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Bennett AL, Edwards R, Kosheleva I, Saunders C, Bililign Y, Williams A, Bubphamala P, Manosouri K, Anasti K, Saunders KO, Alam SM, Haynes BF, Acharya P, Henderson R. Microsecond dynamics control the HIV-1 Envelope conformation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0396. [PMID: 38306419 PMCID: PMC10836732 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Envelope (Env) glycoprotein facilitates host cell fusion through a complex series of receptor-induced structural changes. Although remarkable progress has been made in understanding the structures of various Env conformations, microsecond timescale dynamics have not been studied experimentally. Here, we used time-resolved, temperature-jump small-angle x-ray scattering to monitor structural rearrangements in an HIV-1 Env SOSIP ectodomain construct with microsecond precision. In two distinct Env variants, we detected a transition that correlated with known Env structure rearrangements with a time constant in the hundreds of microseconds range. A previously unknown structural transition was also observed, which occurred with a time constant below 10 μs, and involved an order-to-disorder transition in the trimer apex. Using this information, we engineered an Env SOSIP construct that locks the trimer in the prefusion closed state by connecting adjacent protomers via disulfides. Our findings show that the microsecond timescale structural dynamics play an essential role in controlling the Env conformation with impacts on vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Bennett
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Irina Kosheleva
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Ave, Bld 434B, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Carrie Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yishak Bililign
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashliegh Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pimthada Bubphamala
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Manosouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Ave, Bld 434B, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Rajendra D, Maroli N, Dixit NM, Maiti PK. Molecular dynamics simulations show how antibodies may rescue HIV-1 mutants incapable of infecting host cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38111161 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
High mutation and replication rates of HIV-1 result in the continuous generation of variants, allowing it to adapt to changing host environments. Mutations often have deleterious effects, but variants carrying them are rapidly purged. Surprisingly, a particular variant incapable of entering host cells was found to be rescued by host antibodies targeting HIV-1. Understanding the molecular mechanism of this rescue is important to develop and improve antibody-based therapies. To unravel the underlying mechanisms, we performed fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the HIV-1 gp41 trimer responsible for viral entry into host cells, its entry-deficient variant, and its complex with the rescuing antibody. We find that the Q563R mutation, which the entry-deficient variant carries, prevents the native conformation of the gp41 6-helix bundle required for entry and stabilizes an alternative conformation instead. This is the consequence of substantial changes in the secondary structure and interactions between the domains of gp41. Binding of the antibody F240 to gp41 reverses these changes and re-establishes the native conformation, resulting in rescue. To test the generality of this mechanism, we performed simulations with the entry-deficient L565A variant and antibody 3D6. We find that 3D6 binding was able to reverse structural and interaction changes introduced by the mutation and restore the native gp41 conformation. Viral variants may not only escape antibodies but be aided by them in their survival, potentially compromising antibody-based therapies, including vaccination and passive immunization. Our simulation framework could serve as a tool to assess the likelihood of such resistance against specific antibodies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. SarmaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharanish Rajendra
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nikhil Maroli
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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3
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Liu MT, Shen JX, Li XW, Yang L, Li Y, Sang P, Yang LQ. Study on molecular mechanisms of CD4 dependency and independency of HIV-1 gp120. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6274-6286. [PMID: 36825290 PMCID: PMC9942563 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Different HIV-1 strains have different antibody neutralization phenotypes (or CD4-dependencies). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain to be elucidated. In this study, we constructed gp120 structural models from the CD4-dependent, neutralization-resistant JR-FL strain and the CD4-independent, neutralization-sensitive R2 strain and carried out several conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy landscape (FEL) constructions. Comparative analyses of the MD simulations and FELs indicated that R2 gp120 had higher global structural flexibility and greater conformational diversity than JR-FL gp120. This provides the preconditions for R2 gp120 to adopt a more open conformation than JR-FL gp120. Essential dynamics (ED) analysis showed that the collective motions of R2 gp120 tend towards an open state while those of JR-FL gp120 tend to retain a closed state. Based on conformational selection theory, R2 gp120's more readily sampled open state makes it more sensitive to neutralizing antibodies (or more CD4-independent) than JR-FL gp120, which may explain why the HIV-1 R2 and JR-FL strains show CD4-independent and -dependent phenotypes, respectively. Our study provides thermodynamic and kinetic insights into the CD4-dependent and -independent molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 gp120 and helps shed light on HIV-1 immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University Dali 671000 China .,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University Dali 671000 China
| | - Jian-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xin-Wei Li
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University Dali 671000 China .,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University Dali 671000 China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali UniversityDali 671000China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali UniversityDali 671000China
| | - Peng Sang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University Dali 671000 China .,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University Dali 671000 China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from West Yunnan, Dali University Dali 671000 China
| | - Li-Quan Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University Dali 671000 China .,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University Dali 671000 China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from West Yunnan, Dali University Dali 671000 China
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4
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Targeted destabilization of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 interface leads to convergent evolution with mutations in the V1V2, HR1 and HR2 domains. J Virol 2021; 95:e0053221. [PMID: 34586861 PMCID: PMC8610599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is responsible for viral entry into target cells and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. The Env protein is therefore the focus of HIV-1 vaccine design. Env consists of two noncovalently linked subunits (gp120 and gp41) that form a trimer of heterodimers and this 6-subunit complex is metastable and conformationally flexible. Several approaches have been pursued to stabilize the Env trimer for vaccine purposes, which include structure-based design, high-throughput screening, and selection by mammalian cell display. Here, we employed directed virus evolution to improve Env trimer stability. Accordingly, we deliberately destabilized the Env gp120-gp41 interface by mutagenesis in the context of replicating HIV-1 LAI virus and virus evolution over time. We identified compensatory changes that pointed at convergent evolution, as they were largely restricted to specific Env regions, namely, the V1V2 domain of gp120 and the HR1 and HR2 domain of gp41. Specifically, S614G in V1V2 and Q567R in HR1 were frequently identified. Interestingly, the majority of the compensatory mutations were at distant locations from the original mutations and most likely strengthen intersubunit interactions. These results show how the virus can overcome Env instability and illuminate the regions that play a dominant role in Env stability. IMPORTANCE A successful HIV-1 vaccine most likely requires an envelope glycoprotein (Env) component, as Env is the only viral protein on the surface of the virus and the target for neutralizing antibodies. However, HIV Env is metastable and flexible because of the weak interactions between the Env subunits, complicating the generation of recombinant mimics of native Env. Here, we used directed viral evolution to study Env stability. We deliberately destabilized the interface between Env subunits and explored the capacity of the virus to repair trimer instability by evolution. We identified compensatory mutations that converged in specific Env locations: the apex and the trimer interface. Selected mutations enhanced the stability of recombinant soluble Env trimer proteins. These results provided clues on understanding the structural mechanisms involved in Env trimer stability, which can guide future immunogen design.
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5
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James EI, Murphree TA, Vorauer C, Engen JR, Guttman M. Advances in Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and the Pursuit of Challenging Biological Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7562-7623. [PMID: 34493042 PMCID: PMC9053315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Solution-phase hydrogen/deuterium
exchange (HDX) coupled to mass
spectrometry (MS) is a widespread tool for structural analysis across
academia and the biopharmaceutical industry. By monitoring the exchangeability
of backbone amide protons, HDX-MS can reveal information about higher-order
structure and dynamics throughout a protein, can track protein folding
pathways, map interaction sites, and assess conformational states
of protein samples. The combination of the versatility of the hydrogen/deuterium
exchange reaction with the sensitivity of mass spectrometry has enabled
the study of extremely challenging protein systems, some of which
cannot be suitably studied using other techniques. Improvements over
the past three decades have continually increased throughput, robustness,
and expanded the limits of what is feasible for HDX-MS investigations.
