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Williams KS, Seawell JA, Zhuravleva V, Pierre K, Meeker RB. Cooperative interactions between neurotrophin receptors and CXCR4 regulate macrophage phenotype and susceptibility to activation by HIV. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01211-0. [PMID: 38822196 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Neural damage due to inflammatory activation of macrophages and microglia is a consequence of HIV infection that leads to cognitive dysfunction. The damage is due, in part, to the release of factors that impair neuronal function but the mechanisms that control their release are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that mature nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), and proNGF acting through the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) differentially control the phenotype of macrophages in response to HIV. However, the mechanisms responsible for these actions are unclear. The current studies demonstrated that in human monocyte-derived macrophages, CCR5 tropic HIV virions interact with the CXCR4 receptor to promote a neurotoxic macrophage phenotype. TrkA cooperatively interacted with CXCR4 to promote quick and dynamic changes in CXCR4 phosphorylation and more stable downstream actin remodeling in the form of membrane ruffles. TrkA signaling also promoted increased moacrophage calcium spiking, and low neurotoxic activity. Disruption of these interactions by HIV led to an alternative podosome-bearing phenotype with minimal calcium signaling and enhanced toxicity. Neurotrophin receptors provide an independent yet cooperative pathway for modifying the actin cytoskeleton in response to chemokines and subsequent degenerative activity. The strong opposing effects of mature and proneurotrophins may provide the opportunity to develop novel therapies that regulate the phenotype of macrophages in the context of HIV infection and perhaps other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Williams
- Environmental and Health Sciences Program, Spelman College, 30314, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jaimie A Seawell
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Medicine, Now at University of South Carolina, 29203, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Viktoriya Zhuravleva
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kersten Pierre
- Environmental and Health Sciences Program, Spelman College, 30314, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Bristow CL. Silencing Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Reveals Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Role in HIV Infectivity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2750:175-184. [PMID: 38108977 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3605-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe methods for investigating alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) interactions with infectious and non-infectious HIV-1 virions. Using silencing RNA to transiently block expression of VLDLR and the receptor-associated protein (RAP) to continuously block VLDLR activity, AAT is demonstrated to participate with VLDLR during internalization and infectivity of HIV-1 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Alpha-1 Biologics, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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3
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Jennings J, Bracey H, Nguyen DT, Dasgupta R, Rivera AV, Sluis-Cremer N, Shi J, Aiken C. The HIV-1 capsid serves as a nanoscale reaction vessel for reverse transcription. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566350. [PMID: 37986899 PMCID: PMC10659366 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The viral capsid performs critical functions during HIV-1 infection and is a validated target for antiviral therapy. Previous studies have established that the proper structure and stability of the capsid are required for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription in target cells. Moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that permeabilized virions and purified HIV-1 cores undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro when the capsid is stabilized by addition of the host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). However, the molecular mechanism by which the capsid promotes reverse transcription is undefined. Here we show that wild type HIV-1 particles can undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro in the absence of a membrane-permeabilizing agent. This activity, originally termed "natural endogenous reverse transcription" (NERT), depends on expression of the viral envelope glycoprotein during virus assembly and its incorporation into virions. Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail markedly reduced NERT activity, indicating that gp41 permits the entry of nucleotides into virions. Protease treatment of virions markedly reduced NERT suggesting the presence of a proteinaceous membrane channel. By contrast to reverse transcription in permeabilized virions, NERT required neither the addition of IP6 nor a mature capsid, indicating that an intact viral membrane can substitute for the function of the viral capsid during reverse transcription in vitro. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the viral capsid functions as a nanoscale container for reverse transcription during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jennings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Harrison Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Danny T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rishav Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alondra Vázquez Rivera
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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4
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Li W, Qin Z, Nand E, Grunst MW, Grover JR, Bess JW, Lifson JD, Zwick MB, Tagare HD, Uchil PD, Mothes W. HIV-1 Env trimers asymmetrically engage CD4 receptors in membranes. Nature 2023; 623:1026-1033. [PMID: 37993716 PMCID: PMC10686830 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is initiated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the cell-surface receptor CD41-4. Although high-resolution structures of Env in a complex with the soluble domains of CD4 have been determined, the binding process is less understood in native membranes5-13. Here we used cryo-electron tomography to monitor Env-CD4 interactions at the membrane-membrane interfaces formed between HIV-1 and CD4-presenting virus-like particles. Env-CD4 complexes organized into clusters and rings, bringing the opposing membranes closer together. Env-CD4 clustering was dependent on capsid maturation. Subtomogram averaging and classification revealed that Env bound to one, two and finally three CD4 molecules, after which Env adopted an open state. Our data indicate that asymmetric HIV-1 Env trimers bound to one and two CD4 molecules are detectable intermediates during virus binding to host cell membranes, which probably has consequences for antibody-mediated immune responses and vaccine immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Zhuan Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nand
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julian W Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hemant D Tagare
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes on HIV-1 particles are exposed after virus interaction with host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071023. [PMID: 37681958 PMCID: PMC10537810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoproteins on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes, including V2i, the gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER, are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by the pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where the virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for 1 hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates viral entry and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest that antibody epitopes including V2q (e.g., PG9, PGT145), CD4bs (e.g., VRC01, 3BNC117), and V3 (2219, 2557) are masked on HIV-1 particles. The PG9 and 2219 epitopes became accessible for binding after conformational unmasking was induced by the pre-binding of select mAbs. Attempts to understand the masking mechanism led to the revelation that interaction between virus and host cells is needed to sensitize the virions for neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These data provide insight on how bNAbs may gain access to these occluded epitopes to exert their neutralization effects and block HIV-1 infection. These findings have important implications for the way we evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antibodies and can potentially guide vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gadam Rao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory S. Lambert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles are exposed after Virus Interaction with Host Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524996. [PMID: 36711466 PMCID: PMC9882293 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins (Env) on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes including V2i, gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for one hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are the ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use.
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7
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Gorman J, Wang C, Mason RD, Nazzari AF, Welles HC, Zhou T, Bess JW, Bylund T, Lee M, Tsybovsky Y, Verardi R, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhang B, Rawi R, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Liu J, Roederer M, Kwong PD. Cryo-EM structures of prefusion SIV envelope trimer. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1080-1091. [PMID: 36344847 PMCID: PMC10606957 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are lentiviruses that naturally infect non-human primates of African origin and seeded cross-species transmissions of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Here we report prefusion stabilization and cryo-EM structures of soluble envelope (Env) trimers from rhesus macaque SIV (SIVmac) in complex with neutralizing antibodies. These structures provide residue-level definition for SIV-specific disulfide-bonded variable loops (V1 and V2), which we used to delineate variable-loop coverage of the Env trimer. The defined variable loops enabled us to investigate assembled Env-glycan shields throughout SIV, which we found to comprise both N- and O-linked glycans, the latter emanating from V1 inserts, which bound the O-link-specific lectin jacalin. We also investigated in situ SIVmac-Env trimers on virions, determining cryo-electron tomography structures at subnanometer resolutions for an antibody-bound complex and a ligand-free state. Collectively, these structures define the prefusion-closed structure of the SIV-Env trimer and delineate variable-loop and glycan-shielding mechanisms of immune evasion conserved throughout SIV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Hugh C Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian W Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Addison MM, Ellis GI, Leslie GJ, Zawadzky NB, Riley JL, Hoxie JA, Eisenlohr LC. HIV-1-Infected CD4 + T Cells Present MHC Class II-Restricted Epitope via Endogenous Processing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:864-873. [PMID: 36130133 PMCID: PMC9512365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells (TCD4+s) play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. Canonically, TCD4+s are activated by peptides derived from extracellular ("exogenous") Ags displayed in complex with MHC class II (MHC II) molecules on the surfaces of "professional" APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, activated human TCD4+s, which express MHC II, are not typically considered for their APC potential because of their low endocytic capacity and the exogenous Ag systems historically used for assessment. Using primary TCD4+s and monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors, we show that activated human TCD4+s are highly effective at MHC II-restricted presentation of an immunodominant HIV-1-derived epitope postinfection and subsequent noncanonical processing and presentation of endogenously produced Ag. Our results indicate that, in addition to marshalling HIV-1-specific immune responses during infection, TCD4+s also act as APCs, leading to the activation of HIV-1-specific TCD4+s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Addison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Gavin I. Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - George J. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Noah B. Zawadzky
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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9
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de Castro Barbosa E, de Souza Andrade A, Duarte MM, Faria G, de Melo Iani FC, Ataide ACZ, Cunha LM, Duarte CG, Fialho SL, Caldas S. Influence of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by different chemical reagents on the humoral response evaluated in a murine model. Mol Immunol 2022; 147:199-208. [PMID: 35644072 PMCID: PMC9125173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Viral inactivation for antibody induction purposes, among other applications, should ensure biosafety, completely avoiding the risk of infectivity, and preserving viral immunogenicity. β-propiolactone (BPL) is one of the most used reagents for viral inactivation, despite its high toxicity and recent difficulties related to importation, experienced in Brazil during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this context, the main objectives of this work were to test different inactivation procedures for SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate the induction of neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with antigenic preparations obtained after viral treatment with formaldehyde (FDE), glutaraldehyde (GDE), peroxide hydrogen (H2O2), as well as with viral proteins extract (VPE), in parallel with BPL. Verification of viral inactivation was performed by subsequent incubations of the inactivated virus in Vero cells, followed by cytopathic effect and lysis plaques observation, as well as by quantification of RNA load using reverse transcription-quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Once viral inactivation was confirmed, cell culture supernatants were concentrated and purified. In addition, an aliquot inactivated by BPL was also subjected to viral protein extraction (VPE). The different antigens were prepared using a previously developed microemulsion as adjuvant, and were administered in a four-dose immunization protocol. Antibody production was comparatively evaluated by ELISA and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests (PRNT). All immunogens evaluated showed some level of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the ELISA assay, with the highest levels presented by the group immunized with FDE-inactivated viral antigen. In the PRNT results, except for VPE-antigen, all other immunogens evaluated induced some level of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and the FDE-antigen stood out again with the most expressive values. Taken together, the present work shows that FDE can be an efficient and affordable alternative to BPL for the production of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson de Castro Barbosa
- Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510010, Brazil,Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Souza Andrade
- Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510010, Brazil
| | - Myrian Morato Duarte
- Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilson Faria
- Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510010, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zampiroli Ataide
- Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510010, Brazil
| | - Lucas Maciel Cunha
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra Duarte
- Serviço de Toxinologia Molecular, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Ligorio Fialho
- Serviço de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Farmacêutico, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Caldas
- Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30510010, Brazil.
