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Wang MY, Zhao SB, Wang SY, Du MH, Ming SL, Zeng L. Feline Panleukopenia Virus ZZ202303 Strain: Molecular Characterization and Structural Implications of the VP2 Gene Phylogenetic Divergence. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4573. [PMID: 40429717 PMCID: PMC12110955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2025] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Accepted: 05/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the etiological agent of a highly contagious multispecies disease, demonstrates concerning phylogenetic divergence that compromises vaccine cross-protection. This study aimed to characterize a novel FPV strain through integrated virological and molecular analyses to assess epidemiological implications. From seven clinical specimens obtained from feline hosts with panleukopenia in Henan Province, China, we isolated FPV ZZ202303 using an F81 cell culture coupled with PCR verification, demonstrating potent cytopathic effects (TCID50: 10-5.72/0.1 mL) and rapid replication kinetics (viral peak at 12-24 h post-infection). Comparative virulence assessments revealed a 1.8- to 2.3-fold greater pathogenicity versus contemporary field strains (2021-2023). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on complete VP2 gene sequences positioned FPV ZZ202303 within an emerging clade sharing 97.5-98.2% identity with canine parvovirus strains versus 98.8-99.7% with FPV references, forming a distinct cluster (bootstrap = 94%) diverging from vaccine lineages. Critical structural analysis identified a prevalent I101T mutation (89.13% prevalence) in the VP2 capsid protein's antigenic determinant region, with molecular modeling predicting altered surface charge distribution potentially affecting host receptor binding. Our findings substantiate FPV ZZ202303 as an evolutionarily divergent strain exhibiting enhanced virulence and unique genetic signatures that may underlie vaccine evasion mechanisms, providing critical data for updating prophylactic strategies against this economically impactful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shi-Bo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shu-Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meng-Hua Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.W.); (M.-H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Wen Y, Tang Z, Wang K, Geng Z, Yang S, Guo J, Chen Y, Wang J, Fan Z, Chen P, Qian J. Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection in China. Viruses 2024; 16:1967. [PMID: 39772273 PMCID: PMC11728606 DOI: 10.3390/v16121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious virus that affects cats worldwide, characterized by leukopenia, high temperature and diarrhea. Recently, the continuous prevalence and variation of FPV have attracted widespread concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the isolation, genetic evolution, molecular characterization and epidemiological analysis of FPV strains among cats and dogs in China from 2019 to 2024. The 41 FPV strains, including 38 feline strains and 3 canine strains, were isolated from rectal swab samples by inoculating monolayer FK81 cells and performing a plaque purification assay. The viral and hemagglutination titers of these 41 FPV strains were 104.33~106.33 TCID50/0.1 mL and 7.0 log2~9.7 log2, respectively. Based on the complete VP2 gene, the nucleotide homology of these FPV strains was 98.91~100%, and the homology with 24 reference FPV strains from different countries and hosts was 98.85~100%. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 41 FPV strains were more closely related to the FPV strains of Asian origin (Asian FPV strain group) than those of European and American origin (European and American FPV strain group). Furthermore, 12 mutation sites of the VP2 protein were found in these FPV strains, of which 91 and 232 amino acid sites were previously reported. Moreover, the 91 amino acid site was found to be a positive selection site with the highest dN/dS value in the selection pressure analysis. Importantly, 35 FPV strains with 91S substitution in the VP2 protein (FPV-VP2-91S strains) had formed obvious evolutionary branches in the Asian FPV strain group. The analysis of all available VP2 protein sequences of Chinese FPV strains in the GenBank database showed that the occurrence rate of FPV-VP2-91S strains had been increasing from 15.63% to 100% during 2017~2024, indicating that the FPV-VP2-91S substitution in the VP2 protein was a noteworthy molecular characteristic of the dominant FPV strains in China. These results contribute to a better understanding of their genetic evolution and renew the knowledge of FPV molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wen
- College of veterinary medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhengxu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kunli Wang
- College of veterinary medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhengyang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Simin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Henan Institute of Modern Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongzhen Chen
- Henan Institute of Modern Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Taihe Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiyu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pengju Chen
- Henan Institute of Modern Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Pan Y, Li H, He T, Dong Q, Song W, Zhang W, Zhang L, Kareem K, Jiang S, Sheng J. Evolutionary Dynamics and Pathogenicity Analysis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Xinjiang, China. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2205. [PMID: 39597594 PMCID: PMC11596581 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a globally pervasive and highly pathogenic pathogen, has garnered significant attention recently due to the cross-species transmission of its variants. Despite the vast body of research conducted on FPV, studies exploring its evolutionary history, dynamics, and the factors driving its evolution remain scarce. The pathogenicity of strains with the prevalent mutations (A91S and I101T) in the VP2 protein has also not been fully elucidated. This study conducted a comparative analysis of FPV VP2 sequences sourced from Xinjiang province in China, other provinces in China, and other countries. It was confirmed that the evolutionary rate of FPV approached that of RNA viruses, at approximately 1.13 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. The study reconstructed molecular models of the VP2 protein with the A91S and I101T mutations and used viral strains carrying these mutations to perform the animal regression experiment. It was confirmed that isolates with the A91S and I101T mutations could cause typical leukopenia and acute enteritis symptoms, suggesting that the mutant strains still possess certain pathogenicity. This is the first study to report on the evolutionary dynamics of FPV in Xinjiang, China, and it emphasized the importance of continuously monitoring FPV evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
- Animal Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
- Animal Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Honghuan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Tao He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Qianqian Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenyan Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenya Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Kashaf Kareem
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad Layyah Campus, Layyah 31200, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Song Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
- Animal Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (H.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (Q.D.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (K.K.)
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Yu Z, Wang W, Yu C, He L, Ding K, Shang K, Chen S. Molecular Characterization of Feline Parvovirus from Domestic Cats in Henan Province, China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2024; 11:292. [PMID: 39057976 PMCID: PMC11281718 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, feline parvovirus (FPV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) continue to spread in companion animals all over the world. As a result, FPV and CPV underwent host-to-host transfer in carnivorous wild-animal hosts. Here, a total of 82 fecal samples of suspected cat FPV infections were collected from Henan Province from 2020 to 2022. The previously published full-length sequence primers of VP2 and NS1 genes were used to amplify the targeted genes of these samples, and the complete gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 samples were obtained and analyzed. Analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2 and NS1 genes of these isolates was 96.1-100% and 97.6-100%, respectively. The phylogenetic results showed that the VP2 and NS1 genes of the local isolates were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup. Finally, F81 cells were inoculated with the local endemic isolate Luoyang-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of FPV-LY was detected. After five generations of blind transmission in F81 cells, cells infected with FPV-LY displayed characteristic morphological changes, including a round, threadlike, and wrinkled appearance, indicative of viral infection. The virus titer associated with this cytopathic effect (CPE) was measured at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL. Subsequent animal regression tests confirmed that the virus titer of the PFV-LY isolate remained at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL, indicating its highly pathogenic nature. Cats exposed to the virus exhibited typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, ultimately succumbing to the infection. These results suggest that the gene mutation rate of FPV is increasing, resulting in a complex pattern of gene evolution in terms of host preference, geographical selection, and novel genetic variants. The data also indicate that continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance is required to understand the genetic diversity of FPV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhua Yu
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Pet & Human Health Engineering Technology Center, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang 471900, China
| | - Lei He
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (Z.Y.)