To provide an overview for researchers seeking to utilize and derive
the most from HDX-MS for protein structural analysis, we summarize
the fundamental principles, basic methodology, strengths and weaknesses,
and the established applications of HDX-MS while highlighting new
developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie I James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Clint Vorauer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Bouba Y, Berno G, Fabeni L, Carioti L, Salpini R, Aquaro S, Svicher V, Perno CF, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Santoro MM. Identification of gp120 polymorphisms in HIV-1 B subtype potentially associated with resistance to fostemsavir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1778-1786. [PMID: 32160290 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated natural resistance to the new antiretroviral fostemsavir and its potential association with other HIV-1 gp120 polymorphisms. METHODS A total of 1997 HIV-1 B subtype gp120 sequences from the Los Alamos HIV Database were analysed for mutation prevalence at fostemsavir resistance-associated positions and potential association with other gp120 polymorphisms. The role of each fostemsavir resistance-related position and the correlated gp120 mutations, both in protein stability and in reducing the binding affinity between antibody and/or T cell lymphocyte epitopes and the MHC molecules, was estimated. RESULTS The prevalence of fostemsavir resistance mutations was as follows: L116Q (0.05%), S375H/M/T (0.55%/1.35%/17.73%, the latter being far less relevant in determining resistance), M426L (7.56%), M434I (4.21%) and M475I (1.65%). Additionally, the M426R polymorphism had a prevalence of 16.32%. A significantly higher prevalence in X4 viruses versus R5 viruses was found only for S375M (0.69% versus 3.93%, P = 0.009) and S375T (16.60% versus 22.11%, P = 0.030). Some fostemsavirv resistance positions positively and significantly correlated with specific gp120 polymorphisms: S375T with I371V; S375M with L134W, I154V and I323T; M475I with K322A; and M426R with G167N, K192T and S195N. The topology of the dendrogram suggested the existence of three distinct clusters (bootstrap ≥0.98) involving these fostemsavir resistance mutations and gp120 polymorphisms. Interestingly, all clustered mutations are localized in class I/II-restricted T cell/antibody epitopes, suggesting a potential role in immune HIV escape. CONCLUSIONS A low prevalence of known fostemsavir resistance mutations was found in the HIV-1 B subtype. The detection of novel HIV-1 gp120 polymorphisms potentially relevant for fostemsavir resistance deserves new in-depth in vitro investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagai Bouba
- University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Giulia Berno
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Aquaro
- University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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7
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He S, Wu Y. Relationships Between HIV-Mediated Chemokine Coreceptor Signaling, Cofilin Hyperactivation, Viral Tropism Switch and HIV-Mediated CD4 Depletion. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:388-396. [PMID: 31702526 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191106112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection causes CD4 depletion and immune deficiency. The virus infects CD4 T cells through binding to CD4 and one of the chemokine coreceptors, CXCR4 (X4) or CCR5 (R5). It has also been known that HIV tropism switch, from R5 to X4, is associated with rapid CD4 depletion, suggesting a key role of viral factors in driving CD4 depletion. However, the virological driver for HIV-mediated CD4 depletion has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, particularly chronic signaling through CXCR4, plays a major role in CD4 dysfunction and depletion; we also hypothesized that there is an R5X4 signaling (R5X4sig) viral subspecies, evolving from the natural replication course of R5-utilizing viruses, that is responsible for CD4 T cell depletion in R5 virus infection. To gain traction for our hypothesis, in this review, we discuss a recent finding from Cui and co-authors who described the rapid tropism switch and high pathogenicity of an HIV-1 R5 virus, CRF01_AE. We speculate that CRF01_AE may be the hypothetical R5X4sig viral species that is rapidly evolving towards the X4 phenotype. We also attempt to discuss the intricate relationships between HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, viral tropism switch and HIV-mediated CD4 depletion, in hopes of providing a deeper understanding of HIV pathogenesis in blood CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
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8
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Li Y, Deng L, Liang J, Dong GH, Xia YL, Fu YX, Liu SQ. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal distinct differences in conformational dynamics and thermodynamics between the unliganded and CD4-bound states of HIV-1 gp120. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5548-5560. [PMID: 32119016 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) into host cells is initiated by binding to the cell-surface receptor CD4, which induces a conformational transition of the envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120 from the closed, unliganded state to the open, CD4-bound state. Despite many available structures in these two states, detailed aspects on the dynamics and thermodynamics of gp120 remain elusive. Here, we performed microsecond-scale (μs-scale) multiple-replica molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the differences in the conformational dynamics, protein motions, and thermodynamics between the unliganded and CD4-bound/complexed forms of gp120. Comparative analyses of MD trajectories reveal that CD4 binding promotes the structural deviations/changes and conformational flexibility, loosens the structural packing, and complicates the molecular motions of gp120. Comparison of the constructed free energy landscapes (FELs) reveals that the CD4-complexed gp120 has more conformational substates, larger conformational entropy, and lower thermostability than the unliganded form. Therefore, the unliganded conformation represents a structurally and energetically stable "ground state" for the full-length gp120. The observed great increase in the mobility of V1/V2 and V3 along with their more versatile movement directions in the CD4-bound gp120 compared to the unliganded form suggests that their orientations with respect to each other and to the structural core determine the differences in the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics between the two gp120 forms. The results presented here provide a basis by which to better understand the functional and immunological properties of gp120 and, furthermore, to deploy appropriate strategies for the development of anti-HIV-1 drugs or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China. and College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Yuan-Ling Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Yun-Xin Fu
- Human Genetics Center and Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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9
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Gorai B, Das S, Maiti PK. Prediction and validation of HIV-1 gp41 ecto-transmembrane domain post-fusion trimeric structure using molecular modeling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2592-2603. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1635916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Gorai
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabal K. Maiti
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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10
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Munro JB, Lee KK. Probing Structural Variation and Dynamics in the HIV-1 Env Fusion Glycoprotein. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:5-12. [PMID: 29268688 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666171222110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in structural characterization of the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) have provided a high-resolution glimpse of the architecture of this target for neutralizing antibodies and the machinery responsible for mediating receptor binding and membrane fusion. These structures primarily capture the detailed organization of the receptor-naive, prefusion conformation of Env, but under native solution conditions Env is highly dynamic, sampling multiple conformational states as well as exhibiting local protein flexibility. METHODS Special emphasis is placed on the use of biophysical methods, including single-molecule fluorescence microscopy and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry. RESULTS Using novel biophysical approaches, striking isolate-specific differences in Env's dynamic profile have been revealed that appear to underlie phenotypic differences of the viral isolates such as neutralization sensitivity and CD4 receptor reactivity. CONCLUSION Structural studies are complemented by novel biophysical investigations that enable visualization of the dynamics of HIV-1 Env under native conditions. These approaches will also enable us to gain new insights into the mechanisms of action of antibodies and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Rathore U, Purwar M, Vignesh VS, Das R, Kumar AA, Bhattacharyya S, Arendt H, DeStefano J, Wilson A, Parks C, La Branche CC, Montefiori DC, Varadarajan R. Bacterially expressed HIV-1 gp120 outer-domain fragment immunogens with improved stability and affinity for CD4-binding site neutralizing antibodies. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15002-15020. [PMID: 30093409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein minimization is an attractive approach for designing vaccines against rapidly evolving pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), because it can help in focusing the immune response toward conserved conformational epitopes present on complex targets. The outer domain (OD) of HIV-1 gp120 contains epitopes for a large number of neutralizing antibodies and therefore is a primary target for structure-based vaccine design. We have previously designed a bacterially expressed outer-domain immunogen (ODEC) that bound CD4-binding site (CD4bs) ligands with 3-12 μm affinity and elicited a modest neutralizing antibody response in rabbits. In this study, we have optimized ODEC using consensus sequence design, cyclic permutation, and structure-guided mutations to generate a number of variants with improved yields, biophysical properties, stabilities, and affinities (KD of 10-50 nm) for various CD4bs targeting broadly neutralizing antibodies, including the germline-reverted version of the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01. In contrast to ODEC, the optimized immunogens elicited high anti-gp120 titers in rabbits as early as 6 weeks post-immunization, before any gp120 boost was given. Following two gp120 boosts, sera collected at week 22 showed cross-clade neutralization of tier 1 HIV-1 viruses. Using a number of different prime/boost combinations, we have identified a cyclically permuted OD fragment as the best priming immunogen, and a trimeric, cyclically permuted gp120 as the most suitable boosting molecule among the tested immunogens. This study also provides insights into some of the biophysical correlates of improved immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Rathore
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Mansi Purwar
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | | | - Raksha Das
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Aditya Arun Kumar
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Sanchari Bhattacharyya
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Heather Arendt
- the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, New York 11226, and
| | - Joanne DeStefano
- the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, New York 11226, and
| | - Aaron Wilson
- the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, New York 11226, and
| | - Christopher Parks
- the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, New York 11226, and
| | - Celia C La Branche
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - David C Montefiori
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012,
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12