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10
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Sendai virus particles carrying target virus glycoproteins for antibody induction. Vaccine 2022; 40:2420-2431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Elveborg S, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A. Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020271. [PMID: 35215213 PMCID: PMC8879476 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The handling of highly pathogenic viruses, whether for diagnostic or research purposes, often requires an inactivation step. This article reviews available inactivation techniques published in peer-reviewed journals and their benefits and limitations in relation to the intended application. The bulk of highly pathogenic viruses are represented by enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Hantaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Nairoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. Here, we summarize inactivation methods for these virus families that allow for subsequent molecular and serological analysis or vaccine development. The techniques identified here include: treatment with guanidium-based chaotropic salts, heat inactivation, photoactive compounds such as psoralens or 1.5-iodonaphtyl azide, detergents, fixing with aldehydes, UV-radiation, gamma irradiation, aromatic disulfides, beta-propiolacton and hydrogen peroxide. The combination of simple techniques such as heat or UV-radiation and detergents such as Tween-20, Triton X-100 or Sodium dodecyl sulfate are often sufficient for virus inactivation, but the efficiency may be affected by influencing factors including quantity of infectious particles, matrix constitution, pH, salt- and protein content. Residual infectivity of the inactivated virus could have disastrous consequences for both laboratory/healthcare personnel and patients. Therefore, the development of inactivation protocols requires careful considerations which we review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Elveborg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vanessa M. Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +46-703-672-573
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Mangala Prasad V, Leaman DP, Lovendahl KN, Croft JT, Benhaim MA, Hodge EA, Zwick MB, Lee KK. Cryo-ET of Env on intact HIV virions reveals structural variation and positioning on the Gag lattice. Cell 2022; 185:641-653.e17. [PMID: 35123651 PMCID: PMC9000915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Env mediates viral entry into host cells and is the sole target for neutralizing antibodies. However, Env structure and organization in its native virion context has eluded detailed characterization. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography to analyze Env in mature and immature HIV-1 particles. Immature particles showed distinct Env positioning relative to the underlying Gag lattice, providing insights into long-standing questions about Env incorporation. A 9.1-Å sub-tomogram-averaged reconstruction of virion-bound Env in conjunction with structural mass spectrometry revealed unexpected features, including a variable central core of the gp41 subunit, heterogeneous glycosylation between protomers, and a flexible stalk that allows Env tilting and variable exposure of neutralizing epitopes. Together, our results provide an integrative understanding of HIV assembly and structural variation in Env antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel P Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus N Lovendahl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jacob T Croft
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark A Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edgar A Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Biological Physics, Structure and Design Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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13
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Phetsouphanh C, Phalora P, Hackstein CP, Thornhill J, Munier CML, Meyerowitz J, Murray L, VanVuuren C, Goedhals D, Drexhage L, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Fidler S, Kelleher AD, Frater J, Klenerman P. Human MAIT cells respond to and suppress HIV-1. eLife 2021; 10:e50324. [PMID: 34951583 PMCID: PMC8752121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human MAIT cells sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, are polyfunctional and are capable of killing pathogen infected cells via recognition of the Class IB molecule MR1. MAIT cells have recently been shown to possess an antiviral protective role in vivo and we therefore sought to explore this in relation to HIV-1 infection. There was marked activation of MAIT cells in vivo in HIV-1-infected individuals, which decreased following ART. Stimulation of THP1 monocytes with R5 tropic HIVBAL potently activated MAIT cells in vitro. This activation was dependent on IL-12 and IL-18 but was independent of the TCR. Upon activation, MAIT cells were able to upregulate granzyme B, IFNγ and HIV-1 restriction factors CCL3, 4, and 5. Restriction factors produced by MAIT cells inhibited HIV-1 infection of primary PBMCs and immortalized target cells in vitro. These data reveal MAIT cells to be an additional T cell population responding to HIV-1, with a potentially important role in controlling viral replication at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lyle Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory ServiceFree StateSouth Africa
| | - Linnea Drexhage
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey YW Mak
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | | | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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14
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Cheng HD, Dowell KG, Bailey-Kellogg C, Goods BA, Love JC, Ferrari G, Alter G, Gach J, Forthal DN, Lewis GK, Greene K, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Ackerman ME. Diverse antiviral IgG effector activities are predicted by unique biophysical antibody features. Retrovirology 2021; 18:35. [PMID: 34717659 PMCID: PMC8557579 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions in immune defense has been widely reported in various viral infections. These effector functions confer cellular responses through engagement with innate immune cells. The precise mechanism(s) by which immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc domain and cognate receptors may afford protection are poorly understood, however, in the context of HIV/SHIV infections. Many different in vitro assays have been developed and utilized to measure effector functions, but the extent to which these assays capture distinct antibody activities has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, six Fc-mediated effector function assays and two biophysical antibody profiling assays were performed on a common set of samples from HIV-1 infected and vaccinated subjects. Biophysical antibody profiles supported robust prediction of diverse IgG effector functions across distinct Fc-mediated effector function assays. While a number of assays showed correlated activities, supervised machine learning models indicated unique antibody features as primary contributing factors to the associated effector functions. Additional experiments established the mechanistic relevance of relationships discovered using this unbiased approach. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this study provides better resolution on the diversity and complexity of effector function assays, offering a clearer perspective into this family of antibody mechanisms of action to inform future HIV-1 treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao D. Cheng
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Karen G. Dowell
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Chris Bailey-Kellogg
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Johannes Gach
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - George K. Lewis
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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Ramorola BR, Goolam-Hoosen T, Alves de Souza Rios L, Mowla S. Modulation of Cellular MicroRNA by HIV-1 in Burkitt Lymphoma Cells-A Pathway to Promoting Oncogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091302. [PMID: 34573283 PMCID: PMC8468732 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and viral components have been shown to manipulate the expression of host microRNAs (miRNAs) to their advantage, and in some cases to play essential roles in cancer pathogenesis. Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a highly aggressive B-cell derived cancer, is significantly over-represented among people infected with HIV. This study adds to accumulating evidence demonstrating that the virus plays a direct role in promoting oncogenesis. A custom miRNA PCR was used to identify 32 miRNAs that were differently expressed in Burkitt lymphoma cells exposed to HIV-1, with a majority of these being associated with oncogenic processes. Of those, hsa-miR-200c-3p, a miRNA that plays a crucial role in cancer cell migration, was found to be significantly downregulated in both the array and in single-tube validation assays. Using an in vitro transwell system we found that this downregulation correlated with significantly enhanced migration of BL cells exposed to HIV-1. Furthermore, the expression of the ZEB1 and ZEB2 transcription factors, which are promotors of tumour invasion and metastasis, and which are direct targets of hsa-miR-200c-3p, were found to be enhanced in these cells. This study therefore identifies novel miRNAs as role players in the development of HIV-associated BL, with one of these miRNAs, hsa-miR-200c-3p, being a candidate for further clinical studies as a potential biomarker for prognosis in patients with Burkitt lymphoma, who are HIV positive.
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a massive impact on human lives worldwide. While the airborne SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the lungs, viremia is not uncommon. As placental trophoblasts are directly bathed in maternal blood, they are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, the human fetus is largely spared from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We tested whether the human placenta expresses the main SARS-CoV-2 entry factors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and furin and showed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the trophoblast rather than in other placental villous cells. While furin is expressed in the main placental villous cell types, we surveyed, trophoblasts exhibit the highest expression. In line with the expression of these entry factors, we demonstrated that a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus could enter primary human trophoblasts. Mechanisms underlying placental defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection likely involve postentry processing, which may be germane for mitigating interventions against SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Pregnant women worldwide have been affected by COVID-19. As the virus is commonly spread to various organs via the bloodstream and because human placental trophoblasts are directly bathed in maternal blood, feto-placental infection by SARS-CoV-2 seems likely. However, despite the heightened risk to pregnant women, thus far the transmission risk of COVID-19 to the feto-placental unit seems extremely low. This has been recently attributed to a negligible expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the human placenta. We therefore sought to explore the expression of the entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the different cell types of human placental villi. Using a combination of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence, we found that trophoblasts, but not the other main villous cell types, express ACE2 and TMPRSS2, with a broad expression of furin. Correspondingly, we also showed that primary human trophoblasts are permissive to entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus particles.
