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Meng X, Zhang J, Wan Z, Li T, Xie Q, Qin A, Shao H, Zhang H, Ye J. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in eastern and southern China during 2021-2023. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103939. [PMID: 38909507 PMCID: PMC11254719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As a highly infectious and contagious pathogen in chickens, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is currently grouped into nine genotypes (GI to GIX). However, the classification of serotypes of IBV is still not clear. In this study, 270 field strains of IBV were isolated from dead or diseased chicken flocks in eastern and southern China during January 2021 to April 2023. These isolated IBV strains could be classified into 2 genotypes, GI (including 5 lineages GI-1, GI-13, GI-19, GI-22, and GI-28) and GVI based on the complete S1 sequence. Further analysis showed that the GI-19, GI-13, GI-22, GI-28, and GVI were the dominant genotypes with the proportions of 61.48, 8.89, 8.89, 7.78, and 8.89% respectively, and the homology of S1 protein of these isolates ranged from 86.85 to 100% in GI-19, 92.22 to 100% in GI-13, 83.1 to 100% in GI-22, 94.81 to 100% in GI-28 and 90.0 to 99.8% in GVI, respectively. Moreover, cross-neutralization test with sera revealed that these isolates in GI-19 lineage could be classified into at least 3 serotypes according to the antigenic relationship. In addition, structure assay using PyMOL indicated that one mutation such as S120 in receptor binding site (RBD) of GI-19 might alter the antigenicity and conformation of S protein of IBV. Overall, our data demonstrate that not only multiple genotypes, but also multiple serotypes in a single genotype or lineage have been co-circulated in eastern and southern China, providing novel insights into the molecular evolution of the antigenicity of IBV and highlighting the significance of the selection of the dominant isolate for vaccine development in IBV endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Biotechnology Research laboratory, Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213168, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research laboratory, Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213168, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Marandino A, Mendoza-González L, Panzera Y, Tomás G, Williman J, Techera C, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Ramírez-Andoney V, Alonso-Morales R, Realpe-Quintero M, Pérez R. Genome Variability of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Mexico: High Lineage Diversity and Recurrent Recombination. Viruses 2023; 15:1581. [PMID: 37515267 PMCID: PMC10386725 DOI: 10.3390/v15071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that mutates frequently, leading to a contagious and acute disease that results in economic losses to the global poultry industry. Due to its genetic and serological diversity, IBV poses a challenge in preventing and controlling the pathogen. The full-length S1 sequence analysis identifies seven main genotypes (GI-GVII) comprising 35 viral lineages. In addition to the previously described lineage, a new GI lineage (GI-30) and two lineages from novel genotypes (GVIII-1 and GIX-1) have been described in Mexico. To prevent the spread of IBV outbreaks in a specific geographic location and select the suitable vaccine, it is helpful to genetically identify the circulating IBV types. Moreover, sequencing genomes can provide essential insights into virus evolution and significantly enhance our understanding of IBV variability. However, only genomes of previously described lineages (GI-1, GI-9, GI-13, and GI-17) have been reported for Mexican strains. Here, we sequenced new genomes from Mexican lineages, including the indigenous GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1 lineages. Comparative genomics reveals that Mexico has relatively homogenous lineages (i.e., GI-13), some with greater variability (i.e., GI-1 and GI-9), and others extremely divergent (GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1). The circulating lineages and intra-lineage variability support the unique diversity and dynamic of Mexican IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lizbeth Mendoza-González
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Realpe-Quintero
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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3
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Ameen SM, Adel A, Selim A, Magouz A, AboElKhair M, Bazid AH. A multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for differentiation of classical and variant II strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2729-2741. [PMID: 36175795 PMCID: PMC9741560 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes is essential for controlling infectious bronchitis (IB) disease, because vaccines that differ from the circulating strains might not provide efficient cross-protection. In Egypt, IBV strain typing is a difficult process, due to the widespread distribution of four genotype lineages (GI-13, GI-23, GI-1, and GI-16), which may contribute to IBV vaccination failure. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mRT-qPCR) assay that targets highly conserved areas of the S1 gene in order to detect classical (G1) and Egyptian variant II (G23) strains in allantoic fluids and clinical samples. The viral genotyping technique was assessed using commercially available vaccines as well as local strains, and 16 field isolates were tested to investigate its clinical applicability. The assay was found to be specific for the detection of classical and VAR II strains and did not detect the VAR I strain or other avian pathogens such as Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus (H9N2 and H5N8), or infectious bursal disease virus. The results also showed that 28 out of 41 samples tested positive for IBV utilizing rt-qRT-PCR targeting the N gene and that 26 out of the 28 positive samples were genotyped by mRT-qPCR targeting the S1 gene, whereas the remaining two samples that were not genotyped were VAR 1 (4/91) and VAR I (793/B). Interestingly, the testing could identify combined infections in one sample, indicating a mixed infection with both genotypes. The real-time RT-PCR assay could detect viral RNA at concentrations as low as 102 EID50 /ml for both classical and variant II. This assay is rapid, specific, and sensitive. It appears to be a valuable tool for regular disease monitoring that can be used to differentiate as well as identify viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Ameen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, PO Box 246, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, PO Box 246, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Abdullah Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, PO Box 246, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Mohammed AboElKhair
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897 Egypt
| | - AbdelHamid H. Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897 Egypt
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4
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Marandino A, Pérez R. Genetic and Antigenic Diversity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in South America. Avian Dis 2021; 65:624-630. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Wong NA, Saier MH. The SARS-Coronavirus Infection Cycle: A Survey of Viral Membrane Proteins, Their Functional Interactions and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1308. [PMID: 33525632 PMCID: PMC7865831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel epidemic strain of Betacoronavirus that is responsible for the current viral pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global health crisis. Other epidemic Betacoronaviruses include the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 and the 2009 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the genomes of which, particularly that of SARS-CoV-1, are similar to that of the 2019 SARS-CoV-2. In this extensive review, we document the most recent information on Coronavirus proteins, with emphasis on the membrane proteins in the Coronaviridae family. We include information on their structures, functions, and participation in pathogenesis. While the shared proteins among the different coronaviruses may vary in structure and function, they all seem to be multifunctional, a common theme interconnecting these viruses. Many transmembrane proteins encoded within the SARS-CoV-2 genome play important roles in the infection cycle while others have functions yet to be understood. We compare the various structural and nonstructural proteins within the Coronaviridae family to elucidate potential overlaps and parallels in function, focusing primarily on the transmembrane proteins and their influences on host membrane arrangements, secretory pathways, cellular growth inhibition, cell death and immune responses during the viral replication cycle. We also offer bioinformatic analyses of potential viroporin activities of the membrane proteins and their sequence similarities to the Envelope (E) protein. In the last major part of the review, we discuss complement, stimulation of inflammation, and immune evasion/suppression that leads to CoV-derived severe disease and mortality. The overall pathogenesis and disease progression of CoVs is put into perspective by indicating several stages in the resulting infection process in which both host and antiviral therapies could be targeted to block the viral cycle. Lastly, we discuss the development of adaptive immunity against various structural proteins, indicating specific vulnerable regions in the proteins. We discuss current CoV vaccine development approaches with purified proteins, attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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6