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Zhang Y, Guo J, Huang L, Tian J, Yao X, Liu H. The molecular mechanism of two coreceptor binding site antibodies X5 and 17b neutralizing HIV-1: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1357-1365. [PMID: 29624884 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coreceptor binding site of gp120 plays an important role in HIV entry into host cell. X5 and 17b are typical coreceptor binding site antibodies with the ability to broadly neutralize HIV. Thus, here, to study the neutralizing mechanism of two antibodies and identify the source of two antibodies with different neutralizing ability, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for the complexes of X5 and 17b with gp120 and CD4. The simulation results indicate X5 and 17b mainly affects CD4 and coreceptor binding sites. Specifically, for CD4 binding site (CD4bs), the binding of antibodies has different effects on CD4bs with and without CD4. However, for coreceptor binding sites, the binding of the antibodies has consistent influence on the region adjacent to loop V3 despite of the simulated systems with or without CD4. The binding of the antibodies enhances the interactions of gp120 region adjacent to loop V3 with other region of gp120, which are unfavorable for conformational rearrangements of the region adjacent to loop V3 and further binding the coreceptor. Additionally, the interactions of loop V3 and bridging sheet with X5 lead to the close motion of loop V3 in X5 bound form, which further influences the rearrangements in gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Le Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Schiffner T, Pallesen J, Russell RA, Dodd J, de Val N, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Harris SL, Moghaddam AE, Kalyuzhniy O, Sanders RW, McCoy LE, Moore JP, Ward AB, Sattentau QJ. Structural and immunologic correlates of chemically stabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006986. [PMID: 29746590 PMCID: PMC5944921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies against challenging pathogens such as HIV-1 is a major vaccine design goal, but may be hindered by conformational instability within viral envelope glycoproteins (Env). Chemical cross-linking is widely used for vaccine antigen stabilization, but how this process affects structure, antigenicity and immunogenicity is poorly understood and its use remains entirely empirical. We have solved the first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a CD4 binding site-specific broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) Fab fragment reveals how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. We observed density corresponding to highly specific glutaraldehyde (GLA) cross-links between gp120 monomers at the trimer apex and between gp120 and gp41 at the trimer interface that had strikingly little impact on overall trimer conformation, but critically enhanced trimer stability and improved Env antigenicity. Cross-links were also observed within gp120 at sites associated with the N241/N289 glycan hole that locally modified trimer antigenicity. In immunogenicity studies, the neutralizing antibody response to cross-linked trimers showed modest but significantly greater breadth against a global panel of difficult-to-neutralize Tier-2 heterologous viruses. Moreover, the specificity of autologous Tier-2 neutralization was modified away from the N241/N289 glycan hole, implying a novel specificity. Finally, we have investigated for the first time T helper cell responses to next-generation soluble trimers, and report on vaccine-relevant immunodominant responses to epitopes within BG505 that are modified by cross-linking. Elucidation of the structural correlates of a cross-linked viral glycoprotein will allow more rational use of this methodology for vaccine design, and reveals a strategy with promise for eliciting neutralizing antibodies needed for an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/chemistry
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology
- Cross-Linking Reagents
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antigens/chemistry
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/ultrastructure
- HIV-1/chemistry
- HIV-1/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Stability
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Rabbits
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Schiffner
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Dodd
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy (CMM), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scarlett L Harris
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amin E Moghaddam
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Lin M, Krawitz D, Callahan MD, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT. Characterization of ELISA Antibody-Antigen Interaction using Footprinting-Mass Spectrometry and Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:961-971. [PMID: 29512051 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe epitope mapping data using multiple covalent labeling footprinting-mass spectrometry (MS) techniques coupled with negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data to analyze the antibody-antigen interactions in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Our hydroxyl radical footprinting-MS data using fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) indicates suppression of labeling across the antigen upon binding either of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) utilized in the ELISA. Combining these data with Western blot analysis enabled the identification of the putative epitopes that appeared to span regions containing N-linked glycans. An additional structural mapping technique, carboxyl group footprinting-mass spectrometry using glycine ethyl ester (GEE) labeling, was used to confirm the epitopes. Deglycosylation of the antigen resulted in loss of potency in the ELISA, supporting the FPOP and GEE labeling data by indicating N-linked glycans are necessary for antigen binding. Finally, mapping of the epitopes onto the antigen crystal structure revealed an approximate 90° relative spatial orientation, optimal for a noncompetitive binding ELISA. TEM data shows both linear and diamond antibody-antigen complexes with a similar binding orientation as predicted from the two footprinting-MS techniques. This study is the first of its kind to utilize multiple bottom-up footprinting-MS techniques and TEM visualization to characterize the monoclonal antibody-antigen binding interactions of critical reagents used in a quality control (QC) lot-release ELISA. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Lin
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Denise Krawitz
- CMC Paradigms LLC, 49 Oak Springs Drive, San Anselmo, CA, 94960, USA
| | - Matthew D Callahan
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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15
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Li Y, Deng L, Ai SM, Sang P, Yang J, Xia YL, Zhang ZB, Fu YX, Liu SQ. Insights into the molecular mechanism underlying CD4-dependency and neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1: a comparative molecular dynamics study on gp120s from isolates with different phenotypes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14355-14368. [PMID: 35540760 PMCID: PMC9079880 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00425k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) of HIV-1 plays critical roles in viral infection and immune evasion. Although structures of prefusion Env have been determined and phenotypes relevant to the CD4 dependency and the neutralization sensitivity for various HIV-1 isolates have been identified, the detailed structural dynamics and energetics underlying these two phenotypes have remained elusive. In this study, two unliganded structural models of gp120, one from the CD4-dependent, neutralization-resistant isolate H061.14 and the other from the CD4-independent, neutralization-sensitive R2 strain, were constructed, and subsequently were subjected to multiple-replica molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by free energy landscape (FEL) construction. Comparative analyses of MD trajectories reveal that during simulations R2-gp120 demonstrated larger structural fluctuations/deviations and higher global conformational flexibility than H061.14-gp120. Close comparison of local conformational flexibility shows that some of the structural regions involving direct interactions with gp41 and adjacent gp120 subunits in the context of the closed trimeric Env exhibit significantly higher flexibility in R2-gp120 than in H061.14-gp120, thus likely increasing the probability for R2-Env to open the trimer crown and prime gp41 fusogenic properties without induction by CD4. Collective motions derived from principal component analysis (PCA) reveal that R2-gp120 is prone to spontaneous transition to the neutralization-sensitive CD4-bound state while H061.14-gp120 tends to maintain the neutralization-resistant unliganded state. Finally, comparison between FELs reveals that R2-gp120 has larger conformational entropy, richer conformational diversity, and lower thermostability than H061.14-gp120, thus explaining why R2-gp120 is more structurally unstable and conformationally flexible, and has a higher propensity to transition to the CD4-bound state than H061.14-gp120. The present results reveal that the differences in dynamics and energetics between R2-gp120 and H061.14-gp120 impart Env trimers with distinct capacities to sample different states (i.e., R2-Env samples more readily the open state while H061.14-Env is more inclined to maintain the closed state), thus shedding light on the molecular mechanism underlying the HIV-1 phenotype associated with CD4 dependency/neutralization sensitivity. The envelope (Env) of HIV-1 plays critical roles in viral infection and immune evasion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Meng Ai
- Department of Applied Mathematics
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Sang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science
- Dali University
- Dali
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Lin Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Bi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yun-Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
- Human Genetics Center and Division of Biostatistics
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
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16
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Termini JM, Church ES, Silver ZA, Haslam SM, Dell A, Desrosiers RC. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Maintain High Levels of Infectivity in the Complete Absence of Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation. J Virol 2017; 91:e01228-17. [PMID: 28747495 PMCID: PMC5599749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01228-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly conserved threonine near the C terminus of gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was investigated for its contributions to envelope protein function and virion infectivity. When this highly conserved Thr residue was substituted with anything other than serine (the other amino acid that can accept O-glycosylation), the resulting virus was noninfectious. We found that this Thr was critical for the association of gp120 with the virion and that amino acid substitution increased the amount of dissociated gp120 in the cell culture supernatant. When HIV virions were generated in cells overexpressing polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GalNAcT1), viral infectivity was increased 2.5-fold compared to that of virus produced in wild-type HEK293T cells; infectivity was increased 8-fold when the Thr499Ser mutant was used. These infectivity enhancements were not observed when GalNAcT3 was used. Using HEK293T knockout cell lines totally devoid of the ability to perform O-linked glycosylation, we demonstrated production of normal levels of virions and normal levels of infectivity in the complete absence of O-linked carbohydrate. Our data indicate that O-glycosylation is not necessary for the natural replication cycle of HIV and SIV. Nonetheless, it remains theoretically possible that the repertoire of GalNAc transferase isoforms in natural target cells for HIV and SIV in vivo could result in O-glycosylation of the threonine residue in question and that this could boost the infectivity of virions beyond the levels seen in the absence of such O-glycosylation.IMPORTANCE Approximately 50% of the mass of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of both HIV and SIV is N-linked carbohydrate. One of the contributions of this N-linked carbohydrate is to shield conserved peptide sequences from recognition by humoral immunity. This N-linked glycosylation is one of the reasons that primary isolates of HIV and SIV are so heavily resistant to antibody-mediated neutralization. Much less studied is any potential contribution from O-linked glycosylation. The literature on this topic to date is somewhat confusing and ambiguous. Our studies described in this report demonstrate unambiguously that O-linked glycosylation is not necessary for the natural replication cycle of HIV and SIV. However, the door is not totally closed because of the diversity of numerous GalNAc transferase enzymes that initiate O-linked carbohydrate attachment and the theoretical possibility that natural target cells for HIV and SIV in vivo could potentially complete such O-linked carbohydrate attachment to further increase infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Termini
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Church
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Zachary A Silver
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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17