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Early Colorectal Responses to HIV-1 and Modulation by Antiretroviral Drugs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030231. [PMID: 33800213 PMCID: PMC8000905 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate responses during acute HIV infection correlate with disease progression and pathogenesis. However, limited information is available about the events occurring during the first hours of infection in the mucosal sites of transmission. With an ex vivo HIV-1 challenge model of human colorectal tissue we assessed the mucosal responses induced by R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 isolates in the first 24 h of exposure. Microscopy studies demonstrated virus penetration of up to 39 μm into the lamina propia within 6 h of inoculation. A rapid, 6 h post-challenge, increase in the level of secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interferon- γ (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was observed following exposure to R5- or X4-tropic isolates. This profile persisted at the later time point measured of 24 h. However, exposure to the X4-tropic isolate tested induced greater changes at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels than the R5-tropic. The X4-isolate induced greater levels of CCR5 ligands (RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β) secretion than R5-HIV-1. Potential drugs candidates for colorectal microbicides, including entry, fusion or reverse transcriptase inhibitors demonstrated differential capacity to modulate these responses. Our findings indicate that in colorectal tissue, inflammatory responses and a Th1 cytokine profile are induced in the first 24 h following viral exposure.
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18
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Transcription Repressor Protein ZBTB25 Associates with HDAC1-Sin3a Complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages, and Its Inhibition Clears Pathogen by Autophagy. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e00036-21. [PMID: 33627504 PMCID: PMC8544881 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00036-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of host gene expression is a key strategy employed by intracellular pathogens for their survival in macrophages and subsequent pathogenesis. In a previous study, we have shown that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) levels go up in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it hypoacetylates histone H3 at the promoter of IL-12B gene, leading to its downregulation. We now show that after infection with M. tuberculosis, HDAC1 is phosphorylated, and the levels of phosphorylated HDAC1 (pHDAC1) increase significantly in macrophages. We found that transcriptional repressor protein zinc finger and BTB domain 25 (ZBTB25) and transcriptional corepressor Sin3a associate with the HDAC1 silencing complex, which is recruited to the promoter of IL-12B to downregulate its expression in infected macrophages. Knocking down of ZBTB25 enhanced release of IL-12p40 from infected macrophages. Inhibition of HDAC1 and ZBTB25 promoted colocalization of M. tuberculosis and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) in autophagosomes. Induction of autophagy resulted in the killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Enhanced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT4 was observed in macrophages upon treatment with HDAC1 and ZBTB inhibitors, and inhibition of JAK2/STAT4 negated the killing of the intracellular pathogen, suggesting their role in the autophagy-mediated killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. In view of the emergence of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, host-directed therapy is an attractive alternative strategy to combat tuberculosis (TB). HDACs have been proposed to be host targets for TB treatment. Our study indicates that ZBTB25, a functional subunit of the HDAC1/Sin3a repressor complex involved in IL-12B suppression, could be an alternative target for host-directed anti-TB therapy. IMPORTANCE Following infection with M. tuberculosis, levels of HDAC1 go up in macrophages, and it is recruited to the promoter of IL-12B where it hypoacetylates histone H3, leading to the downregulation of the gene. Here, we show that host transcriptional repressor protein ZBTB25 and transcriptional corepressor Sin3a associate with HDAC1 in the silencing complex. Knocking down of ZBTB25 prevented the recruitment of the complex to the promoter and consequently enhanced the gene expression and the release of IL-12p40 from infected macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of ZBTB25 in infected macrophages resulted in the induction of autophagy and killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Drug-resistant TB is a serious challenge to TB control programs all over the world which calls for finding alternative therapeutic methods. Host-directed therapy is gaining significant momentum in treating infectious diseases. We propose that ZBTB25 is a potential target for host-directed treatment of TB.
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Unpaired Guanosines in the 5' Untranslated Region of HIV-1 RNA Act Synergistically To Mediate Genome Packaging. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00439-20. [PMID: 32796062 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00439-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protein Gag selects full-length HIV-1 RNA from a large pool of mRNAs as virion genome during virus assembly. Currently, the precise mechanism that mediates the genome selection is not understood. Previous studies have identified several sites in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of HIV-1 RNA that are bound by nucleocapsid (NC) protein, which is derived from Gag during virus maturation. However, whether these NC binding sites direct HIV-1 RNA genome packaging has not been fully investigated. In this report, we examined the roles of single-stranded exposed guanosines at NC binding sites in RNA genome packaging using stable cell lines expressing competing wild-type and mutant HIV-1 RNAs. Mutant RNA packaging efficiencies were determined by comparing their prevalences in cytoplasmic RNA and in virion RNA. We observed that multiple NC binding sites affected RNA packaging; of the sites tested, those located within stem-loop 1 of the 5' UTR had the most significant effects. These sites were previously reported as the primary NC binding sites by using a chemical probe reverse-footprinting assay and as the major Gag binding sites by using an in vitro assay. Of the mutants tested in this report, substituting 3 to 4 guanosines resulted in <2-fold defects in packaging. However, when mutations at different NC binding sites were combined, severe defects were observed. Furthermore, combining the mutations resulted in synergistic defects in RNA packaging, suggesting redundancy in Gag-RNA interactions and a requirement for multiple Gag binding on viral RNA during HIV-1 genome encapsidation.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 must package its RNA genome during virus assembly to generate infectious viruses. To better understand how HIV-1 packages its RNA genome, we examined the roles of RNA elements identified as binding sites for NC, a Gag-derived RNA-binding protein. Our results demonstrate that binding sites within stem-loop 1 of the 5' untranslated region play important roles in genome packaging. Although mutating one or two NC-binding sites caused only mild defects in packaging, mutating multiple sites resulted in severe defects in genome encapsidation, indicating that unpaired guanosines act synergistically to promote packaging. Our results suggest that Gag-RNA interactions occur at multiple RNA sites during genome packaging; furthermore, there are functionally redundant binding sites in viral RNA.
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20
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Bhattacharya P, Ellegård R, Khalid M, Svanberg C, Govender M, Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD, Myrelid P, Shankar EM, Nyström S, Larsson M. Complement opsonization of HIV affects primary infection of human colorectal mucosa and subsequent activation of T cells. eLife 2020; 9:e57869. [PMID: 32876566 PMCID: PMC7492089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission via genital and colorectal mucosa are the most common routes of dissemination. Here, we explored the effects of free and complement-opsonized HIV on colorectal tissue. Initially, there was higher antiviral responses in the free HIV compared to complement-opsonized virus. The mucosal transcriptional response at 24 hr revealed the involvement of activated T cells, which was mirrored in cellular responses observed at 96 hr in isolated mucosal T cells. Further, HIV exposure led to skewing of T cell phenotypes predominantly to inflammatory CD4+ T cells, that is Th17 and Th1Th17 subsets. Of note, HIV exposure created an environment that altered the CD8+ T cell phenotype, for example expression of regulatory factors, especially when the virions were opsonized with complement factors. Our findings suggest that HIV-opsonization alters the activation and signaling pathways in the colorectal mucosa, which promotes viral establishment by creating an environment that stimulates mucosal T cell activation and inflammatory Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Pär Myrelid
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah PantaiKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil NaduThiruvarurIndia
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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Saulle I, Vanetti C, Goglia S, Vicentini C, Tombetti E, Garziano M, Clerici M, Biasin M. A New ERAP2/Iso3 Isoform Expression Is Triggered by Different Microbial Stimuli in Human Cells. Could It Play a Role in the Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Cells 2020; 9:E1951. [PMID: 32847031 PMCID: PMC7563522 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following influenza infection, rs2248374-G ERAP2 expressing cells may transcribe an alternative spliced isoform: ERAP2/Iso3. This variant, unlike ERAP2-wt, is unable to trim peptides to be loaded on MHC class I molecules, but it can still dimerize with both ERAP2-wt and ERAP1-wt, thus contributing to profiling an alternative cellular immune-peptidome. In order to verify if the expression of ERAP2/Iso3 may be induced by other pathogens, PBMCs and MDMs isolated from 20 healthy subjects were stimulated with flu, LPS, CMV, HIV-AT-2, SARS-CoV-2 antigens to analyze its mRNA and protein expression. In parallel, Calu3 cell lines and PBMCs were in vitro infected with growing doses of SARS-CoV-2 (0.5, 5, 1000 MOI) and HIV-1BAL (0.1, 1, and 10 ng p24 HIV-1Bal/1 × 106 PBMCs) viruses, respectively. Results showed that: (1) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA expression can be prompted by many pathogens and it is coupled with the modulation of several determinants (cytokines, interferon-stimulated genes, activation/inhibition markers, antigen-presentation elements) orchestrating the anti-microbial immune response (Quantigene); (2) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA is translated into a protein (western blot); (3) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA expression is sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 concentration. Considering the key role played by ERAPs in antigen processing and presentation, it is conceivable that these enzymes may be potential targets and modulators of the pathogenicity of infectious diseases and further analyses are needed to define the role played by the different isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Goglia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Enrico Tombetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
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22
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Li Z, Li W, Lu M, Bess J, Chao CW, Gorman J, Terry DS, Zhang B, Zhou T, Blanchard SC, Kwong PD, Lifson JD, Mothes W, Liu J. Subnanometer structures of HIV-1 envelope trimers on aldrithiol-2-inactivated virus particles. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:726-734. [PMID: 32601441 PMCID: PMC8138683 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, composed of gp120 and gp41 subunits, mediates viral entry into cells. Recombinant Env trimers have been studied structurally, but characterization of Env embedded in intact virus membranes has been limited to low resolution. Here, we deploy cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to determine the structures of Env trimers on aldrithiol-2 (AT-2)-inactivated virions in ligand-free, antibody-bound and CD4-bound forms at subnanometer resolution. Tomographic reconstructions document molecular features consistent with high-resolution structures of engineered soluble and detergent-solubilized Env trimers. One of three conformational states previously predicted by smFRET was not observed by cryo-ET, potentially owing to AT-2 inactivation. We did observe Env trimers to open in situ in response to CD4 binding, with an outward movement of gp120-variable loops and an extension of a critical gp41 helix. Overall features of Env trimer embedded in AT-2-treated virions appear well-represented by current engineered trimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Terry