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Jyothi VP, Bhaskaran MS, Gundi VA. Epidemiology, molecular prevalence and prevention on canine parvovirus in India: A review. Bioinformation 2024; 20:536-546. [PMID: 39132235 PMCID: PMC11309098 DOI: 10.6026/973206300200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and lethal virus that causes severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis in young dogs. In 1978, CPV has rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in outbreaks and high morbidity rates among dog populations. Over a decade, CPV has undergone genetic changes, leading to the emergence of different genotypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), which have expanded its host range to include cats and tissue culture cells. This review focuses on CPV-2 outbreaks in India from 2010 to 2023, analyzing gene lengths covering 274-438 amino acids in the VP2 gene which are collected from the NCBI database to investigate CPV epidemiology and diversity. The study highlighted substantial differences in seroprevalence over the period for CPV-2 (7%), CPV-2a (45%), CPV-2b (12%), and CPV-2c (36%). Our study found significant seroprevalence differences among CPV variants, with CPV-2a being the most prevalent, underscoring the need for effective diagnostic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanjavaka Pavana Jyothi
- MBIG Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore - 524 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vijay A.K.B. Gundi
- MBIG Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore - 524 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Xie Q, Sun Z, Xue X, Pan Y, Zhen S, Liu Y, Zhan J, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhu H, Yu X, Zhang X. China-origin G1 group isolate FPV072 exhibits higher infectivity and pathogenicity than G2 group isolate FPV027. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328244. [PMID: 38288138 PMCID: PMC10822907 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline parvovirus (FPV), a single-stranded DNA virus, is accountable for causing feline panleukopenia, a highly contagious and often lethal disease that primarily affects cats. The epidemiology prevalence and pathogenicity of FPV in certain regions of China, however, remains unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiology of FPV in different regions of China in 2021 and compare its infectivity and pathogenicity. Methods In this research, a total of 36 FPV strains were obtained from diverse regions across China. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the VP2 and NS1 sequences, and two representative strains, FPV027 and FPV072, which belonged to different branches, were selected for comparative assessment of infectivity and pathogenicity. Results and discussion The results revealed that all strains were phylogenetically classified into two groups, G1 and G2, with a higher prevalence of G1 strains in China. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that FPV072 (G1 group) exhibited enhanced infectivity and pathogenicity compared to FPV027 (G2 Group). The structural alignment of the VP2 protein between the two viruses revealed mutations in residues 91, 232, and 300 that may contribute to differences in infectivity and pathogenicity. The findings from these observations will contribute significantly to the overall understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FPV in China and facilitate the development of an effective FPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xiu Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Yajie Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Shuye Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Jiuyu Zhan
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
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Früh SP, Adu OF, López-Astacio RA, Weichert WS, Wasik BR, Parrish CR. Isolation, cloning and analysis of parvovirus-specific canine antibodies from peripheral blood B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104894. [PMID: 37467826 PMCID: PMC10542859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites (epitopes), and details of protective immunity against pathogens. Here, we describe improved methods for isolation of canine peripheral blood B cells producing antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by cell cloning. We cultured sorted B cells from an immunized dog in vitro and screened for CPV-specific antibody production. Updated canine-specific primer sets were used to amplify and clone the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences directly from the B cells by reverse transcription and PCR. Monoclonal canine IgGs were produced by cloning heavy and light chain sequences into antibody expression vectors, which were screened for CPV binding. Three different canine monoclonal antibodies were analyzed, including two that shared the same heavy chain, and one that had distinct heavy and light chains. The antibodies showed broad binding to CPV variants, and epitopes were mapped to antigenic sites on the capsid. The methods described here are applicable for the isolation of canine B cells and monoclonal antibodies against many antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oluwafemi F Adu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A López-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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8
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Xue H, Hu C, Ma H, Song Y, Zhu K, Fu J, Mu B, Gao X. Isolation of feline panleukopenia virus from Yanji of China and molecular epidemiology from 2021 to 2022. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e29. [PMID: 37012037 PMCID: PMC10071280 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a widespread and highly infectious pathogen in cats with a high mortality rate. Although Yanji has a developed cat breeding industry, the variation of FPV locally is still unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to isolate and investigate the epidemiology of FPV in Yanji between 2021 and 2022. METHODS A strain of FPV was isolated from F81 cells. Cats suspected of FPV infection (n = 80) between 2021 and 2022 from Yanji were enrolled in this study. The capsid protein 2 (VP2) of FPV was amplified. It was cloned into the pMD-19T vector and transformed into a competent Escherichia coli strain. The positive colonies were analyzed via VP2 Sanger sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis based on a VP2 coding sequence was performed to identify the genetic relationships between the strains. RESULTS An FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. The virus diameter was approximately 20-24 nm, 50% tissue culture infectious dose = 1 × 10-4.94/mL, which caused cytopathic effect in F81 cells. The epidemiological survey from 2021 to 2022 showed that 27 of the 80 samples were FPV-positive. Additionally, three strains positive for CPV-2c were unexpectedly found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the 27 FPV strains belonged to the same group, and no mutations were found in the critical amino acids. CONCLUSIONS A local FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. There was no critical mutation in FPV in Yanji, but some cases with CPV-2c infected cats were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Xue
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chunyi Hu
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Haoyuan Ma
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yanhao Song
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Kunru Zhu
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jingfeng Fu
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Biying Mu
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Laboratory for Animal Molecular Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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9
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Zhou L, Wu H, Du M, Song H, Huo N, Chen X, Su X, Li W, Wang L, Wang J, Huang B, Tan F, Tian K. A canine-derived chimeric antibody with high neutralizing activity against canine parvovirus-2. AMB Express 2022; 12:76. [PMID: 35705721 PMCID: PMC9200918 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection causes serious multisystemic disease in dogs and many animal species worldwide. Previously, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) of CPV-2, 10H4, showed high neutralizing activity and therapeutic effect against CPV-2 in dogs. However, the application of mouse MAb is limited in other animals due to immune rejection. Here, the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of 10H4 were cloned and ligated with constant canine antibody regions to produce a canine-derived chimeric MAb 11D9, in a CHO-S cell expression system. The cell supernatant of the CHO cell line 11D9 exhibited a HI titer of 1:2560 against all the variants of CPV-2 (new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), and had the same average neutralization titer as the new CPV-2a (1:11,046.5) and new CPV-2b (1:11,046.5) variants, which was slightly higher than that of CPV-2c variants (1:10,615.7). In animal experiment, the treatment of chimeric MAb 11D9 had a high therapeutic effect in beagles infected with the new CPV-2a. Overall, the canine-derived chimeric MAb 11D9 produced by CHO-S cells showed a high HI and neutralization titer against CPV-2 and the therapeutic effects against the new CPV-2a in beagles, providing potential for the prevention or treatment of CPV-2 infections in dogs. A canine-derived chimeric MAb 11D9 was produced by CHO cell lines. The MAb 11D9 exhibited high HI and neutralization titers against new CPV-2 variants. The MAb 11D9 had a high therapeutic effect in beagles infected with the new CPV-2a variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongchao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengmeng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Ningning Huo
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China.,Luoyang Huizhong Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaorui Su
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China.,Luoyang Huizhong Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang, China
| | - Baicheng Huang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China.
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China. .,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China.
