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Alfano F, Lucibelli MG, Serra F, Levante M, Rea S, Gallo A, Petrucci F, Pucciarelli A, Picazio G, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, d’Ovidio D, Santoro M, De Carlo E, Fusco G, Amoroso MG. Identification of Aichivirus in a Pet Rat ( Rattus norvegicus) in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1765. [PMID: 38929384 PMCID: PMC11200523 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of eight potential zoonotic viruses in 91 exotic companion mammals from pet shops in southern Italy via real-time PCR and end-point PCR. The animals were screened for aichivirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, noroviruses (GI and GII), rotavirus, circovirus, and SARS-CoV-2. Among the nine species of exotic pets studied, only one rat tested positive for aichivirus. The high sequence similarity to a murine kobuvirus-1 strain previously identified in China suggests that the virus may have been introduced into Italy through the importation of animals from Asia. Since exotic companion mammals live in close contact with humans, continuous sanitary monitoring is crucial to prevent the spread of new pathogens among domestic animals and humans. Further investigations on detecting and typing zoonotic viruses are needed to identify emerging and re-emerging viruses to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Lucibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Martina Levante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Simona Rea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Amalia Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Federica Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Alessia Pucciarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Gerardo Picazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (I.D.B.)
| | | | | | - Mario Santoro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80122 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
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2
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Van Nguyen T, Kasantikul T, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Evolutionary dynamics of canine kobuvirus in Vietnam and Thailand reveal the evidence of viral ability to evade host immunity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12037. [PMID: 38802579 PMCID: PMC11130191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is a pathogen associated with canine gastrointestinal disease (GID). This study examined 327 rectal swabs (RS), including 113 from Vietnam (46 healthy, 67 with GID) and 214 from Thailand (107 healthy and 107 with GID). CaKoV was detected in both countries, with prevalences of 28.3% (33/113) in Vietnam and 7.9% (17/214) in Thailand. Additionally, CaKoV was found in both dogs with diarrhea and healthy dogs. CaKoV was mainly found in puppies under six months of age (30.8%). Co-detection with other canine viruses were also observed. The complete coding sequence (CDS) of nine Vietnamese and four Thai CaKoV strains were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between Vietnamese and Thai CaKoV strains, which were related to the Chinese strains. CDS analysis indicated a distinct lineage for two Vietnamese CaKoV strains. Selective pressure analysis on the viral capsid (VP1) region showed negative selection, with potential positive selection sites on B-cell epitopes. This study, the first of its kind in Vietnam, provides insights into CaKoV prevalence in dogs of different ages and healthy statuses, updates CaKoV occurrence in Thailand, and sheds light on its molecular characteristics and immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Van Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Jungbauer-Groznica M, Wiese K, Fischer I, Markus J, Chang TH, Gösler I, Kowalski H, Blaas D, Real-Hohn A. Aichivirus A1 replicates in human intestinal epithelium and bronchial tissue: Lung-gut axis? Virus Res 2024; 342:199338. [PMID: 38373599 PMCID: PMC10901855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The role of aichivirus A1 (AiV-A1) in acute gastroenteritis remains controversial and in vitro data illustrating its pathogenesis in suitable human models are scarce. Here, we demonstrate that AiV-A1 isolate A846/88 replicates in ApoA1- (absorptive) and Ki-67-positive (proliferative) enterocytes in stem cell-derived human small intestinal epithelium (HIE) as well as in patient biopsy samples, but not in any of the tested human cell lines. The infection did not result in tissue damage and did not trigger type I and type III interferon (IFN) signalling, whereas the control, human coxsackievirus B3 (strain Nancy), triggered both IFNs. To investigate the tissue tropism, we infected a human tracheal/bronchial epithelium model (HTBE) with AiV-A1 isolates A846/88 and kvgh99012632/2010 and, as a control, with rhinovirus A2 (RV-A2). AiV-A1 isolate kvgh99012632/2010, but not isolate A846/88, replicated in HTBE and induced type III IFN and ISGs signalling. By using various pharmacological inhibitors, we elaborated that cellular entry of AiV-A1 depends on clathrin, dynamin, and lipid rafts and is strongly reliant on endosome acidification. Viral particles co-localised with Rab5a-positive endosomes and promoted leakage of endosomal content. Our data shed light on the early events of AiV-A1 infection and reveal that different isolates exhibit distinct tissue tropism. This supports its clinical importance as a human pathogen with the potential to evolve toward broader tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jungbauer-Groznica
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Virus and Immunity Unit, Institute Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Konstantin Wiese
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irmgard Fischer
- Histology Facility, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Markus
- MatTek In Vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irene Gösler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Olaimat AN, Taybeh AO, Al-Nabulsi A, Al-Holy M, Hatmal MM, Alzyoud J, Aolymat I, Abughoush MH, Shahbaz H, Alzyoud A, Osaili T, Ayyash M, Coombs KM, Holley R. Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38398699 PMCID: PMC10890126 DOI: 10.3390/life14020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Asma’ O. Taybeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Anas Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Murad Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Jihad Alzyoud
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Iman Aolymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Mahmoud H. Abughoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
- Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anas Alzyoud