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Ren G, Liu F, Huang M, Li L, Shang H, Liang M, Luo Q, Chen R. Pathogenicity of a QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China. Poult Sci 2020; 99:111-118. [PMID: 32416792 PMCID: PMC7111634 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is a serious and highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We isolated a highly virulent IBV strain (CK/CH/JS/TAHY) from kidneys of diseased chickens. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene revealed that CK/CH/JS/TAHY clustered with the QX-like type. The S1 gene has 1,620 nucleotides and encoded a polypeptide of 540 amino acids with typical coronavirus cleavage recognition sites of HRRR. About 1-day-old specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens inoculated with CK/CH/JS/TAHY at 105.5 EID50 exhibited clinical signs including coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and tracheal vocalization accompanied by depression with 84% mortality and 100% morbidity. The kidneys of dead birds were swollen and pale and exhibited severe urate deposition. Histopathological examination revealed kidney hemorrhages, multifocal necrosis of the renal tubules and trachea with cilia loss, sloughing of epithelial cells, and edema of the lamina propria. IBV-specific antibodies appeared at 10 D post-infection. Chickens vaccinated with a CK/CH/JS/TAHY oil-emulsion vaccine showed 26.7% morbidity and 3% mortality indicating a protective effect. In conclusion, the IBV strain is a virulent avian IBV and that exhibited severe pathogenicity in chickens and is a vaccine candidate to prevent infection by Chinese QX-like nephropathogenic IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Miaorong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Huiqin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Meilan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing 526238, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526238, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Hamoud MM, Bazid AHI, Gamal AM, Laban SE, Abdel-Sabour MA, Nasr SAE, Zaki MM, Shabbir MZ, Zahran OK, Munir M. Emergence and genetic analysis of variant pathogenic 4/91 (serotype 793/B) infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt during 2019. Virus Genes 2019; 55:720-725. [PMID: 31372921 PMCID: PMC7088710 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks worldwide, with a significant impact on the poultry industry. The aim of the present study is to characterize an emerging variant pathogenic IBV originating from field outbreaks in vaccinated Egyptian layer flock. Samples were collected from disease-suspected flock with a history of administration of live and inactivated IBV vaccines (Ma5 type). Virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), after three successive passages, revealed typical IBV lesions such as curling and dwarfism. The reported isolate was identified by a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene and, further characterized by full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of the isolated virus within 4/91 genotype of GI-13 lineage. Deduced amino acid sequences identity revealed 75-76% and 88-90% similarity with the currently used classic (H120, Ma5, and M41) and variant vaccine strains (4/91 and CR88) in Egypt, respectively. Recombination analysis gave an evidence for distinct patterns of origin for the studied isolate providing another example of intra-genotypic recombination among IBVs and the first example of recombination within the GI-13 lineage in the Egyptian field. The studied isolate (IBV/CK/EG/Fadllah-10/2019) emerged as a result of recombination between the variant group (Egy/var I genotype, GI-23 lineage) as a major parent and the CR88 variant vaccine strain (4/91 genotype, GI-13 lineage) as minor parent. Our data suggest that both mutation and recombination may be contributing to the emergence of IBV variants which ascertain the importance of disease monitoring in vaccinated flocks as well as re-appropriation for the current vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hamoud
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Abdulrhman M Gamal
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samah E Laban
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa A E Nasr
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Manal M Zaki
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Z Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Osama K Zahran
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
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8
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Marandino A, Vagnozzi A, Craig MI, Tomás G, Techera C, Panzera Y, Vera F, Pérez R. Genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of infectious bronchitis virus in South America: implications for control programmes. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:270-277. [PMID: 30761909 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1583315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a persistent sanitary problem for the South American poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. The IBV single-stranded RNA genome has high rates of mutation and recombination that generate a notorious virus variability. Since most IBV vaccines are type-specific, there is a need for constant surveillance of the circulating lineages and knowledge about their genetic and antigenic properties. Here we present an integrative analysis that provides the pattern of genetic variation of the South American IBV strains and information about their antigenic characteristics. The genetic analysis was performed using the S1 complete coding sequences of all available South American strains, including newly obtained Argentine and Uruguayan field samples. Our phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses evidence that three main lineages (GI-1, GI-11 and GI-16) are extensively circulating in South American flocks. Strains of the GI-1 lineage (Massachusetts-type) were detected in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The GI-11 lineage is an exclusively South American lineage that emerged in the 1950s, and is the predominant lineage in Brazil and Uruguay at present. The GI-16 lineage emerged around 1979, and is currently circulating in most South American territories (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Colombia and Peru). The virus cross-neutralization test performed here reveals very low antigenic relatedness between GI-11 and GI-16 lineages (i.e. they are different serotypes). The results of this study extend our knowledge about the present and past IBV variability in South America and provide relevant elements to improve the control programmes by considering the genetic and antigenic attributes of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- b Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar Castelar , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Isabel Craig
- b Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar Castelar , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Federico Vera
- c Laboratorio Sanidad Aviar, INTA- E.E.A , Concepción del Uruguay , Entre Ríos , Argentina
| | - Ruben Pérez
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
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9
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Feng K, Wang F, Xue Y, Zhou Q, Chen F, Bi Y, Xie Q. Epidemiology and characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains circulating in southern China during the period from 2013-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6576. [PMID: 28747730 PMCID: PMC5529424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern China during the period from 2013–2015. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences from the isolated field strains were compared to 42 published references. Nucleotide homologies ranged from 63.1–99.9% and amino acid homologies ranging from 60.2–100%. At least seven IBV genotypes were co-circulating in commercial chicken farms in southern China. The IBV isolates were genetically diverse and underwent continuing evolution. The QX-type, TW I-type, and 4/91-type were the most common genotypes during the three-year observation period and accounted for 88.8% of the isolated strains. Notably, the prevalence of the TW I-type strains has been increasing in recent years and has become the most common genotype in China. The emergence of variant IBV strains can be attributed to recombination. Serologic analysis and antigenic 3D cartography of 4 reference and 14 field isolated strains indicated the surveyed IBVs had diverse serology types and that the serotype of the isolated QX-type and TW I-type strains was distinct from the vaccines strains. Therefore, long-term continuing surveillance is necessary for IBV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xue
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China.
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10
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Marandino A, Tomás G, Hernández M, Panzera Y, Craig MI, Vagnozzi A, Vera F, Techera C, Grecco S, Banda A, Hernández D, Pérez R. Development of RT-qPCR assays for the specific identification of two major genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 235:21-25. [PMID: 27181213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus, Coronaviridae) is a genetically variable RNA virus (27.6kb) that causes one of the most persistent respiratory disease in poultry. The virus is classified in genotypes with different epidemiological relevance and clinical implications. The present study reports the development and validation of specific RT-qPCR assays for the detection of two major IBV genotypes: South America I (SAI) and Asia/South America II (A/SAII). The SAI genotype is an exclusive and widespread South American lineage while the A/SAII genotype is distributed in Asia, Europe and South America. Both identification assays employ TaqMan probes that hybridize with unique sequences in the spike glycoprotein gene. The assays successfully detected all the assessed strains belonging to both genotypes, showing high specificity and absence of cross-reactivity. Using serial dilutions of in vitro-transcribed RNA we obtained acceptable determination coefficients, PCR efficiencies and relatively small intra- and inter-assay variability. The assays demonstrated a wide dynamic range between 10(1)-10(7) and 10(2)-10(7) RNA copies/reaction for SAI and A/SAII strains, respectively. The possibility to characterize a large number of samples in a rapid, sensitive and reproducible way makes these techniques suitable tools for routine testing, IBV control, and epidemiological research in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Isabel Craig
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Vera
- Laboratorio Sanidad Aviar, INTA- E.E.A, Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS 39288, USA
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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11
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Promkuntod N, Thongmee S, Yoidam S. Analysis of the S1 gene of the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) reveals changes in the IBV genetic groups circulating in southern Thailand. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:299-302. [PMID: 25983048 PMCID: PMC7111740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two IBV clusters in southern Thailand were the indigenous THA001 and QX-like viruses. The THA001-type viruses were predominant between 2008 and 2009. The QX-like IBV viruses replaced the THA001-type from 2009 to 2013. Single isolates related to Massachusetts and 4/91 viruses were also detected. Native chickens may have contributed to IB epidemiology.