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Wibmer CK, Gorman J, Ozorowski G, Bhiman JN, Sheward DJ, Elliott DH, Rouelle J, Smira A, Joyce MG, Ndabambi N, Druz A, Asokan M, Burton DR, Connors M, Abdool Karim SS, Mascola JR, Robinson JE, Ward AB, Williamson C, Kwong PD, Morris L, Moore PL. Structure and Recognition of a Novel HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Interface Antibody that Caused MPER Exposure through Viral Escape. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006074. [PMID: 28076415 PMCID: PMC5226681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the regions on HIV-1 envelope trimers targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies may contribute to rational design of an HIV-1 vaccine. We previously identified a participant in the CAPRISA cohort, CAP248, who developed trimer-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing 60% of heterologous viruses at three years post-infection. Here, we report the isolation by B cell culture of monoclonal antibody CAP248-2B, which targets a novel membrane proximal epitope including elements of gp120 and gp41. Despite low maximum inhibition plateaus, often below 50% inhibitory concentrations, the breadth of CAP248-2B significantly correlated with donor plasma. Site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and negative-stain electron microscopy 3D reconstructions revealed how CAP248-2B recognizes a cleavage-dependent epitope that includes the gp120 C terminus. While this epitope is distinct, it overlapped in parts of gp41 with the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies PGT151, VRC34, 35O22, 3BC315, and 10E8. CAP248-2B has a conformationally variable paratope with an unusually long 19 amino acid light chain third complementarity determining region. Two phenylalanines at the loop apex were predicted by docking and mutagenesis data to interact with the viral membrane. Neutralization by CAP248-2B is not dependent on any single glycan proximal to its epitope, and low neutralization plateaus could not be completely explained by N- or O-linked glycosylation pathway inhibitors, furin co-transfection, or pre-incubation with soluble CD4. Viral escape from CAP248-2B involved a cluster of rare mutations in the gp120-gp41 cleavage sites. Simultaneous introduction of these mutations into heterologous viruses abrogated neutralization by CAP248-2B, but enhanced neutralization sensitivity to 35O22, 4E10, and 10E8 by 10-100-fold. Altogether, this study expands the region of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 quaternary interface that is a target for broadly neutralizing antibodies and identifies a set of mutations in the gp120 C terminus that exposes the membrane-proximal external region of gp41, with potential utility in HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel J. Sheward
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and NHLS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julie Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ashley Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nonkululeko Ndabambi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and NHLS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mangai Asokan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, CHAVI-ID and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Centre, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salim S. Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and NHLS, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Saladini F, Vicenti I. Role of phenotypic investigation in the era of routine genotypic HIV-1 drug resistance testing. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance can seriously compromise HIV type-1 therapy and decrease therapeutic options. Resistance testing is highly recommended to guide treatment decisions and drug activity can be accurately predicted in the clinical setting through genotypic assays. While phenotypic systems are not suitable for monitoring drug resistance in routine laboratory practice, genotyping can misclassify unusual or complex mutational patterns, particularly with recently approved antivirals. In addition, phenotypic assays remain fundamental for characterizing candidate antiretroviral compounds. This review aims to discuss how phenotypic assays contributed to and still play a role in understanding the mechanisms of resistance of both licensed and investigational HIV type-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena Italy, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena Italy, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena, Italy
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19
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Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J Virol 2016; 90:9224-36. [PMID: 27489265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01116-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the major target for HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). One of the mechanisms that HIV has evolved to escape the host's immune response is to mask conserved epitopes on Env with dense glycosylation. Previous studies have shown that the removal of a particular conserved glycan at N197 increases the neutralization sensitivity of the virus to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), making it a site of significant interest from the perspective of vaccine design. At present, the structural consequences that result from the removal of the N197 glycan have not been characterized. Using native-like SOSIP trimers, we examine the effects on antigenicity and local structural dynamics resulting from the removal of this glycan. A large increase in the binding of CD4bs and V3-targeting antibodies is observed for the N197Q mutant in trimeric Env, while no changes are observed with monomeric gp120. While the overall structure and thermostability are not altered, a subtle increase in the flexibility of the variable loops at the trimeric interface of adjacent protomers is evident in the N197Q mutant by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Structural modeling of the glycan chains suggests that the spatial occupancy of the N197 glycan leads to steric clashes with CD4bs antibodies in the Env trimer but not monomeric gp120. Our results indicate that the removal of the N197 glycan enhances the exposure of relevant bNAb epitopes on Env with a minimal impact on the overall trimeric structure. These findings present a simple modification for enhancing trimeric Env immunogens in vaccines. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Env glycoprotein presents a dense patchwork of host cell-derived N-linked glycans. This so-called glycan shield is considered to be a major protective mechanism against immune recognition. While the positions of many N-linked glycans are isolate specific, some are highly conserved and are believed to play key functional roles. In this study, we examine the conserved, CD4 binding site-proximal N197 glycan and demonstrate that its removal both facilitates neutralizing antibody access to the CD4 binding site and modestly impacts the structural dynamics at the trimer crown without drastically altering global Env trimer stability. This indicates that surgical glycosylation site modification may be an effective way of sculpting epitope presentation in Env-based vaccines.
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Abstract
The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (i.e., 16), invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. As a known example, the HIV envelope glycoprotein GP120 is closely associated with GP41 for viral entry. From a genome-wide perspective, a hypothesis can be worked out to determine whether 16 HIV proteins could develop 120 possible pairwise associations either by physical interactions or by functional associations mediated via HIV or host molecules. Here, we present the first systematic review of experimental evidence on HIV genome-wide protein associations using a large body of publications accumulated over the past 3 decades. Of 120 possible pairwise associations between 16 HIV proteins, at least 34 physical interactions and 17 functional associations have been identified. To achieve efficient viral replication and infection, HIV protein associations play essential roles (e.g., cleavage, inhibition, and activation) during the HIV life cycle. In either a dispensable or an indispensable manner, each HIV protein collaborates with another viral protein to accomplish specific activities that precisely take place at the proper stages of the HIV life cycle. In addition, HIV genome-wide protein associations have an impact on anti-HIV inhibitors due to the extensive cross talk between drug-inhibited proteins and other HIV proteins. Overall, this study presents for the first time a comprehensive overview of HIV genome-wide protein associations, highlighting meticulous collaborations between all viral proteins during the HIV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Somatic Hypermutation-Induced Changes in the Structure and Dynamics of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Structure 2016; 24:1346-1357. [PMID: 27477385 PMCID: PMC5250619 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation enhance antigen recognition by modifying antibody paratope structure to improve its complementarity with the target epitope. SHM-induced changes in paratope dynamics may also contribute to antibody maturation, but direct evidence of this is limited. Here, we examine two classes of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) for SHM-induced changes in structure and dynamics, and delineate the effects of these changes on interactions with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). In combination with new and existing structures of unmutated and affinity matured antibody Fab fragments, we used hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry to directly measure Fab structural dynamics. Changes in antibody structure and dynamics were positioned to improve complementarity with Env, with changes in dynamics primarily observed at the paratope peripheries. We conclude that SHM optimizes paratope complementarity to conserved HIV-1 epitopes and restricts the mobility of paratope-peripheral residues to minimize clashes with variable features on HIV-1 Env.
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22
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van den Kerkhof TLGM, de Taeye SW, Boeser-Nunnink BD, Burton DR, Kootstra NA, Schuitemaker H, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27388013 PMCID: PMC4936165 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current HIV-1 immunogens are unable to induce antibodies that can neutralize a broad range of HIV-1 (broadly neutralizing antibodies; bNAbs). However, such antibodies are elicited in 10-30 % of HIV-1 infected individuals, and the co-evolution of the virus and the humoral immune responses in these individuals has attracted attention, because they can provide clues for vaccine design. RESULTS Here we characterized the NAb responses and envelope glycoprotein evolution in an HIV-1 infected "elite neutralizer" of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-1 infection and AIDS who developed an unusually potent bNAb response rapidly after infection. The NAb response was dependent on the N332-glycan and viral resistance against the N332-glycan dependent bNAb PGT135 developed over time but viral escape did not occur at or near this glycan. In contrast, the virus likely escaped by increasing V1 length, with up to 21 amino acids, accompanied by the introduction of 1-3 additional glycans, as well as 2-4 additional cysteine residues within V1. CONCLUSIONS In the individual studied here, HIV-1 escaped from N332-glycan directed NAb responses without changing the epitope itself, but by elongating a variable loop that shields this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L G M van den Kerkhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte D Boeser-Nunnink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 2333 CN, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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23
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HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:679-731. [PMID: 27357278 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00065-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (i.e., 16), invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. As a known example, the HIV envelope glycoprotein GP120 is closely associated with GP41 for viral entry. From a genome-wide perspective, a hypothesis can be worked out to determine whether 16 HIV proteins could develop 120 possible pairwise associations either by physical interactions or by functional associations mediated via HIV or host molecules. Here, we present the first systematic review of experimental evidence on HIV genome-wide protein associations using a large body of publications accumulated over the past 3 decades. Of 120 possible pairwise associations between 16 HIV proteins, at least 34 physical interactions and 17 functional associations have been identified. To achieve efficient viral replication and infection, HIV protein associations play essential roles (e.g., cleavage, inhibition, and activation) during the HIV life cycle. In either a dispensable or an indispensable manner, each HIV protein collaborates with another viral protein to accomplish specific activities that precisely take place at the proper stages of the HIV life cycle. In addition, HIV genome-wide protein associations have an impact on anti-HIV inhibitors due to the extensive cross talk between drug-inhibited proteins and other HIV proteins. Overall, this study presents for the first time a comprehensive overview of HIV genome-wide protein associations, highlighting meticulous collaborations between all viral proteins during the HIV life cycle.
