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Ma J, Liu J, Fu C, Huo Y. GII.6 norovirus major capsid protein VP1 derived from distinct clusters induce cross-blocking effects. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105617. [PMID: 38857640 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Unlike pandemic GII.4 norovirus, GII.6 norovirus shows limited sequence variation in its major capsid protein VP1. In this study, we investigated the VP1 expression profiles, binding abilities, and cross-blocking effects of three GII.6 norovirus strains derived from three distinct variants. Norovirus VP1 was expressed using a recombinant baculovirus expression system and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, salivary histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-virus like particles (VLPs) binding and binding blockade assays. Mass spectrometry revealed the expected molecular weight (MW) of full-length proteins and degraded or cleaved fragments of all three VP1 proteins. Peptide mapping showed loss of 2 and 3 amino acids from the N- and C-terminus, respectively. Further, the co-expression of VP1 and VP2 proteins did not lead to extra fragmentation during mass spectrometry. Salivary HBGA-VLP binding assay revealed similar binding patterns of the three GII.6 VP1 proteins. Salivary HBGA-VLP binding blockade assay induced cross-blocking effects. Our results demonstrate similar binding abilities against salivary HBGAs and specific cross-blocking effects for GII.6 norovirus strains derived from distinct variants, suggesting that fewer GII.6 strains from different evolutionary variants are needed for the development of norovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou), Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou), Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Fu
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou), Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou), Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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He X, Jiang N, Li Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that display norovirus P induce both systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibodies. Virology 2024; 594:110034. [PMID: 38460411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The human norovirus (HuNov) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) in the gastrointestinal tract interrupts the interaction between host cells and HuNov, thus inhibiting viral infection. In this study, we constructed a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) expressing the HuNov P protein (GII. 4) and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice after oral delivery. First, the recombinant S. cerevisiae (EBY100/pYD1-P) efficiently expressed P, as evidenced by western blotting and indirect fluorescent assay. Second, after oral administration, EBY100/pYD1-P, especially the high-dose group (5 × 109 clone formation units), elicited systemic and mucosal immune responses characterized by significant sera IgG, IgA, and mucosal sIgA. More importantly, these antibodies showed a substantial neutralization effect against P. Lastly, EBY100/pYD1-P induced significant P-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells and IL4-secreting T cells. Collectively, the recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing HuNov P is a promising mucosal vaccine candidate against HuNov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nianzhu Jiang
- School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Department of Biology of Mucosal Pathogen, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China; Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Liu J, Wang Z, Ma J, Ji S, Huo Y. Identification of a norovirus GII-specific antigenic epitope. Arch Virol 2024; 169:131. [PMID: 38819530 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the chief cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. By employing the major capsid protein VP1 of a GII.6 NoV strain as an immunogen, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with wide-spectrum binding activities against NoV genogroup II (GII) VP1 proteins. One mAb (10G7) could bind to native and denatured GII-specific VP1 proteins. The other mAb (10F2) could bind to all tested native GII VP1 proteins, but not to denatured GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, or GII.17 VP1 proteins. Using GII.6/GII.4 fusion proteins, the mAb 10F2 binding region was confirmed to be located in the C-terminal P1 domain. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on peptides covering the P domain did not detect any binding. Using a panel of VP1 proteins with swapped regions, deletions, and mutations, the mAb 10F2 binding region was determined to be located between residues 496 and 513. However, the residue(s) responsible for its varied binding affinity for different denatured GII VP1 proteins remain to be identified. In summary, two NoV GII-specific cross-reactive mAbs were generated, and their binding regions were determined. Our results might facilitate the detection and immunogenic study of NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Liu
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanzheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Cell to Antibody & antigen Biotechnology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Medical college, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Infectious Diseases Hospital, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Center for Translational Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
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4
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Chen Y, Jia Y, Zhu X, Xu L, Li H, Li H. Self-Powered Immunoassay of Norovirus in Human Stools by π-Electron-Rich Homojunction for Enhanced Charge Transfer. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2429-2439. [PMID: 38668680 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) stands as a significant causative agent of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis on a global scale, presenting a substantial threat to public health. Hence, the development of simple and rapid analytical techniques for NoV detection holds great importance in preventing and controlling the outbreak of the epidemic. In this work, a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor of NoV capsid protein (VP1) was proposed by the π-electron-rich carbon nitride homojunction (ER-CNH) as the photoanode. C4N2 ring derived from π-rich locust bean gum was introduced into the tri-s-triazine structure, creating a large π-delocalized conjugated carbon nitride homojunction. This strategy enhances the C/N atomic ratio, which widens light utilization, narrows the bandgap, and optimizes the electronic band structure of carbon nitride. By introduction of a π-rich conjugated structure, p-type domains were induced within n-type domains to build the internal electric field at the interface, thus forming a p-n homojunction to boost carrier separation and transfer. The ER-CNH photoanode exhibited excellent photoelectric performance and water oxidation capacity. Since VP1 inhibits the water oxidation of the ER-CNH photoanode, the open-circuit potential of the as-prepared PEC immunosensor system was reduced for detecting NoV VP1. The self-powered PEC immunosensor achieved a remarkably low detection limit (∼5 fg mL-1) and displayed high stability and applicability for actual stool samples. This research serves as a foundation concept for constructing immunosensors to detect other viruses and promotes the application of self-powered systems for life safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yunfan Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Rugao Senior High School, Rugao 226500, P. R. China
| | - Xingwang Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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5
