing studies to answer important mechanistic and therapeutic questions. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs that have benefitted from research in mice, there is debate about the relevance and predictive or translational value of research in mice. Reproducibility of results obtained from mice and other research models also is a well-publicized concern. This review summarizes resources to inform the selection and use of immune relevant mouse strains and stocks, aiming to improve the utility, validity, and reproducibility of research in mice. Immune sufficient genetic variations, immune relevant spontaneous mutations, immunodeficient and autoimmune phenotypes, and selected induced conditions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. Complexities of Type I Interferon Biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020172. [PMID: 30791575 PMCID: PMC6409748 DOI: 10.3390/v11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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14
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Fourati S, Ribeiro SP, Blasco Tavares Pereira Lopes F, Talla A, Lefebvre F, Cameron M, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kim JH, Thomas R, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD, Koup RA, Michael NL, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Sékaly RP. Integrated systems approach defines the antiviral pathways conferring protection by the RV144 HIV vaccine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:863. [PMID: 30787294 PMCID: PMC6382801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 vaccine trial showed reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition by 31.2%, although mechanisms that led to protection remain poorly understood. Here we identify transcriptional correlates for reduced HIV-1 acquisition after vaccination. We assess the transcriptomic profile of blood collected from 223 participants and 40 placebo recipients. Pathway-level analysis of HIV-1 negative vaccinees reveals that type I interferons that activate the IRF7 antiviral program and type II interferon-stimulated genes implicated in antigen-presentation are both associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition. In contrast, genes upstream and downstream of NF-κB, mTORC1 and host genes required for viral infection are associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among vaccinees and placebo recipients, defining a vaccine independent association with HIV-1 acquisition. Our transcriptomic analysis of RV144 trial samples identifies IRF7 as a mediator of protection and the activation of mTORC1 as a correlate of the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. The RV144 vaccine trial showed reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, but mechanisms underlying protection are poorly understood. Here, Fourati et al. assess the transcriptomic profile of blood collected from 223 vaccinees and 40 placebo recipients and identify IRF7 as a mediator of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - J Kaewkungwal
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - P Pitisuttithum
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Jerome H Kim
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive cells of the myeloid lineage upregulated by mediators of inflammation, such as IL-2, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and S100A8/A9. These cells have been studied extensively by tumor biologists. Because of their robust immunosuppressive potential, MDSCs have stirred recent interest among transplant immunologists as well. MDSCs inhibit T-cell responses through, among other mechanisms, the activity of arginase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the expansion of T regulatory cells. In the context of transplantation, MDSCs have been studied in several animal models, and to a lesser degree in humans. Here, we will review the immunosuppressive qualities of this important cell type and discuss the relevant studies of MDSCs in transplantation. It may be possible to exploit the immunosuppressive capacity of MDSCs for the benefit of transplant patients.
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16
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Schultz KLW, Troisi EM, Baxter VK, Glowinski R, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 have distinct roles in the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:46-62. [PMID: 30451651 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) are important determinants of the innate response to infection. We evaluated the role(s) of combined and individual IRF deficiencies in the outcome of infection of C57BL/6 mice with Sindbis virus, an alphavirus that infects neurons and causes encephalomyelitis. The brain and spinal cord levels of Irf7, but not Irf3 mRNAs, were increased after infection. IRF3/5/7-/- and IRF3/7-/- mice died within 3-4 days with uncontrolled virus replication, similar to IFNα receptor-deficient mice, while all wild-type (WT) mice recovered. IRF3-/- and IRF7-/- mice had brain levels of IFNα that were lower, but brain and spinal cord levels of IFNβ and IFN-stimulated gene mRNAs that were similar to or higher than WT mice without detectable serum IFN or increases in Ifna or Ifnb mRNAs in the lymph nodes, indicating that the differences in outcome were not due to deficiencies in the central nervous system (CNS) type I IFN response. IRF3-/- mice developed persistent neurological deficits and had more spinal cord inflammation and higher CNS levels of Il1b and Ifnγ mRNAs than WT mice, but all mice survived. IRF7-/- mice died 5-8 days after infection with rapidly progressive paralysis and differed from both WT and IRF3-/- mice in the induction of higher CNS levels of IFNβ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and Cxcl13 mRNA, delayed virus clearance and more extensive cell death. Therefore, fatal disease in IRF7-/- mice is likely due to immune-mediated neurotoxicity associated with failure to regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L W Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,†Present address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,‡Present address: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Glowinski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,§Present address: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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17