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
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23
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Crisci E, Svanberg C, Ellegård R, Khalid M, Hellblom J, Okuyama K, Bhattacharya P, Nyström S, Shankar EM, Eriksson K, Larsson M. HSV-2 Cellular Programming Enables Productive HIV Infection in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2889. [PMID: 31867020 PMCID: PMC6909011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Genital herpes significantly enhances the acquisition and transmission of HIV-1 by creating a microenvironment that supports HIV infection in the host. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent one of the first innate cell types that encounter HIV-1 and HSV-2 in the genital mucosa. HSV-2 infection has been shown to modulate DCs, rendering them more receptive to HIV infection. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms underlying HSV-2-mediated augmentation of HIV-1 infection. We demonstrated that the presence of HSV-2 enhanced productive HIV-1 infection of DCs and boosted inflammatory and antiviral responses. The HSV-2 augmented HIV-1 infection required intact HSV-2 DNA, but not active HSV-2 DNA replication. Furthermore, the augmented HIV infection of DCs involved the cGAS-STING pathway. Interestingly, we could not see any involvement of TLR2 or TLR3 nor suppression of infection by IFN-β production. The conditioning by HSV-2 in dual exposed DCs decreased protein expression of IFI16, cGAS, STING, and TBK1, which is associated with signaling through the STING pathway. Dual exposure to HSV-2 and HIV-1 gave decreased levels of several HIV-1 restriction factors, especially SAMHD1, TREX1, and APOBEC3G. Activation of the STING pathway in DCs by exposure to both HSV-2 and HIV-1 most likely led to the proteolytic degradation of the HIV-1 restriction factors SAMHD1, TREX1, and APOBEC3G, which should release their normal restriction of HIV infection in DCs. This released their normal restriction of HIV infection in DCs. We showed that HSV-2 reprogramming of cellular signaling pathways and protein expression levels in the DCs provided a setting where HIV-1 can establish a higher productive infection in the DCs. In conclusion, HSV-2 reprogramming opens up DCs for HIV-1 infection and creates a microenvironment favoring HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crisci
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julia Hellblom
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kazuki Okuyama
- Division of Experimental Haematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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24
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Trypsteen W, White CH, Mukim A, Spina CA, De Spiegelaere W, Lefever S, Planelles V, Bosque A, Woelk CH, Vandekerckhove L, Beliakova-Bethell N. Long non-coding RNAs and latent HIV - A search for novel targets for latency reversal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224879. [PMID: 31710657 PMCID: PMC6844474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent cellular reservoir of HIV is recognized as the major barrier to cure from HIV infection. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are more tissue and cell type-specific than protein coding genes, and may represent targets of choice for HIV latency reversal. Using two in vitro primary T-cell models, we identified lncRNAs dysregulated in latency. PVT1 and RP11-347C18.3 were up-regulated in common between the two models, and RP11-539L10.2 was down-regulated. The major component of the latent HIV reservoir, memory CD4+ T-cells, had higher expression of these lncRNAs, compared to naïve T-cells. Guilt-by-association analysis demonstrated that lncRNAs dysregulated in latency were associated with several cellular pathways implicated in HIV latency establishment and maintenance: proteasome, spliceosome, p53 signaling, and mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR). PVT1, RP11-347C18.3, and RP11-539L10.2 were down-regulated by latency reversing agents, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and Romidepsin, suggesting that modulation of lncRNAs is a possible secondary mechanism of action of these compounds. These results will facilitate prioritization of lncRNAs for evaluation as targets for HIV latency reversal. Importantly, our study provides insights into regulatory function of lncRNA during latent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Trypsteen
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cory H. White
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Amey Mukim
- San Diego VA Medical Center and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- San Diego VA Medical Center and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steve Lefever
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Woelk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- San Diego VA Medical Center and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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25
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Maarifi G, Smith N, Maillet S, Moncorgé O, Chamontin C, Edouard J, Sohm F, Blanchet FP, Herbeuval JP, Lutfalla G, Levraud JP, Arhel NJ, Nisole S. TRIM8 is required for virus-induced IFN response in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3511. [PMID: 31799391 PMCID: PMC6867881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role in antiviral innate immunity through their unique capacity to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) upon viral detection. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have recently come forth as important modulators of innate signaling, but their involvement in pDCs has not been investigated. Here, we performed a rationally streamlined small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screen of TRIM proteins in human primary pDCs to identify those that are critical for the IFN response. Among candidate hits, TRIM8 emerged as an essential regulator of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) function. Mechanistically, TRIM8 protects phosphorylated IRF7 (pIRF7) from proteasomal degradation in an E3 ubiquitin ligase-independent manner by preventing its recognition by the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Our findings uncover a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of type I IFN production in pDCs by which TRIM8 and Pin1 oppositely regulate the stability of pIRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- CBMIT, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Maillet
- IRIM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Joanne Edouard
- AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Sohm
- AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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26
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He X, Wang W, Chen G, Jiao P, Ji Z, Yang L, Wei P. Serological study reveal different antigenic IBDV strains prevalent in southern China during the years 2000-2017 and also the antigenic differences between the field strains and the commonly used vaccine strains. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108458. [PMID: 31767074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antigenic relatedness of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDVs) in the field in southern China during the period 2000-2017, as well as the antigenic relationship between the field strains and the most commonly used vaccine strains by using a virus neutralization (VN) test in vitro. The antigenic relatedness (R) value and the difference in VN titers were analyzed, and the antigenic index based on the sequences of the hypervariable region of VP2 (vVP2) of the strains was further evaluated. As a result, the R value of representative field strains showed that there were three subtypes present in the field strains examined, with 7 strains belonging to subtype 1, while strains BH11 and JS7 belonged to subtype 2 and subtype 3, respectively. The commonly used vaccine strains B87 and FW2512 belonged to subtype 1. The analysis of the VN titer differences revealed that all the 136 field strains were classified into subtype 1, except BH11 and JS7. All the field strains in subtype 1 have been divided into at least 5 subgroups, suggesting the antigenic diversity among these strains. The antigenic index based on IBDV-VP2 sequences further confirmed the antigenic differences between the three subtype strains and also the antigenic diversity among the subtype 1. The results demonstrated the antigenic diversity of field IBDVs in southern China during the years 2000-2017 and the antigenic differences between the field strains and the commonly used vaccine strains. This would indicate that the commonly used vaccines are only partially effective. These results enhance our understanding of IBDV genetic evolution and should help to develop more effective vaccines for the control of this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China; Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhonghua Ji
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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27
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da Silva LT, da Silva WC, de Almeida A, da Silva Reis D, Santillo BT, Rigato PO, da Silva Duarte AJ, Oshiro TM. Characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells used in immunotherapy for HIV-1-infected individuals. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:871-885. [PMID: 30073900 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A therapeutic vaccine based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) has been shown to represent a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Here, we characterized the MDDCs used as an immunogen in a clinical trial for an anti-HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine. PATIENTS & METHODS Monocytes obtained from 17 HIV-infected individuals were differentiated into MDDCs and, after loading with autologous HIV, the cells were characterized concerning surface molecule expression, migratory and phagocytosis capacity, cytokine production and the induction of an effective cell-mediated immune response. RESULTS The MDDCs were able to induce antigen-specific responses in autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Despite a large interindividual variability, the results suggested that MDDCs present the potential to promote immune responses in vaccinated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Teodoro da Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Cardoso da Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Almeida
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silva Reis
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tereso Santillo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Telma Miyuki Oshiro
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. 05403-903, Brazil
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28
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Ray K, Mengistu M, Orlandi C, Pazgier M, Lewis GK, DeVico AL. Concurrent Exposure of Neutralizing and Non-neutralizing Epitopes on a Single HIV-1 Envelope Structure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1512. [PMID: 31338095 PMCID: PMC6628914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The trimeric envelope spikes on the HIV-1 virus surface initiate infection and comprise key targets for antiviral humoral responses. Circulating virions variably present intact envelope spikes, which react with neutralizing antibodies; and altered envelope structures, which bind non-neutralizing antibodies. Once bound, either type of antibody can enable humoral effector mechanisms with the potential to control HIV-1 infection in vivo. However, it is not clear how the presentation of neutralizing vs. non-neutralizing epitopes defines distinct virus populations and/or envelope structures on single particles. Here we used single-virion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and two-color coincidence FCS approaches to examine whether neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies are presented by the same envelope structure. Given the spatial requirements for donor-acceptor energy transfer (≤10 nm), FRET signals generated by paired neutralizing and non-neutralizing fluorescent Fabs should occur via proximal binding to the same target antigen. Fluorescent-labeled Fabs of the neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies 2G12 and b12 were combined with Fabs of the non-neutralizing anti-gp41 antibody F240, previously thought to mainly bind gp41 "stumps." We find that both 2G12-F240 and/or b12-F240 Fab combinations generate FRET signals on multiple types of virions in solution. FRET efficiencies position the neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes between 7.1 and 7.8 nm apart; potentially fitting within the spatial dimensions of a single trimer-derived structure. Further, the frequency of FRET detection suggests that at least one of such structures occurs on the majority of particles in a virus population. Thus, there is frequent, overlapping presentation of non-neutralizing and neutralizing epitope on freely circulating HIV-1 surfaces. Such information provides a broader perspective of how anti-HIV humoral immunity interfaces with circulating virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ray