The new variants of the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) produce a range of symptoms and cause global economic losses to the poultry industry. We investigated the S1 glycoprotein of 24 recent IBV isolates from chickens and demonstrated that two predominant genetic groups were circulating in southern Thailand between 2008 and 2013. Seven IBV variants, isolated from 2008 to 2009, were clustered in the Thailand THA001 group I while 15 IBV variants, isolated from 2009 to 2013, were classified into the QX-like group II. Moreover, a single isolate from a broiler was categorized into the Massachusetts-type, and an isolate from a layer belonged to the 4/91 type virus. Interestingly, both the IBV groups I and II were isolated from native chickens (62.5%) and caused a range of symptoms. Our results indicate that the QX-like viruses were predominant after 2009, replacing the THA001 type viruses. Furthermore, native chickens may contribute to the epidemiology of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Promkuntod
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Thungsong, Nahkon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand.
| | - S Thongmee
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Thungsong, Nahkon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand
| | - S Yoidam
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Thungsong, Nahkon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand
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12
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Marandino A, Pereda A, Tomás G, Hernández M, Iraola G, Craig MI, Hernández D, Banda A, Villegas P, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Phylodynamic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in South America. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1340-1346. [PMID: 25667323 PMCID: PMC7081071 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus of chickens that causes great economic losses to the global poultry industry. The present study focuses on South American IBVs and their genetic relationships with global strains. We obtained full-length sequences of the S1 coding region and N gene of IBV field isolates from Uruguay and Argentina, and performed Phylodynamic analysis to characterize the strains and estimate the time of the most recent common ancestor. We identified two major South American genotypes, which were here denoted South America I (SAI) and Asia/South America II (A/SAII). The SAI genotype is an exclusive South American lineage that emerged in the 1960s. The A/SAII genotype may have emerged in Asia in approximately 1995 before being introduced into South America. Both SAI and A/SAII genotype strains clearly differ from the Massachusetts strains that are included in the vaccine formulations being used in most South American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ariel Pereda
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Isabel Craig
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 97813, Pearl, MS 39288, USA
| | - Pedro Villegas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Feng K, Xue Y, Wang J, Chen W, Chen F, Bi Y, Xie Q. Development and efficacy of a novel live-attenuated QX-like nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in China. Vaccine 2015; 33:1113-20. [PMID: 25636916 PMCID: PMC7127481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We developed a live vaccine strain YX10p90 by passaging through chicken embryos. YX10p90 could provide better protection against the QX-like IBV in China. Amino acid substitutions and a deletion in the 3’-UTR may involve in attenuation.
In this study, we attenuated a Chinese QX-like nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain, YX10, by passaging through fertilized chicken eggs. The 90th passage strain (YX10p90) was selected as the live-attenuated vaccine candidate strain. YX10p90 was found to be safe in 7-day-old specific pathogen free chickens without induction of morbidity or mortality. YX10p90 provided nearly complete protection against QX-like (CH I genotype) strains and partial protection against other two major Chinese genotype strains. YX10p90 also showed no reversion to virulence after five back passages in chickens. An IBV polyvalent vaccine containing YX10p90 was developed and showed that it could provide better protection against major Chinese IBV virulent strains than commercial polyvalent vaccines. In addition, the complete genome sequence of YX10p90 was sequenced. Multiple-sequence alignments identified 38 nucleotide substitutions in the whole genome which resulted in 26 amino acid substitutions and a 110-bp deletion in the 3′ untranslated region. In conclusion, the attenuated YX10p90 strain exhibited a fine balance between attenuation and immunogenicity, and should be considered as a candidate vaccine to prevent infection of Chinese QX-like nephropathogenic IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yu Xue
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu 527439, PR China
| | - Jinglan Wang
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Langfang 065000, PR China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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14
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Analysis of S1 gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in southern China during 2011-2012. Virus Genes 2014; 49:292-303. [PMID: 25000989 PMCID: PMC7088760 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-two strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from diseased chickens at different farms in southern China during 2011–2012, and 66.1 % of the isolated strains were associated with typical nephritis. Analysis of the S1 gene sequences amplified from the 62 isolated strains together with 40 reference strains published in Genbank showed nucleotide homologies ranging from 63.5 to 99.9 % and amino acid homologies ranging from 57.9 to 100 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Chinese IBV strains were clustered into six distinct genetic groups (I–VI). Most of the isolated strains belonged to group I, and the isolation of group V strains was increased compared with an earlier period of surveillance. Current vaccine strains used in China (H120, H52, W93, and Ma5) formed the group Mass which is evolutionarily distant from Chinese isolates. Alignment of S1 amino acid sequences revealed polymorphic and diverse substitutions, insertions, and deletions, and the S1 protein of major pandemic strains contained 540 amino acids with a cleavage site sequence of HRRRR or RRF(L/S)RR. Further analysis showed that recombination events formed a new subgroup. Taken together, these findings suggest that various IBV variants were co-circulating and undergoing genetic evolution in southern China during the observation period. Therefore, long-term continuing surveillance is significantly important for prevention and control of IBV infection.
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15
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Complete genome sequence of an infectious bronchitis virus chimera between cocirculating heterotypic strains. J Virol 2013; 86:13887-8. [PMID: 23166279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02722-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, multiple serotypes and genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have been isolated and identified. In order to provide more information on the viral evolution of IBVs, a new virulent strain named GX-NN09032, isolated from Guangxi, China, in 2009, was sequenced, and phylogenetic and recombination analyses were conducted. Furthermore, potential recombination events associated with GX-NN09032 were found in four IBV strains, including GX-YL5, DY07, CK/CH/SD09/005, TC07-2. The present study suggested that GX-NN09032 might contribute to the emergence of modern IBV variants through recombination.
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16
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Ji J, Xie J, Chen F, Shu D, Zuo K, Xue C, Qin J, Li H, Bi Y, Ma J, Xie Q. Phylogenetic distribution and predominant genotype of the avian infectious bronchitis virus in China during 2008-2009. Virol J 2011; 8:184. [PMID: 21510909 PMCID: PMC3094301 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis (IB) caused unprecedented economic losses to the commercial chicken industry of China in 2008-2009. To investigate the prevalence of nephropathogenic IB in China, eighty IBV isolates from different provinces during 2008-2009 were identified by dwarf embryo test and RT-PCR. RESULTS The strains were mostly isolated in winter and spring with a wide age range of IB outbreaks, from 4 to 69 days. By the virus recovery trials, 70/80 of the strains resulted in the deaths or distresses of birds from nephritis. To learn more about the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the circulating field strains, the coding region of major spike 1 (S1) protein gene of these strains was RT-PCR amplified and sequenced. Compared to the published representative strains, nucleotides and amino acids sequence analysis indicated that the S1 genes of these strains and the reference strains displayed homologies ranging from 75.1% to 99.8% and from 73.1% to 99.8% respectively. S1 protein of the major pandemic strains contained 540 or 542 amino acids with the cleavage site of HRRRR or RRFRR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that recent field isolates of IBV in China were mostly belonged to A2-branch (QXIBV-branch) and HN08-branch, only one isolate was belonged to Gray-branch and M41-branch respectively. Most of the 80 strains showed evolutionarily distant from vaccine strains. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that nephropathogenic IBVs were mainly A2-like strains in China during 2008-2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingwei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527439, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kejing Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527439, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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17
