1
|
Jhelum H, Grand N, Jacobsen KR, Halecker S, Salerno M, Prate R, Krüger L, Kristiansen Y, Krabben L, Möller L, Laue M, Kaufer B, Kaaber K, Denner J. First virological and pathological study of Göttingen Minipigs with Dippity Pig Syndrome (DPS). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281521. [PMID: 37319233 PMCID: PMC10270609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dippity Pig Syndrome (DPS) is a well-known but rare complex of clinical signs affecting minipigs, which has not been thoroughly investigated yet. Clinically affected animals show acute appearance of red, exudating lesions across the spine. The lesions are painful, evidenced by arching of the back (dipping), and the onset of clinical signs is generally sudden. In order to understand the pathogenesis, histological and virological investigations were performed in affected and unaffected Göttingen Minipigs (GöMPs). The following DNA viruses were screened for using PCR-based methods: Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), which is a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, PLHV-3), porcine circoviruses (PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4), porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), and Torque Teno sus viruses (TTSuV1, TTSuV2). Screening was also performed for integrated porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV-A, PERV-B, PERV-C) and recombinant PERV-A/C and their expression as well as for the RNA viruses hepatitis E virus (HEV) and SARS-CoV-2. Eight clinically affected and one unaffected GöMPs were analyzed. Additional unaffected minipigs had been analyzed in the past. The analyzed GöMPs contained PERV-A and PERV-B integrated in the genome, which are present in all pigs and PERV-C, which is present in most, but not all pigs. In one affected GöMPs recombinant PERV-A/C was detected in blood. In this animal a very high expression of PERV mRNA was observed. PCMV/PRV was found in three affected animals, PCV1 was found in three animals with DPS and in the unaffected minipig, and PCV3 was detected in two animals with DPS and in the unaffected minipig. Most importantly, in one animal only PLHV-3 was detected. It was found in the affected and unaffected skin, and in other organs. Unfortunately, PLHV-3 could not be studied in all other affected minipigs. None of the other viruses were detected and using electron microscopy, no virus particles were found in the affected skin. No porcine virus RNA with exception of PERV and astrovirus RNA were detected in the affected skin by next generation sequencing. This data identified some virus infections in GöMPs with DPS and assign a special role to PLHV-3. Since PCMV/PRV, PCV1, PCV3 and PLHV-3 were also found in unaffected animals, a multifactorial cause of DPS is suggested. However, elimination of the viruses from GöMPs may prevent DPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hina Jhelum
- Institute of Virology, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Salerno
- Marshall BioResources, North Rose, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Prate
- Institute of Virology, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lars Möller
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alidjinou EK, Coulon P, Hallaert C, Robineau O, Meybeck A, Huleux T, Ajana F, Hober D, Bocket L. Routine drug resistance testing in HIV-1 proviral DNA, using an automated next- generation sequencing assay. J Clin Virol 2019; 121:104207. [PMID: 31707202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 DNA genotypic drug resistance testing is increasingly performed to guide treatment switching or simplification in controlled patients. The Sentosa NGS platform is a fully automated system marketed for drug resistance testing on HIV-1 RNA samples. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate this automated NGS solution for routine resistance genotypic resistance testing in proviral HIV-1 DNA. STUDY DESIGN Sanger sequencing (SS) of the reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR) and integrase (IN) genes was performed using the French ANRS protocol. NGS was performed retrospectively on frozen samples, using the Sentosa platform combined with the Sentosa SQ HIV genotyping Assay. RESULTS A total of 77 samples were run once using NGS. A successful sequencing of the three HIV-1 genes (RT, PR, IN) was obtained for 45 samples. The number of cumulated RAMs was 179, 185 and 219 with SS, NGS 20% and NGS 10% respectively; however most of them were minor mutations in the PR region. The mutation detection rate was similar between SS and NGS 20%. Several discordances were observed between both methods in the RT and PR regions, mainly due to the use of different DNA extracts, and hypermutation. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 DNA genotypic resistance testing can be performed with the Sentosa platform. Few technical optimizations are still needed to include the extraction step and to improve the sequencing efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pauline Coulon
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Hallaert
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Robineau
- Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses, CH Dron, Tourcoing, France
| | - Agnès Meybeck
- Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses, CH Dron, Tourcoing, France
| | - Thomas Huleux
- Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses, CH Dron, Tourcoing, France
| | - Faiza Ajana
- Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses, CH Dron, Tourcoing, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hedegaard DL, Tully DC, Rowe IA, Reynolds GM, Bean DJ, Hu K, Davis C, Wilhelm A, Ogilvie CB, Power KA, Tarr AW, Kelly D, Allen TM, Balfe P, McKeating JA. High resolution sequencing of hepatitis C virus reveals limited intra-hepatic compartmentalization in end-stage liver disease. J Hepatol 2017; 66:28-38. [PMID: 27531641 PMCID: PMC5558612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The high replication and mutation rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in a heterogeneous population of viral sequences in vivo. HCV replicates in the liver and infected hepatocytes occur as foci surrounded by uninfected cells that may promote compartmentalization of viral variants. Given recent reports showing interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression in chronic hepatitis C, we hypothesized that local interferon responses may limit HCV replication and evolution. METHODS To investigate the spatial influence of liver architecture on viral replication we measured HCV RNA and ISG mRNA from each of the 8 Couinaud segments of the liver from 21 patients undergoing liver transplant. RESULTS HCV RNA and ISG mRNA levels were comparable across all sites from an individual liver but showed up to 500-fold difference between patients. Importantly, there was no association between ISG and HCV RNA expression across all sites in the liver or plasma. Deep sequencing of HCV RNA isolated from the 8 hepatic sites from two subjects showed a similar distribution of viral quasispecies across the liver and uniform sequence diversity. Single genome amplification of HCV E1E2-envelope clones from 6 selected patients at 2 hepatic sites supported these data and showed no evidence for HCV compartmentalization. CONCLUSIONS We found no differences between the hepatic and plasma viral quasispecies in all patients sampled. We conclude that in end-stage liver disease HCV RNA levels and the genetic pool of HCV envelope sequences are indistinguishable between distant sites in the liver and plasma, arguing against viral compartmentalization. LAY SUMMARY HCV is an RNA virus that exists as a quasispecies of closely related genomes that are under continuous selection by host innate and adaptive immune responses and antiviral drug therapy. The primary site of HCV replication is the liver and yet our understanding of the spatial distribution of viral variants within the liver is limited. High resolution sequencing of HCV and monitoring of innate immune responses at multiple sites across the liver identified a uniform pattern of diversity and argues against viral compartmentalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian A. Rowe
- Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary M. Reynolds
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David J. Bean
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ke Hu
- Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Annika Wilhelm
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Deirdre Kelly
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Childrens’ Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Balfe
- Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, UK,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lythgoe KA, Blanquart F, Pellis L, Fraser C. Large Variations in HIV-1 Viral Load Explained by Shifting-Mosaic Metapopulation Dynamics. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002567. [PMID: 27706164 PMCID: PMC5051940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral population of HIV-1, like many pathogens that cause systemic infection, is structured and differentiated within the body. The dynamics of cellular immune trafficking through the blood and within compartments of the body has also received wide attention. Despite these advances, mathematical models, which are widely used to interpret and predict viral and immune dynamics in infection, typically treat the infected host as a well-mixed homogeneous environment. Here, we present mathematical, analytical, and computational results that demonstrate that consideration of the spatial structure of the viral population within the host radically alters predictions of previous models. We study the dynamics of virus replication and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within a metapopulation of spatially segregated patches, representing T cell areas connected by circulating blood and lymph. The dynamics of the system depend critically on the interaction between CTLs and infected cells at the within-patch level. We show that for a wide range of parameters, the system admits an unexpected outcome called the shifting-mosaic steady state. In this state, the whole body’s viral population is stable over time, but the equilibrium results from an underlying, highly dynamic process of local infection and clearance within T-cell centers. Notably, and in contrast to previous models, this new model can explain the large differences in set-point viral load (SPVL) observed between patients and their distribution, as well as the relatively low proportion of cells infected at any one time, and alters the predicted determinants of viral load variation. A novel metapopulation model of HIV suggests that within-host infections are characterized by a highly dynamic process of localized infection followed by clearance within T cell centers. When a person is infected with HIV, the initial peak level of virus in the blood is usually very high before a lower, relatively stable level is reached and maintained for the duration of the chronic infection. This stable level is known as the set-point viral load (SPVL) and is associated with severity of infection. SPVL is also highly variable among patients, ranging from 100 to a million copies of the virus per mL of blood. The replicative capacity of the infecting virus and the strength of the immune response both influence SPVL. However, standard mathematical models show that variation in these two factors cannot easily reproduce the observed distribution of SPVL among patients. Standard models typically treat infected individuals as well-mixed systems, but in reality viral replication is localised in T-cell centres, or patches, found in secondary lymphoid tissue. To account for this population structure, we developed a carefully parameterised metapopulation model. We find the system can reach a steady state at which the viral load in the blood is relatively stable, representing SPVL, but surprisingly, the patches are highly dynamic, characterised by bursts of infection followed by elimination of virus due to localised host immune responses. Significantly, this model can reproduce the wide distribution of SPVLs found among infected individuals for realistic distributions of viral replicative capacity and strength of immune response. Our model can also be used in the future to understand other aspects of chronic HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Lythgoe