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Kimura-Someya T, Katsura K, Kato-Murayama M, Hosaka T, Uchikubo-Kamo T, Ihara K, Hanada K, Sato S, Murayama K, Kataoka M, Shirouzu M, Someya Y. Structural analyses of the GI.4 norovirus by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography revealing binding sites for human monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 2024; 98:e0019724. [PMID: 38593321 PMCID: PMC11092324 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00197-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. There are neither antiviral therapeutic agents nor vaccines for noroviruses at this time. To evaluate the potential usefulness of two previously isolated human monoclonal antibody fragments, CV-1A1 and CV-2F5, we first conducted a single-particle analysis to determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of virus-like particles (VLPs) from the genogroup I genotype 4 (GI.4) Chiba strain uniformly coated with CV-1A1 fragments. The results revealed that the GI.4-specific CV-1A1 antibody bound to the P2 subdomain, in which amino acids are less conserved and variable. Interestingly, a part of the CV-1A1 intrudes into the histo-blood group antigen-binding site, suggesting that this antibody might exert neutralizing activity. Next, we determined the crystal structure of the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein in the complex form with the CV-2F5 antibody fragment. Consistent with the cross-reactivity, the CV-2F5 bound to the P1 subdomain, which is rich in amino acids conserved among the GI strains, and moreover induced a disruption of Chiba VLPs. These results suggest that the broadly reactive CV-2F5 antibody can be used as both a universal detection reagent and an antiviral drug for GI noroviruses. IMPORTANCE We conducted the structural analyses of the VP1 protein from the GI.4 Chiba norovirus to identify the binding sites of the previously isolated human monoclonal antibodies CV-1A1 and CV-2F5. The cryo-electron microscopy of the Chiba virus-like particles (VLPs) complexed with the Fv-clasp forms of GI.4-specific CV-1A1 revealed that this antibody binds to the highly variable P2 subdomain, suggesting that this antibody may have neutralizing ability against the GI.4 strains. X-ray crystallography revealed that the CV-2F5 antibody bound to the P1 subdomain, which is rich in conserved amino acids. This result is consistent with the ability of the CV-2F5 antibody to react with a wide variety of GI norovirus strains. It is also found that the CV-2F5 antibody caused a disruption of VLPs. Our findings, together with previous reports on the structures of VP1 proteins and VLPs, are expected to open a path for the structure-based development of antivirals and vaccines against norovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazushige Katsura
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Hosaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Ihara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Hanada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Hong X, Xue L, Cao Y, Xu R, Wang J, Gao J, Miao S, Jiang Y, Kou X. The variation of antigenic and histo-blood group binding sites synergistically drive the evolution among chronologically emerging GII.4 noroviruses. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26567. [PMID: 38463890 PMCID: PMC10920170 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus, commonly found on shellfish and vegetables, is a foodborne virus with GII.4 as the dominant genotype responsible for widespread outbreaks since 1995. Continuous variation of major capsid protein VP1 can lead to changes in the immunogenicity and host receptor binding ability of norovirus, which is an important evolutionary mechanism. Therefore, analyzing the immunogenicity of VP1 and its binding ability to various HBGAs in GII.4 variants could improve our understanding of the persistent prevalence of GII.4. Here, the results suggest that GII.4 has gradually enhanced its HBGAs binding ability over time for various types of receptors. Variants exhibit significantly stronger immune response to homologous mouse antiserum than heterologous ones, highlighting the importance of variation of antigenic and histo-blood group binding sites in driving the evolution of GII.4. These synergistic forces constantly lead to antigenic drift and changes in receptor binding, resulting in continuous emergence of new variant strains and sustained prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, China
| | - Yingwen Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiquan Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, China
| | - Shuidi Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Ma J, Liu J, Huo Y. Characterization of cleavage patterns and assembly of N-terminally modified GII.6 norovirus VP1 proteins. Arch Virol 2024; 169:55. [PMID: 38386207 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
When expressed in vitro, the major capsid protein VP1 of a norovirus (NoV) can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and its N-terminus can tolerate foreign sequences without the assembly being affected. We explored the effects of adding an N-terminal sequence to the VP1 of a GII.6 NoV strain on its cleavage and assembly. Sequences of varying lengths derived from the minor capsid protein VP2 were added to the VP1 N-terminus. Using a recombinant baculovirus expression system, the fusion proteins were expressed, and their cleavage patterns and assembly were analyzed using mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. All of the fusion proteins were successfully expressed and exhibited varying degrees of enzyme cleavage, most probably at the N-terminus. LC-MS results revealed that similar fragments were obtained for wild-type VP1 and fusion proteins, indicating that the cleavage sites were conserved. EM analysis indicated that VLPs of different sizes were successfully assembled for certain fusion proteins. The study data demonstrate that NoV VP1 can tolerate foreign sequences of a certain length at its N-terminus and that a conserved cleavage pattern exists, which might facilitate further investigation of the assembly and cleavage mechanisms of NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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9
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Salmen W, Hu L, Bok M, Chaimongkol N, Ettayebi K, Sosnovtsev SV, Soni K, Ayyar BV, Shanker S, Neill FH, Sankaran B, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Green KY, Parreño V, Prasad BVV. A single nanobody neutralizes multiple epochally evolving human noroviruses by modulating capsid plasticity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6516. [PMID: 37845211 PMCID: PMC10579229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by human noroviruses (HuNoVs) is a significant global health and economic burden and is without licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs. The GII.4 HuNoV causes most epidemics worldwide. This virus undergoes epochal evolution with periodic emergence of variants with new antigenic profiles and altered specificity for histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), the determinants of cell attachment and susceptibility, hampering the development of immunotherapeutics. Here, we show that a llama-derived nanobody M4 neutralizes multiple GII.4 variants with high potency in human intestinal enteroids. The crystal structure of M4 complexed with the protruding domain of the GII.4 capsid protein VP1 revealed a conserved epitope, away from the HBGA binding site, fully accessible only when VP1 transitions to a "raised" conformation in the capsid. Together with dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy of the GII.4 VLPs, our studies suggest a mechanism in which M4 accesses the epitope by altering the conformational dynamics of the capsid and triggering its disassembly to neutralize GII.4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Bok
- Virology Institute and Technology Innovation, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natthawan Chaimongkol
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaundal Soni
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sreejesh Shanker
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Virology Institute and Technology Innovation, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Shapiro JR, Andreani G, Dubé C, Berubé M, Bussière D, Couture MMJ, Dargis M, Hendin HE, Landry N, Lavoie PO, Pillet S, Ward BJ, D'Aoust MA, Trépanier S. Development and characterization of a plant-derived norovirus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6008-6016. [PMID: 37625992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of diarrheal episodes globally. Issues with in vitro cultivation systems, genetic variation, and animal models have hindered vaccine development. Plant-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) may address some of these concerns because they are highly immunogenic, can be administered by different routes, and can be rapidly produced to accommodate emerging viral strains. METHODS NoV VLPs (NoVLP) composed of the surface viral protein (VP) 1 of the GI and GII genogroups were produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based recombinant transient expression system. Leaves from infiltrated plants were harvested and NoVLPs were extracted and purified. The safety and immunogenicity of the GII.4 NoVLP, the genotype currently causing most human disease, were subsequently examined in rabbits and mice. RESULTS Fifteen GI and GII NoVLPs were successfully expressed in N. benthamiana and were structurally similar to NoV virions, as determined by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The NoVLP was well-tolerated, with no local or systemic signs of toxicity in rabbits. Three intramuscular doses of the GII.4 NoVLP adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced robust IgG titers, IgG-secreting cells, histo-blood group antigen blocking titers, and IFNγ-secreting T cells in mice. In addition to circulating antibodies, oral administration of the NoVLP in mice induced significant IgA levels in feces, indicative of a mucosal response. CONCLUSIONS The plant-made NoVLP vaccine was safe and immunogenic in mice and rabbits. Multi-modal vaccination, combining oral and intramuscular administration could be considered for future clinical development to maximize systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Charlotte Dubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Berubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Bussière
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hilary E Hendin
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada.