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Borst K, Frenz T, Spanier J, Tegtmeyer PK, Chhatbar C, Skerra J, Ghita L, Namineni S, Lienenklaus S, Köster M, Heikenwaelder M, Sutter G, Kalinke U. Type I interferon receptor signaling delays Kupffer cell replenishment during acute fulminant viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:682-690. [PMID: 29274730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Virus-induced fulminant hepatitis is a major cause of acute liver failure. During acute viral hepatitis the impact of type I interferon (IFN-I) on myeloid cells, including liver-resident Kupffer cells (KC), is only partially understood. Herein, we dissected the impact of locally induced IFN-I responses on myeloid cell function and hepatocytes during acute liver inflammation. METHODS Two different DNA-encoded viruses, vaccinia virus (VACV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), were studied. In vivo imaging was applied to visualize local IFN-β induction and IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) triggering in VACV-infected reporter mice. Furthermore, mice with a cell type-selective IFNAR ablation were analyzed to dissect the role of IFNAR signaling in myeloid cells and hepatocytes. Experiments with Cx3cr1+/gfp mice revealed the origin of reconstituted KC. Finally, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice were studied to specifically analyze the effect of IFNAR triggering on liver infiltrating monocytes. RESULTS VACV infection induced local IFN-β responses, which lead to IFNAR signaling primarily within the liver. IFNAR triggering was needed to control the infection and prevent fulminant hepatitis. The severity of liver inflammation was independent of IFNAR triggering of hepatocytes, whereas IFNAR triggering of myeloid cells protected from excessive inflammation. Upon VACV or MCMV infection KC disappeared, whereas infiltrating monocytes differentiated to KC afterwards. During IFNAR triggering such replenished monocyte-derived KC comprised more IFNAR-deficient than -competent cells in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, whereas after the decline of IFNAR triggering both subsets showed an even distribution. CONCLUSION Upon VACV infection IFNAR triggering of myeloid cells, but not of hepatocytes, critically modulates acute viral hepatitis. During infection with DNA-encoded viruses IFNAR triggering of liver-infiltrating blood monocytes delays the development of monocyte-derived KC, pointing towards new therapeutic strategies for acute viral hepatitis. LAY SUMMARY Viral infection can cause fulminant hepatitis, which in turn is a major cause of acute liver failure. Herein, we aimed to study the role of type 1 interferon responses in acute viral hepatitis. We identified that during infection with DNA-encoded viruses, type 1 interferon receptor triggering of blood monocytes delays the development of monocyte-derived Kupffer cells. This points to new therapeutic strategies for acute viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Theresa Frenz
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Tegtmeyer
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jennifer Skerra
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Sukumar Namineni
- Department Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mario Köster
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwaelder
- Department Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany.
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18
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IRF9 Prevents CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in an Extrinsic Manner during Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01219-17. [PMID: 28878077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01219-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in determining the course of a viral infection. Overwhelming antigen exposure can result in suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses, leading to chronic infection. This altered CD8+ T cell differentiation state, termed exhaustion, is characterized by reduced effector function, upregulation of inhibitory receptors, and altered expression of transcription factors. Prevention of overwhelming antigen exposure to limit CD8+ T cell exhaustion is of significant interest for the control of chronic infection. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is a component of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling downstream of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Using acute infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong, we show here that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and IFN-I and by controlling levels of IRF7, a transcription factor essential for IFN-I production. Infection of IRF9- or IFNAR-deficient mice led to a loss of early restriction of viral replication and impaired antiviral responses in dendritic cells, resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and chronic infection. Differences in the antiviral activities of IRF9- and IFNAR-deficient mice and dendritic cells provided further evidence of IRF9-independent IFN-I signaling. Thus, our findings illustrate a CD8+ T cell-extrinsic function for IRF9, as a signaling factor downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and, ultimately, chronic infection.IMPORTANCE During early viral infection, overwhelming antigen exposure can cause functional exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and lead to chronic infection. Here we show that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) plays a decisive role in preventing CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Using acute infection of mice with LCMV strain Armstrong, we found that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and Irf7, encoding a transcription factor crucial for type I interferon (IFN-I) production, as well as by controlling the levels of IFN-I. Infection of IRF9-deficient mice led to a chronic infection that was accompanied by CD8+ T cell exhaustion due to defects extrinsic to T cells. Our findings illustrate an essential role for IRF9, as a mediator downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure causing CD8+ T cell exhaustion and leading to chronic viral infection.