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - François Blanquart
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Pellis
- Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gives rise to a chronic infection that progressively depletes CD4(+) T lymphocytes. CD4(+) T lymphocytes play a central coordinating role in adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses, and to do so they migrate and interact within lymphoid compartments and at effector sites to mount immune responses. While cell-free virus serves as an excellent prognostic indicator for patient survival, interactions of infected T cells or virus-scavenging immune cells with uninfected T cells can greatly enhance viral spread. HIV can induce interactions between infected and uninfected T cells that are triggered by cell surface expression of viral Env, which serves as a cell adhesion molecule that interacts with CD4 on the target cell, before it acts as the viral membrane fusion protein. These interactions are called virological synapses and promote replication in the face of selective pressure of humoral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Other infection-enhancing cell-cell interactions occur between virus-concentrating antigen-presenting cells and recipient T cells, called infectious synapses. The exact roles that these cell-cell interactions play in each stage of infection, from viral acquisition, systemic dissemination, to chronic persistence are still being determined. Infection-promoting immune cell interactions are likely to contribute to viral persistence and enhance the ability of HIV-1 to evade adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Law
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - N Satija
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - A M Esposito
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - B K Chen
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salemi M, Rife B. Phylogenetics and Phyloanatomy of HIV/SIV Intra-Host Compartments and Reservoirs: The Key Role of the Central Nervous System. Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:110-20. [PMID: 26511341 PMCID: PMC9199530 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666151029102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to persist in anatomic compartments and cellular reservoirs is a major obstacle for eradication of replicationcompetent virus in the infected host. APPROACH We extensively review recent advancements in phylogenetic and phylogeographic techniques that provide a unique opportunity for studies of intra-host HIV-1 compartmentalization and the detection of potential reservoirs. CONCLUSION We show that infected macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) harbor viral subpopulations that play a key role in the emergence of escape variants and viral rebound following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. An HIV cure, therefore, cannot be achieved without the effective targeting of the virus in the CNS, for which in depth knowledge of viral population dynamics contributing to the development and maintenance of latent reservoirs is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsuyama-Murata M, Inaba K, Horiuchi R, Fukazawa Y, Ibuki K, Hayami M, Miura T. Genetic similarity of circulating and small intestinal virus at the end stage of acute pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:204. [PMID: 23885255 PMCID: PMC3717482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the pathogenicity of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it is important to clarify where, when and how the virus replicates in the body of infected individuals. To identify the major virus replication site at the end stage of SHIV infection, we investigated the systemic tissues of SHIV-infected monkeys that developed AIDS-like disease. We quantified proviral DNA, and compared the mutation patterns of the viruses in various systemic tissues and in peripheral blood through phylogenetic analysis of the full genome sequence. We found that the amounts of proviral DNA detected in internal tissues were higher than those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses, the mutation patterns of the viruses in each tissue were generally different. However, the mutation pattern of the viruses in the jejunum and mesenteric lymph node were most similar to that of plasma viral RNA among the tissues examined in all three monkeys. In two of the three monkeys, which were euthanized earlier, viruses in the jejunum and mesenteric lymph node occupied the root position of the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, in these tissues, more than 50% of SHIV-expressing cells were identified as macrophages based on co-expression of CD68. These results suggest that macrophages of the small intestine and/or mesenteric lymph node are the major virus production site at the end stage of SHIV infection of macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsuyama-Murata
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jadhav SK, Velhal SM, Deshpande A, Bandivdekar AH. Association of human mannose receptor in sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in serodiscordant couples. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:156-63. [PMID: 23148569 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV binds specifically to the human mannose receptor (hMR) on vaginal epithelial cells that are devoid of a conventional CD4 receptor. HIV binding to hMR on vaginal epithelial cells induces the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) leading to degradation of the extracellular matrix, which may increase the risk of HIV entry into vaginal epithelial cells and further transmission into distal cells. Immunofluorescent localization of hMR on vaginal epithelial cells of seronegative females from the general population included the control group (n=52) and seronegative females from serodiscordant couples. There was PCR amplification of DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the serodiscordant females for the CCR5 gene flanking the CCR5-Δ32 region; PCR amplification and sequencing of the C2-V3 region of HIV variants in PBMCs and sperm of the infected male partners of the serodiscordant couples; and the presence of hMR on 0-11% of the vaginal epithelial cells of seronegative females (n=39) from serodiscordant couples and 90-95% that of a control group of females (n=52). Nine of these serodiscordant females did not show a CCR5-Δ32 deletion. The translated amino acid sequence of the C2-V3 region of the env gene of HIV-1C in PBMCs (n=9) and sperm (n=5) of the male partners showed the presence of distinct variants and the variation in PBMCs and sperm of serodiscordant males was almost similar to that of infected males from concordant couples. The presence of hMR in a smaller number of vaginal epithelial cells of serodiscordant females prevented binding and HIV entry into these cells and therefore prevented sexual transmission of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivaji K. Jadhav
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health [NIRRH], Indian Council of Medical Research [ICMR], Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa M. Velhal
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health [NIRRH], Indian Council of Medical Research [ICMR], Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Alaka Deshpande
- ART Center, Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, India
| | - Atmaram H. Bandivdekar
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health [NIRRH], Indian Council of Medical Research [ICMR], Parel, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith-Tsurkan SD, Herr RA, Khuder S, Wilke CO, Novella IS. The role of environmental factors on the evolution of phenotypic diversity in vesicular stomatitis virus populations. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:860-868. [PMID: 23239575 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus adaptation to an ever-changing environment requires the availability of variants with phenotypes that can fulfil new requirements for replication. High mutation rates result in the generation of these variants. The factors that contribute to the maintenance or elimination of this diversity, however, are not fully understood. This study used a collection of vesicular stomatitis virus strains generated under different conditions to measure the extent of variation within each population, and tested the effects of several environmental factors on diversity. It was found that the host-cell type used for selection sometimes had an effect on the extent of variation and that there may be different levels of variation over time. Persistent infections promoted higher levels of diversity than acute infections, presumably due to complementation. In contrast, environmental heterogeneity, host breadth and the cell type used for testing (as opposed to the cell type used for selection) did not seem to have an effect on the amount of phenotypic diversity observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Smith-Tsurkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Roger A Herr
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sadik Khuder
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Claus O Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Section of Integrative Biology, and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suspène R, Meyerhans A. Quantification of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA at the single cell level in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36246. [PMID: 22574142 PMCID: PMC3344866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nucleus of HIV-1 infected cells, unintegrated HIV-1 DNA molecules exist in the form of one and two LTR circles and linear molecules with degraded extremities. In tissue culture they are invariably more numerous than the provirus, the relative proportion of integrated to unintegrated forms varies widely from ∼1∶1 to 1∶10 and even over 1∶100. In vivo, this ratio is unknown. To determine it, single nuclei from two infected patients with a known provirus copy number were microdissected, HIV DNA was amplified by nested PCR, cloned and individual clones sequenced. Given the extraordinary sequence complexity, we made the assumption that the total number of distinct sequences approximated to real number of amplifiable HIV-1 DNA templates in the nucleus. We found that the number of unintegrated DNA molecules increased linearly with the proviral copy number there being on average 86 unintegrated molecules per provirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Suspène