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11
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Strother CA, Brewer-Jensen PD, Becker-Dreps S, Zepeda O, May S, Gonzalez F, Reyes Y, McElvany BD, Averill AM, Mallory ML, Montmayeur AM, Costantini VP, Vinjé J, Baric RS, Bucardo F, Lindesmith LC, Diehl SA. Infant antibody and B-cell responses following confirmed pediatric GII.17 norovirus infections functionally distinguish GII.17 genetic clusters. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229724. [PMID: 37662930 PMCID: PMC10471973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genogroup II (GII) noroviruses are a major cause of diarrheal disease burden in children in both high- and low-income countries. GII.17 noroviruses are composed of distinct genetic clusters (I, II, IIIa, and IIIb) and have shown potential for replacing historically more prevalent GII.4 strains, but the serological basis for GII.17 antigenic diversity has not been studied in children. Utilizing samples from a birth cohort, we investigated antibody and B-cell responses to GII.17 cluster variants in confirmed GII.17 infections in young children as well as demonstrated that the distinct genetic clusters co-circulate. Polyclonal serum antibodies bound multiple clusters but showed cluster-specific blockade activity in a surrogate virus neutralization assay. Antibodies secreted by immortalized memory B cells (MBCs) from an infant GII.17 case were highly specific to GII.17 and exhibited blockade activity against this genotype. We isolated an MBC-derived GII.17-specific Immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal antibody called NVA.1 that potently and selectively blocked GII.17 cluster IIIb and recognized an epitope targeted in serum from cluster IIIb-infected children. These data indicate that multiple antigenically distinct GII.17 variants co-circulate in young children, suggesting retention of cluster diversity alongside potential for immune escape given the existence of antibody-defined cluster-specific epitopes elicited during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A. Strother
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Samantha May
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fredman Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Benjamin D. McElvany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - April M. Averill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anna M. Montmayeur
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verónica P. Costantini
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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12
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Feng Y, Pogan R, Thiede L, Müller-Guhl J, Uetrecht C, Roos WH. Fucose Binding Cancels out Mechanical Differences between Distinct Human Noroviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1482. [PMID: 37515170 PMCID: PMC10383637 DOI: 10.3390/v15071482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans and livestock is caused by noroviruses. Like most RNA viruses, frequent mutations result in various norovirus variants. The strain-dependent binding profiles of noroviruses to fucose are supposed to facilitate norovirus infection. It remains unclear, however, what the molecular mechanism behind strain-dependent functioning is. In this study, by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technology, we studied norovirus-like particles (noroVLPs) of three distinct human norovirus variants. We found differences in viral mechanical properties even between the norovirus variants from the same genogroup. The noroVLPs were then subjected to fucose treatment. Surprisingly, after fucose treatment, the previously found considerable differences in viral mechanical properties among these variants were diminished. We attribute a dynamic switch of the norovirus P domain upon fucose binding to the reduced differences in viral mechanical properties across the tested norovirus variants. These findings shed light on the mechanisms used by norovirus capsids to adapt to environmental changes and, possibly, increase cell infection. Hereby, a new step towards connecting viral mechanical properties to viral prevalence is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Feng
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronja Pogan
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) & Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty V: School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Lars Thiede
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) & Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty V: School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Müller-Guhl
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) & Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) & Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty V: School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Sion E, Ab-Rahim S, Muhamad M. Trends on Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles (HuNoV-VLPs) and Strategies for the Construction of Infectious Viral Clones toward In Vitro Replication. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1447. [PMID: 37511822 PMCID: PMC10381778 DOI: 10.3390/life13071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and sporadic cases in developing countries are attributable to infection by human norovirus (HuNoV), the enteric virus mainly transmitted via fecal-contaminated water. However, it has been challenging to study HuNoV due to the lack of suitable systems to cultivate and replicate the virus, hindering the development of treatments and vaccines. Researchers have been using virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious viral clones to overcome this challenge as alternatives to fresh virus isolates in various in vitro and ex vivo models. VLPs are multiprotein structures that mimic the wild-type virus but cannot replicate in host cells due to the lack of genetic materials for replication, limiting downstream analysis of the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. The development of in vitro cloning systems has shown promise for HuNoV replication studies. This review discusses the approaches for constructing HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, the techniques involved, and the challenges faced. It also highlights the relationship between viral genes and their protein products and provides a perspective on technical considerations for producing efficient HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, which could substitute for native human noroviruses in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Sion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudiana Muhamad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Lampinen V, Gröhn S, Soppela S, Blazevic V, Hytönen VP, Hankaniemi MM. SpyTag/SpyCatcher display of influenza M2e peptide on norovirus-like particle provides stronger immunization than direct genetic fusion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1216364. [PMID: 37424789 PMCID: PMC10323135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Virus-like particles (VLPs) are similar in size and shape to their respective viruses, but free of viral genetic material. This makes VLP-based vaccines incapable of causing infection, but still effective in mounting immune responses. Noro-VLPs consist of 180 copies of the VP1 capsid protein. The particle tolerates C-terminal fusion partners, and VP1 fused with a C-terminal SpyTag self-assembles into a VLP with SpyTag protruding from its surface, enabling conjugation of antigens via SpyCatcher. Methods To compare SpyCatcher-mediated coupling and direct peptide fusion in experimental vaccination, we genetically fused the ectodomain of influenza matrix-2 protein (M2e) directly on the C-terminus of norovirus VP1 capsid protein. VLPs decorated with SpyCatcher-M2e and VLPs with direct M2 efusion were used to immunize mice. Results and discussion We found that direct genetic fusion of M2e on noro-VLP raised few M2e antibodies in the mouse model, presumably because the short linker positions the peptide between the protruding domains of noro-VLP, limiting its accessibility. On the other hand, adding aluminum hydroxide adjuvant to the previously described SpyCatcher-M2e-decorated noro-VLP vaccine gave a strong response against M2e. Surprisingly, simple SpyCatcher-fused M2e without VLP display also functioned as a potent immunogen, which suggests that the commonly used protein linker SpyCatcher-SpyTag may serve a second role as an activator of the immune system in vaccine preparations. Based on the measured anti-M2e antibodies and cellular responses, both SpyCatcher-M2e as well as M2e presented on the noro-VLP via SpyTag/Catcher show potential for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vili Lampinen
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stina Gröhn
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saana Soppela
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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15
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Kawagishi T, Sánchez-Tacuba L, Feng N, Costantini VP, Tan M, Jiang X, Green KY, Vinjé J, Ding S, Greenberg HB. Mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies to norovirus induced in infant mice orally inoculated with recombinant rotaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214421120. [PMID: 36821582 PMCID: PMC9992845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214421120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) preferentially replicate in the small intestine and frequently cause severe diarrheal disease, and the following enteric infection generally induces variable levels of protective systemic and mucosal immune responses in humans and other animals. Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) is a simian RV that was previously used as a human RV vaccine and has been extensively studied in mice. Although RRV replicates poorly in the suckling mouse intestine, infection induces a robust and protective antibody response. The recent availability of plasmid only-based RV reverse genetics systems has enabled the generation of recombinant RVs expressing foreign proteins. However, recombinant RVs have not yet been experimentally tested as potential vaccine vectors to immunize against other gastrointestinal pathogens in vivo. This is a newly available opportunity because several live-attenuated RV vaccines are already widely administered to infants and young children worldwide. To explore the feasibility of using RV as a dual vaccine vector, we rescued replication-competent recombinant RRVs harboring bicistronic gene segment 7 that encodes the native RV nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) protein and a human norovirus (HuNoV) VP1 protein or P domain from the predominant genotype GII.4. The rescued viruses expressed HuNoV VP1 or P protein in infected cells in vitro and elicited systemic and local antibody responses to HuNoV and RRV following oral infection of suckling mice. Serum IgG and fecal IgA from infected suckling mice bound to and neutralized both RRV and HuNoV. These findings have encouraging practical implications for the design of RV-based next-generation multivalent enteric vaccines to target HuNoV and other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Veronica P. Costantini
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Ming Tan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
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16