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10
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Molecular analysis of the full-length VP2 gene of Brazilian strains of canine parvovirus 2 shows genetic and structural variability between wild and vaccine strains. Virus Res 2022; 313:198746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Karanam B, Srinivas MV, Vasu J, Xavier AP, Karuppiah R, Shanmugam VP, Mukhopadhyay HK. Phylodynamic and genetic diversity of parvoviruses of cats in southern India. Virusdisease 2022; 33:108-113. [PMID: 35493752 PMCID: PMC9005569 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and Canine parvovirus (CPV) infections are highly contagious diseases causing severe gastroenteritis with high fatality rates in cats. Realising the importance of cats as a potential source of genetic diversity for parvoviruses, the present study trace the evolutionary history and dynamics of parvovirus variants by characterizing the full-length viral polypeptide 2 (VP2) gene of parvovirus from domestic cats and cats from rescue shelters in Southern India. The study confirmed the presence of both CPV and FPV infections among the cat population. The full-length VP2 gene analysis of parvoviruses from cats; five had amino acid variations characteristic of FPV and one sequence was New CPV-2a/FPV. Three new mutations (hitherto not reported) were identified at 303rd, 441st and 554th amino acid positions. One potential recombination event was identified in VP2 sequence from a cat (New CPV-2a / FPV recombinant). The molecular analysis confirmed that cat populations are susceptible to CPV variants and FPV, thereby promoting superinfection and co-infection with multiple parvoviruses and potentially facilitating transmission, recombination and high genetic heterogeneity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00760-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswanth Karanam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 009 India
| | - Mouttou Vivek Srinivas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 009 India
| | - Jayalakshmi Vasu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 009 India
| | - Antony Prabhakar Xavier
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 009 India
| | - Rajkumar Karuppiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Venkatesa Permal Shanmugam
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 009 India
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12
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Yi S, Liu S, Meng X, Huang P, Cao Z, Jin H, Wang J, Hu G, Lan J, Zhang D, Gao Y, Wang H, Li N, Feng N, Hou R, Yang S, Xia X. Feline Panleukopenia Virus With G299E Substitution in the VP2 Protein First Identified From a Captive Giant Panda in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:820144. [PMID: 35198456 PMCID: PMC8859993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.820144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Giant panda/CD/2018, was isolated from a captive giant panda with mild diarrhea in 2018 in Chengdu, China, and further identified via indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and genetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete VP2 nucleotide sequences showed that it shared high homology with Chinese FPV isolates and grouped within FPV cluster 1. One unique substitution Gly(G)299Glu(E) in the capsid protein VP2 was first identified with Giant panda/CD/2018. The presence of the G299E substitution is notable as it is located on the top region of the interconnecting surface loop 3, which may be involved in controlling the host range and antigenicity of FPV. These findings first demonstrate that FPV with natural point mutation G299E in the VP2 gene is prevalent in giant panda and suggest that etiological surveillance and vaccination among all giant pandas are urgently needed to protect this endangered species against FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushuai Yi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyong Meng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Yang, ; Na Feng, ; Rong Hou,
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Yang, ; Na Feng, ; Rong Hou,
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Yang, ; Na Feng, ; Rong Hou,
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Goetschius DJ, Hartmann SR, Organtini LJ, Callaway H, Huang K, Bator CM, Ashley RE, Makhov AM, Conway JF, Parrish CR, Hafenstein SL. High-resolution asymmetric structure of a Fab-virus complex reveals overlap with the receptor binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025452118. [PMID: 34074770 PMCID: PMC8201801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025452118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs, including acute hemorrhagic enteritis, myocarditis, and cerebellar disease. Overlap on the surface of parvovirus capsids between the antigenic epitope and the receptor binding site has contributed to cross-species transmission, giving rise to closely related variants. It has been shown that Mab 14 strongly binds and neutralizes canine but not feline parvovirus, suggesting this antigenic site also controls species-specific receptor binding. To visualize the conformational epitope at high resolution, we solved the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Fab-virus complex. We also created custom software, Icosahedral Subparticle Extraction and Correlated Classification, to solve a Fab-virus complex with only a few Fab bound per capsid and visualize local structures of the Fab-bound and -unbound antigenic sites extracted from the same complex map. Our results identified the antigenic epitope that had significant overlap with the receptor binding site, and the structures revealed that binding of Fab induced conformational changes to the virus. We were also able to assign the order and position of attached Fabs to allow assessment of complementarity between the Fabs bound to different positions. This approach therefore provides a method for using cryo-EM to investigate complementarity of antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Samantha R Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lindsey J Organtini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Heather Callaway
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Kai Huang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Robert E Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Alexander M Makhov
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - James F Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
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14
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Nguyen Manh T, Piewbang C, Rungsipipat A, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Vietnamese canine parvovirus 2C originated from dogs reveals a new Asia-IV clade. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1445-1453. [PMID: 32854156 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a small, single-stranded DNA virus causing fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Currently, CPV-2 is classified into CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c based on genetic variation in the VP2 gene. The CPV-2c variant has become ubiquitous worldwide and gained attention for monitoring parvoviral evolution. In this study, we characterized the full-length genome sequences of CPV-2c strains obtained from 59 dogs in Vietnam. Molecular analysis revealed that Vietnamese CPV-2c shared a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian CPV-2 clade, which is marked by genetic signature patterns in the structural and nonstructural proteins. In addition, these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains exhibited unique Thr112Ile and Ile447Met mutations in the VP1 and VP2 sequence, respectively. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the mutations of amino acid residues in both the structural and nonstructural genes have contributed to the emergence of a new clade, designated here as the Asia-IV clade. The substitution rates, estimated from a dataset containing 199 sequences over the last 42 years, confirmed that CPV-2 showed a high rate of nucleotide substitution, at about 2.49 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (nt/s/y), with VP1/2 and NS1/2 estimates of 3.06 × 10-4 and 3.16 × 10-4 nt/s/y, respectively. Even though no evidence of genetic recombination in these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains was established, potential positive selection sites were observed in both the structural and nonstructural genes, suggesting the viral evolutionary process has occurred in both the structural and nonstructural proteins. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of the full-length genome sequence is necessary to gain evolutionary insight of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Nguyen Manh
- International Graduate Program in Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Liu WJ, Yang YT, Zou HY, Chen SJ, Yang C, Tian YB, Huang YM. Identification of recombination in novel goose parvovirus isolated from domesticated Jing-Xi partridge ducks in South China. Virus Genes 2020; 56:600-609. [PMID: 32676956 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), caused by a novel goose parvovirus (NGPV), have occurred in China since 2015. This rapidly spreading, infectious disease affects ducks in particular, with a high morbidity and low mortality rate, causing huge economic losses. This study analyzed the evolution of NGPV isolated from Jing-Xi partridge duck with SBDS in South China. Complete genome sequences of the NGPV strains GDQY1802 and GDSG1901 were homologous with other GPV/NGPV and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NGPV isolated from mainland China was related to the Taiwan 82-0321v strain of GPV. In contrast to 82-0321v and the SDLC01 strain, which was first isolated from China, the two isolates showed no deletions in the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) region. Further, in these isolates, 24 amino acid sites of the replication protein were different compared to that of GPV live vaccine strain 82-0321v, and 12 sites were unique across all NGPV isolates. These isolates also showed differences in 17 amino acid sites of the capsid protein from that of 82-0321v, two of which were the same as those in MDPV. Recombination analysis identified the major parents of GDSG1901 and GDQY1802 as the NGPV-GD and NGPV-Hun18 strains, and the minor parents as the classical GPV 06-0329 and GPV LH strains, respectively. GDQY1802 and GDSG1901 are recombinant GPV-related parvovirus isolated from domesticated partridge duck. Recombination is evident in the evolution of NGPV, and as such, the use of live attenuated vaccines for NGPV requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Liu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Hai-Yin Zou
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Jian Chen
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Bo Tian
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun-Mao Huang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Chaiyasak S, Piewbang C, Banlunara W, Techangamsuwan S. Carnivore Protoparvovirus-1 Associated With an Outbreak of Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis in Small Indian Civets. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:706-713. [PMID: 32880233 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820932144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV-1) infection has been reported frequently in both domestic and wildlife species including wild carnivores. Fifty-five captive small Indian civets (Viverricula indica), farmed for perfume production in Eastern Thailand, showed clinical signs of acute bloody diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, circling, and seizures. The disease spread within the farm and resulted in the death of 38 of the 55 civets (69% mortality) within a month. Fecal swabs were collected from the 17 surviving civets, and necropsy was performed on 7 of the dead civets. Pathologic findings were severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with generalized lymphadenopathy. CPPV-1 was identified in both fecal swabs and postmortem samples by species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Further whole-gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) as the causative agent. The viral tropism and tissue distribution were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, with immunolabeling in the cytoplasm and nucleus of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells, villous enterocytes, histiocytes in lymphoid tissues, myenteric nerve plexuses, and cerebral and cerebellar neurons. Phylogenetic analysis of civet-derived CPPV-1 indicated a genetic similarity close to the FPV HH-1/86 strain detected in a jaguar (Panthera onca) in China. To our knowledge, this mass die-off of civets is the first evidence of disease associated with CPPV-1 infection in the subfamily Viverrinae. These findings support the multi-host range of parvovirus infection and raises awareness for CPPV-1 disease outbreaks in wildlife species.