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Althaus CL, De Boer RJ. Impaired immune evasion in HIV through intracellular delays and multiple infection of cells. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3003-10. [PMID: 22492063 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With its high mutation rate, HIV is capable of escape from recognition, suppression and/or killing by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The rate at which escape variants replace each other can give insights into the selective pressure imposed by single CTL clones. We investigate the effects of specific characteristics of the HIV life cycle on the dynamics of immune escape. First, it has been found that cells in HIV-infected patients can carry multiple copies of proviruses. To investigate how this process affects the emergence of immune escape, we develop a mathematical model of HIV dynamics with multiple infections of cells. Increasing the frequency of multiple-infected cells delays the appearance of immune escape variants, slows down the rate at which they replace the wild-type variant and can even prevent escape variants from taking over the quasi-species. Second, we study the effect of the intracellular eclipse phase on the rate of escape and show that escape rates are expected to be slower than previously anticipated. In summary, slow escape rates do not necessarily imply inefficient CTL-mediated killing of HIV-infected cells, but are at least partly a result of the specific characteristics of the viral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Althaus
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaudhary S, Noel RJ, Rodríguez N, Collado S, Munoz J, Kumar A, Yamamura Y. Correlation between CD4 T cell counts and virus compartmentalization in genital and systemic compartments of HIV-infected females. Virology 2011; 417:320-6. [PMID: 21745672 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) across the world occurs by heterosexual transmission and is likely mediated by virus present in genital secretions. In spite of this, infection is followed by clinical markers of the virus present in blood, which may not be representative of the virus involved in transmission. In fact, several studies have demonstrated that the genital tract represents a unique compartment for the virus. We assessed the relationship between immune system integrity, represented by CD4+ T cell counts, and the maintenance of viral compartmentalization between plasma and vaginal fluid virus in treatment naïve women from the Dominican Republic infected by the heterosexual transmission route. We cloned and sequenced cell free virus from plasma and genital fluid samples from six women to assess viral evolution, phylogenetic relatedness, and calculated co-receptor use for the C2V3 region of the envelope. Our analyses demonstrated plasma and vaginal fluid virus compartments remained intact only in samples from women with CD4+ T cell counts over 350 cells/μl. The majority of viral forms were predicted to use the CCR5 co-receptor, although several dual tropic forms were also identified. None of the clones were found to use the CXCR4 co-receptor even though many of the patients showed severe disease. Our findings lend further support to the role of an intact immune system in maintaining compartmentalization across blood and genital quasispecies and provide a compelling rationale to specifically consider genital tract viral forms in therapeutic and vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- AIDS Research Program, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR-00732, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Intercompartmental recombination of HIV-1 contributes to env intrahost diversity and modulates viral tropism and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. J Virol 2011; 85:6024-37. [PMID: 21471230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00131-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 circulates within an infected host as a genetically heterogeneous viral population. Viral intrahost diversity is shaped by substitutional evolution and recombination. Although many studies have speculated that recombination could have a significant impact on viral phenotype, this has never been definitively demonstrated. We report here phylogenetic and subsequent phenotypic analyses of envelope genes obtained from HIV-1 populations present in different anatomical compartments. Assessment of env compartmentalization from immunologically discrete tissues was assessed utilizing a single genome amplification approach, minimizing in vitro-generated artifacts. Genetic compartmentalization of variants was frequently observed. In addition, multiple incidences of intercompartment recombination, presumably facilitated by low-level migration of virus or infected cells between different anatomic sites and coinfection of susceptible cells by genetically divergent strains, were identified. These analyses demonstrate that intercompartment recombination is a fundamental evolutionary mechanism that helps to shape HIV-1 env intrahost diversity in natural infection. Analysis of the phenotypic consequences of these recombination events showed that genetic compartmentalization often correlates with phenotypic compartmentalization and that intercompartment recombination results in phenotype modulation. This represents definitive proof that recombination can generate novel combinations of phenotypic traits which differ subtly from those of parental strains, an important phenomenon that may have an impact on antiviral therapy and contribute to HIV-1 persistence in vivo.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jadhav SK, Velhal SM, Deshpande A, Maitra A, Chinnaraj S, Bandivdekar AH. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1C) variants in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spermatozoa. J Med Virol 2011; 83:760-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Bull M, Learn G, Genowati I, McKernan J, Hitti J, Lockhart D, Tapia K, Holte S, Dragavon J, Coombs R, Mullins J, Frenkel L. Compartmentalization of HIV-1 within the female genital tract is due to monotypic and low-diversity variants not distinct viral populations. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7122. [PMID: 19771165 PMCID: PMC2741601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compartmentalization of HIV-1 between the genital tract and blood was noted in half of 57 women included in 12 studies primarily using cell-free virus. To further understand differences between genital tract and blood viruses of women with chronic HIV-1 infection cell-free and cell-associated virus populations were sequenced from these tissues, reasoning that integrated viral DNA includes variants archived from earlier in infection, and provides a greater array of genotypes for comparisons. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Multiple sequences from single-genome-amplification of HIV-1 RNA and DNA from the genital tract and blood of each woman were compared in a cross-sectional study. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were evaluated for evidence of compartmentalization using four statistical tests. Genital tract and blood HIV-1 appears compartmentalized in 7/13 women by >/=2 statistical analyses. These subjects' phylograms were characterized by low diversity genital-specific viral clades interspersed between clades containing both genital and blood sequences. Many of the genital-specific clades contained monotypic HIV-1 sequences. In 2/7 women, HIV-1 populations were significantly compartmentalized across all four statistical tests; both had low diversity genital tract-only clades. Collapsing monotypic variants into a single sequence diminished the prevalence and extent of compartmentalization. Viral sequences did not demonstrate tissue-specific signature amino acid residues, differential immune selection, or co-receptor usage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In women with chronic HIV-1 infection multiple identical sequences suggest proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells, and low diversity tissue-specific phylogenetic clades are consistent with bursts of viral replication. These monotypic and tissue-specific viruses provide statistical support for compartmentalization of HIV-1 between the female genital tract and blood. However, the intermingling of these clades with clades comprised of both genital and blood sequences and the absence of tissue-specific genetic features suggests compartmentalization between blood and genital tract may be due to viral replication and proliferation of infected cells, and questions whether HIV-1 in the female genital tract is distinct from blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bull
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gerald Learn
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Indira Genowati
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer McKernan
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jane Hitti
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Lockhart
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Tapia
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah Holte
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joan Dragavon
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Coombs
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James Mullins
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Monotypic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes across the uterine cervix and in blood suggest proliferation of cells with provirus. J Virol 2009; 83:6020-8. [PMID: 19339344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02664-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics and spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) within the body, including within the female genital tract with its central role in heterosexual and peripartum transmission, has important implications for treatment and vaccine development. To study HIV-1 populations within tissues, we compared viruses from across the cervix to those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during effective and failing antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in patients not receiving ART. Single-genome sequences of the C2-V5 region of HIV-1 env were derived from PBMC and three cervical biopsies per subject. Maximum-likelihood phylogenies were evaluated for differences in genetic diversity and compartmentalization within and between cervical biopsies and PBMC. All subjects had one or more clades with genetically identical HIV-1 env sequences derived from single-genome sequencing. These sequences were from noncontiguous cervical biopsies or from the cervix and circulating PBMC in seven of eight subjects. Compartmentalization of virus between genital tract and blood was observed by statistical methods and tree topologies in six of eight subjects, and potential genital lineages were observed in two of eight subjects. The detection of monotypic sequences across the cervix and blood, especially during effective ART, suggests that cells with provirus undergo clonal expansion. Compartmentalization of viruses within the cervix appears in part due to viruses homing to and/or expanding within the cervix and is rarely due to unique viruses evolving within the genital tract. Further studies are warranted to investigate mechanisms producing monotypic viruses across tissues and, importantly, to determine whether the proliferation of cells with provirus sustain HIV-1 persistence in spite of effective ART.