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Ayyar BV, Ettayebi K, Salmen W, Karandikar UC, Neill FH, Tenge VR, Crawford SE, Bieberich E, Prasad BVV, Atmar RL, Estes MK. CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1148. [PMID: 36854760 PMCID: PMC9974061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by pandemic GII.4 human norovirus (HuNoV) strains with no approved therapies or vaccines available. The cellular pathways that these strains exploit for cell entry and internalization are unknown. Here, using nontransformed human jejunal enteroids (HIEs) that recapitulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, we show that infectious GII.4 virions and virus-like particles are endocytosed using a unique combination of endosomal acidification-dependent clathrin-independent carriers (CLIC), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-mediated lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane wound repair pathways. We found that besides the known interaction of the viral capsid Protruding (P) domain with host glycans, the Shell (S) domain interacts with both galectin-3 (gal-3) and apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), to orchestrate GII.4 cell entry. Recognition of the viral and cellular determinants regulating HuNoV entry provides insight into the infection process of a non-enveloped virus highlighting unique pathways and targets for developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 and VAMC, Lexington, KY, 40502, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Masuda A, Man Lee J, Miyata T, Sato S, Masuda A, Taniguchi M, Fujita R, Ushijima H, Morimoto K, Ebihara T, Hino M, Kakino K, Mon H, Kusakabe T. High yield production of norovirus GII.4 virus-like particles using silkworm pupae and evaluation of their protective immunogenicity. Vaccine 2023; 41:766-777. [PMID: 36528444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the major causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans. Virus-like particles (VLPs) without genomes that mimic the capsid structure of viruses are promising vaccine candidates for the prevention of NoVs infection. To produce large amounts of recombinant protein, including VLPs, the silkworm-expression vector system (silkworm-BEVS) is an efficient and powerful tool. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus that expresses VP1 protein, the major structural protein of NoV GII.4. Expression analysis showed that the baculovirus-infected silkworm pupae expressed NoV VP1 protein more efficiently than silkworm larval fat bodies. We obtained about 4.9 mg of purified NoV VP1 protein from only five silkworm pupae. The purified VP1 protein was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy to form VLPs of approximately 40 nm in diameter. Antisera from mice immunized with the antigen blocked NoV VLPs binding to histo-blood group antigens of pig gastric mucin and also blocked NoV infection in intestinal epithelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Our findings demonstrated that NoV VLP eliciting protective antibodies could be obtained in milligram quantities from a few silkworm pupae using the silkworm-BEVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichiban-cho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masuda
- Research and Development Household Products Research, Kao Corporation, Minato 1334, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Masahiro Taniguchi
- Research and Development Department, KAICO Ltd, 4-1 Kyudaishinmachi, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0388, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morimoto
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeru Ebihara
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Hino
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Kakino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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18
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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19
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Lou B, Liu Y, Shi M, Chen J, Li K, Tan Y, Chen L, Wu Y, Wang T, Liu X, Jiang T, Peng D, Liu Z. Aptamer-based biosensors for virus protein detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116738. [PMID: 35874498 PMCID: PMC9293409 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus threatens life health seriously. The accurate early diagnosis of the virus is vital for clinical control and treatment of virus infection. Aptamers are small single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNAs or RNAs). In this review, we summarized aptasensors for virus detection in recent years according to the classification of the viral target protein, and illustrated common detection mechanisms in the aptasensors (colorimetry, fluorescence assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical detection, and field-effect transistor (FET)). Furthermore, aptamers against different target proteins of viruses were summarized. The relationships between the different biomarkers of the viruses and the detection methods, and their performances were revealed. In addition, the challenges and future directions of aptasensors were discussed. This review will provide valuable references for constructing on-site aptasensors for detecting viruses, especially the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Meilin Shi
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yifu Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Dongming Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
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20
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Villabruna N, Izquierdo-Lara RW, Schapendonk CME, de Bruin E, Chandler F, Thao TTN, Westerhuis BM, van Beek J, Sigfrid L, Giaquinto C, Goossens H, Bielicki JA, Kohns Vasconcelos M, Fraaij PLA, Koopmans MPG, de Graaf M. Profiling of humoral immune responses to norovirus in children across Europe. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14275. [PMID: 35995986 PMCID: PMC9395339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis. More than 30 genotypes circulate in humans, some are common, and others are only sporadically detected. Here, we investigated whether serology can be used to determine which genotypes infect children. We established a multiplex protein microarray with structural and non-structural norovirus antigens that allowed simultaneous antibody testing against 30 human GI and GII genotypes. Antibody responses of sera obtained from 287 children aged < 1 month to 5.5 years were profiled. Most specific IgG and IgA responses were directed against the GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6 capsid genotypes. While we detected antibody responses against rare genotypes, we found no evidence for wide circulation. We also detected genotype-specific antibodies against the non-structural proteins p48 and p22 in sera of older children. In this study, we show the age-dependent antibody responses to a broad range of norovirus capsid and polymerase genotypes, which will aid in the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Villabruna
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ray W Izquierdo-Lara
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felicity Chandler
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Thi Nhu Thao
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda M Westerhuis
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janko van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Sigfrid
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julia A Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malte Kohns Vasconcelos
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Ross AG, Khanam F, Islam MT, Chowdhury F, Sleigh AC. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Enteropathogens in Returning Travelers. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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22
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Recent Advances in Early Diagnosis of Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis by Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070499. [PMID: 35884302 PMCID: PMC9313180 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis, as one of the main worldwide health challenges, especially in children, leads to 3–6 million deaths annually and causes nearly 20% of the total deaths of children aged ˂5 years, of which ~1.5 million gastroenteritis deaths occur in developing nations. Viruses are the main causative agent (~70%) of gastroenteritis episodes and their specific and early diagnosis via laboratory assays is very helpful for having successful antiviral therapy and reduction in infection burden. Regarding this importance, the present literature is the first review of updated improvements in the employing of different types of biosensors such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric for sensitive, simple, cheap, rapid, and specific diagnosis of human gastroenteritis viruses. The Introduction section is a general discussion about the importance of viral gastroenteritis, types of viruses that cause gastroenteritis, and reasons for the combination of conventional diagnostic tests with biosensors for fast detection of viruses associated with gastroenteritis. Following the current laboratory detection tests for human gastroenteritis viruses and their limitations (with subsections: Electron Microscope (EM), Cell Culture, Immunoassay, and Molecular Techniques), structural features and significant aspects of various biosensing methods are discussed in the Biosensor section. In the next sections, basic information on viruses causing gastroenteritis and recent developments for fabrication and testing of different biosensors for each virus detection are covered, and the prospect of future developments in designing different biosensing platforms for gastroenteritis virus detection is discussed in the Conclusion and Future Directions section as well.
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23
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Development of Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Detection of Human Norovirus Major Capsid Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071416. [PMID: 35891395 PMCID: PMC9319599 DOI: 10.3390/v14071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Norwalk viruses (HuNoVs), the most common etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis, are genetically diverse RNA viruses that frequently cause mass food poisoning internationally. Although nucleic acid detection methods, such as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), are the gold standard for the diagnosis of norovirus infection, alternative methods are needed for the specific and sensitive viral protein detection for rapid diagnosis and surveillance. In this study, we developed a robust and high-throughput targeted proteomic assay workflow to directly detect the VP1 major capsid protein of HuNoVs. A parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay using a high-resolution mass spectrometer was used to detect representative peptides derived from VP1 in six different HuNoV genotypes. An optimized protocol using synthesized heavy isotope-labeled peptides as internal standards was also used to simultaneously genotype and quantify the VP1 protein in human stool specimens. This method is expected to become a new tool for studying the molecular epidemiology of HuNoV and to shed new light on targeted proteomics in clinical practice.