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Krishanu Ray
| | - Meron Mengistu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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29
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Gonelli CA, Khoury G, Center RJ, Purcell DFJ. HIV-1-based Virus-like Particles that Morphologically Resemble Mature, Infectious HIV-1 Virions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060507. [PMID: 31159488 PMCID: PMC6630479 DOI: 10.3390/v11060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine eliciting both broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and strong T cell responses would be optimal for preventing HIV-1 transmissions. Replication incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) offer the opportunity to present authentic-structured, virion-associated Env to elicit bNAbs, and also stimulate T cell responses. Here, we optimize our DNA vaccine plasmids as VLP expression vectors for efficient Env incorporation and budding. The original vector that was used in human trials inefficiently produced VLPs, but maximized safety by inactivating RNA genome packaging, enzyme functions that are required for integration into the host genome, and deleting accessory proteins Vif, Vpr, and Nef. These original DNA vaccine vectors generated VLPs with incomplete protease-mediated cleavage of Gag and were irregularly sized. Mutations to restore function within the defective genes revealed that several of the reverse transcriptase (RT) deletions mediated this immature phenotype. Here, we made efficient budding, protease-processed, and mature-form VLPs that resembled infectious virions by introducing alternative mutations that completely removed the RT domain, but preserved most other safety mutations. These VLPs, either expressed from DNA vectors in vivo or purified after expression in vitro, are potentially useful immunogens that can be used to elicit antibody responses that target Env on fully infectious HIV-1 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Gonelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Rob J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
- Viral Entry and Vaccines Laboratory, Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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30
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Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS 2019; 33:1117-1129. [PMID: 30789356 PMCID: PMC6511429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: To explore monocyte and dendritic cell immune responses, and their association with future CD4+ gain in treated HIV patients with suboptimal CD4+ recovery. Design: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected, virally suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months; 41 immunological nonresponders (INRs) (CD4+ cell count <400 cells/μl) and 26 immunological responders (CD4+ cell count >600 cells/μl). Ten HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive and 10 HIV-negative healthy persons served as controls. CD4+ cell counts were registered after median 2.4 and 4.7 years. Methods: Monocyte, dendritic-cell and T-cell activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In INR and immunological responder subgroups matched on age and nadir CD4+ cell count, upregulation of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocytes and dendritic cells and cytokines in cell supernatants were measured in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1. Results: The INR group displayed higher spontaneous activation of both monocytes (HLA-DR+) and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (HLA-DR+, CD83+ and CD86+) compared with immunological responders, and this was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+), an effector memory T-cell phenotype and activated Tregs. The IP-10 response in monocytes after in-vitro HIV stimulation was negatively associated with prospective CD4+ gain. IP-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cytokines levels were comparable between the groups, but inversely correlated with activated Tregs in INRs. Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune recovery demonstrated more activated monocytes and in particular dendritic cells, compared with patients with acceptable CD4+ gain. A high level of HIV-specific IP-10 expression in monocytes may be predictive of future CD4+ recovery.
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31
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Alsahafi N, Bakouche N, Kazemi M, Richard J, Ding S, Bhattacharyya S, Das D, Anand SP, Prévost J, Tolbert WD, Lu H, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Ortega Delgado GG, Kirk S, Melillo B, Mothes W, Sodroski J, Smith AB, Kaufmann DE, Wu X, Pazgier M, Rouiller I, Finzi A, Munro JB. An Asymmetric Opening of HIV-1 Envelope Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:578-587.e5. [PMID: 30974085 PMCID: PMC6592637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) (gp120-gp41)3 is the target for neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 Env is flexible, sampling different conformational states. Before engaging CD4, Env adopts a closed conformation (State 1) that is largely antibody resistant. CD4 binding induces an intermediate state (State 2), followed by an open conformation (State 3) that is susceptible to engagement by antibodies that recognize otherwise occluded epitopes. We investigate conformational changes in Env that induce ADCC in the presence of a small-molecule CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc). We uncover an asymmetric Env conformation (State 2A) recognized by antibodies targeting the conserved gp120 inner domain and mediating ADCC. Sera from HIV+ individuals contain these antibodies, which can stabilize Env State 2A in combination with CD4mc. Additionally, triggering State 2A on HIV-infected primary CD4+ T cells exposes epitopes that induce ADCC. Strategies that induce this Env conformation may represent approaches to fight HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nordine Bakouche
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsen Kazemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Durba Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - James B Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Singh SK, Larsson M, Schön T, Stendahl O, Blomgran R. HIV Interferes with the Dendritic Cell-T Cell Axis of Macrophage Activation by Shifting Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4 T Cells into a Dysfunctional Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:816-826. [PMID: 30593540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV coinfection is the greatest risk factor for transition of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection into active tuberculosis (TB). Epidemiological data reveal both the reduction and the impairment of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells, although the cellular link and actual mechanisms resulting in immune impairment/suppression need further characterization. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells play a central role in development of protective immunity against TB, in which they participate in the activation of macrophages through the dendritic cell (DC)-T cell axis. Using an in vitro priming system for generating Ag-specific T cells, we explored if HIV-M. tuberculosis-infected (coinfected) human DCs can dysregulate the M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cell phenotype and functionality and subsequently mediate the failure to control M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages. After coculture with coinfected DCs, M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells lost their ability to enhance control of M. tuberculosis infection in infected macrophages. Coinfection of DCs reduced proliferation of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells without affecting their viability, led to increased expression of coinhibitory factors CTLA-4, PD-1, and Blimp-1, and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L, CD28, and ICOS on the T cells. Expression of the regulatory T cell markers FOXP3 and CD25, together with the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β and IL-10, was also significantly increased by coinfection compared with M. tuberculosis single infection. Our data suggest a pattern in which HIV, through its effect on DCs, impairs the ability of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells to maintain a latent TB within human macrophages, which could play an early role in the subsequent development of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita K Singh
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Thomas Schön
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, 391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Olle Stendahl
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
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33
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Santillo BT, Reis DDS, da Silva LT, Romani NT, Duarte AJDS, Oshiro TM. Phenotypic and functional profile of IFN-α-differentiated dendritic cells (IFN-DCs) from HIV-infected individuals. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:2140-2149. [PMID: 30427745 PMCID: PMC6773379 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1547603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Different from the conventional protocol for DC differentiation based on the cytokine IL-4 (IL4-DCs), several studies have suggested obtaining DCs by culturing monocytes with type I IFN (IFN-α) to yield IFN-DCs, as performed in cancer therapy. To evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics, monocytes from HIV-infected subjects were differentiated into IFN-DCs or IL4-DCs, pulsed with chemically inactivated HIV and stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. A comparative analysis between both types of monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) showed that immature IFN-DCs were phenotypically distinct from immature IL4-DCs at the baseline of differentiation, presenting a pre-activated profile. From the functional profile, we determined that IFN-DCs were capable of producing the cytokine IL-12 p70 and of inducing the production of IFN-γ by CD4 + T lymphocytes but not by TCD8+ lymphocytes. Our results suggest that IFN-DCs derived from HIV-infected individuals are able to recognize and present viral antigens to induce TCD4+ cellular immunity to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Tereso Santillo
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silva Reis
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís Teodoro da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Teixeira Romani
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Telma Miyuki Oshiro
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências LIM56, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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34
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Beltran-Pavez C, Ferreira CB, Merino-Mansilla A, Fabra-Garcia A, Casadella M, Noguera-Julian M, Paredes R, Olvera A, Haro I, Brander C, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Yuste E, Sanchez-Merino V. Guiding the humoral response against HIV-1 toward a MPER adjacent region by immunization with a VLP-formulated antibody-selected envelope variant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208345. [PMID: 30566493 PMCID: PMC6300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive HIV-1 vaccine strategies rely on the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses, but their induction in vivo by vaccination remains challenging. Considering that the ability of an epitope to elicit effective humoral immunity depends on its exposure on the virion, we have used a reverse genetics approach to select variants from an HIV-1 AC10_29 randomly mutated envelope library that showed increased affinity for a selected bNAb (4E10 bNAb targeting the HIV-1 MPER region). Isolated envelope sequences were analyzed by deep-sequencing showing a small number of dominant changes, including the loss of four potential N-linked glycosylation sites and disruption of the V1/V2 loop. Accordingly, the dominant variant (LR1-C1), showed not only increased affinity for MPER bNAbs 4E10 and 2F5, but also higher affinity for an additional antibody targeting the V3 loop (447-52D) that could be a consequence of an open conformation tier 1-like Env. Furthermore, the amino acids specific for the selected variant are associated with an increased sensitivity for 4E10 and 2F5 antibodies. In vivo studies showed that sera from mice immunized with LR1-C1 viruses possessed an improved neutralizing activity compared to the wild-type AC10_29 env. While Virus Like Particles (VLPs) carrying this envelope were unable to induce detectable neutralizing activity in immunized rabbits, one animal showed antibody response to the 4E10-proximal region. Our data establish a novel approach that has the potential to yield HIV envelope immunogen sequences that direct antibody responses to specific envelope regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beltran-Pavez
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina B. Ferreira