Collapse
|
17
|
Has HIV evolved to induce immune pathogenesis? Trends Immunol 2008; 29:322-8. [PMID: 18524680 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a chronic generalized activation of the immune system, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This ability of the virus might either be an evolved (adaptive) trait or a coincidental side effect of jumping to a new host species. We argue that selection favours the ability of HIV to induce immune activation at the local sites of infection (e.g. lymph follicles) but not at the systemic level. Immune activation increases the supply of susceptible target cells; however, mutations that increase systemic immune activation benefit all virus variants equally and are therefore selectively neutral. We thus conclude that the generalized immune activation that is probably responsible for pathogenesis is probably not directly under selection.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jobes DV, Daoust M, Nguyen V, Padua A, Michele S, Lock MD, Chen A, Sinangil F, Berman PW. High incidence of unusual cysteine variants in gp120 envelope proteins from early HIV type 1 infections from a Phase 3 vaccine efficacy trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1014-21. [PMID: 17067272 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a large-scale HIV-1 vaccine field trial (VAX004), full-length gp120 sequences were determined for 349 new HIV-1 infections. The data collected represent the largest survey of full-length gp120 sequences from new HIV-1 infections ever assembled. Previous studies have shown that subtype B viruses typically possess 18 cysteine residues that are covalently linked to form 9 conserved disulfide bridges. However, in this study we found that approximately 20% of the trial participants possessed envelope proteins with an unusual number of cysteine residues that could very likely result in unusual protein structures. One class of variants included envelope proteins with two additional cysteine residues in close proximity, potentially yielding additional disulfide-bonded loops. Other classes of variants included envelope proteins where amino acid replacements increased or decreased the number of cysteine residues by one, resulting in molecules with either 19 or 17 cysteines, respectively. Initial functional analysis demonstrated that envelope proteins with 19 cysteine residues bind to CD4 and the CCR5 chemokine coreceptor, and are infectious. These results suggest that the protein structure of gp120 in newly transmitted viruses may be more heterogeneous than previously appreciated and potentially represent a new mechanism of virus variation. The disulfide variation that we report here may have important implications for HIV vaccine and drug development efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David V Jobes
- VaxGen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dumaurier MJ, Gratton S, Wain-Hobson S, Cheynier R. The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles present within splenic germinal centres are produced locally. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:3369-3373. [PMID: 16298984 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In most stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cell-free viral particles can be detected in germinal centres (GCs) that are principally retained, in the form of immune complexes, on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). The source of this virus remains unknown, although it is agreed that the FDCs themselves are not infected productively. By sequencing HIV viral DNA, genomic RNA and spliced mRNA isolated from individual splenic white pulps, it was shown here that the majority of HIV-1 viral particles are produced locally within the supporting lymphoid structure and do not result from trapping of circulating viruses or immune complexes. These findings underline the exquisite spatial organization of HIV-1 replication in vivo, suggesting a local origin for viruses trapped in splenic GCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Gratton
- Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon Wain-Hobson
- Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ndolo T, Syvanen M, Ellison T, Dandekar S. Evolution of nef variants in gut associated lymphoid tissue of rhesus macaques during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Virology 2005; 343:1-11. [PMID: 16168456 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We utilized the simian immunodeficiency virus model of AIDS to examine evolution of nef gene in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) during primary and early asymptomatic stages of infection. Macaques were infected with a cloned virus, SIVmac239/nef-stop harboring a premature stop codon in the nef gene. Restoration of the nef open reading frame occurred in GALT early at 3 days post-infection. Analysis of nef sequences by phylogenetic tools showed that evolution of nef was neutral thereafter, as evidenced by the ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions, a star pattern in unrooted trees and distribution of amino acid replacements fitting a simple Poisson process. Two regions encoding for a nuclear localization signal and a CTL epitope were conserved. Thus, GALT was a site for strong positive selection of functional nef during initial stages of infection. However, evolution of the nef gene thereafter was neutral during early asymptomatic stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ndolo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moniuszko M, Bogdan D, Pal R, Venzon D, Stevceva L, Nacsa J, Tryniszewska E, Edghill-Smith Y, Wolinsky SM, Franchini G. Correlation between viral RNA levels but not immune responses in plasma and tissues of macaques with long-standing SIVmac251 infection. Virology 2005; 333:159-68. [PMID: 15708601 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma virus in human immunodeficiency virus type 1/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/SIV) infection most likely results from the combination of viruses produced in different tissues. As immunological pressure may be higher in effector sites than secondary lymphoid tissues, we investigated quantitative and qualitative changes in viral RNA in blood and tissues of 10 Mamu-A*01-positive SIV-infected macaques in parallel with the frequency of CD8+ T cells recognizing the dominant Gag181-189 CM9 epitope. The plasma virus level in these macaques directly correlated with the viral RNA levels in lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, colon, and jejunum. In contrast, the frequency of the Gag181-189 CM9 tetramer did not correlate with SIV RNA levels in any compartment. We investigated the presence of viral immune escape in RNA from several tissues. The complete substitution of wild-type genotype with viral immune-escape variant within the Gag181-189 CM9 epitope was associated with low tetramer response in all tissues and blood of two macaques. In one macaque, the replacement of wild type with an immune-escape mutant was asynchronous. While the mutant virus was prevalent in blood and effector tissues (lungs, jejunum, and colon), secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes still retained 80% and 40%, respectively, of the wild-type virus. These results may imply that there are differences in the immunological pressure exerted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in tissue compartments of SIVmac251-infected macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moniuszko
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, 41/D804, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Orive ME, Stearns MN, Kelly JK, Barfield M, Smith MS, Holt RD. Viral infection in internally structured hosts. I. Conditions for persistent infection. J Theor Biol 2005; 232:453-66. [PMID: 15588629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For a virus population within its host, two important levels of structure can be considered: multiple cell types which can be infected, and tissue types or body compartments which may be coupled via movement. We develop a model with both types of structure. Migration between compartments can create "sources" and "sinks" within the virus population, where realized viral growth rate and abundance is lowered in some compartments compared to what would be observed in isolation. Using both analytical and numerical methods, we investigate how this within-host spatial structure affects the conditions for persistent viral infection. We find that migration between compartments makes the establishment of infection more difficult than it would be in the absence of migration, implying that within-host spatial structure combined with viral movement decreases the likelihood of viral establishment. If migration is symmetrical and compartments are heterogeneous, an increase in migration rates between compartments generally makes establishment less likely. This may help to explain the tissue specificity observed for many viruses. There are, however, important exceptions to this result. These include circumstances where the virus initially invades a compartment that is unfavorable to population growth and migration is necessary to infect other parts of the host body. Stochastic aspects of viral establishment may also favor increased migration as it tends to dampen the amplitude of fluctuations in population size during the initial transient phase of establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Orive
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moyle GJ. Viral resistance patterns selected by antiretroviral drugs and their potential to guide treatment choice. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:943-64. [PMID: 15989655 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.8.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Massive viral turnover and reverse transcriptase's high error rate create the potential for drug-resistant viral variants to appear rapidly under the selective pressure of antiretroviral therapy. Loss of antiviral effect in treatment-adherent persons is most commonly coincident with the appearance of viral mutants with reduced drug sensitivity. Thus, detection of viral resistance may represent an early marker of therapy failure. Similarly, control of viral replication in the plasma compartment, as defined by plasma viral load below the levels of assay quantification, is associated with a sustained therapeutic response and delayed development of viral resistance. Information on patterns of resistance to and cross-resistance between antiretroviral agents is increasingly well characterised and represents an important consideration when deciding how to combine and/or sequence antiretrovirals to achieve optimal antiviral effects. Given the limited number of antiretrovirals presently available or in advanced development, it is important not to limit future therapeutic options by using therapies early in the treatment sequence which may select for cross-resistant viral variants and hence potentially reduce the magnitude of therapeutic response when treatment is changed to another member of that drug class. However, no studies using resistance to guide clinical decision making have been reported to date and available sequencing studies have focused largely on switching or adding therapies to patients experienced with zidovudine monotherapy. Thus, no resistance driven treatment algorithm is currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Moyle