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Zeshan B, Mushtaq MH, Wang X, Li W, Jiang P. Protective immune responses induced by in ovo immunization with recombinant adenoviruses expressing spike (S1) glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus fused/co-administered with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Vet Microbiol 2010; 148:8-17. [PMID: 20850939 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses associated with production inefficiencies and mortality in poultry industry worldwide. In the present report, the recombinant adenoviruses expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and S1 gene of nephropathogenic IBV were constructed and characterized. Then, the immunological efficacy and protection against homologous IBV challenge were assessed in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. The results showed that the chickens vaccinated in ovo with rAd-S1, rAd-GM-S1 (GM-CSF fused with S1 using glycine linkers) and rAd-GM-CSF plus rAd-S1 (co-administered) developed specific anti-IBV HI antibodies. Moreover, the fusion of the GM-CSF markedly increased spleen cell proliferation and IFN-γ production while mild increased in IL-4 production, which demonstrated the enhancement of cell-mediated immune responses. Following challenge with IBV, the chickens in the group vaccinated with rAd-S1 fused or co-administered with GM-CSF had fewer nephropathic lesions and showed 100% protection as compared to that of rAd-S1 alone which showed 70% protection. It indicated that the single dose in ovo vaccination of the GM-CSF fused or co-administered with S1 of IBV could enhance significantly the humoral, cellular immune responses and provide complete protection against nephropathogenic IBV challenge. This finding may provide basic information for effective in ovo vaccines design against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Zeshan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Guo Z, Wang H, Yang T, Wang X, Lu D, Li Y, Zhang Y. Priming with a DNA vaccine and boosting with an inactivated vaccine enhance the immune response against infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:84-9. [PMID: 20307574 PMCID: PMC7112948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The methods of repeated immunization with inactivated vaccines have been used widely to increase antibody protection against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). However, compared with DNA vaccines, these methods usually induce poor cellular responses. In the present study, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized intramuscularly with a DNA vaccine carrying the main IBV structural genes (pVAX1-S1, pVAX1-M, and pVAX1-N, respectively) and boosted with the IBV M41 strain inactivated vaccine to assess whether such a new strategy could enhance the immune responses against IBV. The protection efficacy of the DNA vaccine carrying different structural genes for priming was evaluated further. The chickens were immunized primely on day 7 and boosted 2 weeks later. After that, distribution of the DNA vaccine in vivo, the percentage of CD4+CD3+ and CD8+CD3+ subgroups of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, and the specific IgG and virus neutralizing antibodies were measured. Chickens were then challenged by the nasal-ocular route with the IBV M41 strain 4 weeks after booster immunization. The results demonstrated that priming with a DNA vaccine encoding nucleocapsid protein (pVAX1-N) and boosting with the inactivated IBV vaccine led to the dramatic augmentation of humoral and cellular responses, and provided up to 86.7% rate of immune protection, providing an effective approach to protect chickens from IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Guo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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19
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Zeshan B, Zhang L, Bai J, Wang X, Xu J, Jiang P. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a replication-defective infectious bronchitis virus vaccine using an adenovirus vector and administered in ovo. J Virol Methods 2010; 166:54-9. [PMID: 20219540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In ovo vaccination remains an attractive option for a cost effective, uniform and mass application of vaccines for commercial poultry. However, the vaccines which can be delivered safely by this method are limited and there is no currently licensed embryo-safe vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In this study, a recombinant adenovirus expressing the S1 gene of nephropathogenic IBV (rAd-S1) was constructed and the immune responses and protective efficacy against homologous challenge were evaluated after in ovo vaccination. The results showed that the rAd-S1 led to dramatic augmentation of humoral and cellular responses in birds vaccinated in ovo followed by an intramuscular inoculation. Both IFN-gamma and IL-4 in chicken's lymphocytes were produced by this strategy. Following challenge with IBV, the chickens vaccinated with recombinant adenovirus showed fewer nephropathic lesions and less severe clinical signs as compared to those receiving wild-type adenovirus or PBS. The construction of non-replicating human adenovirus vector encoding S1 gene of IBV and its in ovo delivery demonstrated the potential of an alternative vaccination strategy against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Zeshan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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20
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Li L, Xue C, Chen F, Qin J, Xie Q, Bi Y, Cao Y. Isolation and genetic analysis revealed no predominant new strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus circulating in South China during 2004-2008. Vet Microbiol 2009; 143:145-54. [PMID: 20022714 PMCID: PMC7117290 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from dead or diseased chickens at different chicken farms in South China during 2004–2008, of which the S1 gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene sequences of the isolated 27 strains together with 29 strains published in Genbank revealed that all IBV strains except for one isolated and one published were clustered into six distinct genotypes I-VI. 26 isolated strains belong to genotypes I, II, and III, forming a big phylogenetic branch without new predominant strains, whereas all five vaccine strains belong to genotype V that is evolutionarily distant from genotypes I, II, and III. The study of the protease cleavage motif within the S1 protein found 12 different cleavage motifs, of which 3 motifs are shared by both isolated and published strains, 2 motifs unique to isolated strains, and 7 motifs unique to published strains, further bolstering the notion of no new predominant strains. Alignment analysis of the S1 amino acid sequences indicated that the amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions are polymorphic and diverse, showing no sign of predominant genetic changes among the isolated strains. Taken together, there was no predominant new strain circulating in South China during 2004–2008. Nonetheless, circulating IBV strains have been continuously evolving with genetic compositions distant from vaccine strains; this explains why there have been constant but infrequent outbreaks in commercial flocks in South China during 2004–2008. Furthermore, in order to safe guard against the sudden emergence of new predominant strains, continuing surveillance of IBV strains circulating in the field is of extreme importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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21
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Jang JH, Sung HW, Song CS, Kwon HM. Sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses: identification of a novel phylogenetic group in Korea. J Vet Sci 2008; 8:401-7. [PMID: 17993755 PMCID: PMC2868157 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve Korean infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) were isolated in the field from chickens suspected of being carriers of infectious bronchitis between 2001 and 2003. The S1 glycoprotein genes of these IBV isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. These Korean IBV isolates were classified into three groups according to their RFLP patterns obtained using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. Half of the twelve isolates were similar to the KM91 RFLP pattern, which is a common pattern in Korea. Three more isolates were related to the Arkansas strain pattern, but with some unique variations. The other three viruses showed variant RFLP patterns. For a comparison with the published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains, amplified PCR products from the twelve isolates were cloned and sequenced. The Korean IBV field isolates had 71.2-99.7% nucleotide sequence homology with each other and 45.9-80.7% nucleotide sequence homology with non-Korean IBV strains. With respect to the deduced amino acid sequence, the Korean IBV isolates had 71.5-99.3% similarity with each other and 44.9-80.3% similarity with non-Korean IBV strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that some of the IBV isolates appear to belong to a new group, different from the non-Korean IBV strains or from previously isolated Korean IBV strains. Specifically, the new Korean IBV isolates K10217-03, K3-3 and K1255-03 represented a separate group. These findings suggest that the Korean IBVs appear to be continuously evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Jang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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22