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24
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Liang Y, Guttman M, Davenport TM, Hu SL, Lee KK. Probing the Impact of Local Structural Dynamics of Conformational Epitopes on Antibody Recognition. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2197-213. [PMID: 27003615 PMCID: PMC5479570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-antigen interactions are governed by recognition of specific residues and structural complementarity between the antigen epitope and antibody paratope. While X-ray crystallography has provided detailed insights into static conformations of antibody-antigen complexes, factors such as conformational flexibility and dynamics, which are not readily apparent in the structures, can also have an impact on the binding event. Here we investigate the contribution of dynamics in the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein to antibody recognition of conserved conformational epitopes, including the CD4- and coreceptor-binding sites, and an inner domain site that is targeted by ADCC-active antibodies. Hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to measure local structural dynamics across a panel of variable loop truncation mutants of HIV-1 gp120, including full-length gp120, ΔV3, ΔV1/V2, and extended core, which includes ΔV1/V2 and V3 loop truncations. CD4-bound full-length gp120 was also examined as a reference state. HDX-MS revealed a clear trend toward an increased level of order of the conserved subunit core resulting from loop truncation. Combined with biolayer interferometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of antibody-antigen binding, we demonstrate that an increased level of ordering of the subunit core was associated with better recognition by an array of antibodies targeting complex conformational epitopes. These results provide detailed insight into the influence of structural dynamics on antibody-antigen interactions and suggest the importance of characterizing the structural stability of vaccine candidates to improve antibody recognition of complex epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Thaddeus M. Davenport
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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25
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Tolbert WD, Gohain N, Veillette M, Chapleau JP, Orlandi C, Visciano ML, Ebadi M, DeVico AL, Fouts TR, Finzi A, Lewis GK, Pazgier M. Paring Down HIV Env: Design and Crystal Structure of a Stabilized Inner Domain of HIV-1 gp120 Displaying a Major ADCC Target of the A32 Region. Structure 2016; 24:697-709. [PMID: 27041594 PMCID: PMC4856543 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports a role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward transitional epitopes in the first and second constant (C1-C2) regions of gp120 (A32-like epitopes) in preventing HIV-1 infection and in vaccine-induced protection. Here, we describe the first successful attempt at isolating the inner domain (ID) of gp120 as an independent molecule that encapsulates the A32-like region within a minimal structural unit of the HIV-1 Env. Through structure-based design, we developed ID2, which consists of the ID expressed independently of the outer domain and stabilized in the CD4-bound conformation by an inter-layer disulfide bond. ID2 expresses C1-C2 epitopes in the context of CD4-triggered full-length gp120 but without any known neutralizing epitope present. Thus, ID2 represents a novel probe for the analysis and/or selective induction of antibody responses to the A32 epitope region. We also present the crystal structure of ID2 complexed with mAb A32, which defines its epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Tolbert
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maria L Visciano
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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26
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Yokoyama M, Nomaguchi M, Doi N, Kanda T, Adachi A, Sato H. In silico Analysis of HIV-1 Env-gp120 Reveals Structural Bases for Viral Adaptation in Growth-Restrictive Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:110. [PMID: 26903989 PMCID: PMC4746247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable V1/V2 and V3 loops on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope-gp120 core play key roles in modulating viral competence to recognize two infection receptors, CD4 and chemokine-receptors. However, molecular bases for the modulation largely remain unclear. To address these issues, we constructed structural models for a full-length gp120 in CD4-free and -bound states. The models showed topologies of gp120 surface loop that agree with those in reported structural data. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that in the unliganded state, V1/V2 loop settled into a thermodynamically stable arrangement near V3 loop for conformational masking of V3 tip, a potent neutralization epitope. In the CD4-bound state, however, V1/V2 loop was rearranged near the bound CD4 to support CD4 binding. In parallel, cell-based adaptation in the absence of anti-viral antibody pressures led to the identification of amino acid substitutions that individually enhance viral entry and growth efficiencies in association with reduced sensitivity to CCR5 antagonist TAK-779. Notably, all these substitutions were positioned on the receptors binding surfaces in V1/V2 or V3 loop. In silico structural studies predicted some physical changes of gp120 by substitutions with alterations in viral replication phenotypes. These data suggest that V1/V2 loop is critical for creating a gp120 structure that masks co-receptor binding site compatible with maintenance of viral infectivity, and for tuning a functional balance of gp120 between immune escape ability and infectivity to optimize HIV-1 replication fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tadahito Kanda
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan; Department of Research Promotion, Division of Infectious Disease Research, Japan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentTokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
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Deller MC, Kong L, Rupp B. Protein stability: a crystallographer's perspective. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 72:72-95. [PMID: 26841758 PMCID: PMC4741188 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15024619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein stability is a topic of major interest for the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and food industries, in addition to being a daily consideration for academic researchers studying proteins. An understanding of protein stability is essential for optimizing the expression, purification, formulation, storage and structural studies of proteins. In this review, discussion will focus on factors affecting protein stability, on a somewhat practical level, particularly from the view of a protein crystallographer. The differences between protein conformational stability and protein compositional stability will be discussed, along with a brief introduction to key methods useful for analyzing protein stability. Finally, tactics for addressing protein-stability issues during protein expression, purification and crystallization will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Deller
- Stanford ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Room 097, MC5082, Stanford, CA 94305-4125, USA
| | - Leopold Kong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 8, Room 1A03, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Department of Forensic Crystallography, k.-k. Hofkristallamt, 91 Audrey Place, Vista, CA 92084, USA
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Dynamic Viral Glycoprotein Machines: Approaches for Probing Transient States That Drive Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010015. [PMID: 26761026 PMCID: PMC4728575 DOI: 10.3390/v8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion glycoproteins that decorate the surface of enveloped viruses undergo dramatic conformational changes in the course of engaging with target cells through receptor interactions and during cell entry. These refolding events ultimately drive the fusion of viral and cellular membranes leading to delivery of the genetic cargo. While well-established methods for structure determination such as X-ray crystallography have provided detailed structures of fusion proteins in the pre- and post-fusion fusion states, to understand mechanistically how these fusion glycoproteins perform their structural calisthenics and drive membrane fusion requires new analytical approaches that enable dynamic intermediate states to be probed. Methods including structural mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy have begun to provide new insight into pathways of conformational change and fusion protein function. In combination, the approaches provide a significantly richer portrait of viral fusion glycoprotein structural variation and fusion activation as well as inhibition by neutralizing agents. Here recent studies that highlight the utility of these complementary approaches will be reviewed with a focus on the well-characterized influenza virus hemagglutinin fusion glycoprotein system.
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29
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Coevolution Analysis of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143245. [PMID: 26579711 PMCID: PMC4651434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Env spike is the main protein complex that facilitates HIV-1 entry into CD4+ host cells. HIV-1 entry is a multistep process that is not yet completely understood. This process involves several protein-protein interactions between HIV-1 Env and a variety of host cell receptors along with many conformational changes within the spike. HIV-1 Env developed due to high mutation rates and plasticity escape strategies from immense immune pressure and entry inhibitors. We applied a coevolution and residue-residue contact detecting method to identify coevolution patterns within HIV-1 Env protein sequences representing all group M subtypes. We identified 424 coevolving residue pairs within HIV-1 Env. The majority of predicted pairs are residue-residue contacts and are proximal in 3D structure. Furthermore, many of the detected pairs have functional implications due to contributions in either CD4 or coreceptor binding, or variable loop, gp120-gp41, and interdomain interactions. This study provides a new dimension of information in HIV research. The identified residue couplings may not only be important in assisting gp120 and gp41 coordinate structure prediction, but also in designing new and effective entry inhibitors that incorporate mutation patterns of HIV-1 Env.
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Influences on the Design and Purification of Soluble, Recombinant Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J Virol 2015; 89:12189-210. [PMID: 26311893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01768-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have investigated factors that influence the production of native-like soluble, recombinant trimers based on the env genes of two isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), specifically 92UG037.8 (clade A) and CZA97.012 (clade C). When the recombinant trimers based on the env genes of isolates 92UG037.8 and CZA97.012 were made according to the SOSIP.664 design and purified by affinity chromatography using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against quaternary epitopes (PGT145 and PGT151, respectively), the resulting trimers are highly stable and they are fully native-like when visualized by negative-stain electron microscopy. They also have a native-like (i.e., abundant) oligomannose glycan composition and display multiple bNAb epitopes while occluding those for nonneutralizing antibodies. In contrast, uncleaved, histidine-tagged Foldon (Fd) domain-containing gp140 proteins (gp140UNC-Fd-His), based on the same env genes, very rarely form native-like trimers, a finding that is consistent with their antigenic and biophysical properties and glycan composition. The addition of a 20-residue flexible linker (FL20) between the gp120 and gp41 ectodomain (gp41ECTO) subunits to make the uncleaved 92UG037.8 gp140-FL20 construct is not sufficient to create a native-like trimer, but a small percentage of native-like trimers were produced when an I559P substitution in gp41ECTO was also present. The further addition of a disulfide bond (SOS) to link the gp120 and gp41 subunits in the uncleaved gp140-FL20-SOSIP protein increases native-like trimer formation to ∼20 to 30%. Analysis of the disulfide bond content shows that misfolded gp120 subunits are abundant in uncleaved CZA97.012 gp140UNC-Fd-His proteins but very rare in native-like trimer populations. The design and stabilization method and the purification strategy are, therefore, all important influences on the quality of trimeric Env proteins and hence their suitability as vaccine components. IMPORTANCE Soluble, recombinant multimeric proteins based on the HIV-1 env gene are current candidate immunogens for vaccine trials in humans. These proteins are generally designed to mimic the native trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) that is the target of virus-neutralizing antibodies on the surfaces of virions. The underlying hypothesis is that an Env-mimetic protein may be able to induce antibodies that can neutralize the virus broadly and potently enough for a vaccine to be protective. Multiple different designs for Env-mimetic trimers have been put forth. Here, we used the CZA97.012 and 92UG037.8 env genes to compare some of these designs and determine which ones best mimic virus-associated Env trimers. We conclude that the most widely used versions of CZA97.012 and 92UG037.8 oligomeric Env proteins do not resemble the trimeric Env glycoprotein on HIV-1 viruses, which has implications for the design and interpretation of ongoing or proposed clinical trials of these proteins.