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24
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Someya Y. Lewis b antigen is a common ligand for genogroup I norovirus strains. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1688-1695. [PMID: 35711036 PMCID: PMC9433824 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causative agents of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans. Ten genogroups of noroviruses have been identified to date, among which genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) noroviruses are major pathogens for humans. GI and GII noroviruses are further classified into nine and 27 genotypes, respectively. Noroviruses are well known to bind to histo‐blood group antigens (HBGAs). Many studies have revealed that virus‐like particles (VLPs) from different genotypes exhibit distinct patterns of HBGA binding, but the assay conditions used in these studies were not identical. To enable comparison of the binding to HBGA of nine GI genotypes, I purified VLPs from insect cells and analysed their HBGA‐binding profiles. Although each genotype exhibited a distinct pattern of HBGA binding, Lewis b antigen was commonly recognized by all of the genogroup I strains, suggesting that this antigen plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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25
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Ma J, Liu J, Zheng L, Wang C, Zhao Q, Huo Y. Sequence addition to the N- or C-terminus of the major capsid protein VP1 of norovirus affects its cleavage and assembly into virus-like particles. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105633. [PMID: 35700875 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is a leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and there are currently no effective therapeutics available to target the virus. The norovirus major capsid protein VP1 is a potential candidate for the development of vaccines due to the similar morphology and immunogenicity of its assembled virus-like particles (VLPs) compared to native virions. In this study, we explored the effects of N- and C-terminal sequence additions to the VP1 of a GII.4 NoV during its assembly into VLPs. A series of sequences of different lengths derived from the minor capsid protein VP2 of the GII.4 NoV were added to the N- and C-terminus of VP1. The fusion proteins were expressed using a recombinant baculovirus expression system and the assembly of the expressed fusion proteins was subsequently observed under electron microscopy (EM). Our results indicated that all constructed fusion proteins were successfully expressed with different degrees of enzyme cleavage at the N-terminus. Electron microscopy revealed the successful assembly of VLPs of different sizes for all fusion proteins. An in vitro binding assay for VLP-histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) indicated that all fusion proteins exhibited similar binding patterns compared with their wild-type VP1. Our results demonstrate that (Xi et al., 1990) [1] NoV VP1 can tolerate foreign sequences at its N- or C-terminus without affecting its ability to assemble into VLPs, and (Jiang et al., 1992) [2] that the cleavage pattern and effects of foreign sequences on the sizes of assembled VLPs observed in this study might represent important experimental data that can be used to elucidate VP1 self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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26
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A highly quantitative detection system for cell entry of human norovirus-like particles based on the complementation of NanoLuc luciferase. Virology 2022; 573:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Xu R, Cheng Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Zhu M, Qi X, Chen L, Han L. Aptamer-based signal amplification strategies coupled with microchips for high-sensitivity bioanalytical applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Tohma K, Ford-Siltz LA, Kendra JA, Parra GI. Dynamic immunodominance hierarchy of neutralizing antibody responses to evolving GII.4 noroviruses. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110689. [PMID: 35417705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradigm of RNA viruses is their ability to mutate and escape from herd immunity. Because antibody responses are a major effector for viral immunity, antigenic sites are usually under strong diversifying pressure. Here, we use norovirus as a model to study mechanisms of antigenic diversification of non-enveloped, fast-evolving RNA viruses. We comprehensively characterize all variable antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization and find that single neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) map to multiple antigenic sites of GII.4 norovirus. Interactions of multiple epitopes on the viral capsid surface provide a broad mAb-binding repertoire with a remarkable difference in the mAb-binding profiles and immunodominance hierarchy for two distantly related GII.4 variants. Time-ordered mutant viruses confirm a progressive change of antibody immunodominance along with point mutations during the process of norovirus evolution. Thus, in addition to point mutations, switches in immunodominance that redirect immune responses could facilitate immune escape in RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Lauren A Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Joseph A Kendra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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29
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Lin SC, Haga K, Zeng XL, Estes MK. Generation of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic knockout human intestinal tissue-derived enteroid lines by lentivirus transduction and single-cell cloning. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1004-1027. [PMID: 35197604 PMCID: PMC9059808 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal tissue-derived enteroids (HIEs; also called organoids) are a powerful ex vivo model for gastrointestinal research. Genetic modification of these nontransformed cultures allows new insights into gene function and biological processes involved in intestinal diseases as well as gastrointestinal and donor segment-specific function. Here we provide a detailed technical pipeline and protocol for using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system to knock out a gene of interest specifically in HIEs by lentiviral transduction and single-cell cloning. This protocol differs from a previously published alternative using electroporation of human colonoids to deliver piggyback transposons or CRISPR-Cas9 constructs, as this protocol uses a modified, fused LentiCRISPRv2-small-guiding RNA to express Cas9 and small-guiding RNA in a lentivirus. The protocol also includes the steps of gene delivery and subsequent single-cell cloning of the knockout cells as well as verification of clones and sequence identification of the mutation sites to establish knockout clones. An overview flowchart, step-by-step guidelines and troubleshooting suggestions are provided to aid the researcher in obtaining the genetic knockout HIE line within 2-3 months. In this protocol, we further describe how to use HIEs as an ex vivo model to assess host restriction factors for viral replication (using human norovirus replication as an example) by knocking out host attachment factors or innate immunity genes. Other applications are discussed to broaden the utility of this system, for example, to generate knockin or conditional knockout HIE lines to investigate the function of essential genes in many biological processes including other types of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoV transmission occurs predominantly by direct person-to-person contact, and its health burden is associated with poor hand hygiene and a lack of effective antiseptics and disinfectants. Specific therapies and methods to prevent and control HuNoV spread previously were difficult to evaluate because of the lack of a cell culture system to propagate infectious virus. This barrier has been overcome with the successful cultivation of HuNoV in nontransformed human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). Here, we report using the HIE cultivation system to evaluate the virucidal efficacy of an olanexidine gluconate-based hand rub (OLG-HR) and 70% ethanol (EtOH70%) against HuNoVs. OLG-HR exhibited fast-acting virucidal activity against a spectrum of HuNoVs including GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.4 Den Haag[P4], GII.4 New Orleans[P4], GII.3[P21], GII.17[P13], and GI.1[P1] strains. Exposure of HuNoV to OLG-HR for 30 to 60 s resulted in complete loss of the ability of virus to bind to the cells and reduced in vitro binding to glycans in porcine gastric mucin. By contrast, the virucidal efficiency of EtOH70% on virus infectivity was strain specific. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy of virus-like particles (VLPs) show that OLG-HR treatment causes partial disassembly and possibly conformational changes in VP1, interfering with histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding and infectivity, whereas EtOH70% treatment causes particle disassembly and clumping of the disassembled products, leading to loss of infectivity while retaining HBGA binding. The highly effective inactivation of HuNoV infectivity by OLG-HR suggests that this compound could reduce HuNoV transmission.