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Dolz R, Pujols J, Ordóñez G, Porta R, Majó N. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Spain over a fourteen-year period. Virology 2008; 374:50-9. [PMID: 18215734 PMCID: PMC7103278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth molecular study of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) with particular interest in evolutionary aspects of IBV in Spain was carried out in the present study based on the S1 gene molecular characterization of twenty-six Spanish strains isolated over a fourteen-year period. Four genotypes were identified based on S1 gene sequence analyses and phylogenetic studies. A drastic virus population shift was demonstrated along time and the novel Italy 02 serotype was shown to have displaced the previous predominant serotype 4/91 in the field. Detailed analyses of synonymous to non-synonymous ratio of the S1 gene sequences of this new serotype Italy 02 suggested positive selection pressures might have contributed to the successful establishment of Italy 02 serotype in our country. In addition, differences on the fitness abilities of new emergent genotypes were indicated. Furthermore, intergenic sequences (IGs)-like motifs within S1 gene sequences of IBV isolates were suggested to enhance the recombination abilities of certain serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Dolz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Esfera UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Liu S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li C, Liu Q, Han Z, Zhang Q, Kong X, Tong G. Evaluation of the protection conferred by commercial vaccines and attenuated heterologous isolates in China against the CK/CH/LDL/97I strain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Vet J 2007; 179:130-6. [PMID: 17936045 PMCID: PMC7110898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Different serotypes of this virus show little cross-protection. The present study investigated the genotypic relationship between CK/CH/LDL/97I-type strains and reference IBVs based on S1 gene comparisons and the protection provided by vaccination with commercial vaccines and attenuated homologous and heterologous strains. Phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of S1 showed that CK/CH/LDL/97I-type virus might be a new serotype compared to vaccine strains and other types of IBV isolates in China. Protection efficacy was evaluated by morbidity, mortality, and virus re-isolation from the challenged chicks. Complete protection by IBV vaccination was provided by the homologous strain but sufficient respiratory protection was not provided by the commercial vaccines. Heterologous strains against CK/CH/LDL/97I challenge and the development of a vaccine against CK/CH/LDL/97I-type IBV will be necessary to control infectious bronchitis disease in poultry. Further development of the attenuated CK/CH/LDL/97I strain may provide a valuable contribution towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Liu S, Chen J, Han Z, Zhang Q, Shao Y, Kong X, Tong G. Infectious bronchitis virus: S1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in China and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from China. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:394-9. [PMID: 16990149 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600920984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entire S1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains used in China were compared with those of the IB virus isolates present in the field in China. The nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight IB vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/CH/LDT3/03, which was isolated from a teal (Anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different clusters and showed larger evolutionary distances, and indicated that they were of different genotypes. Four out of the eight vaccines, in addition to the Massachusetts type vaccine H120, were used for protection tests against challenge by the IB virus isolate tl/CH/LDT3/03. This revealed that each of the five IB vaccines induced poor protection against the teal isolate, as assessed by respiratory protection, clinical signs and mortality, indicating the necessity of developing vaccines from local strains for IB control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Dolz R, Pujols J, Ordóñez G, Porta R, Majó N. Antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the Italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus genotype. Avian Pathol 2006; 35:77-85. [PMID: 16595297 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600597295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of an epidemiological surveillance of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Spain, four Spanish field isolates showed high S1 spike sequence similarities with an IBV sequence from the GenBank database named Italy 02. Given that little was known about this new emergent IBV strain we have characterized the four isolates by sequencing the entire S1 part of the spike protein gene and have compared them with many reference IBV serotypes. In addition, cross-virus neutralization assays were conducted with the main IBV serotypes present in Europe. The four Spanish field strains and the Italy 02 S1 sequence from the NCBI database were established as a new genotype that showed maximum amino acid identities with the 4/91 serotype (81.7% to 83.7%), the D274 group that included D207, D274 and D3896 strains (79.8% to 81.7%), and the B1648 serotype (79.3% to 80%). Furthermore, on the basis of these results, it was demonstrated that the Italy 02 genotype had been circulating in Spain since as early as 1997. Based on the average ratio of synonymous:non-synonymous (dS/dN) amino acid substitutions within Italy 02 sequences, no positive selection pressures were related with changes observed in the S1 gene. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene suggested that the Italy 02 genotype has undergone a recombination event. Virus neutralization assays demonstrated that little antigenic relatedness (less than 35%) exists between Italy 02 and some of the reference IBV serotypes, and indicated that Italy 02 is likely to be a new serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Dolz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 43206 Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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26
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Alvarado IR, Villegas P, Mossos N, Jackwood MW. Molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in Colombia during 2003. Avian Dis 2006; 49:494-9. [PMID: 16404989 DOI: 10.1637/7202-050304r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates were recovered from broilers and layers from five geographic poultry regions in Colombia. The viruses were isolated from tracheas, lungs, and cecal tonsils of birds, previously vaccinated with the Massachusetts strain, that were showing respiratory signs. Further analysis of the IBV isolates was achieved by phylogenetic analysis comparing their deduced amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region 1 of the S1 gene with reference strains. Four unique genotype clusters containing isolates with indigenous genotypes were observed. One isolate was found to be the Connecticut genotype and three isolates were found to be the Massachusetts genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Alvarado
- Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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27
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Liu S, Chen J, Chen J, Kong X, Shao Y, Han Z, Feng L, Cai X, Gu S, Liu M. Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus from domestic peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and teal (Anas). J Gen Virol 2005; 86:719-725. [PMID: 15722532 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus-like viruses, designated peafowl/China/LKQ3/2003 (pf/CH/LKQ3/03) and teal/China/LDT3/2003 (tl/CH/LDT3/03), were isolated from a peafowl and a teal during virological surveillance in Guangdong province, China. Partial genomic sequence analysis showed that these isolates had the S-3-M-5-N gene order that is typical of avian coronaviruses. The spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes of pf/CH/LKQ3/03 had >99 % identity to those of the avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus H120 vaccine strain (Massachusetts serotype) and other Massachusetts serotype isolates. Furthermore, when pf/CH/LKQ3/03 was inoculated experimentally into chickens (specific-pathogen-free), no disease signs were apparent. tl/CH/LDT3/03 had a spike protein gene with 95 % identity to that of a Chinese infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolate, although more extensive sequencing revealed the possibility that this strain may have undergone recombination. When inoculated into chickens, tl/CH/LDT3/03 resulted in the death of birds from nephritis. Taken together, this information suggests that pf/CH/LKQ3/03 might be a revertant, attenuated vaccine IBV strain, whereas tl/CH/LDT3/03 is a nephropathogenic field IBV strain, generated through recombination. The replication and non-pathogenic nature of IBV in domestic peafowl and teal under field conditions raises questions as to the role of these hosts as carriers of IBV and the potential that they may have to transmit virus to susceptible chicken populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinding Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510246, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoulin Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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28
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Babcock GJ, Esshaki DJ, Thomas WD, Ambrosino DM. Amino acids 270 to 510 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein are required for interaction with receptor. J Virol 2004; 78:4552-60. [PMID: 15078936 PMCID: PMC387703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4552-4560.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), has recently been identified as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SARS-CoV appears similar to other coronaviruses in both virion structure and genome organization. It is known for other coronaviruses that the spike (S) glycoprotein is required for both viral attachment to permissive cells and for fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Here we describe the construction and expression of a soluble codon-optimized SARS-CoV S glycoprotein comprising the first 1,190 amino acids of the native S glycoprotein (S(1190)). The codon-optimized and native S glycoproteins exhibit similar molecular weight as determined by Western blot analysis, indicating that synthetic S glycoprotein is modified correctly in a mammalian expression system. S(1190) binds to the surface of Vero E6 cells, a cell permissive to infection, as demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, suggesting that S(1190) maintains the biologic activity present in native S glycoprotein. This interaction is blocked with serum obtained from recovering SARS patients, indicating that the binding is specific. In an effort to map the ligand-binding domain of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein, carboxy- and amino-terminal truncations of the S(1190) glycoprotein were constructed. Amino acids 270 to 510 were the minimal receptor-binding region of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein as determined by flow cytometry. We speculate that amino acids 1 to 510 of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein represent a unique domain containing the receptor-binding site (amino acids 270 to 510), analogous to the S1 subunit of other coronavirus S glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Babcock
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130, USA.