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Stansell E, Panico M, Canis K, Pang PC, Bouché L, Binet D, O'Connor MJ, Chertova E, Bess J, Lifson JD, Haslam SM, Morris HR, Desrosiers RC, Dell A. Gp120 on HIV-1 Virions Lacks O-Linked Carbohydrate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124784. [PMID: 25915761 PMCID: PMC4410959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As HIV-1-encoded envelope protein traverses the secretory pathway, it may be modified with N- and O-linked carbohydrate. When the gp120s of HIV-1 NL4-3, HIV-1 YU2, HIV-1 Bal, HIV-1 JRFL, and HIV-1 JRCSF were expressed as secreted proteins, the threonine at consensus position 499 was found to be O-glycosylated. For SIVmac239, the corresponding threonine was also glycosylated when gp120 was recombinantly expressed. Similarly-positioned, highly-conserved threonines in the influenza A virus H1N1 HA1 and H5N1 HA1 envelope proteins were also found to carry O-glycans when expressed as secreted proteins. In all cases, the threonines were modified predominantly with disialylated core 1 glycans, together with related core 1 and core 2 structures. Secreted HIV-1 gp140 was modified to a lesser extent with mainly monosialylated core 1 O-glycans, suggesting that the ectodomain of the gp41 transmembrane component may limit the accessibility of Thr499 to glycosyltransferases. In striking contrast to these findings, gp120 on purified virions of HIV-1 Bal and SIV CP-MAC lacked any detectable O-glycosylation of the C-terminal threonine. Our results indicate the absence of O-linked carbohydrates on Thr499 as it exists on the surface of virions and suggest caution in the interpretation of analyses of post-translational modifications that utilize recombinant forms of envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Stansell
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, 01772, United States of America
| | - Maria Panico
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Canis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Poh-Choo Pang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bouché
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Binet
- MS-RTC (Mass Spectrometry Research and Training Centre), Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael-John O'Connor
- MS-RTC (Mass Spectrometry Research and Training Centre), Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard R. Morris
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- MS-RTC (Mass Spectrometry Research and Training Centre), Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, 01772, United States of America
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Guttman M, Cupo A, Julien JP, Sanders RW, Wilson IA, Moore JP, Lee KK. Antibody potency relates to the ability to recognize the closed, pre-fusion form of HIV Env. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6144. [PMID: 25652336 PMCID: PMC4338595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV’s envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for neutralizing antibodies. The structures of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in complex with truncated Env subunits or components have been reported. However, their interaction with the intact Env trimer, and the structural determinants that underlie neutralization resistance in this more native context are less well understood. Here we use hydrogen/deuterium-exchange to examine the interactions between a panel of bNAbs and native-like Env trimers (SOSIP.664 trimers). Highly potent bNAbs cause only localized effects at their binding interface, while the binding of less potent antibodies is associated with elaborate changes throughout the trimer. In conjunction with binding kinetics, our results suggest that poorly neutralizing antibodies can only bind when the trimer transiently samples an open state. We propose that the kinetics of such opening motions varies among isolates, with Env from neutralization-sensitive viruses opening more frequently than Env from resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- 1] Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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33
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Langley DR, Kimura SR, Sivaprakasam P, Zhou N, Dicker I, McAuliffe B, Wang T, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA, Krystal M. Homology models of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 bound to gp120 suggest a unique mechanism of action. Proteins 2014; 83:331-50. [PMID: 25401969 PMCID: PMC4681349 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120 undergoes multiple conformational changes both before and after binding to the host CD4 receptor. BMS-626529 is an attachment inhibitor (AI) in clinical development (administered as prodrug BMS-663068) that binds to HIV-1 gp120. To investigate the mechanism of action of this new class of antiretroviral compounds, we constructed homology models of unliganded HIV-1 gp120 (UNLIG), a pre-CD4 binding-intermediate conformation (pCD4), a CD4 bound-intermediate conformation (bCD4), and a CD4/co-receptor-bound gp120 (LIG) from a series of partial structures. We also describe a simple pathway illustrating the transition between these four states. Guided by the positions of BMS-626529 resistance substitutions and structure-activity relationship data for the AI series, putative binding sites for BMS-626529 were identified, supported by biochemical and biophysical data. BMS-626529 was docked into the UNLIG model and molecular dynamics simulations were used to demonstrate the thermodynamic stability of the different gp120 UNLIG/BMS-626529 models. We propose that BMS-626529 binds to the UNLIG conformation of gp120 within the structurally conserved outer domain, under the antiparallel β20-β21 sheet, and adjacent to the CD4 binding loop. Through this binding mode, BMS-626529 can inhibit both CD4-induced and CD4-independent formation of the "open state" four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet, and the subsequent formation and exposure of the chemokine co-receptor binding site. This unique mechanism of action prevents the initial interaction of HIV-1 with the host CD4+ T cell, and subsequent HIV-1 binding and entry. Our findings clarify the novel mechanism of BMS-626529, supporting its ongoing clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Langley
- Computer Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, Connecticut
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Mutations in HIV-1 envelope that enhance entry with the macaque CD4 receptor alter antibody recognition by disrupting quaternary interactions within the trimer. J Virol 2014; 89:894-907. [PMID: 25378497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02680-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (SHIV) infection of macaques is commonly used to model HIV type 1 (HIV-1) transmission and pathogenesis in humans. Despite the fact that SHIVs encode SIV antagonists of the known macaque host restriction factors, these viruses require additional adaptation for replication in macaques to establish a persistent infection. Additional adaptation may be required in part because macaque CD4 (mCD4) is a suboptimal receptor for most HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants. This requirement raises the possibility that adaptation of HIV-1 Env to the macaque host leads to selection of variants that lack important biological and antigenic properties of the viruses responsible for the HIV-1 pandemic in humans. Here, we investigated whether this adaptation process leads to changes in the antigenicity and structure of HIV-1 Env. For this purpose, we examined how two independent mutations that enhance mCD4-mediated entry, A204E and G312V, impact antibody recognition in the context of seven different parental HIV-1 Env proteins from diverse subtypes. We also examined HIV-1 Env variants from three SHIVs that had been adapted for increased replication in macaques. Our results indicate that these different macaque-adapted variants had features in common, including resistance to antibodies directed to quaternary epitopes and sensitivity to antibodies directed to epitopes in the variable domains (V2 and V3) that are buried in the parental, unadapted Env proteins. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptation to mCD4 results in conformational changes that expose epitopes in the variable domains and disrupt quaternary epitopes in the native Env trimer. IMPORTANCE These findings indicate the antigenic consequences of adapting HIV-1 Env to mCD4. They also suggest that to best mimic HIV-1 infection in humans when using the SHIV/macaque model, HIV-1 Env proteins should be identified that use mCD4 as a functional receptor and preserve quaternary epitopes characteristic of HIV-1 Env.
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35
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Distinct mechanisms regulate exposure of neutralizing epitopes in the V2 and V3 loops of HIV-1 envelope. J Virol 2014; 88:12853-65. [PMID: 25165106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02125-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope (Env) are key components for protection against HIV-1. However, many cross-reactive epitopes are often occluded. This study investigates the mechanisms contributing to the masking of V2i (variable loop V2 integrin) epitopes compared to the accessibility of V3 epitopes. V2i are conformation-dependent epitopes encompassing the integrin α4β7-binding motif on the V1V2 loop of HIV-1 Env gp120. The V2i monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) display extensive cross-reactivity with gp120 monomers from many subtypes but neutralize only few viruses, indicating V2i's cryptic nature. First, we asked whether CD4-induced Env conformational changes affect V2i epitopes similarly to V3. CD4 treatment of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs but not to the V2i MAbs. Second, the contribution of N-glycans in masking V2i versus V3 epitopes was evaluated by testing the neutralization of pseudoviruses produced in the presence of a glycosidase inhibitor, kifunensine. Viruses grown in kifunensine were more sensitive to neutralization by V3 but not V2i MAbs. Finally, we evaluated the time-dependent dynamics of the V2i and V3 epitopes. Extending the time of virus-MAb interaction to 18 h before adding target cells increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs tested. Consistent with this, V2i MAb binding to Env on the surface of transfected cells also increased in a time-dependent manner. Hence, V2i and V3 epitopes are highly dynamic, but distinct factors modulate the antibody accessibility of these epitopes. The study reveals the importance of the structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes in determining HIV-1 neutralization by antibodies targeting these sites. IMPORTANCE Conserved neutralizing epitopes are present in the V1V2 and V3 regions of HIV-1 Env, but these epitopes are often occluded from Abs. This study reveals that distinct mechanisms contribute to the masking of V3 epitopes and V2i epitopes in the V1V2 domain. Importantly, V3 MAbs and some V2i MAbs display greater neutralization against relatively resistant HIV-1 isolates when the MAbs interact with the virus for a prolonged period of time. Given their highly immunogenic nature, V3 and V2i epitopes are valuable targets that would augment the efficacy of HIV vaccines.