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17
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Limited Intrahost Diversity and Background Evolution Accompany 40 Years of Canine Parvovirus Host Adaptation and Spread. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01162-19. [PMID: 31619551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01162-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly successful pathogen that has sustained pandemic circulation in dogs for more than 40 years. Here, integrating full-genome and deep-sequencing analyses, structural information, and in vitro experimentation, we describe the macro- and microscale features that accompany CPV's evolutionary success. Despite 40 years of viral evolution, all CPV variants are more than ∼99% identical in nucleotide sequence, with only a limited number (<40) of substitutions becoming fixed or widespread during this time. Notably, most substitutions in the major capsid protein (VP2) gene are nonsynonymous, altering amino acid residues that fall within, or adjacent to, the overlapping receptor footprint or antigenic regions, suggesting that natural selection has channeled much of CPV evolution. Among the limited number of variable sites, CPV genomes exhibit complex patterns of variation that include parallel evolution, reversion, and recombination, compromising phylogenetic inference. At the intrahost level, deep sequencing of viral DNA in original clinical samples from dogs and other host species sampled between 1978 and 2018 revealed few subconsensus single nucleotide variants (SNVs) above ∼0.5%, and experimental passages demonstrate that substantial preexisting genetic variation is not necessarily required for rapid host receptor-driven adaptation. Together, these findings suggest that although CPV is capable of rapid host adaptation, a relatively low mutation rate, pleiotropy, and/or a lack of selective challenges since its initial emergence have inhibited the long-term accumulation of genetic diversity. Hence, continuously high levels of inter- and intrahost diversity are not necessarily required for virus host adaptation.IMPORTANCE Rapid mutation rates and correspondingly high levels of intra- and interhost diversity are often cited as key features of viruses with the capacity for emergence and sustained transmission in a new host species. However, most of this information comes from studies of RNA viruses, with relatively little known about evolutionary processes in viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. Here, we provide a unique model of virus evolution, integrating both long-term global-scale and short-term intrahost evolutionary processes of an ssDNA virus that emerged to cause a pandemic in a new host animal. Our analysis reveals that successful host jumping and sustained transmission does not necessarily depend on a high level of intrahost diversity nor result in the continued accumulation of high levels of long-term evolution change. These findings indicate that all aspects of the biology and ecology of a virus are relevant when considering their adaptability.
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18
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Evidence of CPV2c introgression into Croatia and novel insights into phylogeny and cell tropism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16909. [PMID: 31729462 PMCID: PMC6858334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) emerged for the first time in 1978 and evolved into two antigenic variants CPV2a and CPV2b and the third new antigenic variant CPV2c reported in 2000 in Italy. During 2014 unexplained outbreaks of gastroenteritis were observed in kennels where an extensive vaccination program was ongoing and where vaccinated animals showed pathologic lesions consistent with typical parvovirosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CPV2 could have played a role in the emergence of these cases and to evaluate genetic or pathological specificities of the virus and the disease. Using PCR and phylogenetic analysis we showed that the CPV2c variant is circulating in Croatia and is in close relationships with isolates from North and South America. Histopathological lesions and cell tropism that are known for CPV2 we are reporting the identification of the virus in glial cells and ovaries. It seems that evolution of CPV and CPV2a-c and adaptation to dogs are two independent events. Croatian isolates had specific and some unique amino acid mutations under positive selection. The effect of the alterations on the immunoglobulin binding cannot be excluded.
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19
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Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs, including acute hemorrhagic enteritis, myocarditis, and cerebellar disease. Cross-species transmission of CPV occurs as a result of mutations on the viral capsid surface that alter the species-specific binding to the host receptor, transferrin receptor type-1 (TfR). The interaction between CPV and TfR has been extensively studied, and previous analyses have suggested that the CPV-TfR complex is asymmetric. To enhance the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, we determined the CPV-TfR interaction using cryo-electron microscopy to solve the icosahedral (3.0-Å resolution) and asymmetric (5.0-Å resolution) complex structures. Structural analyses revealed conformational variations of the TfR molecules relative to the binding site, which translated into dynamic molecular interactions between CPV and TfR. The precise footprint of the receptor on the virus capsid was identified, along with the identity of the amino acid residues in the virus-receptor interface. Our "rock-and-roll" model provides an explanation for previous findings and gives insights into species jumping and the variation in host ranges associated with new pandemics in dogs.
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20
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Temuujin U, Tserendorj A, Fujiki J, Sakoda Y, Tseren-Ochir EO, Okamatsu M, Matsuno K, Sharav T, Horiuchi M, Umemura T, Chultemdorj T. The first isolation and identification of canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2c variants during 2016-2018 genetic surveillance of dogs in Mongolia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:269-275. [PMID: 31078727 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) causes a highly contagious and fatal disease, developing into acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis, in dogs. CPV-2 has evolved, generating antigenic variants CPV-2a/2b/2c that are globally distributed. However, investigating molecular characterization of CPV-2 among dog populations in Mongolia has been limited. Herein, 42 stool samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs of infection, and conventional PCR assays were employed to detect CPV-2 in 23. Our results indicated that during 2016-2018, the new CPV-2a and 2c subtypes were detected in 34.7% of the samples, and the new CPV-2b subtype was detected in 30.4% of samples. VP2 protein sequence analysis and next-generation sequencing of the complete viral genome confirmed these antigenic types. However, sequence analysis indicated new and unreported mutations, Pro580Thr, and Tyr584His in the CPV-2c subtype. From a PCR-positive sample, CPV-2c was successfully isolated, and we performed an immunofluorescence assay for antigen detection. Additionally, we performed genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis to investigate genetic diversity among isolates from the region, resulting in high CPV-2 genetic diversity in the Mongolian dog population. Striking similarities were also observed between sequences of the strains isolated from Mongolia and China over a similar time span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyangaa Temuujin
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia.
| | - Ariunaa Tserendorj
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- JICA Expert in School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Mongolia
| | - Tungalag Chultemdorj
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia.
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21
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Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040308. [PMID: 30934948 PMCID: PMC6520740 DOI: 10.3390/v11040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is the etiological agent of a severe disease of terrestrial carnivores. This unique specie encompasses canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). Studies widely analyzed the main capsid protein (VP2), but limited information is available on the nonstructural genes (NS1/NS2). This paper analyzed the NS1 gene sequence of FPLV and CPV strains collected in Italy in 2009–2017, along with worldwide related sequences. Differently from VP2, only one NS1 amino-acid residue (248) clearly and constantly distinguished FPLV from CPV-2, while five possible convergent amino-acid changes were observed that may affect the functional domains of the NS1. Some synonymous mutation in NS1 were non-synonymous in NS2 and vice versa. No evidence for recombination between the two lineages was found, and the predominance of negative selection pressure on NS1 proteins was observed, with low and no overlap between the two lineages in negatively and positively selected codons, respectively. More sites were under selection in the CPV-2 lineage. NS1 phylogenetic analysis showed divergent evolution between FPLV and CPV, and strains were clustered mostly by country and year of detection. We highlight the importance of obtaining the NS1/NS2 coding sequence in molecular epidemiology investigations.