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29
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Naqi S, Gay K, Patalla P, Mondal S, Liu R. Establishment of Persistent Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection in Antibody-Free and Antibody-Positive Chickens. Avian Dis 2003; 47:594-601. [PMID: 14562886 DOI: 10.1637/6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in chickens. Establishment of a carrier state in IBV infection and the potential for the persistent virus to undergo mutations and recombination in chicken tissues have important consequences for disease management. Nevertheless, whether chickens can maintain persistent IBV infection in the absence of reinfection from exogenous sources or the presence of antibody in the host can modulate virus persistence remains unclear. Indeed, whether or not IBV genome can undergo genetic changes during in vivo infection has not been demonstrated experimentally. In the present study, IBV shedding and tissue persistence were monitored in individual chickens maintained under strict isolation that precluded reinfection from exogenous sources. In the first of two experiments, intranasal exposure of 6-wk-old antibody-free chickens to IBV vaccine virus resulted in intermittent shedding of the virus from both trachea and cloaca of individual birds for up to 63 days. Also, the virus was recovered from the internal organs (spleen, gonad, kidney, lung, cecal tonsil, and cloacal bursa) of six of eight birds killed at various intervals between 27 and 163 days postinoculation (DPI). In the second experiment, IBV exposure of 1-day-old maternal antibody-positive chicks led to periodic virus shedding from the trachea and cloaca in all chickens until 77 days; however, internal organs (lungs and kidneys) of only one of seven birds (killed at 175 DPI) were virus positive, suggesting that presence of antibody at the time of infection protects internal organs from IBV infection. When the lung and kidney isolates of IBV from the latter experiment were compared with the parent-vaccine virus, no changes in their antigenicity, tissue tropism, or the nucleotide sequence of the S1 glycoprotein gene were observed. These findings indicate that, unlike the mammalian coronaviruses, propensity for frequent genetic change may not be inherent in the IBV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Naqi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Liu HJ, Lee LH, Shih WL, Lin MY, Liao MH. Detection of infectious bronchitis virus by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. J Virol Methods 2003; 109:31-7. [PMID: 12668265 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed to amplify the S1 and S2 genes of vaccine and recent Taiwanese isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). DNA fragments of 228 and 400 base pairs in length were amplified among IBV isolates in multiplex PCR, suggesting that there were no apparent deletions or insertions in these regions. No PCR products were amplified from unrelated avian viruses and negative controls. The results suggested that multiplex PCR provided a specific and sensitive approach for identification of IBV isolates. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable region (HVR) of S1 gene exhibited high variations among Taiwanese IBV isolates. The TWI and TWII groups were about 84-98 and 94-99% identity within the groups. American strains were most divergent sharing only 60% homology with TWI and TWII Taiwanese strains. The Mass group varied 0-10% among each other and had over 70% homology with TWI and TWII Taiwanese strains. A phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequences of the HVR of S1 gene revealed that Taiwanese IBV isolates had evolved into three groups (TWI, TWII, and Mass). This suggested that there were multiple groups of viruses cocirculating in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung J Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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31
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Abstract
The entire S2 gene of the DE072 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence was most similar to the D1466 strain and was 84.8% and 89.9% identity, respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity among the DE072 strain and other IBV strains was less than 71.9% and 76.6%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequence, showed that IBV isolates were divided into two distinct groups. The DE072 strain clustered only with the D1466 strain, and all of the other strains were distinct from those two viruses. Further the nucleotide sequence analysis of the entire spike glycoprotein gene of the DE072 strain demonstrated that most of the gene contained a D1466-like sequence, and five putative cross-over sites were identified. Based on cross-over site, phylogenetic trees were constructed for different regions of the spike gene, and a difference in topology between these trees was observed. Considering the difference in S2 gene sequence identity and tree topology, we assume that DE072 and D1466 viruses share a different origin from other isolates of IBV. Furthermore, entire spike gene analysis indicates that the DE072 strain has undergone recombination event as well as extensive antigenic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lee
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4875, USA
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32
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Callison SA, Jackwood MW, Hilt DA. Infectious bronchitis virus S2 gene sequence variability may affect S1 subunit specific antibody binding. Virus Genes 1999; 19:143-51. [PMID: 10541018 PMCID: PMC7089226 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008179208217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The S2 gene of several strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to the Arkansas, Connecticut, and Florida serotypes was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the S2 gene nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence data resulted in groups of strains that were the same as groupings observed when S1 sequence data was used. Thus, it appears that S2 subunits are conserved within a serotype but not between serotypes. Although the sequence differences were small, we found that only a few amino acid differences were responsible for different secondary structure predictions for the S2 subunit. It is likely that these changes create different interactions between the S1 and S2 subunits, which could affect the conformation of the S1 subunit where serotype specific epitopes are located. Based on this sequence data, we hypothesize that the S2 subunit can affect specific antibody binding to the S1 subunit of the IBV spike glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Callison
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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33
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Seo SH, Wang L, Smith R, Collisson EW. The carboxyl-terminal 120-residue polypeptide of infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protects chickens from acute infection. J Virol 1997; 71:7889-94. [PMID: 9311878 PMCID: PMC192145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7889-7894.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to nucleocapsid of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified by using target cells infected with a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector. Effector cells for CTL assays were collected from chickens infected with the Gray strain of IBV or inoculated with a DNA plasmid encoding nucleocapsid proteins. IBV-specific CTL epitopes were mapped within the carboxyl-terminal 120 amino acids of the nucleocapsid protein. CTL lysis of target cells infected with SFV encoding nucleocapsid was major histocompatibility complex restricted and mediated by CD8+ T cells. In addition, splenic T cells collected from chickens inoculated in the breast muscle with a DNA plasmid encoding this CTL epitope(s) recognized target cells infected with wild-type virus or an SFV vector encoding nucleocapsid proteins. CTL activity of splenic T cells collected from chicks immunized with a DNA plasmid encoding CTL epitopes was cross-reactive, in that lysis of target cells infected with serologically distinct strains of IBV was dose responsive in a manner similar to that for lysis of target cells infected with the homologous strain of IBV. Furthermore, chickens immunized with a DNA plasmid encoding a CTL epitope(s) were protected from acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Seo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467, USA
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34
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Kwon HM, Jackwood MW. Molecular cloning and sequence comparison of the S1 glycoprotein of the Gray and JMK strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 1995; 9:219-29. [PMID: 7597801 PMCID: PMC7089256 DOI: 10.1007/bf01702878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of S1 glycoprotein genes of the Gray and JMK strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were determined and compared with published sequences for IBV. The IBV Gray and JMK strains had 99% nucleotide sequence similarity. The overall nucleotide sequence similarity of the Gray and JMK strains compared with other IBV strains was between 82.0% and 87.4%. The similarity of the predicted amino acid sequence for the S1 glycoproteins of the Gray and JMK strains was 98.8%. Six of the 10 differences in the amino acid sequence were found between residues 99 and 127, suggesting a possible role for that region in the tissue trophisms of the viruses. The S1 glycoprotein of the Gray and JMK strains had 79.5%-84.6% amino acid similarity with the published sequence of other IBV strains. Serine instead of phenylalanine was observed in the protease cleavage site between the S1 and S2 glycoprotein subunits for the Gray and JMK strains, which was similar to the published sequence for the Ark99 and SE17 strains. The significance of that amino acid change is not known. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the Gray and JMK strains, the BsmAI restriction enzyme was selected by computer analysis and was used in restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to differentiate the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kwon
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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35
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Jia W, Karaca K, Parrish CR, Naqi SA. A novel variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination among three different strains. Arch Virol 1995; 140:259-71. [PMID: 7710354 PMCID: PMC7086685 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1994] [Accepted: 10/10/1994] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An antigenic variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, was isolated and characterized. This strain, CU-T2, possesses a number of unusual features, which have not been previously observed in IBV. The S1 glycoprotein of CU-T2 carries virus-neutralizing and serotype-specific epitopes of two IBV serotypes, Arkansas (Ark) and Massachusetts (Mass). Sequence analysis revealed that the virus, originally an Ark serotype, has acquired the Mass-specific epitope by mutation(s). This provides evidence that point mutations may lead to generation of IBV antigenic variants in the field. It was further observed that two independent recombination events involving three different IBV strains had occurred in the S2 glycoprotein gene and N protein gene of CU-T2, indicating that genomic RNA recombination in IBV may occur in multiple genes in nature. It was especially significant that a sequence of Holland 52 (a vaccine strain) had replaced half of the N gene of CU-T2. This proves that recombination among vaccine strains is contributing to the generation of IBV variants in the field. Based on these observations it is predicted that every IBV field isolate could have unique genetic nature. Therefore, several recently reported diagnostic and serotyping methods of IBV which are based on dot-blot hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may not reveal the true antigenic and/or genetic nature of IBV isolates, and may in fact yield misleading information.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jia