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31
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Ogunsakin RE, Ebenezer O, Ginindza TG. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Norovirus Disease from 1991-2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052508. [PMID: 35270203 PMCID: PMC8909411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the oldest recognized diseases and the leading causal pathogen for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Though numerous studies have been reported on NoV disease, limited research has explored the publication trends in this area. As a result, the objective of this work was to fill the void by conducting a bibliometric study in publication trends on NoV studies as well as discovering the hotspots. The Web of Science central assemblage database was hunted for publications from 1991 to 2021 with “norovirus” in the heading. Microsoft Excel 2016, VOSviewer, R Bibliometrix, and Biblioshiny packages were deployed for the statistical analysis of published research articles. A total of 6021 published documents were identified in the Web of Science database for this thirty-year study period (1991–2021). The analyses disclosed that the Journal of Medical Virology was the leading journal in publications on norovirus studies with a total of 215 published articles, the Journal of Virology was the most cited document with 11,185 total citations. The United States of America (USA) has the most significant productivity in norovirus publications and is the leading country with the highest international collaboration. Analysis of top germane authors discovered that X. Jiang (135) and J. Vinje (119) were the two top relevant authors of norovirus publications. The commonly recognized funders were US and EU-based, with the US emerging as a top funder. This study reveals trends in scientific findings and academic collaborations and serves as a leading-edge model to reveal trends in global research in the field of norovirus research. This study points out the progress status and trends on NoV research. It can help researchers in the medical profession obtain a comprehensive understanding of the state of the art of NoV. It also has reference values for the research and application of the NoV visualization methods. Further, the research map on AGE obtained by our analysis is expected to help researchers efficiently and effectively explore the NoV field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ropo E. Ogunsakin
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Oluwakemi Ebenezer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Themba G. Ginindza
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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32
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Huo Y, Ma J, Zheng L, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhao Q. Expression of chimeric proteins based on a backbone of the GII.4 norovirus VP1 and their application in the study of a GII.6 norovirus-specific blockade epitope. Arch Virol 2022; 167:819-827. [PMID: 35112202 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The surface-exposed loop regions of the protruding domain of the norovirus (NoV) major capsid protein VP1 can tolerate the insertion of foreign antigens without affecting its assembly into subviral particles. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of the surface-exposed loop region of the GII.4 NoV VP1 by replacing it with homologous or heterologous sequences. We designed a panel of constructs in which the amino acid sequence from position 298-305 of the GII.4 NoV VP1 was replaced by sequences derived from the same region of GI.3, GII.3, GII.6, and GII.17 NoVs as well as neutralizing epitopes of enterovirus type 71 and varicella-zoster virus. The constructs were synthesized and expressed using a recombinant baculovirus expression system. The expression of target proteins was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) was confirmed by electron microscopy. Our results showed that all of the constructs expressed high levels of target chimeric proteins, and all of the chimeric proteins successfully assembled into VLPs or subviral particles. An in vitro VLP-histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding assay revealed that chimeric-protein-containing VLPs did not bind or showed reduced binding to salivary HBGAs, a ligand for NoV particles. The results of an in vitro VLP-HBGA binding blockade assay indicated that the predicted surface-exposed loop region of the GII.6 NoV VP1 may comprise a blockade epitope. In summary, the surface-exposed loop region of the GII.4 NoV VP1 can be replaced by foreign sequences of a certain length. Using this strategy, we found that the predicted surface-exposed loop region of GII.6 NoV VP1 might contain a blockade epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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33
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Kimura-Someya T, Kato-Murayama M, Katsura K, Sakai N, Murayama K, Hanada K, Shirouzu M, Someya Y. Lewis fucose is a key moiety for the recognition of histo-blood group antigens by GI.9 norovirus, as revealed by structural analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:560-570. [PMID: 35038379 PMCID: PMC8886331 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses have been identified as major causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Histo‐blood group antigens (HBGAs) are thought to play a major role among the host cellular factors influencing norovirus infection. Genogroup I, genotype 9 (GI.9) is the most recently identified genotype within genogroup I, whose representative strain is the Vancouver 730 norovirus. However, the molecular interactions between host antigens and the GI.9 capsid protein have not been investigated in detail. In this study, we demonstrate that the GI.9 norovirus preferentially binds Lewis antigens over blood group A, B, and H antigens, as revealed by an HBGA binding assay using virus‐like particles. We determined the crystal structures of the protruding domain of the GI.9 capsid protein in the presence or absence of Lewis antigens. Our analysis demonstrated that Lewis fucose (α1–3/4 fucose) represents a key moiety for the GI.9 protein–HBGA interaction, thus suggesting that Lewis antigens might play a critical role during norovirus infection. In addition to previously reported findings, our observations may support the future design of antiviral agents and vaccines against noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kimura-Someya
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazushige Katsura
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Hanada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delaying the development of a norovirus vaccine are: (i) the extreme diversity presented by noroviruses; (ii) our incomplete understanding of immunity to noroviruses; and (iii) the lack of a robust cell culture system or animal model for human noroviruses. Recent advances in in vitro cultivation of norovirus, novel approaches applied to viral genomics and immunity, and completion of vaccine trials and birth cohort studies have provided new information toward a better understanding of norovirus immunity. Here, we will discuss the complex relationship between norovirus diversity and correlates of protection for human noroviruses, and how this information could be used to guide the development of cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Gabriel I. Parra Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1308, Silver Spring, MD20993, United States
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Diallo MA, Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A, Nivelles O, Deketelaere C, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Development of a Specific Anti-capsid Antibody- and Magnetic Bead-Based Immunoassay to Detect Human Norovirus Particles in Stool Samples and Spiked Mussels via Flow Cytometry. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:493-506. [PMID: 34363588 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses impose a considerable health burden globally. Here, a flow cytometry approach designed for their detection in biological waste and food samples was developed using antibody-coated magnetic beads. Antipeptide antibodies against murine norovirus and various human norovirus genotypes were generated for capture and coated onto magnetic beads. A flow cytometry assay was then implemented to detect bead-bound human norovirus GI.3 in patient stool samples and in norovirus-spiked mussel digestive tissues. The detection limit for stool samples was 105 gc/mL, thus bettering detection limits of commercially available norovirus diagnosis quick kits of 100-fold; the detection limit in spiked mussels however was ten-fold higher than in stool samples. Further assays showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity for heat- or UV-inactivated virus particles. Overall, we demonstrate the application of a flow cytometry approach for direct detection of small non-enveloped virus particles such as noroviruses. An adaptation of the technology to routine diagnostics has the potential to contribute a rapid and sensitive tool to norovirus outbreak investigations. Further improvements to the method, notably decreasing the detection limit of the approach, may allow the analysis of naturally contaminated food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Amadou Diallo
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Nivelles
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bld du Jardin Botanique 55, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Lucero Y, Matson DO, Ashkenazi S, George S, O’Ryan M. Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122399. [PMID: 34960668 PMCID: PMC8707792 DOI: 10.3390/v13122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the "Norwalk virus" by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral-host-microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Lucero
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Hospital Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery (Northern Campus), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380418, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - David O. Matson
- Eastern Shore Health Department, Virginia Department of Public Health, Accomack County, VA 23301, USA;
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Sergio George
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang N, Pan G, Liu P, Rong S, Gao Z, Li Q. Advances and Future Perspective on Detection Technology of Human Norovirus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111383. [PMID: 34832539 PMCID: PMC8618740 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a food-borne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. However, no approved vaccines and antiviral drugs are available at present. Therefore, the development of accurate and rapid detection technologies is important in controlling the outbreak of HuNoVs. This paper reviewed the research progress on HuNoV detection, including immunological methods, molecular detection and biosensor technology. Immunological methods and molecular detection technologies are still widely used for HuNoV detection. Furthermore, biosensors will become an emerging developmental direction for the rapid detection of HuNoVs because of their high sensitivity, low cost, easy operation and suitability for onsite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Guiying Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Shaofeng Rong
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.L.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-60873381
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Gao J, Xue L, Liang Y, Wang L, He F, Meng L, Cai W, Zhang J, Wang J, Ye Q, Wu S, Gu Q, Wu Q. Receptor profile and immunogenicity of the non-epidemic norovirus GII.8 variant. Virus Res 2021; 306:198603. [PMID: 34662679 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemics worldwide. There are various genotypes, among which the non-epidemic genotype GII.8 can cause norovirus outbreaks. We previously demonstrated that the immunogenicity of GII.8 differed from that of epidemic variants. This study aimed to comprehensively compare the receptor profile and immunogenicity of the GII.8 variant with those of the epidemic variants. Using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system, we observed that recombinant capsid protein VP1 of the norovirus GII.8 GZ2017-L601 strain formed virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter of approximately 30 nm, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The GII.8 VLPs showed weak or moderate binding with all secretor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but not with non-secretors, as evidenced by the HBGA-VLP binding test. The GII.8 VLP antiserum obtained from immunized BALB/c mice was tested for cross-reactivity with other norovirus genotypes (n = 28). The results showed that this antiserum demonstrated moderate cross-reactivity with GI.1, GII.3, and GII.15; however, no cross-reactivity with the epidemic variants of GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 was observed. Additionally, the blocking-antibody activity of GII.8 antisera against GII.4 VLP-HBGAs and GII.17 VLP-HBGAs interactions and the cross-blocking of GII.8 VLP-HBGAs interactions by GI.1 and GII.4 antisera were evaluated using the HBGAs-VLP blocking test. However, no cross-blocking effect was observed. In summary, the characterization of norovirus GII.8 VLPs and derived antisera revealed that the GII.8 immunogenicity differed from that of epidemic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanhui Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenglan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luobing Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
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Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015874118. [PMID: 33836574 PMCID: PMC7980451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015874118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis, with a single genotype (GII.4) responsible for the majority of infections. This prevalence is characterized by the periodic emergence of new variants that present substitutions at antigenic sites of the major structural protein (VP1), facilitating escape from herd immunity. Notably, the contribution of intravariant mutations to changes in antigenic properties is unknown. We performed a comprehensive antigenic analysis on a virus-like particle panel representing major chronological GII.4 variants to investigate diversification at the inter- and intravariant level. Immunoassays, neutralization data, and cartography analyses showed antigenic similarities between phylogenetically related variants, with major switches to antigenic properties observed over the evolution of GII.4 variants. Genetic analysis indicated that multiple coevolving amino acid changes-primarily at antigenic sites-are associated with the antigenic diversification of GII.4 variants. These data highlight complexities of the genetic determinants and provide a framework for the antigenic characterization of emerging GII.4 noroviruses.