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Fabra-Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Casadella
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gatell
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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35
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da Silva LT, Santillo BT, de Almeida A, Duarte AJDS, Oshiro TM. Using Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy to Treat HIV: How Can This Strategy be Improved? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2993. [PMID: 30619346 PMCID: PMC6305438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing dendritic cells (DC) to treat HIV infection is considered a key strategy to improve anti-HIV treatment and promote the discovery of functional or sterilizing cures. Although this strategy represents a promising approach, the results of currently published trials suggest that opportunities to optimize its performance still exist. In addition to the genetic and clinical characteristics of patients, the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy depends on the quality of the vaccine product, which is composed of precursor-derived DC and an antigen for pulsing. Here, we focus on some factors that can interfere with vaccine production and should thus be considered to improve DC-based immunotherapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Teodoro da Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tereso Santillo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Almeida
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Miyuki Oshiro
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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HIV-1 capsids from B27/B57+ elite controllers escape Mx2 but are targeted by TRIM5α, leading to the induction of an antiviral state. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007398. [PMID: 30419009 PMCID: PMC6258467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are a rare subset of HIV-1 slow progressors characterized by prolonged viremia suppression. HLA alleles B27 and B57 promote the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated depletion of infected cells in ECs, leading to the emergence of escape mutations in the viral capsid (CA). Whether those mutations modulate CA detection by innate sensors and effectors is poorly known. Here, we investigated the targeting of CA from B27/B57+ individuals by cytosolic antiviral factors Mx2 and TRIM5α. Toward that aim, we constructed chimeric HIV-1 vectors using CA isolated from B27/B57+ or control subjects. HIV-1 vectors containing B27/B57+-specific CA had increased sensitivity to TRIM5α but not to Mx2. Following exposure to those vectors, cells showed increased resistance against both TRIM5α-sensitive and -insensitive HIV-1 strains. Induction of the antiviral state did not require productive infection by the TRIM5α-sensitive virus, as shown using chemically inactivated virions. Depletion experiments revealed that TAK1 and Ubc13 were essential to the TRIM5α-dependent antiviral state. Accordingly, induction of the antiviral state was accompanied by the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in THP-1 cells. Secretion of IFN-I was involved in the antiviral state in THP-1 cells, as shown using a receptor blocking antibody. This work identifies innate activation pathways that are likely to play a role in the natural resistance to HIV-1 progression in ECs. Some HIV-1-infected individuals show a natural capacity to control viral propagation. In individuals that have the HLA B27 or B57 allele, HIV-1 control is associated with mutations in viral proteins that arise as a result of immune pressure from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. HIV-1 capsid protein mutations found in these subjects render HIV-1 more sensitive to detection by TRIM5α, a cytoplasmic innate effector that targets retroviral capsids. We show here that HIV-1 bearing such mutations is restricted by TRIM5α but not by Mx2, another capsid-targeting innate effector. As a result, cells have decreased permissiveness to subsequent HIV-1 infections, a phenomenon that could contribute to the inefficient disease progression observed in these individuals. This knowledge might find applications in the development of immune interventions to increase human cells resistance to HIV-1.
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37
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Nieto-Garai JA, Glass B, Bunn C, Giese M, Jennings G, Brankatschk B, Agarwal S, Börner K, Contreras FX, Knölker HJ, Zankl C, Simons K, Schroeder C, Lorizate M, Kräusslich HG. Lipidomimetic Compounds Act as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors by Altering Viral Membrane Structure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1983. [PMID: 30233582 PMCID: PMC6131562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) consists of a liquid-ordered membrane enriched in raft lipids and containing the viral glycoproteins. Previous studies demonstrated that changes in viral membrane lipid composition affecting membrane structure or curvature can impair infectivity. Here, we describe novel antiviral compounds that were identified by screening compound libraries based on raft lipid-like scaffolds. Three distinct molecular structures were chosen for mode-of-action studies, a sterol derivative (J391B), a sphingosine derivative (J582C) and a long aliphatic chain derivative (IBS70). All three target the viral membrane and inhibit virus infectivity at the stage of fusion without perturbing virus stability or affecting virion-associated envelope glycoproteins. Their effect did not depend on the expressed envelope glycoproteins or a specific entry route, being equally strong in HIV pseudotypes carrying VSV-G or MLV-Env glycoproteins. Labeling with laurdan, a reporter of membrane order, revealed different membrane structure alterations upon compound treatment of HIV-1, which correlated with loss of infectivity. J582C and IBS70 decreased membrane order in distinctive ways, whereas J391B increased membrane order. The compounds' effects on membrane order were reproduced in liposomes generated from extracted HIV lipids and thus independent both of virion proteins and of membrane leaflet asymmetry. Remarkably, increase of membrane order by J391B required phosphatidylserine, a lipid enriched in the HIV envelope. Counterintuitively, mixtures of two compounds with opposite effects on membrane order, J582C and J391B, did not neutralize each other but synergistically inhibited HIV infection. Thus, altering membrane order, which can occur by different mechanisms, constitutes a novel antiviral mode of action that may be of general relevance for enveloped viruses and difficult to overcome by resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bärbel Glass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Beate Brankatschk
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Membrane Biochemistry Group, Paul-Langerhans-Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sameer Agarwal
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Xabier Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Zankl
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Simons
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schroeder
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Reis EC, da Silva LT, da Silva WC, Rios A, Duarte AJ, Oshiro TM, Crovella S, Pontillo A. Host genetics contributes to the effectiveness of dendritic cell-based HIV immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1995-2002. [PMID: 29641325 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1463942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biological analysis has recently revealed how innate immune variants as well as gut microbiota impact the individual response to immunization. HIV-infected (HIV+) patients have a worse response rate after standard vaccinations, possibly due to the immune exhaustion, increased gut permeability and microbial translocation. In the last decade, dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy has been proposed as an alternative approach to control HIV plasma viral load, however clinical trials showed a heterogeneity of immunization response. Hypothesizing that host genetics may importantly affects the outcome of immunotherapy in HIV+ patients, genetic polymorphisms' distribution and gene expression modulation were analyzed in a phase I/II clinical trial of DC-based immunotherapy according to immunization response, and quality of vaccine product (DC). Polymorphisms in genes previously associated with progression of HIV infection to AIDS (i.e.: PARD3B, CCL5) contribute to a better response to immunotherapy in HIV+ individuals, possibly through a systemic effect on host immune system, but also directly on vaccine product. Genes expression profile after immunization correlates with different degrees of immune chronic activation/exhaustion of HIV+ patients (i.e. PD1, IL7RA, EOMES), but also with anti-viral response and DC quality (i.e.: APOBEC3G, IL8, PPIA), suggested that an immunocompetent individual would have a better vaccine response. These findings showed once more that host genetics can affect the response to DC-based immunotherapy in HIV+ individuals, contributing to the heterogeneity of response observed in concluded trials; and it can be used as predictor of immunization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edione C Reis
- a Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas/ICB, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Lais T da Silva
- b Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM-56, Departamento de Dermatologia , Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Wanessa C da Silva
- b Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM-56, Departamento de Dermatologia , Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rios
- a Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas/ICB, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Alberto J Duarte
- b Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM-56, Departamento de Dermatologia , Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Telma M Oshiro
- b Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM-56, Departamento de Dermatologia , Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- c Departamento de Genética , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , PE , Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- a Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas/ICB, Universidade de São Paulo/USP , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Carnathan DG, Mackel JJ, Sweat SL, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Dhadvai P, Gangadhara S, Hicks S, Vanderford TH, Amara RR, Esparza J, Lu W, Andrieu JM, Silvestri G. Intragastric Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine-Inactivated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Does Not Protect Indian Rhesus Macaques from Intrarectal SIV Challenge or Reduce Virus Replication after Transmission. J Virol 2018; 92:e02030-17. [PMID: 29491157 PMCID: PMC5923080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02030-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to development of an effective AIDS vaccine is that along with the intended beneficial responses, the immunization regimen may activate CD4+ T cells that can facilitate acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by serving as target cells for the virus. Lu et al. (W. Lu et al., Cell Rep 2:1736-1746, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.11.016) reported that intragastric administration of chemically inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 and Lactobacillus plantarum (iSIV-L. plantarum) protected 15/16 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (RMs) from high-dose intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge at 3 months postimmunization. They attributed the observed protection to induction of immune tolerance, mediated by "MHC-Ib/E-restricted CD8+ regulatory T cells that suppressed SIV-harboring CD4+ T cell activation and ex vivo SIV replication in 15/16 animals without inducing SIV-specific antibodies or cytotoxic T." J.-M. Andrieu et al. (Front Immunol 5:297, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00297) subsequently reported protection from infection in 23/24 RMs immunized intragastrically or intravaginally with iSIV and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, L. plantarum, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which they ascribed to the same tolerogenic mechanism. Using vaccine materials obtained from our coauthors, we conducted an immunization and challenge experiment with 54 Indian RMs and included control groups receiving iSIV only or L. plantarum only as well as unvaccinated animals. Intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239 resulted in rapid infection in all groups of vaccinated RMs as well as unvaccinated controls. iSIV-L. plantarum-vaccinated animals that became SIV infected showed viral loads similar to those observed in animals receiving iSIV only or L. plantarum only or in unvaccinated controls. The protection from SIV transmission conferred by intragastric iSIV-L. plantarum administration reported previously for Chinese-origin RMs was not observed when the same experiment was conducted in a larger cohort of Indian-origin animals.IMPORTANCE Despite an increased understanding of immune responses against HIV, a safe and effective AIDS vaccine is not yet available. One obstacle is that immunization may activate CD4+ T cells that may act as target cells for acquisition of HIV. An alternative strategy may involve induction of a tolerance-inducing response that limits the availability of activated CD4+ T cells, thus limiting the ability of virus to establish infection. In this regard, exciting results were obtained for Chinese-origin rhesus macaques by using a "tolerogenic" vaccine, consisting of intragastric administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine-inactivated SIV, which showed highly significant protection from virus transmission. In the present study, we administered iSIV-L. plantarum to Indian-origin rhesus macaques and failed to observe any protective effect on virus acquisition in this experimental setting. This work is important because it contributes to the overall assessment of the clinical potential of a new candidate AIDS vaccine platform based on iSIV-L. plantarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane G Carnathan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph J Mackel