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22
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Complex and Dynamic Interactions between Parvovirus Capsids, Transferrin Receptors, and Antibodies Control Cell Infection and Host Range. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00460-18. [PMID: 29695427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00460-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody and receptor binding are key virus-host interactions that control host range and determine the success of infection. Canine and feline parvovirus capsids bind the transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR) to enter host cells, and specific structural interactions appear necessary to prepare the stable capsids for infection. Here, we define the details of binding, competition, and occupancy of wild-type and mutant parvovirus capsids with purified receptors and antibodies. TfR-capsid binding interactions depended on the TfR species and varied widely, with no direct relationship between binding affinity and infection. Capsids bound feline, raccoon, and black-backed jackal TfRs at high affinity but barely bound canine TfRs, which mediated infection efficiently. TfRs from different species also occupied capsids to different levels, with an estimated 1 to 2 feline TfRs but 12 black-backed jackal TfRs binding each capsid. Multiple alanine substitutions within loop 1 on the capsid surface reduced TfR binding but substitutions within loop 3 did not, suggesting that loop 1 directly engaged the TfR and loop 3 sterically affected that interaction. Binding and competition between different TfRs and/or antibodies showed complex relationships. Both antibodies 14 and E competed capsids off TfRs, but antibody E could also compete capsids off itself and antibody 14, likely by inducing capsid structural changes. In some cases, the initial TfR or antibody binding event affected subsequent TfR binding, suggesting that capsid structure changes occur after TfR or antibody binding and may impact infection. This shows that precise, host-specific TfR-capsid interactions, beyond simple attachment, are important for successful infection.IMPORTANCE Host receptor binding is a key step during viral infection and may control both infection and host range. In addition to binding, some viruses require specific interactions with host receptors in order to infect, and anti-capsid antibodies can potentially disrupt these interactions, leading to neutralization. Here, we examine the interactions between parvovirus capsids, the receptors from different hosts, and anti-capsid antibodies. We show that interactions between parvovirus capsids and host-specific TfRs vary in both affinity and in the numbers of receptors bound, with complex effects on infection. In addition, antibodies binding to two sites on the capsids had different effects on TfR-capsid binding. These experiments confirm that receptor and antibody binding to parvovirus capsids are complex processes, and the infection outcome is not determined simply by the affinity of attachment.
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Phylodynamic and Genetic Diversity of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c in Taiwan. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122703. [PMID: 29236084 PMCID: PMC5751304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) emerged in 2000 and is known for causing a more severe disease than other CPV-2 variants in puppies. In 2015, the emerging CPV-2c variant was isolated in Taiwan and it subsequently became the predominant variant. To trace the evolution of Taiwanese CPV-2c, we compared complete VP2 genes of CPV-2c from Taiwan and sequences obtained from GenBank. The evolutionary rate of CPV-2c was estimated to be 4.586 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (95% highest posterior density (HPD) was 3.284–6.076 × 10−4). The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) dated to 1990 (95% HPD: 1984–1996) and 2011 (95% HPD: 2010–2013) for the CPV-2c variant and Taiwanese isolates, respectively. The CPV-2c variant isolated from Taiwan was clustered with CPV-2c from China. This phylogenetic clade began to branch off in approximately 2010 (95% HPD was 3.823–6.497). Notably, two unique mutations of Taiwanese CPV-2c were found, Q383R and P410L. In summary, this is the first report on the genome evolution of CPV-2c in Taiwan, revealing that this CPV-2c variant shares a common evolutionary origin with strains from China. The demographic history inferred by the Bayesian skyline plot showed that the effective population of CPV-2c increased until 2006 and then slowly declined until 2011.
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24
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Genetic characterization of the complete genome of a mutant canine parvovirus isolated in China. Arch Virol 2017; 163:521-525. [PMID: 29127489 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A field canine parvovirus (CPV) strain, CPV-SH14, was previously isolated from an outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in Shanghai in 2014. The complete genome of CPV-SH14 was determined by using PCR with modified primers. When compared to other CPV-2 strains, several insertions, deletions, and point mutations were identified in the 5' and 3' UTR, with key amino acid (aa) mutations (K19R, E572K in NS1 and F267Y, Y324I and T440A in VP2) also being observed in the coding regions of CPV-SH14. These results indicated that significant and unique genetic variations have occurred at key sites or residues in the genome of CPV-SH14, suggesting the presence of a novel genetic variant of new CPV-2a. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that CPV-SH14 may have the potential to spread worldwide. In conclusion, CPV-SH14 may be a novel genetic variant of new CPV-2a, potentially with a selective advantage over other strains.
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25
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Sehata G, Sato H, Yamanaka M, Takahashi T, Kainuma R, Igarashi T, Oshima S, Noro T, Oishi E. Substitutions at residues 300 and 389 of the VP2 capsid protein serve as the minimal determinant of attenuation for canine parvovirus vaccine strain 9985-46. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2759-2770. [PMID: 28984228 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying molecular determinants of virulence attenuation in live attenuated canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccines is important for assuring their safety. To this end, we identified mutations in the attenuated CPV 9985-46 vaccine strain that arose during serial passage in Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells by comparison with the wild-type counterpart, as well as minimal determinants of the loss of virulence. Four amino acid substitutions (N93K, G300V, T389N and V562L) in VP2 of strain 9985-46 significantly restricted infection in canine A72 cells. Using an infectious molecular clone system, we constructed isogenic CPVs of the parental virulent 9985 strain carrying single or double mutations. We observed that only a single amino acid substitution in VP2, G300V or T389N, attenuated the virulent parental virus. Combinations of these mutations further attenuated CPV to a level comparable to that of 9985-46. Strains with G300V/T389N substitutions did not induce clinical symptoms in experimentally infected pups, and their ability to infect canine cells was highly restricted. We found that another G300V/V562L double mutation decreased affinity of the virus for canine cells, although its pathogenicity to dogs was maintained. These results indicate that mutation of residue 300, which plays a critical role in host tropism, is not sufficient for viral attenuation in vivo, and that attenuation of 9985-46 strain is defined by at least two mutations in residues 300 and 389 of the VP2 capsid protein. This finding is relevant for quality control of the vaccine and provides insight into the rational design of second-generation live attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sehata
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Morimasa Yamanaka
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Takuo Takahashi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Risa Kainuma
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Sho Oshima
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Taichi Noro
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Eiji Oishi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
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26
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First molecular characterization of canine parvovirus strains in Sardinia, Italy. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3481-3486. [PMID: 28707272 PMCID: PMC5640725 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is responsible of acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in young dogs. CPV-2 emerged in 1978 in the USA, but new antigenic types, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c, have completely replaced the original type. In this study, we analyzed 81 animals collected in Sardinia, Italy. The VP2 sequence analysis of 27 positive samples showed that all antigenic CPV-2 types are circulating. CPV-2b seems to be the most widespread variant, followed by CPV-2a. Furthermore, 12 CPV-2b strains displayed further amino acid substitutions and formed a separate cluster in a phylogenetic tree, indicating regional genetic variation.
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27
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Parvovirus Capsid Structures Required for Infection: Mutations Controlling Receptor Recognition and Protease Cleavages. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01871-16. [PMID: 27847360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01871-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus capsids are small but complex molecular machines responsible for undertaking many of the steps of cell infection, genome packing, and cell-to-cell as well as host-to-host transfer. The details of parvovirus infection of cells are still not fully understood, but the processes must involve small changes in the capsid structure that allow the endocytosed virus to escape from the endosome, pass through the cell cytoplasm, and deliver the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome to the nucleus, where viral replication occurs. Here, we examine capsid substitutions that eliminate canine parvovirus (CPV) infectivity and identify how those mutations changed the capsid structure or altered interactions with the infectious pathway. Amino acid substitutions on the exterior surface of the capsid (Gly299Lys/Ala300Lys) altered the binding of the capsid to transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR), particularly during virus dissociation from the receptor, but still allowed efficient entry into both feline and canine cells without successful infection. These substitutions likely control specific capsid structural changes resulting from TfR binding required for infection. A second set of changes on the interior surface of the capsid reduced viral infectivity by >100-fold and included two cysteine residues and neighboring residues. One of these substitutions, Cys270Ser, modulates a VP2 cleavage event found in ∼10% of the capsid proteins that also was shown to alter capsid stability. A neighboring substitution, Pro272Lys, significantly reduced capsid assembly, while a Cys273Ser change appeared to alter capsid transport from the nucleus. These mutants reveal additional structural details that explain cell infection processes of parvovirus capsids. IMPORTANCE Parvoviruses are commonly found in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals and cause widespread disease. They are also being developed as oncolytic therapeutics and as gene therapy vectors. Most functions involved in infection or transduction are mediated by the viral capsid, but the structure-function correlates of the capsids and their constituent proteins are still incompletely understood, especially in relation to identifying capsid processes responsible for infection and release from the cell. Here, we characterize the functional effects of capsid protein mutations that result in the loss of virus infectivity, giving a better understanding of the portions of the capsid that mediate essential steps in successful infection pathways and how they contribute to viral infectivity.