- Kobler Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang OO, Daar ES, Jamieson BD, Balamurugan A, Smith DM, Pitt JA, Petropoulos CJ, Richman DD, Little SJ, Brown AJL. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B superinfection: evidence for differential immune containment of distinct clade B strains. J Virol 2005; 79:860-8. [PMID: 15613314 PMCID: PMC538553 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.860-868.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential infection with different strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a rarely identified phenomenon with important implications for immunopathogenesis and vaccine development. Here, we identify an individual whose good initial control of viremia was lost in association with reduced containment of a superinfecting strain. Subject 2030 presented with acute symptoms of HIV-1 infection with high viremia and an incomplete seroconversion as shown by Western blotting. A low set point of viremia (approximately 1,000 HIV-1 copies/ml) was initially established without drug therapy, but a new higher set point (approximately 40,000 HIV-1 copies/ml) manifested about 5 months after infection. Drug susceptibility testing demonstrated a multidrug-resistant virus initially but a fully sensitive virus after 5 months, and an analysis of pol genotypes showed that these were two phylogenetically distinct strains of virus (strains A and B). Replication capacity assays suggested that the outgrowth of strain B was not due to higher fitness conferred by pol, and env sequences indicated that the two strains had the same R5 coreceptor phenotype. Delineation of CD8+-T-lymphocyte responses against HIV-1 showed a striking pattern of decay of the initial cellular immune responses after superinfection, followed by some adaptation of targeting to new epitopes. An examination of targeted sequences suggested that differences in the recognized epitopes contributed to the poor immune containment of strain B. In conclusion, the rapid overgrowth of a superinfecting strain of HIV-1 of the same subtype raises major concerns for effective vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto O Yang
- 37-121 Center for Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, 10833 LeConte Ave., UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lowe SH, Sankatsing SUC, Repping S, van der Veen F, Reiss P, Lange JMA, Prins JM. Is the male genital tract really a sanctuary site for HIV? Arguments that it is not. AIDS 2004; 18:1353-62. [PMID: 15199311 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000125979.64033.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn H Lowe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang L, Rowe L, He T, Chung C, Yu J, Yu W, Talal A, Markowitz M, Ho DD. Compartmentalization of surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during acute and chronic infection. J Virol 2002; 76:9465-73. [PMID: 12186928 PMCID: PMC136436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9465-9473.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity. Having previously demonstrated that, in the peripheral blood, the initial viral population is more homogeneous than at subsequent stages of infection, we have extended our studies to tissue samples, allowing comparisons between viral populations in peripheral blood and tissues during both the acute and chronic stages of infection. We found that homogeneity in gp120 sequences during the acute infection phase is not just restricted to the peripheral blood but also extends to other tissue compartments. However, in chronically infected individuals, heterogeneous and distinct viral populations were found in different compartments. We therefore conclude that the dominant and homogeneous viral population observed during the acute infection phase is likely to infiltrate lymphoid tissues and form the genetic bases for subsequent diversification. It is therefore likely that the compartmentalization of viral sequences observed in chronically infected patients reflects a gradual diversification of a common dominant viral variant rather than the preferential migration of distinct viral populations to different tissue compartments at the beginning of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Zhang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mukai T, Kurosu T, Kinomoto M, Komoto S, Shiraga M, Auwanit W, Ikuta K. Construction and in vitro characterization of a molecularly cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 1 library. Vaccine 2002; 20:1181-5. [PMID: 11803080 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is urgent, but many concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of the currently developing vaccines remain. A major hindrance in HIV vaccine development is the genetic diversity, a hallmark of HIV biology, and a poor understanding of how HIV vaccine prevents the emergence of escape variants during infection and progression of AIDS. Here, we developed a method to construct a molecularly cloned viral library. This technique employs a long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a virtually full-length HIV type 1 (HIV-1) provirus genome from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with CRF01_AE (subtype E) Thai primary isolate. Among randomly selected 93 clones, 41 with a full-length sequence were able to replicate in PBMCs, 5 of which induced strong cytopathic effects. Replication kinetics also showed that the parental virus was intermediate among the clones. Thus, the molecular library prepared by this method showed the quasi-species in infected cells and this method could provide a new possibility for the development of an order-made therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Mukai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Carpenter S. Cis-acting sequences may contribute to size variation in the surface glycoprotein of bovine immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2989-2998. [PMID: 11714975 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination is an important mechanism of retrovirus variation and diversity. Size variation in the surface (SU) glycoprotein, characterized by duplication and insertion, has been observed during in vivo infection with several lentiviruses, including bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. These duplication/insertion events are thought to occur through a mechanism of template switching/strand transfer during reverse transcription. Studies of RNA recombination in a number of virus systems indicate that cis-acting sequences can modulate the frequency of template switching/strand transfer. The size variable region of EIAV and BIV SU glycoproteins was examined and an AU-rich region and regions of nucleotide sequence identity that may facilitate template switching/strand transfer were identified. An in vitro strand transfer assay using donor and acceptor templates derived from the size variable region in BIV env detected both precise and imprecise strand transfer products, in addition to full-length products. Sequence analysis of clones obtained from imprecise strand transfer products showed that 87.5% had crossover sites within 10 nt of the crossover site observed in vivo. Mutations in the donor template which altered either the AU-rich region or nucleotide sequence identity dramatically decreased the frequency of imprecise strand transfer. Together, these results suggest that cis-acting elements can modulate non-homologous recombination events during reverse transcription and may contribute to the genetic and biological diversity of lentiviruses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA1
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA1
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Casado C, García S, Rodríguez C, Del Romero J, Bello G, López-Galíndez C. Different evolutionary patterns are found within human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2495-2508. [PMID: 11562542 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the evolution in vivo of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in patients with normal clinical evolution, six individuals were selected from a group of 46 patients followed for 1 to 4 years. Patients were selected not by clinical progression characteristics but on the basis of virus genetic variability, as analysed by heteroduplex mobility assay and RNase A mismatch cleavage method. Two patients displayed a homogeneous virus population, two showed very heterogeneous quasispecies and two presented two distinct variants within the virus population. Virus quasispecies were studied by nucleotide sequencing of the C2-fusion domain of the env gene. Virus evolution was approached by analysing the distribution of genetic distances, calculation of divergence and heterogeneity as well as the K(a)/K(s) ratio and by the construction of the phylogenetic trees. Three patients displayed the same tree topology, characterized by the presence of independent clades supported by high bootstrap values, whereas this pattern was not present in the other three patients. In the three patients displaying independent clades, a recombination analysis was carried out between distinct subpopulations and recombinant variants were identified. In one patient of this group, different selective pressures were detected in distinct virus clades, measured by their corresponding K(a)/K(s) ratios, revealing that different evolutionary forces are occurring at the same time within the same patient. These results show that multiple evolutionary patterns can be found in typical HIV-1-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Casado
- Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain1
| | - Soledad García