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelby L Sweat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chiamaka A Enemuo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Etse H Gebru
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pallavi Dhadvai
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakeenah Hicks
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - José Esparza
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Université de Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Andrieu
- Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Université de Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ellegård R, Khalid M, Svanberg C, Holgersson H, Thorén Y, Wittgren MK, Hinkula J, Nyström S, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Alters Cross Talk Between Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer (NK) Cells to Inhibit NK Killing and to Upregulate PD-1, CXCR3, and CCR4 on T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 29760706 PMCID: PMC5936988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells play critical roles during primary HIV-1 exposure at the mucosa, where the viral particles become coated with complement fragments and mucosa-associated antibodies. The microenvironment together with subsequent interactions between these cells and HIV at the mucosal site of infection will determine the quality of immune response that ensues adaptive activation. Here, we investigated how complement and immunoglobulin opsonization influences the responses triggered in DCs and NK cells, how this affects their cross talk, and what T cell phenotypes are induced to expand following the interaction. Our results showed that DCs exposed to complement-opsonized HIV (C-HIV) were less mature and had a poor ability to trigger IFN-driven NK cell activation. In addition, when the DCs were exposed to C-HIV, the cytotolytic potentials of both NK cells and CD8 T cells were markedly suppressed. The expression of PD-1 as well as co-expression of negative immune checkpoints TIM-3 and LAG-3 on PD-1 positive cells were increased on both CD4 as well as CD8 T cells upon interaction with and priming by NK–DC cross talk cultures exposed to C-HIV. In addition, stimulation by NK–DC cross talk cultures exposed to C-HIV led to the upregulation of CD38, CXCR3, and CCR4 on T cells. Together, the immune modulation induced during the presence of complement on viral surfaces is likely to favor HIV establishment, dissemination, and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Holgersson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ylva Thorén
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mirja Karolina Wittgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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41
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Lenstra DC, Al Temimi AHK, Mecinović J. Inhibition of histone lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP by ejection of structural Zn(II). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29519735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP are validated targets for the development of new epigenetic drugs. Most, if not all, inhibitors of G9a and GLP target the histone substrate binding site or/and the S-adenosylmethionine cosubstrate binding site. Here, we report an alternative approach for inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of G9a and GLP. For proper folding and enzymatic activity, G9a and GLP contain structural zinc fingers, one of them being adjacent to the S-adenosylmethionine binding site. Our work demonstrates that targeting these labile zinc fingers with electrophilic small molecules results in ejection of structural zinc ions, and consequently inhibition of the methyltransferase activity. Very effective Zn(II) ejection and inhibition of G9a and GLP was observed with clinically used ebselen, disulfiram and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny C Lenstra
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas H K Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Dieme C, Rotureau B, Mitri C. Microbial Pre-exposure and Vectorial Competence of Anopheles Mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:508. [PMID: 29376030 PMCID: PMC5770632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles female mosquitoes can transmit Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. During their aquatic life, wild Anopheles mosquito larvae are exposed to a huge diversity of microbes present in their breeding sites. Later, adult females often take successive blood meals that might also carry different micro-organisms, including parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Therefore, prior to Plasmodium ingestion, the mosquito biology could be modulated at different life stages by a suite of microbes present in larval breeding sites, as well as in the adult environment. In this article, we highlight several naturally relevant scenarios of Anopheles microbial pre-exposure that we assume might impact mosquito vectorial competence for the malaria parasite: (i) larval microbial exposures; (ii) protist co-infections; (iii) virus co-infections; and (iv) pathogenic bacteria co-infections. In addition, significant behavioral changes in African Anopheles vectors have been associated with increasing insecticide resistance. We discuss how these ethological modifications may also increase the repertoire of microbes to which mosquitoes could be exposed, and that might also influence their vectorial competence. Studying Plasmodium–Anopheles interactions in natural microbial environments would efficiently contribute to refining the transmission risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mitri
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France
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43
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Veenhuis RT, Freeman ZT, Korleski J, Cohen LK, Massaccesi G, Tomasi A, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, Margolick JB, Blankson JN, Chattergoon MA, Cox AL. HIV-antibody complexes enhance production of type I interferon by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4352-4364. [PMID: 29083319 DOI: 10.1172/jci95375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN production is essential for innate control of acute viral infection; however, prolonged high-level IFN production is associated with chronic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals. Although plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a primary source of IFN, the mechanisms that regulate IFN levels following the acute phase are unknown. We hypothesized that HIV-specific Ab responses regulate late IFN production. We evaluated the mechanism through which HIV-activated pDCs produce IFN as well as how both monoclonal HIV-specific Abs and Abs produced in natural HIV infection modulated normal pDC sensing of HIV. We found that HIV-induced IFN production required TLR7 signaling, receptor-mediated entry, fusion, and viral uncoating, but not endocytosis or HIV life cycle stages after uncoating. Abs directed against the HIV envelope that do not interfere with CD4 binding markedly enhanced the IFN response, irrespective of their ability to neutralize CD4+ T cell infection. Ab-mediated enhancement of IFN production required Fc γ receptor engagement, bypassed fusion, and initiated signaling through both TLR7 and TLR9, which was not utilized in the absence of Ab. Polyclonal Abs isolated from HIV-infected subjects also enhanced pDC production of IFN in response to HIV. Our data provide an explanation for high levels of IFN production and immune activation in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary T Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Korleski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura K Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessandra Tomasi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Chattergoon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sancineto L, Iraci N, Tabarrini O, Santi C. NCp7: targeting a multitasking protein for next-generation anti-HIV drug development part 1: covalent inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:260-271. [PMID: 29107765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major internal component of the HIV virion core is the nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a small, highly basic protein that is essential for multiple stages of the viral replicative cycle, and whose structure is preserved in all viral strains, including clinical isolates from therapy-experienced patients. This key protein is recognised as a potential target for an effective next-generation antiretroviral therapy, because it could offer the possibility to develop broad-spectrum agents that are less prone to select for resistant strains. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the covalent NCp7 inhibitors that have emerged over the past 25 years of drug discovery campaigns, emphasising, where possible, their structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Heterorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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45
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HIV-1 Exploits a Dynamic Multi-aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Complex To Enhance Viral Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01240-17. [PMID: 28814526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01240-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is reverse transcription of genomic RNA to DNA, a process that is primed by cellular tRNAs. HIV-1 recruits human tRNALys3 to serve as the reverse transcription primer via an interaction between lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) and the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein. LysRS is normally sequestered in a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). Previous studies demonstrated that components of the MSC can be mobilized in response to certain cellular stimuli, but how LysRS is redirected from the MSC to viral particles for packaging is unknown. Here, we show that upon HIV-1 infection, a free pool of non-MSC-associated LysRS is observed and partially relocalized to the nucleus. Heat inactivation of HIV-1 blocks nuclear localization of LysRS, but treatment with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor does not, suggesting that the trigger for relocalization occurs prior to reverse transcription. A reduction in HIV-1 infection is observed upon treatment with an inhibitor to mitogen-activated protein kinase that prevents phosphorylation of LysRS on Ser207, release of LysRS from the MSC, and nuclear localization. A phosphomimetic mutant of LysRS (S207D) that lacked the capability to aminoacylate tRNALys3 localized to the nucleus, rescued HIV-1 infectivity, and was packaged into virions. In contrast, a phosphoablative mutant (S207A) remained cytosolic and maintained full aminoacylation activity but failed to rescue infectivity and was not packaged. These findings suggest that HIV-1 takes advantage of the dynamic nature of the MSC to redirect and coopt cellular translation factors to enhance viral replication.IMPORTANCE Human tRNALys3, the primer for reverse transcription, and LysRS are essential host factors packaged into HIV-1 virions. Previous studies found that tRNALys3 packaging depends on interactions between LysRS and HIV-1 Gag; however, many details regarding the mechanism of tRNALys3 and LysRS packaging remain unknown. LysRS is normally sequestered in a high-molecular-weight multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), restricting the pool of free LysRS-tRNALys Mounting evidence suggests that LysRS is released under a variety of stimuli to perform alternative functions within the cell. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection results in a free pool of LysRS that is relocalized to the nucleus of target cells. Blocking this pathway in HIV-1-producing cells resulted in less infectious progeny virions. Understanding the mechanism by which LysRS is recruited into the viral assembly pathway can be exploited for the development of specific and effective therapeutics targeting this nontranslational function.