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28
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Ma Y, Wang H, Yan D, Wei Y, Cao Y, Yi P, Zhang H, Deng Z, Dai J, Liu X, Luo J, Zhang Z, Sun S, Guo H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Revealed Splenic Targeting of Canine Parvovirus Capsid Protein VP2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23392. [PMID: 26996514 PMCID: PMC4800397 DOI: 10.1038/srep23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious infectious virus, whose infectious mechanism remains unclear because of acute gastroenteritis and the lack of an efficient tool to visualize the virus in real time during virology research. In this study, we developed an iron oxide nanoparticle supported by graphene quantum dots (GQD), namely, FeGQD. In this composite material, GQD acts as a stabilizer; thus, vacancies are retained on the surface for further physical adsorption of the CPV VP2 protein. The FeGQD@VP2 nanocomposite product showed largely enhanced colloidal stability in comparison with bare FeGQD, as well as negligible toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. The composite displayed high uptake into transferrin receptor (TfR) positive cells, which are distinguishable from FeGQD or TfR negative cells. In addition, the composite developed a significant accumulation in spleen rather than in liver, where bare FeGQD or most iron oxide nanoparticles gather. As these evident targeting abilities of FeGQD@VP2 strongly suggested, the biological activity of CPV VP2 was retained in our study, and its biological functions might correspond to CPV when the rare splenic targeting ability is considered. This approach can be applied to numerous other biomedical studies that require a simple yet efficient approach to track proteins in vivo while retaining biological function and may facilitate virus-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Yanquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Yuhua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peiwei Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zongwu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
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29
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Comparison of biological and genomic characteristics between a newly isolated mink enteritis parvovirus MEV-LHV and an attenuated strain MEV-L. Virus Genes 2016; 52:388-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Miranda C, Parrish CR, Thompson G. Epidemiological evolution of canine parvovirus in the Portuguese domestic dog population. Vet Microbiol 2016; 183:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Wang H, Jin H, Li Q, Zhao G, Cheng N, Feng N, Zheng X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li L, Cao Z, Yan F, Wang L, Wang T, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X. Isolation and sequence analysis of the complete NS1 and VP2 genes of canine parvovirus from domestic dogs in 2013 and 2014 in China. Arch Virol 2015; 161:385-93. [PMID: 26573526 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause severe disease in animals and continuously generates new variant and recombinant strains in dogs that have a strong impact on sanitation. It is therefore necessary to investigate epidemic CPV strains to improve our understanding of CPV transmission and epidemic behavior. However, most studies have focused on the analysis of VP2, and therefore, information about recombination and relationships between strains is still lacking. Here, 14 strains of CPV were isolated from domestic dogs suspected of hosting CPV between 2013 and 2014 in China. The complete NS1 and VP2 genes were sequenced and analyzed. The results suggest that the new CPV-2a and new CPV-2b types are the prevalent strains in China. In addition to a few mutations (residues 19, 544, 545, 572 and 583 of NS1 and residues 267, 370, 377 and 440 of VP2) that were preserved during transmission, new mutations (residues 60, 630 of NS1, and residues 21, 310 of VP2) were found in the isolated strains. A phylogenetic tree based on VP2 sequences illustrated that the new CPV-2a and new CPV-2b strains from China form single clusters that are distinct from lineages from other countries. Moreover, recombination between the new CPV-2a and new CPV-2b types was also identified in the isolated strains. Due to differences in selection pressures or recombination, there were a small number of inconsistencies between the phylogenetic trees for VP2 and NS1, which indicated that phylogenetic relationships based on VP2 might not be representative of those based on NS1. The data indicated that mutations and recombination are constantly occurring along with the spread of CPV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Changchun SR Biological Technology Co., LTD, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Guoxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kailasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Single Mutations in the VP2 300 Loop Region of the Three-Fold Spike of the Carnivore Parvovirus Capsid Can Determine Host Range. J Virol 2015; 90:753-67. [PMID: 26512077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02636-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sylvatic carnivores, such as raccoons, have recently been recognized as important hosts in the evolution of canine parvovirus (CPV), a pandemic pathogen of domestic dogs. Although viruses from raccoons do not efficiently bind the dog transferrin receptor (TfR) or infect dog cells, a single mutation changing an aspartic acid to a glycine at capsid (VP2) position 300 in the prototype raccoon CPV allows dog cell infection. Because VP2 position 300 exhibits extensive amino acid variation among the carnivore parvoviruses, we further investigated its role in determining host range by analyzing its diversity and evolution in nature and by creating a comprehensive set of VP2 position 300 mutants in infectious clones. Notably, some position 300 residues rendered CPV noninfectious for dog, but not cat or fox, cells. Changes of adjacent residues (residues 299 and 301) were also observed often after cell culture passage in different hosts, and some of the mutations mimicked changes seen in viruses recovered from natural infections of alternative hosts, suggesting that compensatory mutations were selected to accommodate the new residue at position 300. Analysis of the TfRs of carnivore hosts used in the experimental evolution studies demonstrated that their glycosylation patterns varied, including a glycan present only on the domestic dog TfR that dictates susceptibility to parvoviruses. Overall, there were significant differences in the abilities of viruses with alternative position 300 residues to bind TfRs and infect different carnivore hosts, demonstrating that the process of infection is highly host dependent and that VP2 position 300 is a key determinant of host range. IMPORTANCE Although the emergence and pandemic spread of canine parvovirus (CPV) are well documented, the carnivore hosts and evolutionary pathways involved in its emergence remain enigmatic. We recently demonstrated that a region in the capsid structure of CPV, centered around VP2 position 300, varies after transfer to alternative carnivore hosts and may allow infection of previously nonsusceptible hosts in vitro. Here we show that VP2 position 300 is the most variable residue in the parvovirus capsid in nature, suggesting that it is a critical determinant in the cross-species transfer of viruses between different carnivores due to its interactions with the transferrin receptor to mediate infection. To this end, we demonstrated that there are substantial differences in receptor binding and infectivity of various VP2 position 300 mutants for different carnivore species and that single mutations in this region can influence whether a host is susceptible or refractory to virus infection.
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34
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Miranda C, Carvalheira J, Parrish CR, Thompson G. Factors affecting the occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Cho IR, Kaowinn S, Song J, Kim S, Koh SS, Kang HY, Ha NC, Lee KH, Jun HS, Chung YH. RETRACTED ARTICLE: VP2 capsid domain of the H-1 parvovirus determines susceptibility of human cancer cells to H-1 viral infection. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:271-7. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Han SC, Guo HC, Sun SQ, Shu L, Wei YQ, Sun DH, Cao SZ, Peng GN, Liu XT. Full-length genomic characterizations of two canine parvoviruses prevalent in Northwest China. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:621-6. [PMID: 25690604 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause acute hemorrhagic diarrhea and fatal myocarditis in young dogs. Currently, most studies have focused on the evolution of the VP2 gene, whereas the full-length genome of CPV has been rarely reported. In this study, the whole genomes of CPV-LZ1 and CPV-LZ2 strains prevalent in Northwest China were determined and analyzed in comparison with those of the reference CPVs. The genome sequences of both LZ strains consisted of 5053 nucleotides. CPV-LZ1 and CPV-LZ2 strains were designated as new CPV-2a and CPV-2b, respectively. Sequence alignment analysis results revealed that these two new strains underwent specific unique variations during the process of local adaption. The left non-translated regions of these strains formed a Y-shaped hairpin structure, whereas the right non-translated regions lacked the reiteration of DNA sequence. A phylogenetic tree constructed from 33 whole coding regions of CPVs showed a strong spatial clustering, and these two strains belonged to the Chinese strain cluster lineage. This study provides a method to obtain the full-length genome of CPV. The isolation and characterization of these viruses adds incrementally to the knowledge of the full-length genome of CPV. The results from this study also provide insight into the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of the CPV field isolates from Northwest China and can be useful in preventing and controlling CPV infection in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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37
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Global displacement of canine parvovirus by a host-adapted variant: structural comparison between pandemic viruses with distinct host ranges. J Virol 2014; 89:1909-12. [PMID: 25410876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02611-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in 1978 and spread worldwide within 2 years. Subsequently, CPV-2 was completely replaced by the variant CPV-2a, which is characterized by four specific capsid (VP2) mutations. The X-ray crystal structure of the CPV-2a capsid shows that each mutation confers small local changes. The loss of a hydrogen bond and introduction of a glycine residue likely introduce flexibility to sites that control interactions with the host receptor, antibodies, and sialic acids.