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19
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Wang W, Yin Y, Xu L, Su J, Huang F, Wang Y, Boor PPC, Chen K, Wang W, Cao W, Zhou X, Liu P, van der Laan LJW, Kwekkeboom J, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Unphosphorylated ISGF3 drives constitutive expression of interferon-stimulated genes to protect against viral infections. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/476/eaah4248. [PMID: 28442624 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) are antiviral effectors that are induced by IFNs through the formation of a tripartite transcription factor ISGF3, which is composed of IRF9 and phosphorylated forms of STAT1 and STAT2. However, we found that IFN-independent ISG expression was detectable in immortalized cell lines, primary intestinal and liver organoids, and liver tissues. The constitutive expression of ISGs was mediated by the unphosphorylated ISGF3 (U-ISGF3) complex, consisting of IRF9 together with unphosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2. Under homeostatic conditions, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 were found in the nucleus. Analysis of a chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data set revealed that STAT1 specifically bound to the promoters of ISGs even in the absence of IFNs. Knockdown of STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9 by RNA interference led to the decreased expression of various ISGs in Huh7.5 human liver cells, which was confirmed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from STAT1-/-, STAT2-/-, or IRF9-/- mice. Furthermore, decreased ISG expression was accompanied by increased replication of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus. Conversely, simultaneous overexpression of all ISGF3 components, but not any single factor, induced the expression of ISGs and inhibited viral replication; however, no phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2 were detected. A phosphorylation-deficient STAT1 mutant was comparable to the wild-type protein in mediating the IFN-independent expression of ISGs and antiviral activity, suggesting that ISGF3 works in a phosphorylation-independent manner. These data suggest that the U-ISGF3 complex is both necessary and sufficient for constitutive ISG expression and antiviral immunity under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Junhong Su
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Fen Huang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrick P C Boor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wanlu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pengyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Dai YJ, Hui KM, Zhang YH, Liu Y, Wang YQ, Zhao LJ, Lin L, Chai LQ, Wei S, Lan JF. Three STATs are involved in the regulation of the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the triangle sail mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:181-188. [PMID: 28214598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (Jak) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway is associated in antiviral and antibacterial immune response. Previous studies primarily investigated the function of STATs in mammals. For most invertebrates, only one STAT was found in each species, such as STAT92E was found in Drosophila melanogaster. The studies, which focus on the functional difference between various STATs in the same species of invertebrate, are limited. In the present study, three STATs (HcSTAT1, HcSTAT2 and HcSTAT3) were identified in triangle shell pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HcSTAT1 and HcSTAT3 were clustered with Homo sapiens STAT5, and HcSTAT2 was clustered with Pinctada fucata STAT and Crassostea gigas STAT6. All three STATs could be detected in all tested tissues (hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill, mantle and foot), and were induced expression when challenged with Staphylococcus aureus or Aeromonas hydrophilia in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. HcSTAT1 regulated the expression of HcDef, HcWAP, HcThe and HcTNF. The expression of HcWAP and HcTNF was down-regulated in HcSTAT2-RNAi mussel. And HcSTAT3 affected the expression of HcTNF. The study is the first report of different functions in antibacterial immune responses between STATs in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai-Min Hui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Lian-Qin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Shun Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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Li W, Hofer MJ, Songkhunawej P, Jung SR, Hancock D, Denyer G, Campbell IL. Type I interferon-regulated gene expression and signaling in murine mixed glial cells lacking signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 or 2 or interferon regulatory factor 9. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5845-5859. [PMID: 28213522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical in antimicrobial and antitumor defense. Although IFN-I signal via the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex consisting of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, IFN-I can mediate significant biological effects via ISGF3-independent pathways. For example, the absence of STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9 exacerbates neurological disease in transgenic mice with CNS production of IFN-I. Here we determined the role of IFN-I-driven, ISGF3-independent signaling in regulating global gene expression in STAT1-, STAT2-, or IRF9-deficient murine mixed glial cell cultures (MGCs). Compared with WT, the expression of IFN-α-stimulated genes (ISGs) was reduced in number and magnitude in MGCs that lacked STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9. There were significantly fewer ISGs in the absence of STAT1 or STAT2 versus in the absence of IRF9. The majority of ISGs regulated in the STAT1-, STAT2-, or IRF9-deficient MGCs individually were shared with WT. However, only a minor number of ISGs were common to WT and STAT1-, STAT2-, and IRF9-deficient MGCs. Whereas signal pathway activation in response to IFN-α was rapid and transient in WT MGCs, this was delayed and prolonged and correlated with increased numbers of ISGs expressed at 12 h versus 4 h of IFN-α exposure in all three IFN-I signaling-deficient MGCs. In conclusion, 1) IFN-I can mediate ISG expression in MGCs via ISGF3-independent signaling pathways but with reduced efficiency, with delayed and prolonged kinetics, and is more dependent on STAT1 and STAT2 than IRF9; and 2) signaling pathways not involving STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9 play a minor role only in mediating ISG expression in MGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience
| | - Markus J Hofer
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience.,Bosch Institute, and.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Iain L Campbell
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience, .,Bosch Institute, and.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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The unique role of STAT2 in constitutive and IFN-induced transcription and antiviral responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:71-81. [PMID: 27053489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the canonical pathway of IFN-I-mediated signaling, phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 leads to heterodimerization and interaction with IRF9. This complex, also known as IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), then translocates into the nucleus and binds the IFN-I-stimulated response element (ISRE) leading to the activation of transcription of over 300 interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, STAT1 homodimers [known as γ-activated factor (GAF)] are formed and translocate to the nucleus, where they target genes containing the γ-activated sequence (GAS). The primary function of ISGF3 is to mediate a rapid and robust IFN-I activated response by regulating transient transcription of antiviral ISGs. This requires the quick assembly of ISGF3 from its pre-existing components STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 and transport to the nucleus to bind ISRE-containing ISGs. The exact events that take place in formation, nuclear translocation and DNA-binding of active ISGF3 are still not clear. Over the years many studies have provided evidence for the existence of a multitude of alternative STAT2-containing (ISRE or GAS-binding) complexes involved in IFN-I signaling, emphasizing the importance of STAT2 in the regulation of specific IFN-I-induced transcriptional programs, independent of its involvement in the classical ISGF3 complex. This review describes the unique role of STAT2 in differential complex formation of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ISGF3 components that direct constitutive and IFN-I-stimulated transcriptional responses. In addition, we highlight the existence of a STAT1-independent IFN-I signaling pathway, where STAT2/IRF9 can potentially substitute for the role of ISGF3 and offer a back-up response against viral infection.
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Majoros A, Platanitis E, Szappanos D, Cheon H, Vogl C, Shukla P, Stark GR, Sexl V, Schreiber R, Schindler C, Müller M, Decker T. Response to interferons and antibacterial innate immunity in the absence of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:367-82. [PMID: 26882544 PMCID: PMC4772975 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system by directing the transcriptional response to interferons (IFNs). STAT1 is activated by Janus kinase (JAK)‐mediated phosphorylation of Y701. To determine whether STAT1 contributes to cellular responses without this phosphorylation event, we generated mice with Y701 mutated to a phenylalanine (Stat1Y701F). We show that heterozygous mice do not exhibit a dominant‐negative phenotype. Homozygous Stat1Y701F mice show a profound reduction in Stat1 expression, highlighting an important role for basal IFN‐dependent signaling. The rapid transcriptional response to type I IFN (IFN‐I) and type II IFN (IFNγ) was absent in Stat1Y701F cells. Intriguingly, STAT1Y701F suppresses the delayed expression of IFN‐I‐stimulated genes (ISG) observed in Stat1−/− cells, mediated by the STAT2/IRF9 complex. Thus, Stat1Y701F macrophages are more susceptible to Legionella pneumophila infection than Stat1−/− macrophages. Listeria monocytogenes grew less robustly in Stat1Y701F macrophages and mice compared to Stat1−/− counterparts, but STAT1Y701F is not sufficient to rescue the animals. Our studies are consistent with a potential contribution of Y701‐unphosphorylated STAT1 to innate antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Majoros
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Szappanos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - HyeonJoo Cheon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics Core, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Priyank Shukla
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics Core, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Schindler
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Liu D, Mao H, Gu M, Xu X, Sun Z, Lin G, Wang H, Xie D, Hou Q, Wang X, Mi Y, Liu X, Hu C. The transcription regulation analysis of Ctenopharyngodon idellus PKR and PKZ genes. Gene 2016; 576:512-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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