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Bally M, Block S, Höök F, Larson G, Parveen N, Rydell GE. Physicochemical tools for studying virus interactions with targeted cell membranes in a molecular and spatiotemporally resolved context. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7157-7178. [PMID: 34490501 PMCID: PMC8421089 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this critical review is to provide an overview of how emerging bioanalytical techniques are expanding our understanding of the complex physicochemical nature of virus interactions with host cell surfaces. Herein, selected model viruses representing both non-enveloped (simian virus 40 and human norovirus) and enveloped (influenza A virus, human herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1) viruses are highlighted. The technologies covered utilize a wide range of cell membrane mimics, from supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) containing a single purified host membrane component to SLBs derived from the plasma membrane of a target cell, which can be compared with live-cell experiments to better understand the role of individual interaction pairs in virus attachment and entry. These platforms are used to quantify binding strengths, residence times, diffusion characteristics, and binding kinetics down to the single virus particle and single receptor, and even to provide assessments of multivalent interactions. The technologies covered herein are surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with equilibrium fluctuation analysis (EFA) and single particle tracking (SPT), and finally confocal microscopy using multi-labeling techniques to visualize entry of individual virus particles in live cells. Considering the growing scientific and societal needs for untangling, and interfering with, the complex mechanisms of virus binding and entry, we hope that this review will stimulate the community to implement these emerging tools and strategies in conjunction with more traditional methods. The gained knowledge will not only contribute to a better understanding of the virus biology, but may also facilitate the design of effective inhibitors to block virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nagma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Gustaf E Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Samandoulgou I, Fliss I, Jean J. Adhesion of Norovirus to Surfaces: Contribution of Thermodynamic and Molecular Properties Using Virus-Like Particles. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:368-379. [PMID: 33759036 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess human norovirus and feline calicivirus (FCV) surface free energy, hydrophobicity, and ability to interact with fresh foods and food-contact surfaces. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of human norovirus (GI.1 and GII.4) and FCV were produced, purified, and analyzed for their surface free energy, hydrophobicity, and the total interfacial free energy of interaction [Formula: see text] with lettuce, strawberry, polyethylene, and stainless steel. GII.4 VLPs were further tested for adhesion at different pH, ionic strengths, and temperature. All the VLPs and the test materials showed low surface energies, as well as hydrophobic characters except for GI.1. Nearly all [Formula: see text] values were propitious for spontaneous adhesion. GII.4 VLPs adsorbed almost indifferently to stainless steel, polyethylene, and lettuce. Isoelectric point and high temperature generally promoted adhesion while ionic strength effect was surface-dependant. According to this study, all the materials assessed are of low-energy and hydrophobic nature except GI.1 VLPs. Interfacial free energies of interaction were favorable for spontaneous adhesion ([Formula: see text] < 0) of all VLPs to the test materials, except for GI.1 VLPs to both stainless steel and straweberry. It is also found that norovirus adhesion is more sensitive to physicochemical conditions than to surface character itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Samandoulgou
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Département des sciences des aliments, Université Laval, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ismaïl Fliss
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Département des sciences des aliments, Université Laval, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Département des sciences des aliments, Université Laval, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Schilling-Loeffler K, Rodriguez R, Williams-Woods J. Target Affinity and Structural Analysis for a Selection of Norovirus Aptamers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168868. [PMID: 34445583 PMCID: PMC8396345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind a molecule with high affinity, are used as ligands in analytical and therapeutic applications. For the foodborne pathogen norovirus, multiple aptamers exist but have not been thoroughly characterized. Consequently, there is little research on aptamer-mediated assay development. This study characterized seven previously described norovirus aptamers for target affinity, structure, and potential use in extraction and detection assays. Norovirus-aptamer affinities were determined by filter retention assays using norovirus genotype (G) I.1, GI.7, GII.3, GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney virus-like particles. Of the seven aptamers characterized, equilibrium dissociation constants for GI.7, GII.3, GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney ranged from 71 ± 38 to 1777 ± 1021 nM. Four aptamers exhibited affinity to norovirus GII.4 strains; three aptamers additionally exhibited affinity toward GII.3 and GI.7. Aptamer affinity towards GI.1 was not observed. Aptamer structure analysis by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that six aptamers exhibit B-DNA structure, and one aptamer displays parallel/antiparallel G-quadruplex hybrid structure. CD studies also showed that biotinylated aptamer structures were unchanged from non-biotinylated aptamers. Finally, norovirus aptamer assay feasibility was demonstrated in dot-blot and pull-down assays. This characterization of existing aptamers provides a knowledge base for future aptamer-based norovirus detection and extraction assay development and aptamer modification.
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Broadly cross-reactive human antibodies that inhibit genogroup I and II noroviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4320. [PMID: 34262046 PMCID: PMC8280134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational development of norovirus vaccine candidates requires a deep understanding of the antigenic diversity and mechanisms of neutralization of the virus. Here, we isolate and characterize a panel of broadly cross-reactive naturally occurring human monoclonal IgMs, IgAs and IgGs reactive with human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I or II (GI or GII). We note three binding patterns and identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize at least one GI or GII HuNoV strain when using a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking assay. The HBGA blocking assay and a virus neutralization assay using human intestinal enteroids reveal that the GII-specific mAb NORO-320, mediates HBGA blocking and neutralization of multiple GII genotypes. The Fab form of NORO-320 neutralizes GII.4 infection more potently than the mAb, however, does not block HBGA binding. The crystal structure of NORO-320 Fab in complex with GII.4 P-domain shows that the antibody recognizes a highly conserved region in the P-domain distant from the HBGA binding site. Dynamic light scattering analysis of GII.4 virus-like particles with mAb NORO-320 shows severe aggregation, suggesting neutralization is by steric hindrance caused by multivalent cross-linking. Aggregation was not observed with the Fab form of NORO-320, suggesting that this clone also has additional inhibitory features. Noroviruses can cause gastroenteritis and there is currently no licensed vaccine or specific treatment available. Here, the authors isolate human monoclonal antibodies and characterize one antibody (NORO-320) with broad reactivity to genogroup I and II noroviruses.