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46
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Kang CY, Gao Y. Killed whole-HIV vaccine; employing a well established strategy for antiviral vaccines. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:47. [PMID: 28893272 PMCID: PMC5594480 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient prophylactic HIV vaccine has been one of the major challenges in infectious disease research during the last three decades. Here, we present a mini review on strategies employed for the development of HIV vaccines with an emphasis on a well-established vaccine technology, the killed whole-virus vaccine approach. Recently, we reported an evaluation of the safety and the immunogenicity of a genetically modified and killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine designated as SAV001 [1]. HIV-1 Clade B NL4-3 was genetically modified by deleting the nef and vpu genes and substituting the coding sequence of the Env signal peptide with that of honeybee melittin to produce an avirulent and replication efficient HIV-1. This genetically modified virus (gmHIV-1 NL4-3 ) was propagated in a human T cell line followed by virus purification and inactivation by aldrithiol-2 and γ-irradiation. We found that SAV001 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. HIV-1 NL4-3 -specific polymerase chain reaction showed no evidence of vaccine virus replication in participants receiving SAV001 and in human T cells infected in vitro. Furthermore, SAV001 with an adjuvant significantly increased the antibody response to HIV-1 structural proteins. Moreover, antibodies in the plasma from these vaccinations neutralized tier I and tier II of HIV-1 B, A, and D subtypes. These results indicated that the killed whole-HIV vaccine is safe and may trigger appropriate immune responses to prevent HIV infection. Utilization of this killed whole-HIV vaccine strategy may pave the way to develop an effective HIV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Virus Replication
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
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HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein stimulates viral transcription and increases the infectivity of the progeny virus through the manipulation of cellular machinery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9487. [PMID: 28842659 PMCID: PMC5573355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, large amounts of progeny viral particles, including infectious virus and a large proportion of defective viral particles, are produced. Despite of the critical role of the infectious viruses in infection and pathogenesis in vivo, whether and how those defective viral particles, especially the virus-associated envelope glycoprotein (vEnv), would impact viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of vEnv on HIV-infected T cells and demonstrated that the vEnv was able to stimulate HIV transcription in HIV-infected cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HIV patients. This vEnv-mediated HIV transcription activation is mediated primarily through the interaction between vEnv and CD4/coreceptors (CCR5 or CXCR4). Through transcriptome analysis, we found that numerous cellular gene products involved in various signaling pathways were modulated by vEnv. Among them, we have further identified a cellular microRNA miR181A2, which is downregulated upon vEnv treatment, resulting in increased HIV LTR histone H3 acetylation and HIV transcription. Furthermore, we also found a vEnv-modulated cellular histone deacetylase, HDAC10, whose downregulation is associated with the increased infectivity of progeny viruses. Altogether, these findings provide evidence of the important role vEnv plays in modulating cellular environments and facilitating HIV expression and infection.
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Structure of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Spikes Bound with CD4 and Monoclonal Antibody 36D5. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00134-17. [PMID: 28539445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00134-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope spike (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells. The V3 loop of the gp120 component of the Env trimer contributes to the coreceptor binding site and is a target for neutralizing antibodies. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the binding of CD4 and the V3 loop monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36D5 to gp120 of the SIV Env trimer. Our results show that 36D5 binds gp120 at the base of the V3 loop and suggest that the antibody exerts its neutralization effect by blocking the coreceptor binding site. The antibody does this without altering the dynamics of the spike motion between closed and open states when CD4 is bound. The interaction between 36D5 and SIV gp120 is similar to the interaction between some broadly neutralizing anti-V3 loop antibodies and HIV-1 gp120. Two conformations of gp120 bound with CD4 are revealed, suggesting an intrinsic dynamic nature of the liganded Env trimer. CD4 binding substantially increases the binding of 36D5 to gp120 in the intact Env trimer, consistent with CD4-induced changes in the conformation of gp120 and the antibody binding site. Binding by MAb 36D5 does not substantially alter the proportions of the two CD4-bound conformations. The position of MAb 36D5 at the V3 base changes little between conformations, indicating that the V3 base serves as a pivot point during the transition between these two states.IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein spikes on the surfaces of SIV and HIV are the sole targets available to the immune system for antibody neutralization. Spikes evade the immune system by a combination of a thick layer of polysaccharide on the surface (the glycan shield) and movement between spike domains that masks the epitope conformation. Using SIV virions whose spikes were "decorated" with the primary cellular receptor (CD4) and an antibody (36D5) at part of the coreceptor binding site, we visualized multiple conformations trapped by the rapid freezing step, which were separated using statistical analysis. Our results show that the CD4-induced conformational dynamics of the spike enhances binding of the antibody.
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49
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Polymorphic Nature of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Particle Cores as Revealed through Characterization of a Chronically Infected Cell Line. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00369-17. [PMID: 28615198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00369-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission is dependent on the release of infectious virus particles into the virological synapse. The HTLV-1 particle structure is still poorly understood, and previous studies analyzed viruses produced by transformed lymphocytic cell lines chronically infected with HTLV-1, particularly the MT-2 cell line, which harbors truncated proviruses and expresses aberrant forms of the Gag protein. In this study, we demonstrate that the chronically infected SP cell line harbors a relatively low number of proviruses, making it a more promising experimental system for the study of the HTLV-1 particle structure. We first identified the genomic sites of integration and characterized the genetic structure of the gag region in each provirus. We also determined that despite encoding a truncated Gag protein, only the full-length Gag protein was incorporated into virus particles. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy analyses of the purified virus particles revealed three classes of particles based upon capsid core morphology: complete cores, incomplete cores, and particles without distinct electron densities that would correlate with the capsid region of a core structure. Observed cores were generally polygonal, and virus particles were on average 115 nm in diameter. These data corroborate particle morphologies previously observed for MT-2 cells and provide evidence that the known poor infectivity of HTLV-1 particles may correlate with HTLV-1 particle populations containing few virus particles possessing a complete capsid core structure.IMPORTANCE Studies of retroviral particle core morphology have demonstrated a correlation between capsid core stability and the relative infectivity of the virus. In this study, we used cryo-transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that HTLV-1 particles produced from a distinct chronically infected cell line are polymorphic in nature, with many particles lacking organized electron densities that would correlate with a complete core structure. These findings have important implications for infectious HTLV-1 spread, particularly in the context of cell-to-cell transmission, a critical step in HTLV-1 transmission and pathogenesis.
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Sensing of HIV-1 Entry Triggers a Type I Interferon Response in Human Primary Macrophages. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00147-17. [PMID: 28490595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00147-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages are a major cellular source of HIV-1 replication and a potential viral reservoir. Following entry and reverse transcription in macrophages, cloaking of the viral cDNA by the HIV-1 capsid limits its cytosolic detection, enabling efficient replication. However, whether incoming HIV-1 particles are sensed by macrophages prior to reverse transcription remains unclear. Here, we show that HIV-1 triggers a broad expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISG) in monocyte-derived macrophages within a few hours after infection. This response does not require viral reverse transcription or the presence of HIV-1 RNA within particles, but viral fusion is essential. This response is elicited by viruses carrying different envelope proteins and thus different receptors to proceed for viral entry. Expression of ISG in response to viral entry requires TBK1 activity and type I IFNs signaling. Remarkably, the ISG response is transient but affects subsequent viral spread. Together, our results shed light on an early step of HIV-1 sensing by macrophages at the level of entry, which confers an early protection through type I IFN signaling and has potential implications in controlling the infection.IMPORTANCE HIV infection is restricted to T lymphocytes and macrophages. HIV-1-infected macrophages are found in many tissues of infected patients, even under antiretroviral therapy, and are considered a viral reservoir. How HIV-1 is detected and what type of responses are elicited upon sensing remain in great part elusive. The kinetics and localization of the production of cytokines such as interferons in response to HIV is of critical importance to understanding how the infection and the immune response are established. Our study provides evidence that macrophages can detect HIV-1 as soon as it enters the cell. Interestingly, this sensing is independent of the presence of viral nucleic acids within the particles but requires their fusion with the macrophages. This triggers a low interferon response, which activates an antiviral program protecting cells against further viral challenge and thus potentially limiting the spread of the infection.
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