- Centro de Salud Sandoval, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28010, Spain2
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Salud Sandoval, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28010, Spain2
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro de Salud Sandoval, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28010, Spain2
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain1
| | - Cecilio López-Galíndez
- Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain1
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McGrath KM, Hoffman NG, Resch W, Nelson JA, Swanstrom R. Using HIV-1 sequence variability to explore virus biology. Virus Res 2001; 76:137-60. [PMID: 11410314 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) only recently established an epidemic world-wide infection in the human population. The virus persists in the human host through active replication and is able to avoid clearance by the immune system. Active replication is an important component of the rapid evolutionary potential of HIV-1, a potential which manifests itself in the evolution of immune escape variants, drug resistant variants, and variants with the ability to use different cell surface coreceptors in conjunction with CD4. Multiple zoonotic introductions, compartmentalization of virus replication in the body, and genetic bottlenecks associated with sampling during transmission, antiretroviral therapy, and geographic and/or host population isolation further contribute to the range of sequences present in extant viruses. The sum of the history of all of these phenomena is reflected in HIV-1 sequence variability, and most of these phenomena are ongoing today. Here we review the use of HIV-1 sequence variability to explore its underlying biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M McGrath
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 22-062 Lineberger Cancer Center, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hosmalin A, Samri A, Dumaurier MJ, Dudoit Y, Oksenhendler E, Karmochkine M, Autran B, Wain-Hobson S, Cheynier R. HIV-specific effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes and HIV-producing cells colocalize in white pulps and germinal centers from infected patients. Blood 2001; 97:2695-701. [PMID: 11313260 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.9.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by the massive infiltration of secondary lymphoid organs with activated CD8(+) T lymphocytes. While converging data indicated that these cells were HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responsible for HIV spread limitation, direct evidence was lacking. Here, the presence of HIV-specific effector CTLs was demonstrated directly ex vivo in 15 of 24 microdissected splenic white pulps from an untreated patient and in 1 of 24 tonsil germinal centers from a second patient with incomplete viral suppression following bitherapy. These patients had plasma HIV RNA loads of 5900 and 820 copies per milliliter. The frequencies of HIV-1 DNA(+) cells in their lymphoid organs were more than 1 in 50 and 1 in 175, respectively. Spliced viral messenger RNA (a marker for ongoing viral replication) was present in most immunocompetent structures tested. Conversely, CTL activity was not found in spleens from 2 patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, with undetectable plasma viral load. These patients had much lower spleen DNA(+) cell frequencies (1 in 2700 and 1 in 3800) and no white pulps containing spliced RNA. CTL effector activity as well as spliced viral messenger RNA were both concentrated in the white pulps and germinal centers. This colocalization indicates that viral replication in immunocompetent structures of secondary lymphoid organs triggers anti-HIV effector CTLs to these particular locations, providing clues to target therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hosmalin
- Unité INSERM 445, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D, Barrios M. Detection of genetic diversity among bovine immunodeficiency virus population by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Viral Immunol 2001; 13:373-81. [PMID: 11016600 DOI: 10.1089/08828240050144680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial virus specimens rescued from rabbits, experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency (BIV) strain R29, were monitored for changes in quasispecies population, using the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The generation of characteristic SSCP patterns enables the rapid differentiation of BIV variants derived from the conserved part on the env region of the BIV genome, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming direct sequencing analyses. Our results showed genetic polymorphism among a number of sampled BIV population in experimentally infected rabbits. At least three SSCP patterns (BIV quasispecies) were detected. The SSCP analysis allows for an easy, sensitive, and rapid screening of genetic variants of the virus and the assessment of variation at a number of tissue target sites. These variations may relate to cell-type targets and/or disease progression, and could be significant to our understanding of lentiviral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalvatchev
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Centro de Microbiología y Biologia Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gratton S, Cheynier R, Dumaurier MJ, Oksenhendler E, Wain-Hobson S. Highly restricted spread of HIV-1 and multiply infected cells within splenic germinal centers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14566-71. [PMID: 11121058 PMCID: PMC18959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2000] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous dynamics of HIV infection finds expression in the tempo of sequence diversification. Genetic diversity calculations require the clearance of a majority of infected cells, the obvious predator being anti-HIV immune responses. Indeed, infiltration of germinal centers (GCs) by HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been described. A corollary to this description would be limited diffusion of virus within lymphoid structures. HIV efficiently infects and replicates mainly in activated CD4(+) T lymphoblasts. These cells are found within GCs after their activation in the adjacent periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS). Here GCs and PALS have been dissected from consecutive 10-micrometer sections through splenic tissue from three HIV-1-infected patients. Nested PCR amplification of the two first hypervariable regions of the env gene indicated that 38-78% of sections contained HIV-infected cells. Since there are several hundred CD4(+) T cells per GC section, approximately 0.09-0.64% harbor proviral DNA. Such a low frequency not only suggests that virions on the follicular dendritic cell surfaces do not readily infect adjacent T cells but also indicates highly restricted spread of HIV within GCs and the PALS. Sections were heavily infiltrated by CD8(+) cells, which, together with a large body of extant data, suggests that the majority of infected cells are destroyed by HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes before becoming productively infected. Finally, sequence analysis revealed that those HIV-positive cells were multiply infected, which helps explain widespread recombination despite a low overall frequency of infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gratton
- Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Collins KR, Mayanja-Kizza H, Sullivan BA, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Toossi Z, Arts EJ. Greater diversity of HIV-1 quasispecies in HIV-infected individuals with active tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:408-17. [PMID: 11035611 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200008150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A continual increase in intrapatient HIV-1 heterogeneity is thought to contribute to evasion of host immune response and eventual progression to AIDS. Tuberculosis (TB) is diagnosed both early and late during the course of HIV-1 disease and may increase diversity of HIV-1 quasispecies by activating the HIV-1 immune response and increasing HIV-1 replication. We examined whether HIV-1 heterogeneity is altered in HIV-1-infected individuals with TB. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 7 HIV-1-infected patients with active TB (HIV/TB patients) and 9 HIV-1-infected patients (HIV patients) in Kampala, Uganda (CD4 counts of 0-650 cells/microl and HIV loads of 700-750,000 RNA copies/ml). The C2-C3 region of the HIV-1 envelope gene (env) was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from lysed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of each patient, and then subject to sequencing, clonal-quasispecies analysis and heteroduplex tracking analysis (HTA). RESULTS HTA of env DNA fragments showed increased heterogeneity in the HIV/TB individuals compared with the HIV group. Further sequence and HTA analysis on ten individual env clones for each patient showed significantly greater HIV mutation frequencies in HIV/TB patients than in HIV patients. CONCLUSION An increase in HIV-1 heterogeneity may be associated with a TB-mediated increase in HIV-1 replication. However, a diverse HIV-1 quasispecies population in HIV/TB patients as opposed to tight quasispecies clusters in HIV patients suggests a possible dissemination of lung-derived HIV-1 isolates from the TB-affected organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Molecular Virology Training Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Greater Diversity of HIV-1 Quasispecies in HIV-Infected Individuals With Active Tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200008150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Shapshak P, Segal DM, Crandall KA, Fujimura RK, Zhang BT, Xin KQ, Okuda K, Petito CK, Eisdorfer C, Goodkin K. Independent evolution of HIV type 1 in different brain regions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:811-20. [PMID: 10381169 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-associated brain pathology exhibits regional variability and we therefore studied the genetic differences in the V1-V5 domains of the HIV env gene in up to four regions of brain (frontal lobe, basal ganglia, medial temporal lobe, and nonmedial temporal lobe) from three patients. We found that in each separate brain region HIV-1 forms different quasispecies and that there is little gene flow among these regions. In further support of brain region-specific evolution of HIV-1, we analyzed amino acid signatures in these clones. In addition to known amino acid signatures associated with macrophage tropism and the lack of syncytium formation, we found 15 majority amino acid signature patterns from the V1-V5 env sequences associated with the neuroanatomical regions analyzed from the three individuals. Furthermore, on average, intrabrain genetic distances for the HIV-1 env were estimated to be much smaller than genetic distances between brain regions. Specific strains of HIV-1 may be neurotropic or neuroinvasive (replication preference in brain tissue) and may contribute to pathology, cognitive loss, and neuropsychiatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Shapshak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Navas S, Martín J, Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Carreño V. Genetic diversity and tissue compartmentalization of the hepatitis C virus genome in blood mononuclear cells, liver, and serum from chronic hepatitis C patients. J Virol 1998; 72:1640-6. [PMID: 9445070 PMCID: PMC124648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.1640-1646.