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36
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Guttman M, Garcia NK, Cupo A, Matsui T, Julien JP, Sanders RW, Wilson IA, Moore JP, Lee KK. CD4-induced activation in a soluble HIV-1 Env trimer. Structure 2014; 22:974-84. [PMID: 24931470 PMCID: PMC4231881 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer undergoes receptor-induced conformational changes that drive fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Env conformational changes have been observed using low-resolution electron microscopy, but only large-scale rearrangements have been visible. Here, we use hydrogen-deuterium exchange and oxidative labeling to gain a more precise understanding of the unliganded and CD4-bound forms of soluble Env trimers (SOSIP.664), including their glycan composition. CD4 activation induces the reorganization of bridging sheet elements, V1/V2 and V3, much of the gp120 inner domain, and the gp41 fusion subunit. Two CD4 binding site-targeted inhibitors have substantially different effects: NBD-556 partially mimics CD4-induced destabilization of the V1/V2 and V3 crown, whereas BMS-806 only affects regions around the gp120/gp41 interface. The structural information presented here increases our knowledge of CD4- and small molecule-induced conformational changes in Env and the allosteric pathways that lead to membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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37
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Yoshimura K, Harada S, Boonchawalit S, Kawanami Y, Matsushita S. Impact of maraviroc-resistant and low-CCR5-adapted mutations induced by in vitro passage on sensitivity to anti-envelope neutralizing antibodies. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1816-1826. [PMID: 24795449 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate maraviroc (MVC)-resistant viruses in vitro using a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B clinical isolate (HIV-1KP-5) to understand the mechanism(s) of resistance to MVC. To select HIV-1 variants resistant to MVC in vitro, we exposed high-chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5)-expressing PM1/CCR5 cells to HIV-1KP-5 followed by serial passage in the presence of MVC. We also passaged HIV-1KP-5 in PM1 cells, which were low CCR5 expressing to determine low-CCR5-adapted substitutions and compared the Env sequences of the MVC-selected variants. Following 48 passages with MVC (10 µM), HIV-1KP-5 acquired a resistant phenotype [maximal per cent inhibition (MPI) 24%], whilst the low-CCR5-adapted variant had low sensitivity to MVC (IC50 ~200 nM), but not reduction of the MPI. The common substitutions observed in both the MVC-selected and low-CCR5-adapted variants were selected from the quasi-species, in V1, V3 and V5. After 14 passages, the MVC-selected variants harboured substitutions around the CCR5 N-terminal-binding site and V3 (V200I, T297I, K305R and M434I). The low-CCR5-adapted infectious clone became sensitive to anti-CD4bs and CD4i mAbs, but not to anti-V3 mAb and autologous plasma IgGs. Conversely, the MVC-selected clone became highly sensitive to the anti-envelope (Env) mAbs tested and the autologous plasma IgGs. These findings suggest that the four MVC-resistant mutations required for entry using MVC-bound CCR5 result in a conformational change of Env that is associated with a phenotype sensitive to anti-Env neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,AIDS Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,AIDS Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Samatchaya Boonchawalit
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,AIDS Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoko Kawanami
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The HIV-1 site of binding for the CD4 receptor has long attracted attention as a potential supersite of vulnerability to antibody-mediated neutralization. We review recent findings related to effective CD4-binding site antibodies isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals and discuss implications for immunogen design. RECENT FINDINGS Highly effective CD4-binding site antibodies such as antibody VRC01 have the ability to neutralize over 90% of circulating HIV-1 strains. Sequence and structural analysis of these antibodies from over half a dozen HIV-1-infected donors reveals remarkable similarity in their ontogenies and their modes of recognition, all of which involve mimicry of CD4 receptor by antibody-heavy chain. Meanwhile, other effective CD4-binding site neutralizers such as antibody CH103 have been shown to utilize a different mode of recognition, with next-generation sequencing of both virus and antibody suggesting co-evolution to drive the development of antibody-neutralization breadth. SUMMARY The nexus of information concerning the CD4-binding site and its recognition by human antibodies capable of effective neutralization has expanded remarkably in the last few years. Although barriers are substantial, new insights from donor-serum responses, atomic-level structures of antibody-Env complexes, and next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts are invigorating vaccine-design efforts to elicit effective CD4-binding site antibodies.
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39
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Dampier W, Antell G, Rivera N, Martin-Garcia J, Pirrone V, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Bioinformatic analysis of HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:132-61. [PMID: 24862329 PMCID: PMC4382797 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140526121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with respect to co-receptor utilization has been shown to be relevant to HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease. The CCR5-utilizing (R5) virus has been shown to be important in the very early stages of transmission and highly prevalent during asymptomatic infection and chronic disease. In addition, the R5 virus has been proposed to be involved in neuroinvasion and central nervous system (CNS) disease. In contrast, the CXCR4-utilizing (X4) virus is more prevalent during the course of disease progression and concurrent with the loss of CD4(+) T cells. The dual-tropic virus is able to utilize both co-receptors (CXCR4 and CCR5) and has been thought to represent an intermediate transitional virus that possesses properties of both X4 and R5 viruses that can be encountered at many stages of disease. The use of computational tools and bioinformatic approaches in the prediction of HIV-1 co-receptor usage has been growing in importance with respect to understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease, developing diagnostic tools, and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies focused on blocking viral entry. Current strategies have enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility relative to the prediction of co-receptor use; however, these technologies need to be improved with respect to their efficient and accurate use across the HIV-1 subtypes. The most effective approach may center on the combined use of different algorithms involving sequences within and outside of the env-V3 loop. This review focuses on the HIV-1 entry process and on co-receptor utilization, including bioinformatic tools utilized in the prediction of co-receptor usage. It also provides novel preliminary analyses for enabling identification of linkages between amino acids in V3 with other components of the HIV-1 genome and demonstrates that these linkages are different between X4 and R5 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102.
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40
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Guttman M, Weis DD, Engen JR, Lee KK. Analysis of overlapped and noisy hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectra. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1906-12. [PMID: 24018862 PMCID: PMC3855366 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Noisy and overlapped mass spectrometry data hinder the sequence coverage that can be obtained from hydrogen deuterium exchange analysis, and places a limit on the complexity of the samples that can be studied by this technique. Advances in instrumentation have addressed these limits, but as the complexity of the biological samples under investigation increases, these problems are re-encountered. Here we describe the use of binomial distribution fitting with asymmetric linear squares regression for calculating the accurate deuterium content for mass envelopes of low signal or that contain significant overlap. The approach is demonstrated with a test data set of HIV Env gp140 wherein inclusion of the new analysis regime resulted in obtaining exchange data for 42 additional peptides, improving the sequence coverage by 11%. At the same time, the precision of deuterium uptake measurements was improved for nearly every peptide examined. The improved processing algorithms also provide an efficient method for deconvolution of bimodal mass envelopes and EX1 kinetic signatures. All these functions and visualization tools have been implemented in the new version of the freely available software, HX-Express v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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41
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Wood NT, Fadda E, Davis R, Grant OC, Martin JC, Woods RJ, Travers SA. The influence of N-linked glycans on the molecular dynamics of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80301. [PMID: 24303005 PMCID: PMC3841175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycans attached to specific amino acids of the gp120 envelope trimer of a HIV virion can modulate the binding affinity of gp120 to CD4, influence coreceptor tropism, and play an important role in neutralising antibody responses. Because of the challenges associated with crystallising fully glycosylated proteins, most structural investigations have focused on describing the features of a non-glycosylated HIV-1 gp120 protein. Here, we use a computational approach to determine the influence of N-linked glycans on the dynamics of the HIV-1 gp120 protein and, in particular, the V3 loop. We compare the conformational dynamics of a non-glycosylated gp120 structure to that of two glycosylated gp120 structures, one with a single, and a second with five, covalently linked high-mannose glycans. Our findings provide a clear illustration of the significant effect that N-linked glycosylation has on the temporal and spatial properties of the underlying protein structure. We find that glycans surrounding the V3 loop modulate its dynamics, conferring to the loop a marked propensity towards a more narrow conformation relative to its non-glycosylated counterpart. The conformational effect on the V3 loop provides further support for the suggestion that N-linked glycosylation plays a role in determining HIV-1 coreceptor tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T. Wood
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Fadda
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Robert Davis
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oliver C. Grant
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joanne C. Martin
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simon A. Travers
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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42
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Guttman M, Lee KK. A functional interaction between gp41 and gp120 is observed for monomeric but not oligomeric, uncleaved HIV-1 Env gp140. J Virol 2013; 87:11462-75. [PMID: 23966389 PMCID: PMC3807357 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01681-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole antigenic feature on the surface of HIV and the target for the humoral immune system. Soluble, uncleaved gp140 Env constructs truncated at the transmembrane domain are being investigated intensively as potential vaccine immunogens by many groups, and understanding their structural properties is essential. We used hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry and small-angle X-ray scattering to probe structural order in a panel of commonly used gp140 constructs and matched gp120 monomers. We observed that oligomeric forms of uncleaved gp140, generally presumed to be trimeric, contain a protease-resistant form of gp41 akin to the postfusion, helical bundle conformation and appear to lack specific interactions between gp120 and gp41. In contrast, the monomeric form of gp140 shows significant stabilization of the gp120 inner domain imparted by the gp41 region, demonstrating excellent agreement with past mutagenesis studies. Moreover, the gp140 monomers respond to CD4 binding in manner that is consistent with the initial stages of Env activation: CD4 binding induces structural ordering throughout gp120 while loosening its association with gp41. The results indicate that uncleaved gp140 oligomers do not represent an authentic prefusion form of Env, whereas gp140 monomers isolated from the same glycoprotein preparations in many ways exhibit function and internal structural order that are consistent with expectations for certain aspects of native Env. gp140 monomers may thus be a useful reagent for advancing structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hamoudi M, Simon-Loriere E, Gasser R, Negroni M. Genetic diversity of the highly variable V1 region interferes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 envelope functionality. Retrovirology 2013; 10:114. [PMID: 24156625 PMCID: PMC3826872 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV envelope (Env) promotes viral entry in the host cell. During this process, Env undergoes several conformational changes to ensure its function. At the same time, the gp120 component of Env is the protein of the virus presenting the largest genetic diversity. Understanding how the virus maintains the balance between the competing requirements for maintenance of functionality and antigenic variation of this protein is central for the comprehension of its strategies of evolution and can highlight vulnerable aspects of its replication cycle. We focused on the variable domains V1 and V2 of the HIV-1 gp120 that are involved in conformational changes and are critical for viral escape from antibody neutralization. Results Despite the extensive sequence diversity found in the epidemic for these regions and their location on the external face of the protein, we observed that replacing V1V2 of one primary isolate with that of another severely interferes with Env functionality in more than half of the cases studied. Similar results were obtained for intra- and intersubtype chimeras. These observations are indicative of an interference of genetic diversity in these regions with Env functionality. Therefore, despite the extensive sequence diversity that characterizes these regions in the epidemic, our results show that functional constraints seem to limit their genetic variation. Defects in the V1V2 chimeras were not relieved by the insertion of the V3 region from the same isolate, suggesting that the decrease in functionality is not due to perturbation of potential coevolution networks between V1V2 and V3. Within the V1V2 domain, the sequence of the hypervariable loop of the V1 domain seems to be crucial for the functionality of the protein. Conclusions Besides the well-documented role of V1V2 in the interplay with the immune response, this work shows that V1 is also involved in the selection of functional envelopes. By documenting a compromise between the opposing forces of sequence diversification and retention of functionality, these observations improve our understanding of the evolutionary trajectories of the HIV-1 envelope gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matteo Negroni
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS, IBMC, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex, France.