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38
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Abstract
Populations of at least 20 asteroid species on the Northeast Pacific Coast have recently experienced an extensive outbreak of sea-star (asteroid) wasting disease (SSWD). The disease leads to behavioral changes, lesions, loss of turgor, limb autotomy, and death characterized by rapid degradation ("melting"). Here, we present evidence from experimental challenge studies and field observations that link the mass mortalities to a densovirus (Parvoviridae). Virus-sized material (i.e., <0.2 μm) from symptomatic tissues that was inoculated into asymptomatic asteroids consistently resulted in SSWD signs whereas animals receiving heat-killed (i.e., control) virus-sized inoculum remained asymptomatic. Viral metagenomic investigations revealed the sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV) as the most likely candidate virus associated with tissues from symptomatic asteroids. Quantification of SSaDV during transmission trials indicated that progression of SSWD paralleled increased SSaDV load. In field surveys, SSaDV loads were more abundant in symptomatic than in asymptomatic asteroids. SSaDV could be detected in plankton, sediments and in nonasteroid echinoderms, providing a possible mechanism for viral spread. SSaDV was detected in museum specimens of asteroids from 1942, suggesting that it has been present on the North American Pacific Coast for at least 72 y. SSaDV is therefore the most promising candidate disease agent responsible for asteroid mass mortality.
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39
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Allison AB, Kohler DJ, Ortega A, Hoover EA, Grove DM, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Host-specific parvovirus evolution in nature is recapitulated by in vitro adaptation to different carnivore species. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004475. [PMID: 25375184 PMCID: PMC4223063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged as a new pandemic pathogen of dogs in the 1970s and is closely related to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a parvovirus of cats and related carnivores. Although both viruses have wide host ranges, analysis of viral sequences recovered from different wild carnivore species, as shown here, demonstrated that >95% were derived from CPV-like viruses, suggesting that CPV is dominant in sylvatic cycles. Many viral sequences showed host-specific mutations in their capsid proteins, which were often close to sites known to control binding to the transferrin receptor (TfR), the host receptor for these carnivore parvoviruses, and which exhibited frequent parallel evolution. To further examine the process of host adaptation, we passaged parvoviruses with alternative backgrounds in cells from different carnivore hosts. Specific mutations were selected in several viruses and these differed depending on both the background of the virus and the host cells in which they were passaged. Strikingly, these in vitro mutations recapitulated many specific changes seen in viruses from natural populations, strongly suggesting they are host adaptive, and which were shown to result in fitness advantages over their parental virus. Comparison of the sequences of the transferrin receptors of the different carnivore species demonstrated that many mutations occurred in and around the apical domain where the virus binds, indicating that viral variants were likely selected through their fit to receptor structures. Some of the viruses accumulated high levels of variation upon passage in alternative hosts, while others could infect multiple different hosts with no or only a few additional mutations. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the evolutionary history of a virus, including how long it has been circulating and in which hosts, as well as its phylogenetic background, has a profound effect on determining viral host range. Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important example of a viral pathogen that evolved by cross-species transmission and mutation to initiate a disease pandemic. Carnivore parvoviruses infect many species, and their passage in different hosts may select mutations that facilitate host jumping; for example, natural passage of CPV in raccoons may have facilitated its adaptation to dogs. Conversely, some raccoon-adapted viruses are non-infectious to dogs, illustrating that host range barriers exist among different carnivores. Here we demonstrate that these barriers can be overcome by only a few mutations in the virus that likely alter host receptor binding, and that host adaptation can differ dramatically among very similar viruses. Importantly, we also show that passage of viruses in cell cultures of different hosts results in mutations at the same sites that vary in nature and confer fitness increases, strongly suggesting that they are adaptively important. These findings demonstrate that parvoviruses may cross species barriers to infect less susceptible hosts through single or only a few mutations, and that differences in the genetic background, host range, and/or evolutionary history of the viruses influence their propensity to jump hosts. Overall, these discoveries help reveal the mechanisms that control host switching and viral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Allison
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dennis J Kohler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alicia Ortega
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Hoover
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel M Grove
- North Dakota Game and Fish Department, North Dakota State Government, Bismarck, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Lyi SM, Tan MJA, Parrish CR. Parvovirus particles and movement in the cellular cytoplasm and effects of the cytoskeleton. Virology 2014; 456-457:342-52. [PMID: 24889253 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell infection by parvoviruses requires that capsids be delivered from outside the cell to the cytoplasm, followed by genome trafficking to the nucleus. Here we microinject capsids into cells that lack receptors and followed their movements within the cell over time. In general the capsids remained close to the positions where they were injected, and most particles did not move to the vicinity of or enter the nucleus. When 70 kDa-dextran was injected along with the capsids that did not enter the nucleus in significant amounts. Capsids conjugated to peptides containing the SV40 large T-antigen nuclear localization signal remained in the cytoplasm, although bovine serum albumen conjugated to the same peptide entered the nucleus rapidly. No effects of disruption of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules on the distribution of the capsids were observed. These results suggest that movement of intact capsids within cells is primarily associated with passive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbom Michael Lyi
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Min Jie Alvin Tan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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41
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Jiang YH, Xiao CT, Yin SH, Gerber PF, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. High prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine bocaviruses in pigs in the USA, and identification of multiple novel porcine bocaviruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:453-465. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Bocavirus are associated with respiratory and enteric disease in dogs and cattle. In addition, novel porcine bocaviruses (PBoVs) have been identified in domestic and wild pigs in recent years, but are of unknown relevance to date. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence ra
tes and genetic diversity of PBoVs in pigs in the USA. Using newly established multiplex real-time PCR assays, 385 lung, lymph node, serum and faecal samples from pigs with various disease conditions were investigated. A high PBoV prevalence rate ranging from 21.3 to 50.8 % was identified in the investigated samples and often two or more PBoV species were detected in the same sample. Cloning and sequencing analysis of the partial non-structural protein NS1 and the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of DNA samples positive for PBoV groups 1 (n = 6), 2 (n = 16) and 3 (n = 42), including subgroups 3A, 3B or 3C, revealed a high genetic diversity especially for the PBoV G3 VP2 gene, whereas the PBoV group 1 VP1 gene displayed a low nucleotide polymorphism. Using primer walking, 18 partial or nearly complete genomes of PBoVs were obtained and six of the 18 nearly complete genomes represented novel PBoV species. Recombination analysis using partial NS1, VP1 and VP2 genes and the nearly complete genomes indicated possible recombination events within and between PBoVs. Further studies will be required to reveal the possible pathogenic role of these diverse PBoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hou Jiang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shuang-Hui Yin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Priscilla F. Gerber
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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42
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Yuan D, Wang J, Li Z, Mao Y, Sun JZ, Xi J, Wang S, Hou Q, Yi B, Liu W. Establishment of a rescue system for an autonomous Parvovirus mink enteritis virus. Virus Res 2014; 183:1-5. [PMID: 24463297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Construction and characterization of a full-length infectious clone (pMEV) of mink enteritis virus are described. Feline kidney cells (F81) were transfected with pMEV containing an engineered BamHI site that served as a genetic marker. The rescued virus was indistinguishable from its parental virus. The availability of a MEV infectious clone will facilitate studies of viral replication and pathogenicity and will permit the elucidation of determinants of the host range of the parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jigui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yaping Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jia-Zeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ji Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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43
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Dogonyaro BB, Bosman AM, Sibeko KP, Venter EH, van Vuuren M. Genetic analysis of the VP2-encoding gene of canine parvovirus strains from Africa. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Löfling J, Lyi SM, Parrish CR, Varki A. Canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize the non-human cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Virology 2013; 440:89-96. [PMID: 23497940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. These viruses infect by binding host transferrin receptor type-1 (TfR), but also hemagglutinate erythrocytes. We show that hemagglutination involves selective recognition of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) but not N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which differs by only one oxygen atom from Neu5Gc. Overexpression of α2-6 sialyltransferase did not change binding, indicating that both α2-3 and α2-6 linkages are recognized. However, Neu5Gc expression on target cells did not enhance CPV or FPV infection in vitro. Thus, the conserved Neu5Gc-binding preference of these viruses likely plays a role in the natural history of the virus in vivo. Further studies must clarify relationships between virus infection and host Neu5Gc expression. As a first step, we show that transcripts of CMAH (which generates Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac) are at very low levels in Western dog breed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Löfling
- Department of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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45
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The role of evolutionary intermediates in the host adaptation of canine parvovirus. J Virol 2011; 86:1514-21. [PMID: 22114336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06222-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of viruses to new hosts is a poorly understood process likely involving a variety of viral structures and functions that allow efficient replication and spread. Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged in the late 1970s as a host-range variant of a virus related to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). Within a few years of its emergence in dogs, there was a worldwide replacement of the initial virus strain (CPV type 2) by a variant (CPV type 2a) characterized by four amino acid differences in the capsid protein. However, the evolutionary processes that underlie the acquisition of these four mutations, as well as their effects on viral fitness, both singly and in combination, are still uncertain. Using a comprehensive experimental analysis of multiple intermediate mutational combinations, we show that these four capsid mutations act in concert to alter antigenicity, cell receptor binding, and relative in vitro growth in feline cells. Hence, host adaptation involved complex interactions among both surface-exposed and buried capsid mutations that together altered cell infection and immune escape properties of the viruses. Notably, most intermediate viral genotypes containing different combinations of the four key amino acids possessed markedly lower fitness than the wild-type viruses.