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1997] [Accepted: 10/30/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of genetic variability in the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was analyzed by cloning and sequencing HCV genomes obtained in paired samples of serum, liver tissue, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from four chronic hepatitis C patients. Genetic variability in serum was higher than in liver tissue or PBMC at the level of complexity (the number of different sequences obtained from each type of tissue) as well as at the level of genetic distance between all pairs of sequences within each tissue (compared by the Student t test; P < 0.001 for two patients and P < 0.01 for another). The spectrum of viral genomes differed among the three types of tissue, as shown by segregation of sequences according to their tissue of origin in phylogenetic analysis and by statistical analysis of mean genetic distances observed between sequences obtained from different tissues (P < 0.001), but sequences from liver tissue and PBMC were more closely related to each other than to those from serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Navas
- Department of Hepatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Delwart EL, Mullins JI, Gupta P, Learn GH, Holodniy M, Katzenstein D, Walker BD, Singh MK. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations in blood and semen. J Virol 1998; 72:617-23. [PMID: 9420266 PMCID: PMC109415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.617-623.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) usually results in outgrowth of viruses with macrophage-tropic phenotype and consensus non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) V3 loop sequences, despite the presence of virus with broader host range and the syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype in the blood of many donors. We examined proviruses in contemporaneous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and non-spermatozoal semen mononuclear cells (NSMC) of five HIV-1-infected individuals to determine if this preferential outgrowth could be due to compartmentalization and thus preferential transmission of viruses of the NSI phenotype from the male genital tract. Phylogenetic reconstructions of approximately 700-bp sequences covering the second constant region through the fifth variable region (C2 to V5) of the viral envelope gene revealed distinct variant populations in the blood versus the semen in two patients with AIDS and in one asymptomatic individual (patient 613), whereas similar variant populations were found in both compartments in two other asymptomatic individuals. Variants with amino acids in the V3 loop that predict the SI phenotype were found in both AIDS patients and in patient 613; however, the distribution of these variants between the two compartments was not consistent. SI variants were found only in the PBMC of one AIDS patient but only in the NSMC of the other, while they were found in both compartments in patient 613. It is therefore unlikely that restriction of SI variants from the male genital tract accounts for the observed NSI transmission bias. Furthermore, no evidence for a semen-specific signature amino acid sequence was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Delwart
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reinhart TA, Rogan MJ, Amedee AM, Murphey-Corb M, Rausch DM, Eiden LE, Haase AT. Tracking members of the simian immunodeficiency virus deltaB670 quasispecies population in vivo at single-cell resolution. J Virol 1998; 72:113-20. [PMID: 9420206 PMCID: PMC109355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.113-120.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct lentiviruses constitute a quasispecies population that can evolve in response to selective forces. To move beyond characterization of the population as a whole to the behavior of individual members, we devised an in situ hybridization approach that uses genotype-specific probes. We used probes that detect simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) that differ in sequence in the V1 region of the surface envelope glycoprotein (env) gene to investigate the replication and cellular tropisms of four viral variants in the tissues of infected rhesus macaques. We found that the V1 genotypic variants replicated in spatially defined patterns and to different extents at each anatomic site. The two variants that replicated most extensively in animals with AIDS were detected in both macrophages and T lymphocytes in tissues. By extension of this approach, it will be possible to investigate the role of individual lentiviruses in a quasispecies in pathogenesis and to evaluate the effects of antiviral or immunotherapeutic treatment on select members of a quasispecies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Reinhart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Klenerman P, Zinkernagel RM. What can we learn about human immunodeficiency virus infection from a study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus? Immunol Rev 1997; 159:5-16. [PMID: 9416499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains elusive. Since the discovery 10 years ago of high levels of specific CTL in this disease, some have argued that they play an important role in virus control, others that they drive disease progression through destruction of T helper cells, and others still that they play no obvious role at all. By contrast, the central role of CTL in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection has been very clearly worked out through the use of in vivo depletion and adoptive transfer experiments, as well as knockout and transgenic mice. To interpret the possible roles for CTL in HIV, we have therefore made a comparison between what is known about CTL and their interaction with virus-infected cells in these two infections. This illustrates a potential critical role for these cells in both control of HIV replication and immune-mediated pathology, but one that is highly dependent on virus dose, distribution and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Klenerman
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tsai WP, Rimelzwaan GF, Merges MJ, Wu SC, Conley S, Kung HF, Garrity R, Goudsmit J, Nara PL. Preliminary findings of an in vitro human spleen mononuclear cell culture system for primary isolates of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:967-77. [PMID: 9223413 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV-1 infection is often manifested with a high level of viremia. The cell types and tissues/organs that contribute to the virus load are thought to be of central and peripheral lymphoreticular origin. The establishment and permissiveness of organ-based cell culture systems from spleen with laboratory strains or primary isolates of HIV-1 have not been reported. We studied unseparated splenic mononuclear cells (SMCs) and adherent cells derived from human spleen and liver in comparison with blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Unstimulated, SMCs were highly permissive to primary lymphotropic HIV-1 and dual/macrophage-tropic isolates (which are able to replicate in both MDMs and PBMCs). Furthermore, SMCs were found to replicate virus to high titer in a rapid log-phase manner and exhibited a prolonged stationary phase of virus production, unlike PBMCs, which required conventional activation with mitogens and exhibited a much shorter period of virus production. Interestingly, the SMCs maintained themselves as a mixed phenotype of nested lymphocytes with complex and well-differentiated macrophage(s) for extended periods of time. In addition, splenic macrophages readily purified by adherence were highly permissive to a dual/macrophage-tropic primary isolate, HIV-1ADA, intermediate with two laboratory strains, HIVR-1RF and HIV-lHXB3, and least permissive to the lymphotropic primary isolate HIV-1Mr452 and two other laboratory strains, HIV-1CC and HIV-1MN. The replication of HIV-1ADA as measured by extracellular p24 was sustained for up to 7 weeks and similar to the replication patterns observed with adherent hepatic macrophages and blood-derived MDMs. This study demonstrates that exogenous stimulation is not required for infection of these cells; either adherence-isolated and/or mixed lymphoid populations can be studied together, and viable stocks can be readily prepared and cryopreserved. In addition, these cells could be used for isolating new and/or other variants of HIV-1. Thus, the use of the SMC primary in vitro cell culture system for future studies involving HIV-1 is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Tsai