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Wibmer CK, Bhiman JN, Gray ES, Tumba N, Abdool Karim SS, Williamson C, Morris L, Moore PL. Viral escape from HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies drives increased plasma neutralization breadth through sequential recognition of multiple epitopes and immunotypes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003738. [PMID: 24204277 PMCID: PMC3814426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the targets of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and understanding how these antibodies develop remain important goals in the quest to rationally develop an HIV-1 vaccine. We previously identified a participant in the CAPRISA Acute Infection Cohort (CAP257) whose plasma neutralized 84% of heterologous viruses. In this study we showed that breadth in CAP257 was largely due to the sequential, transient appearance of three distinct broadly neutralizing antibody specificities spanning the first 4.5 years of infection. The first specificity targeted an epitope in the V2 region of gp120 that was also recognized by strain-specific antibodies 7 weeks earlier. Specificity for the autologous virus was determined largely by a rare N167 antigenic variant of V2, with viral escape to the more common D167 immunotype coinciding with the development of the first wave of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Escape from these broadly neutralizing V2 antibodies through deletion of the glycan at N160 was associated with exposure of an epitope in the CD4 binding site that became the target for a second wave of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization by these CD4 binding site antibodies was almost entirely dependent on the glycan at position N276. Early viral escape mutations in the CD4 binding site drove an increase in wave two neutralization breadth, as this second wave of heterologous neutralization matured to recognize multiple immunotypes within this site. The third wave targeted a quaternary epitope that did not overlap any of the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope and remains undefined. Altogether this study showed that the human immune system is capable of generating multiple broadly neutralizing antibodies in response to a constantly evolving viral population that exposes new targets as a consequence of escape from earlier neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elin S. Gray
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nancy Tumba
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Salim S. Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM) and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and NHLS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Davenport TM, Guttman M, Guo W, Cleveland B, Kahn M, Hu SL, Lee KK. Isolate-specific differences in the conformational dynamics and antigenicity of HIV-1 gp120. J Virol 2013; 87:10855-73. [PMID: 23903848 PMCID: PMC3807424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01535-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. Much of the sequence diversity in the HIV-1 genome is concentrated within Env, particularly within its gp120 surface subunit. While dramatic functional diversity exists among HIV-1 Env isolates-observable even in the context of monomeric gp120 proteins as differences in antigenicity and immunogenicity-we have little understanding of the structural features that distinguish Env isolates and lead to isolate-specific functional differences, as crystal structures of truncated gp120 "core" proteins from diverse isolates reveal a high level of structural conservation. Because gp120 proteins are used as prospective vaccine immunogens, it is critical to understand the structural factors that influence their reactivity with antibodies. Here, we studied four full-length, glycosylated gp120 monomers from diverse HIV-1 isolates by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to probe the overall subunit morphology and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to characterize the local structural order of each gp120. We observed that while the overall subunit architecture was similar among isolates by SAXS, dramatic isolate-specific differences in the conformational stability of gp120 were evident by HDX-MS. These differences persisted even with the CD4 receptor bound. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbance assays (ELISAs) showed that disorder was associated with poorer recognition by antibodies targeting conserved conformational epitopes. These data provide additional insight into the structural determinants of gp120 antigenicity and suggest that conformational dynamics should be considered in the selection and design of optimized Env immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenjin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brad Cleveland
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria Kahn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
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The crystal structure of HIV CRF07 B'/C gp41 reveals a hyper-mutant site in the middle of HR2 heptad repeat. Virology 2013; 446:86-94. [PMID: 24074570 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV CRF07 B'/C is a strain circulating mainly in northwest region of China. The gp41 region of CRF07 is derived from a clade C virus. In order to compare the difference of CRF07 gp41 with that of typical clade B virus, we solved the crystal structure of the core region of CRF07 gp41. Compared with clade B gp41, CRF07 gp41 evolved more basic and hydrophilic residues on its helix bundle surface. Based on sequence alignment, a hyper-mutant cluster located in the middle of HR2 heptads repeat was identified. The mutational study of these residues revealed that this site is important in HIV mediated cell-cell fusion and plays critical roles in conformational changes during viral invasion.
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Molecular architecture of the uncleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12438-43. [PMID: 23757493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307382110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, a membrane-fusing machine, mediates virus entry into host cells and is the sole virus-specific target for neutralizing antibodies. Binding the receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers Env conformational changes from the metastable unliganded state to the fusion-active state. We used cryo-electron microscopy to obtain a 6-Å structure of the membrane-bound, heavily glycosylated HIV-1 Env trimer in its uncleaved and unliganded state. The spatial organization of secondary structure elements reveals that the unliganded conformations of both glycoprotein (gp)120 and gp41 subunits differ from those induced by receptor binding. The gp120 trimer association domains, which contribute to interprotomer contacts in the unliganded Env trimer, undergo rearrangement upon CD4 binding. In the unliganded Env, intersubunit interactions maintain the gp41 ectodomain helical bundles in a "spring-loaded" conformation distinct from the extended helical coils of the fusion-active state. Quaternary structure regulates the virus-neutralizing potency of antibodies targeting the conserved CD4-binding site on gp120. The Env trimer architecture provides mechanistic insights into the metastability of the unliganded state, receptor-induced conformational changes, and quaternary structure-based strategies for immune evasion.
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Yewdell JW. To dream the impossible dream: universal influenza vaccination. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:316-21. [PMID: 23835048 PMCID: PMC3713083 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Year in and year out, influenza viruses exact a deadly and expensive toll on humanity. Current vaccines simply do not keep pace with viral immune evasion, providing partial protection, at best, among various age groups. A quantum leap in understanding the basic principles of the adaptive and innate immune responses to influenza viruses offers the opportunity to develop vaccines that forestall, and potentially ultimately defeat, influenza virus antigenic variation.
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Acharya P, Luongo TS, Louder MK, McKee K, Yang Y, Kwon YD, Mascola JR, Kessler P, Martin L, Kwong PD. Structural basis for highly effective HIV-1 neutralization by CD4-mimetic miniproteins revealed by 1.5 Å cocrystal structure of gp120 and M48U1. Structure 2013; 21:1018-29. [PMID: 23707685 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein and the CD4 receptor contains an unusual interfacial cavity, the "Phe43 cavity", which CD4-mimetic miniproteins with nonnatural extensions can potentially utilize to enhance their neutralization of HIV-1. Here, we report cocrystal structures of HIV-1 gp120 with miniproteins M48U1 and M48U7, which insert cyclohexylmethoxy and 5-hydroxypentylmethoxy extensions, respectively, into the Phe43 cavity. Both inserts displayed flexibility and hydrophobic interactions, but the M48U1 insert showed better shape complementarity with the Phe43 cavity than the M48U7 insert. Subtle alteration in the gp120 conformation played a substantial role in optimizing fit. With M48U1, these translated into a YU2-gp120 affinity of 0.015 nM and neutralization of all 180 circulating HIV-1 strains tested, except clade-A/E isolates with noncanonical Phe43 cavities. Ligand chemistry, shape complementarity, surface burial, and gp120 conformation act in concert to modulate binding of ligands to the gp120-Phe43 cavity and, when optimized, can effect near-pan-neutralization of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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A mechanistic understanding of allosteric immune escape pathways in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003046. [PMID: 23696718 PMCID: PMC3656115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike, which consists of a compact, heterodimeric trimer of the glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, is the target of neutralizing antibodies. However, the high mutation rate of HIV-1 and plasticity of Env facilitates viral evasion from neutralizing antibodies through various mechanisms. Mutations that are distant from the antibody binding site can lead to escape, probably by changing the conformation or dynamics of Env; however, these changes are difficult to identify and define mechanistically. Here we describe a network analysis-based approach to identify potential allosteric immune evasion mechanisms using three known HIV-1 Env gp120 protein structures from two different clades, B and C. First, correlation and principal component analyses of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified a high degree of long-distance coupled motions that exist between functionally distant regions within the intrinsic dynamics of the gp120 core, supporting the presence of long-distance communication in the protein. Then, by integrating MD simulations with network theory, we identified the optimal and suboptimal communication pathways and modules within the gp120 core. The results unveil both strain-dependent and -independent characteristics of the communication pathways in gp120. We show that within the context of three structurally homologous gp120 cores, the optimal pathway for communication is sequence sensitive, i.e. a suboptimal pathway in one strain becomes the optimal pathway in another strain. Yet the identification of conserved elements within these communication pathways, termed inter-modular hotspots, could present a new opportunity for immunogen design, as this could be an additional mechanism that HIV-1 uses to shield vulnerable antibody targets in Env that induce neutralizing antibody breadth.
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