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46
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Role of multiple hosts in the cross-species transmission and emergence of a pandemic parvovirus. J Virol 2011; 86:865-72. [PMID: 22072763 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06187-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cross-species virus transmission is critical to anticipating emerging infectious diseases. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged as a variant of a feline parvovirus when it acquired mutations that allowed binding to the canine transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR). However, CPV-2 was soon replaced by a variant virus (CPV-2a) that differed in antigenicity and receptor binding. Here we show that the emergence of CPV involved an additional host range variant virus that has circulated undetected in raccoons for at least 24 years, with transfers to and from dogs. Raccoon virus capsids showed little binding to the canine TfR, showed little infection of canine cells, and had altered antigenic structures. Remarkably, in capsid protein (VP2) phylogenies, most raccoon viruses fell as evolutionary intermediates between the CPV-2 and CPV-2a strains, suggesting that passage through raccoons assisted in the evolution of CPV-2a. This highlights the potential role of alternative hosts in viral emergence.
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Molecular epidemiology and phylogeny reveal complex spatial dynamics in areas where canine parvovirus is endemic. J Virol 2011; 85:7892-9. [PMID: 21593180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01576-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a severe enteric pathogen of dogs, causing high mortality in unvaccinated dogs. After emerging, CPV-2 spread rapidly worldwide. However, there is now some evidence to suggest that international transmission appears to be more restricted. In order to investigate the transmission and evolution of CPV-2 both nationally and in relation to the global situation, we have used a long-range PCR to amplify and sequence the full VP2 gene of 150 canine parvoviruses obtained from a large cross-sectional sample of dogs presenting with severe diarrhea to veterinarians in the United Kingdom, over a 2-year period. Among these 150 strains, 50 different DNA sequence types (S) were identified, and apart from one case, all appeared unique to the United Kingdom. Phylogenetic analysis provided clear evidence for spatial clustering at the international level and for the first time also at the national level, with the geographical range of some sequence types appearing to be highly restricted within the United Kingdom. Evolution of the VP2 gene in this data set was associated with a lack of positive selection. In addition, the majority of predicted amino acid sequences were identical to those found elsewhere in the world, suggesting that CPV VP2 has evolved a highly fit conformation. Based on typing systems using key amino acid mutations, 43% of viruses were CPV-2a, and 57% CPV-2b, with no type 2 or 2c found. However, phylogenetic analysis suggested complex antigenic evolution of this virus, with both type 2a and 2b viruses appearing polyphyletic. As such, typing based on specific amino acid mutations may not reflect the true epidemiology of this virus. The geographical restriction that we observed both within the United Kingdom and between the United Kingdom and other countries, together with the lack of CPV-2c in this population, strongly suggests the spread of CPV within its population may be heterogeneously subject to limiting factors. This cross-sectional study of national and global CPV phylogeographic segregation reveals a substantially more complex epidemic structure than previously described.
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Characterisation of canine parvovirus strains isolated from cats with feline panleukopenia. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:275-8. [PMID: 20334885 PMCID: PMC7118797 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the original canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), CPV-2 variants have gained the ability to replicate in vivo in cats but there is limited information on the disease patterns induced by these variants in the feline host. During 2008, two distinct cases of parvoviral infection were diagnosed in our laboratories. A CPV-2a variant was identified in a 3-month-old Persian kitten displaying clinical sign of feline panleukopenia (FPL) (acute gastroenteritis and marked leukopenia) and oral ulcerations, that died eight days after the onset of the disease. Two pups living in the same pet shop as the cat were found to shed a CPV-2a strain genetically identical to the feline virus and were likely the source of infection. Also, non-fatal infection by a CPV-2c strain occurred in a 2.5-month-old European shorthair kitten displaying non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea and normal white blood cell counts. By sequence analysis of the major capsid protein (VP2) gene, the feline CPV-2c strain showed 100% identity to a recent canine type-2c isolate. Both kittens had been administered multivalent vaccines against common feline pathogens including FPL virus. Whether and to which extent the FPL vaccines can protect cats adequately from the antigenic variants of CPV-2 should be assessed.
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Zhang R, Yang S, Zhang W, Zhang T, Xie Z, Feng H, Wang S, Xia X. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene of canine parvoviruses circulating in China. Virus Genes 2010; 40:397-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Binding site on the transferrin receptor for the parvovirus capsid and effects of altered affinity on cell uptake and infection. J Virol 2010; 84:4969-78. [PMID: 20200243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02623-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and its relative feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) bind the transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR) to infect their host cells but show differences in the interactions with the feline and canine TfRs that determine viral host range and tissue tropism. We changed apical and protease-like domain residues by introducing point mutations and adding or removing glycosylation signals, and we then examined the interactions of those mutant TfRs with the capsids. Most substitutions had little effect on virus binding and uptake. However, mutations of several sites in the apical domain of the receptor either prevented binding to the capsids or reduced the affinity of receptor binding to various degrees. Glycans within the virus binding face of the apical domain also controlled capsid binding. CPV, but not the related feline parvovirus, could use receptors containing a canine TfR-specific glycosylation to mediate efficient infection, while addition of other N-linked glycosylation sites into the virus binding face of the feline apical domain reduced or eliminated both binding and infection. Replacement of critical feline TfR residue 221 with every amino acid had effects on binding and infection which were significantly associated with the biochemical properties of the residue replaced. Receptors with reduced affinities mostly showed proportional changes in their ability to mediate infection. Testing feline TfR variants for their binding and uptake patterns in cells showed that low-affinity versions bound fewer capsids and also differed in attachment to the cell surface and filopodia, but transport to the perinuclear endosome was similar.
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