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Zhang M, Fu M, Hu Q. Advances in Human Norovirus Vaccine Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070732. [PMID: 34358148 PMCID: PMC8310286 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, which is highly stable and contagious, with a few virus particles being sufficient to establish infection. Although the World Health Organization in 2016 stated that it should be an absolute priority to develop a HuNoV vaccine, unfortunately, there is currently no licensed HuNoV vaccine available. The major barrier to the development of an effective HuNoV vaccine is the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. To develop a HuNoV vaccine, HuNoV immunogen alone or in combination with other viral immunogens have been designed to assess whether they can simultaneously induce protective immune responses against different viruses. Additionally, monovalent and multivalent vaccines from different HuNoV genotypes, including GI and GII HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs), have been assessed in order to induce broad protection. Although there are several HuNoV vaccine candidates based on VLPs that are being tested in clinical trials, the challenges to develop effective HuNoV vaccines remain largely unresolved. In this review, we summarize the advances of the HuNoV cultivation system and HuNoV vaccine research and discuss current challenges and future perspectives in HuNoV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
| | - Ming Fu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China;
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) recognition by norovirus (NoV) has been studied using various techniques. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using virus-like particles (VLPs) have enabled us to visualize the last step of HBGAs-NoV binding with a total reaction time of approximately 8 h. Herein, we describe two ELISA-based methods to detect and quantify NoV VLP attachment to HBGAs: saliva-VLP binding assay and carbohydrate-VLP binding assay.
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Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: A platform for vaccine development in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:e00605. [PMID: 33732633 PMCID: PMC7937989 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of structures formed by the self-assembly of viral capsid protein subunits and contain no infective viral genetic material. The Hepatitis B core (HBc) antigen is capable of assembling into VLPs that can elicit strong immune responses and has been licensed as a commercial vaccine against Hepatitis B. The HBc VLPs have also been employed as a platform for the presentation of foreign epitopes to the immune system and have been used to develop vaccines against, for example, influenza A and Foot-and-mouth disease. Plant expression systems are rapid, scalable and safe, and are capable of providing correct post-translational modifications and reducing upstream production costs. The production of HBc-based virus-like particles in plants would thus greatly increase the efficiency of vaccine production. This review investigates the application of plant-based HBc VLP as a platform for vaccine production.
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Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01492-20. [PMID: 33115870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common nonbacterial cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, with new variants and genotypes frequently emerging. The origin of these new viruses is unknown; however, animals have been proposed as a potential source, as human noroviruses have been detected in animal species. Here, we investigated the potential of animals to serve as a reservoir of human noroviruses by testing norovirus attachment to formalin-fixed intestinal tissues of a range of potential reservoir animals. We set up a novel method to study norovirus binding using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled virus-like particles (VLPs). In humans, noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), carbohydrates that are expressed, among others, on the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In animals, this interaction is not well understood. To test if virus binding depends on HBGAs, we characterized the HBGA phenotype in animal tissues by immunohistochemistry. With the exception of the black-headed gull and the straw-colored fruitbat, we observed the attachment of several human norovirus genotypes to the intestinal epithelium of all tested animal species. However, we did not find an association between the expression of a specific HBGA phenotype and virus-like particle (VLP) attachment. We show that selected human noroviruses can attach to small-intestinal tissues across species, supporting the hypothesis that human noroviruses can reside in an animal reservoir. However, whether this attachment can subsequently lead to infection needs to be further assessed.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. New norovirus variants and recombinants (re)emerge regularly in the human population. From animal experiments and surveillance studies, it has become clear that at least seven animal models are susceptible to infection with human strains and that domesticated and wild animals shed human noroviruses in their feces. As virus attachment is an important first step for infection, we used a novel method utilizing FITC-labeled VLPs to test for norovirus attachment to intestinal tissues of potential animal hosts. We further characterized these tissues with regard to their HBGA expression, a well-studied norovirus susceptibility factor in humans. We found attachment of several human strains to a variety of animal species independent of their HBGA phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that human strains could reside in an animal reservoir.
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Xu M, Lu F, Lyu C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Tian P, Xue L, Xu T, Wang D. Broad-range and effective detection of human noroviruses by colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay based on the shell domain of the major capsid protein. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:22. [PMID: 33430771 PMCID: PMC7798207 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. HuNoVs can be detected in vitro using molecular assays such as RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. However, these molecular-based techniques require special equipment, unique reagents, experienced personnel, and extended time to obtain results. Besides, the diversity of viral genotypes is high. Therefore, methods that are rapid, broad-range and effective in the detection of HuNoVs are desiderated for screening the feces or vomit of infected people during outbreaks. RESULTS In this study, a colloidal-gold-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed for effective detection of HuNoVs in clinical samples. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the shell (S) domain in the major capsid protein of HuNoVs were used in the ICA. The limitations of detection for HuNoVs in clinical samples were 1.2 × 106 genomic copies per gram of stool sample (gc/g) and 4.4 × 105 gc/g for genogroup I and II (GI and GII) HuNoVs, respectively. A total of 122 clinical samples were tested for HuNoVs by ICA and compared against RT-qPCR. The relative sensitivity, specificity and agreement of ICA was 84.2% (95% CI: 83.6-84.8%), 100.0% (95% CI: 98.5-100.0%) and 87.7% (95% CI: 85.6-89.8%), respectively. No cross-reaction with other common enteric viruses or bacteria was observed. The ICA detected a broad range of genotypes, including GI.1, GI.3, GI.4, GI.6, GI.14, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.13, and GII.17 HuNoVs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ICA targeting the S domain of VP1 is a promising candidate for effectively identifying the different genotypes of HuNoVs in clinical samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feifeng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA, 94706, USA.
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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N-terminal VP1 Truncations Favor T = 1 Norovirus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010008. [PMID: 33374273 PMCID: PMC7824077 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses cause immense sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Emerging genotypes, which are divided based on the sequence of the major capsid protein VP1, further enhance this public threat. Self-assembling properties of the human norovirus major capsid protein VP1 are crucial for using virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccine development. However, there is no vaccine available yet. Here, VLPs from different variants produced in insect cells were characterized in detail using a set of biophysical and structural tools. We used native mass spectrometry, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and proteomics to get clear insights into particle size, structure, and composition, as well as stability. Generally, noroviruses have been known to form mainly T = 3 particles. Importantly, we identified a major truncation in the capsid proteins as a likely cause for the formation of T = 1 particles. For vaccine development, particle production needs to be a reproducible, reliable process. Understanding the underlying processes in capsid size variation will help to produce particles of a defined capsid size presenting antigens consistent with intact virions. Next to vaccine production itself, this would be immensely beneficial for bio-/nano-technological approaches using viral particles as carriers or triggers for immunological reactions.
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