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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36
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Klumperman J, Locker JK, Meijer A, Horzinek MC, Geuze HJ, Rottier PJ. Coronavirus M proteins accumulate in the Golgi complex beyond the site of virion budding. J Virol 1994; 68:6523-34. [PMID: 8083990 PMCID: PMC237073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6523-6534.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing hypothesis is that the intracellular site of budding of coronaviruses is determined by the localization of its membrane protein M (previously called E1). We tested this by analyzing the site of budding of four different coronaviruses in relation to the intracellular localization of their M proteins. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) grown in Sac(-) cells, and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) grown in CrFK cells, all budded exclusively into smooth-walled, tubulovesicular membranes located intermediately between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, identical to the so-called budding compartment previously identified for MHV. Indirect immunofluorescence staining of the infected cells showed that all four M proteins accumulated in a perinuclear region. Immunogold microscopy localized MHV M and IBV M in the budding compartment; in addition, a dense labeling in the Golgi complex occurred, MHV M predominantly in trans-Golgi cisternae and trans-Golgi reticulum and IBV M mainly in the cis and medial Golgi cisternae. The corresponding M proteins of the four viruses, when independently expressed in a recombinant vaccinia virus system, also accumulated in the perinuclear area. Quantitative pulse-chase analysis of metabolically labeled cells showed that in each case the majority of the M glycoproteins carried oligosaccharide side chains with Golgi-specific modifications within 4 h after synthesis. Immunoelectron microscopy localized recombinant MHV M and IBV M to the same membranes as the respective proteins in coronavirus-infected cells, with the same cis-trans distribution over the Golgi complex. Our results demonstrate that some of the M proteins of the four viruses are transported beyond the budding compartment and are differentially retained by intrinsic retention signals; in addition to M, other viral and/or cellular factors are probably required to determine the site of budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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37
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Karaca K, Palukaitis P, Naqi S. Oligonucleotide probes in infectious bronchitis virus diagnosis and strain identification. J Virol Methods 1993; 42:293-300. [PMID: 8390475 PMCID: PMC7119523 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Genomic RNA fingerprints of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains M41 and Conn46 were prepared to identify T1 RNase-resistant oligonucleotides 'unique' to each of the two IBV strains. Such oligonucleotides were subsequently eluted from the gels and their nucleotide sequences determined. When oligonucleotide probes of those sequences were synthesized and used in a dot-blot hybridization assay, the probes lacked IBV strain-specificity and reacted with the RNAs of homologous as well as heterologous IBV strains. Based on these results, the methods used in this study need to be applied to a large number of oligonucleotide probes, to find one or a few that might be suitable as IBV strain- or serotype-specific oligonucleotide probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karaca
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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38
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Liu DX, Inglis SC. Association of the infectious bronchitis virus 3c protein with the virion envelope. Virology 1991; 185:911-7. [PMID: 1962461 PMCID: PMC7131586 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90572-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1991] [Accepted: 08/16/1991] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly purified radiolabeled preparation of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was analyzed, by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antisera, for the presence of a series of small virus proteins recently identified as the products of IBV mRNAs 3 and 5. One of these, 3c, a 12.4K protein encoded by the third open reading frame of the tricistronic mRNA3 was clearly detectable and was found to cofractionate with virion envelope proteins on detergent disruption of virus particles. These results, together with the hydrophobic nature of 3c and its previously demonstrated association with the membranes of infected cells, suggest strongly that 3c represents a new virion envelope protein, which may have counterparts in other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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39
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Kusters JG, Jager EJ, Niesters HG, van der Zeijst BA. Sequence evidence for RNA recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Vaccine 1990; 8:605-8. [PMID: 1708184 PMCID: PMC7131616 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90018-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Under laboratory conditions coronaviruses were shown to have a high frequency of recombination. In The Netherlands, vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is performed with vaccines that contain several life-attenuated virus strains. These highly effective vaccines may create ideal conditions for recombination, and could therefore be dangerous in the long term. This paper addresses the question of the frequency of recombination of avian coronavirus IBV in the field. A method was sought to detect and quantify recombination from sequence data. Nucleotide sequences of eight IBV isolates in a region of the genome suspected to contain recombination, were aligned and compared. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for different sections of this region. Differences in topology between these trees were observed, suggesting that in three out of eight strains in vivo RNA recombinant had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kusters
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Nagano H, Yagyu K, Ohta S. Purification of infectious bronchitis coronavirus by Sephacryl S-1000 gel chromatography. Vet Microbiol 1989; 21:115-23. [PMID: 2558440 PMCID: PMC7117437 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A procedure was developed to purify infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by gel chromatography (GC) with a Sephacryl S-1000 column. Virus samples concentrated by centrifugation were applied to a Sephacryl S-1000 column and eluted by 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.15 M NaCl. Virus particles were recovered mainly in the first peak. Purity of the samples was evaluated by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Using electron microscopy, it was found that there were more spike-rich particles in the virus samples purified by GC than in those purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (SDGC). In addition, the hemagglutination unit [log10 (infectivity titer/hemagglutination titer)] of GC-purified virus samples was approximately 10 times lower than that of SDGC-purified virus samples. These results indicate that Sephacryl S-1000 gel chromatography is useful for purification of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagano
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Kitasato Institute, Chiba, Japan
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41
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De Groot RJ, Van Leen RW, Dalderup MJ, Vennema H, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJ. Stably expressed FIPV peplomer protein induces cell fusion and elicits neutralizing antibodies in mice. Virology 1989; 171:493-502. [PMID: 2548329 PMCID: PMC7131253 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have established bovine papilloma virus (BPV)-transformed mouse C127 cell lines that synthesize the peplomer protein of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain 79-1146. For this purpose, a new cassette expression vector pHSL, which carries the Drosophila HSp70 promotor and the polyadenylation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat, was constructed. Cocultivation of the BPV-transformed cell lines with FIPV-permissive feline fcwf-D cells resulted in polykaryocyte formation. Since it depended on the presence of fcwf-D cells, binding of E2 to the cell receptor may be required for membrane fusion. E2 was synthesized as a core-glycosylated protein of 180K which was only slowly transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the medial Golgi: of the E2-molecules labeled during a 1-hr pulse about half was still completely sensitive to endoglycosidase H after a 2-hr chase, while the remaining E2 had been chased into multiple, partially endoglycosidase H-resistant forms. Immunofluorescence studies also indicated that most E2 was retained intracellularly. Mice immunized with whole lysates of the transformed cells produced FIPV-neutralizing antibodies as shown by plaque reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J De Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, State University Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Kusters JG, Niesters HG, Lenstra JA, Horzinek MC, van der Zeijst BA. Phylogeny of antigenic variants of avian coronavirus IBV. Virology 1989; 169:217-21. [PMID: 2466369 PMCID: PMC7131080 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1988] [Accepted: 07/17/1988] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sequences of the peplomeric S1 protein of four serologically distinct strains of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, have been determined. The S1 protein is thought to contain the serotype-specific neutralization epitopes and to be the main target of antigenic variation. An alignment with sequences of three strains published previously showed that from the 545 amino acid residues only 243 have been conserved. Clustering of substitutions suggests that most serotype determinants are located within the first 300 amino acid residues of S1. A phylogenetic tree of the S1 sequences showed very variable rates of divergence. Differences in topology with a tree based on RNAse-T1 fingerprint data indicate that some of the IBV strains have arisen by genetic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kusters