- Laboratory of Biochemical Physiology, Division of Basic Science, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dittmar MT, Simmons G, Donaldson Y, Simmonds P, Clapham PR, Schulz TF, Weiss RA. Biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones derived from different organs of an AIDS patient by long-range PCR. J Virol 1997; 71:5140-7. [PMID: 9188581 PMCID: PMC191749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5140-5147.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants from different tissues (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC], lymph node, spleen, brain, and lung) of one patient, we have chosen long-range PCR to amplify virtually full-length HIV proviruses and to construct replication-competent viruses by adding a patient-specific 5' long terminal repeat. To avoid selection during propagation in CD4+ target cells, we transfected 293 cells and used the supernatants from these cells as challenge viruses for tropism studies after titration on human PBMC. Despite differences in the V3 loop of the major variants found in brain and lung compared to lymphoid tissues all recombinant HIV clones obtained showed identical cell tropism and replicative kinetics. After infection of human PBMC these viruses replicated with similar kinetics, with a slow/low-titer, non-syncytium-inducing phenotype. In contrast to the prediction of macrophage tropism, drawn from the V3 loop sequence, none of these viruses infected monocyte-derived macrophages. The challenge of blood dendritic cells by these recombinant viruses in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-4 resulted in a productive infection only after adding stimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Therefore, the biological properties of the HIV-1 variants derived from nonlymphoid tissue of this patient did not differ from those of HIV-1 variants from lymphoid tissue with respect to tropism for primary cells such as PBMC, macrophages, and blood dendritic cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Brain/virology
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Genes, env
- HIV Long Terminal Repeat
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lung/virology
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/virology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR5
- Receptors, CXCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/genetics
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spleen/virology
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Dittmar
- Virology Laboratory, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Plikat U, Nieselt-Struwe K, Meyerhans A. Genetic drift can dominate short-term human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef quasispecies evolution in vivo. J Virol 1997; 71:4233-40. [PMID: 9151810 PMCID: PMC191638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4233-4240.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 nef quasispecies in a patient clonally infected with a contaminated batch of blood clotting factor IX was monitored. nef sequences were derived at 11, 25, and 41 months postinfection from infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells after molecular cloning of PCR-amplified proviral DNA. The phylogenetic relationships among a total of 41 informative sequences were established by split decomposition analysis and used as a basis to establish a substitution matrix and to score synonymous (s) and nonsynonymous (ns) substitutions. The number of observed in-phase stop codons within the nef sequences was comparable to that expected on a random basis. Similarly, the numbers of observed s and ns substitutions did not differ significantly from expected values. No codon position was preferentially mutated. The maximum sequence divergence increased in a linear manner, with approximately 4.4 nucleotide and approximately 3.2 amino acid changes per year. It appears that stochastic processes strongly influence short-term HIV nef quasispecies evolution in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Plikat
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- A J Brown
- Centre for HIV Research, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cabot B, Esteban JI, Martell M, Genescà J, Vargas V, Esteban R, Guardia J, Gómez J. Structure of replicating hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies in the liver may not be reflected by analysis of circulating HCV virions. J Virol 1997; 71:1732-4. [PMID: 8995709 PMCID: PMC191240 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1732-1734.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the population of hepatitis C virus (HCV) sequences in paired liver and serum samples from four patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sequences from three different biopsy specimens from a liver explant from one patient were compared with each other and with the circulating sequences. Our results demonstrate that the circulating quasispecies does not necessarily reflect the viral population replicating in the liver and that this is not due to a macroscopic anatomic compartmentalization of HCV replication. This finding has important implications for the pathogenesis and natural history of chronic HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cabot
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autóma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Novella IS, Elena SF, Moya A, Domingo E, Holland JJ. Repeated transfer of small RNA virus populations leading to balanced fitness with infrequent stochastic drift. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 252:733-8. [PMID: 8917317 DOI: 10.1007/bf02173980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The population dynamics of RNA viruses have an important influence on fitness variation and, in consequence, on the adaptative potential and virulence of this ubiquitous group of pathogens. Earlier work with vesicular stomatitis virus showed that large population transfers were reproducibly associated with fitness increases, whereas repeated transfers from plaque to plaque (genetic bottlenecks) lead to losses in fitness. We demonstrate here that repeated five-plaque to five-plaque passage series yield long-term fitness stability, except for occasional stochastic fitness jumps. Repeated five-plaque passages regularly alternating with two consecutive large population transmissions did not cause fitness losses, but did limit the size of fitness gains that would otherwise have occurred. These results underscore the profound effects of bottleneck transmissions in virus evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I S Novella
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Quiñones-Mateu ME, Holguín A, Dopazo J, Nájera I, Domingo E. Point mutant frequencies in the pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are two- to threefold lower than those of env. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1117-28. [PMID: 8844016 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences have been determined for the HIV-1 genomic regions encoding codons 41-108 and 181-219 of reverse transcriptase (RT) (pol gene), and codons 198-331 of gp120 (the C2V3 domains; env gene). Eighty-one HIV-1 samples from patients treated or untreated with RT inhibitors were used to sequence pol and 28 HIV-1 samples were used to sequence env. Several individual quasispecies have also been analyzed. All HIV-1 isolates belonged to subtype B. Point mutant frequencies and nucleotide diversities for pol were at most two- to threefold lower than env, with the proportion of nonsynonymous mutations ranging from 33 to 67%. A new variability index that takes into account the type of amino acid substitution as well as genetic distances between the compared sequences is introduced, and its main features for sequence comparisons emphasized. Extension of the calculations to gag, pol, and env sequences contained in the current HIV-1 database confirmed the high mutant frequencies for all HIV-1 genomic regions. The results indicate that although env is more tolerant to insertions and deletions than pol, point mutant frequencies for HIV-1 regions encoding nonstructural proteins are only two- to threefold lower than for regions encoding structural proteins. This implies the occurrence of frequent changes in HIV-1 phenotypes that are dependent on amino acid substitutions in viral enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Quiñones-Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Moyle GJ. Use of viral resistance patterns to antiretroviral drugs in optimising selection of drug combinations and sequences. Drugs 1996; 52:168-85. [PMID: 8841736 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199652020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High rates of viral replication throughout HIV infection, and the frequency of mutation occurring during each replication cycle due to the inaccuracy of reverse transcriptase, drive the potential for drug-resistant viral variants to appear under the selective pressure of antiretroviral therapy. Loss of antiviral effect with a variety of antiretroviral agents has been reported to coincide with the appearance of viral mutants with reduced drug sensitivity. Additionally, the presence of both phenotypic and genotypic zidovudine resistance is associated with an increased risk of clinical disease progression and death, independent of a change of therapy to didanosine. The patterns of resistance to and cross-resistance between antiretroviral agents are increasingly well characterised, and represent an important consideration when deciding how to combine and/or sequence antiretrovirals to achieve optimal antiviral effects. Given the limited number of antiretrovirals currently available or in advanced development, it is important not to potentially limit future therapeutic options by using, early in the treatment sequence, therapies which may select for cross-resistant viral variants and hence potentially reduce the additional therapeutic response when treatment is changed to another member of that drug class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Moyle
- Kobler Centre Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, England
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang WK, Essex M, McLane MF, Mayer KH, Hsieh CC, Brumblay HG, Seage G, Lee TH. Pattern of gp120 sequence divergence linked to a lack of clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6693-7. [PMID: 8692880 PMCID: PMC39088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential rates of AIDS development and/or T4 lymphocyte depletion in HIV-1-infected individuals remain unexplained. The hypothesis that qualitative differences in selection pressure in vivo may account for different rates of disease progression was addressed in nine eligible study participants from a cohort of 315 homosexual men who have been followed since 1985. Disproportionately fewer changes in variable regions and more in C3 of gp12O were found to be significantly associated with slower disease progression. Our finding provides the first example to demonstrate that differential selection pressure related to the emergence of HIV-1 variants is associated with long term nonprogression. Candidate vaccines that elicit strong selection pressure on C3 of gp120 are likely to provide better protection than those targeting variable regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|