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Dea S, Garzon S, Tijssen P. Intracellular synthesis and processing of the structural glycoproteins of turkey enteric coronavirus. Arch Virol 1989; 106:239-59. [PMID: 2774975 PMCID: PMC7086967 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulse labeling of cells with [35S]methionine or [3H]glucosamine at different times after infection, followed by SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblotting analysis using rabbit anti-TCV hyperimmune serum, was used to resolve and identify TCV-induced intracellular proteins. The viral structural proteins (gp 200, gp 140/gp 66, gp 100/gp 120, p 52, and gp 24/p 20) were detected in radiolabeled cell extracts by 9 to 12 hours post-infection, as well as two possible non-structural proteins with apparent mol.wts. of 36,000 and 32,000. The predominant 52,000 nucleocapsid protein could be detected in cell lysates as soon as 6 to 8 hours after infection; it was initially resolved as a complex of 3 closely migrating species with mol.wts. ranging from 46,000 to 52,000. Pulse-chase and immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that gp 200 arose from a putative precursor with mol.wt. of 150,000 to 170,000, that underwent glycosylation. Proteolytic cleavage of gp 200, in turn, probably yielded the gp 100 and gp 120 species. The unique TCV hemagglutinin protein originated from a primary precursor with mol.wt. of 60,000, which underwent rapid dimerization by disulfide bond formation and glycosylation to yield gp 140. The peplomeric and matrix proteins were both shown to be N-glycosylated, as indicated by their sensitivity to tunicamycin (TM) and their resistance to sodium monensin (SM). In the presence of TM, proteins with mol.wts. of 90,000, 120-130,000, and 150,000 accumulated in TCV-infected cells rather than peplomeric glycoproteins, and the matrix protein E1 was only detected in its unglycosylated form. The addition of TM to the culture medium interfered with the maturation of progeny viral particles, as suggested by the absence of peplomers at the surface of the intravacuolar and extracellular virions, and the accumulation of amorphous material not found in the absence of the glycosylation inhibitor. High yields of virus replication were obtained, in the presence of SM, even at concentrations which greatly affected the cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dea
- Centre de Recherche en Médecine Comparée Université du Québec, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval-des-Rapides, Canada
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44
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Britton P, Cármenes RS, Page KW, Garwes DJ. The integral membrane protein from a virulent isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: molecular characterization, sequence and expression in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 1988; 2:497-505. [PMID: 2845226 PMCID: PMC7168440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/1988] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subgenomic mRNA from a virulent isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was used to produce cDNA clones. Part of a new clone and a previously reported clone were sequenced and used to construct the viral gene for integral membrane protein. A single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 262 amino acids, relative molecular mass (Mr) 29,459, was identified. The positive identification of the polypeptide as the integral membrane protein was demonstrated by the production in E. coli of a chimaeric protein comprising most of the ORF encoding the Mr 29,459 polypeptide and beta-galactosidase. The chimaeric protein reacted with a specific monoclonal antibody to viral integral membrane protein and antibodies raised against the chimaeric protein immune precipitated the viral protein. Comparison with the sequence of an avirulent isolate indicates amino acid residues that may be important in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Britton
- Division of Microbiology, AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Berkshire, UK
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45
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Niesters HG, Bleumink-Pluym NM, Osterhaus AD, Horzinek MC, van der Zeijst BA. Epitopes on the peplomer protein of infectious bronchitis virus strain M41 as defined by monoclonal antibodies. Virology 1987; 161:511-9. [PMID: 2446423 PMCID: PMC7131525 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen monoclonal antibodies (Mcabs) were prepared against infectious bronchitis virus strain M41, all of them reacting with the peplomer protein. One of them, Mcab 13, was able to neutralize the virus and to inhibit hemagglutination. Competition binding assays allowed the definition of five epitopes, designated as A, B, C, D, and E, of which epitopes A and B are overlapping. Furthermore, the binding of Mcab 13 (epitope E) could be enhanced by the addition of Mcabs from group B, C, and D. A dot immunoblot assay was used to analyze the effect of denaturation on antibody recognition of the epitopes. Only the binding of Mcab 13 was affected, indicating that the epitope involved in neutralization and hemagglutination is conformation dependent. The epitopes A to D were highly conserved among IBV strains, while epitope E was specific for strains M41 and D3896. In this last strain, however, this epitope was not involved in neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Niesters
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Machamer CE, Rose JK. A specific transmembrane domain of a coronavirus E1 glycoprotein is required for its retention in the Golgi region. J Cell Biol 1987; 105:1205-14. [PMID: 2821010 PMCID: PMC2114809 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.105.3.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The E1 glycoprotein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus contains a short, glycosylated amino-terminal domain, three membrane-spanning domains, and a long carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain. We show that E1 expressed from cDNA is targeted to the Golgi region, as it is in infected cells. E1 proteins with precise deletions of the first and second or the second and third membrane-spanning domains were glycosylated, thus suggesting that either the first or third transmembrane domain can function as an internal signal sequence. The mutant protein with only the first transmembrane domain accumulated intracellularly like the wild-type protein, but the mutant protein with only the third transmembrane domain was transported to the cell surface. This result suggests that information specifying accumulation in the Golgi region resides in the first transmembrane domain, and provides the first example of an intracellular membrane protein that is transported to the plasma membrane after deletion of a specific domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Machamer
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California 92138
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47
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de Groot RJ, Luytjes W, Horzinek MC, van der Zeijst BA, Spaan WJ, Lenstra JA. Evidence for a coiled-coil structure in the spike proteins of coronaviruses. J Mol Biol 1987; 196:963-6. [PMID: 3681988 PMCID: PMC7131189 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of the spike proteins from three distantly related coronaviruses have been deduced from cDNA sequences. In the C-terminal half, an homology of about 30% was found, while there was no detectable sequence conservation in the N-terminal regions. Hydrophobic "heptad" repeat patterns indicated the presence of two alpha-helices with predicted lengths of 100 and 50 A, respectively. It is suggested that, in the spike oligomer, these alpha-helices form a complex coiled-coil, resembling the supersecondary structures in two other elongated membrane proteins, the haemagglutinin of influenza virus and the variable surface glycoprotein of trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J de Groot
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Cavanagh D, Davis PJ. Coronavirus IBV: Relationships among recent European isolates studied by limited proteolysis of the Virion Glycopolypeptides. Avian Pathol 1987; 16:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458708436347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Abstract
The human respiratory coronavirus OC43 was grown on a human rectal tumor cell line and was isotopically labeled with amino acids, glucosamine, and orthophosphate to analyze virion structural proteins. Four major protein species were resolved by electrophoresis and many of their properties were deduced from digestion studies using proteolytic enzymes. The four proteins are: A 190 kDa protein, the presumed peplomeric protein, that was glycosylated and proteolytically cleavable by trypsin into subunits of 110 and 90 kDa. The subunits each represent a different amino acid sequence on the basis of peptide mapping; a 130 kDa protein that was glycosylated and behaved as a disulfide-linked dimer of 65 kDa molecules. It is the apparent virion hemagglutinin on the basis of digestion studies with trypsin, bromelain and pronase; a 55 kDa nucleocapsid protein that was phosphorylated; a 26 kDa matrix protein that was glycosylated. The 190, 130, 55 and 26 kDa species can therefore be designated P, H, N and M, respectively. They exist in molar ratios of 4:1:33:33, and are calculated to be present at the rate of 88, 22, 726, and 726 molecules per virion, respectively.
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50
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Jacobs L, van der Zeijst BA, Horzinek MC. Characterization and translation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus mRNAs. J Virol 1986; 57:1010-5. [PMID: 3005607 PMCID: PMC252834 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.1010-1015.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three protein species were identified in purified transmissible gastroenteritis virus particles (strain Purdue). They are thought to represent constituents of the peplomer (E2; molecular weights of 280,000 and 240,000), the envelope (E1; molecular weights of 28,000, 31,500, and 33,000), and the nucleocapsid (N; molecular weight of 48,000). In infected cells, proteins with molecular weights of 195,000 (E2), 48,000 (N), and 28,000 (E1) were detected. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N glycosylation, prevented the appearance of polypeptides with molecular weights of 195,000 and 28,000 in infected cells; instead, proteins with molecular weights of 160,000 and 25,000 were observed. One minor and five major mRNA species were detected in porcine cells after infection. Their size was determined to be 23.6 kilobases (kb) (RNA1), 8.4 kb (RNA3), 3.8 kb (RNA4), 3.0 kb (RNA5), 2.6 kb (RNA6), and 1.9 kb (RNA7). The RNAs were translated in vitro. RNA7 was shown to code for the N protein. Although complete separation of RNA6 could not be achieved, it was shown to encode an unglycosylated (molecular weight of 25,000) precursor of E1 (molecular weight of 28,000). RNA4 was translated into a nonstructural protein with a molecular weight of 24,000. Translation of RNA3 resulted in proteins with molecular weights of 250,000 and 130,000 and smaller molecules which could be precipitated with a monoclonal antibody directed against E2.
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