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Hata A, Meuchi Y, Liu M, Torii S, Katayama H. Activity- and gene-based quantification of enteric viruses, F- specific RNA phage genogroups, pepper mild mottle virus, and Escherichia coli in surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166338. [PMID: 37591377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely applied for the monitoring of pathogenic viruses in water environments. To date, several pretreatments to selectively detect genes from infectious viruses via PCR have been developed. This study was aimed to characterize and validate methods for quantifying active viruses and indicators and to evaluate the proportion of their active fractions in surface water (n = 42). Active E. coli and F-specific RNA phage (FRNAPH) genogroups were quantified using culture assays. In addition to these microbes, norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II, Aichi virus 1, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were quantified by (reverse transcription)-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) with and without cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) treatment to exclude genes in inactive viruses. CDDP-RT-qPCR showed concentrations and detection frequencies comparable to or higher than culture assays. Consequently, although CDDP-RT-qPCR can suggest the presence of an inactive virus, it can also overestimate the activity of the virus in the environment. Differences between culture and CDDP-RT-qPCR and between CDDP-RT-qPCR and RT-qPCR varied among the viruses. CDDP-RT-qPCR showed a concentration comparable to the culture assay (within 1 log10 difference) in 93 % of positive samples for GI-FRNAPH but in <63 % of positive samples for GII- and GIII-FRNAPHs. GII-NoV was detected from 5 and 30 out of 42 samples via CDDP-RT-qPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively, and was suggested as inactivated by 2.0 log10 or higher in most of the samples. By contrast, concentrations of PMMoV determined by these two assays were not notably different. It is suggested that the operational conditions of wastewater treatment plants around the sites, rather than environmental stresses, affected the microbial inactivation. To better understand the infectivity of viruses in the environment, it is important to investigate them using sensitive detection methods at various sites, including the source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuno Meuchi
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Zang Y, Feng B, Huang Z, Zhao D, Qi W, Qiu Y, Qiu M, Li C, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Epidemiologic and Genomic Characterizations of Porcine Kobuviruses in Diarrheic and Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3129. [PMID: 37835735 PMCID: PMC10571770 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) is an enteric virus commonly detected in both diarrheic and healthy pigs. Little is known about the role of PKV in enteric diseases. In this study, an epidemiological investigation based on 324 intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China during the period of 2018 to 2022 was performed, and showed that PKV has an overall 65.43% (212/324) positive rate. Noticeably, 89.47% (17/19) of PKV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) double-positive pigs were clinically diseased, while 91.71% (177/193) of PKV-positive but PEDV-negative pigs were clinically healthy, suggesting that PKV infection in itself is unlikely to cause enteric diseases. In addition, three PKV genomes were obtained from both diseased and healthy pigs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chinese PKV strains could be divided into three groups (SH-W-CHN-like, S-1-HUN-like and JXAT2015-like strains). All three obtained PKV genomes belong to SH-W-CHN-like strains and JSYZ1806-158 was detected as a recombinant virus. Furthermore, multiple comparisons showed that nucleotide similarities are clearly lower than amino acid similarities for PKV polyproteins. Selective pressure analysis indicated that Chinese PKV polyproteins are predominantly under negative selection. Overall, this study provided new insights into the prevalence and evolution of PKV in both diarrheic and healthy pigs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zitao Huang
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Fengxi District, Chaozhou 521031, China;
| | - Dashi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wenhao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuejia Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
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Potapov S, Gorshkova A, Krasnopeev A, Podlesnaya G, Tikhonova I, Suslova M, Kwon D, Patrushev M, Drucker V, Belykh O. RNA-Seq Virus Fraction in Lake Baikal and Treated Wastewaters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12049. [PMID: 37569424 PMCID: PMC10418309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of RNA and DNA viruses from the oligotrophic water of Lake Baikal and the effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharged into the lake from the towns of Severobaikalsk and Slyudyanka located on the lake shores. Given the uniqueness and importance of Lake Baikal, the issues of biodiversity conservation and the monitoring of potential virological hazards to hydrobionts and humans are important. Wastewater treatment plants discharge treated effluent directly into the lake. In this context, the identification and monitoring of allochthonous microorganisms entering the lake play an important role. Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we found that dsDNA-containing viruses of the class Caudoviricetes were the most abundant in all samples, while Leviviricetes (ssRNA(+) viruses) dominated the treated water samples. RNA viruses of the families Nodaviridae, Tombusviridae, Dicitroviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Marnaviridae, Solemoviridae, and Endornavirida were found in the pelagic zone of three lake basins. Complete or nearly complete genomes of RNA viruses belonging to such families as Dicistroviridae, Marnaviridae, Blumeviridae, Virgaviridae, Solspiviridae, Nodaviridae, and Fiersviridae and the unassigned genus Chimpavirus, as well as unclassified picorna-like viruses, were identified. In general, the data of sanitary/microbiological and genetic analyses showed that WWTPs inadequately purify the discharged water, but, at the same time, we did not observe viruses pathogenic to humans in the pelagic zone of the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Potapov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Anna Gorshkova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Andrey Krasnopeev
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Galina Podlesnaya
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Irina Tikhonova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Maria Suslova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Dmitry Kwon
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Academician Kurchatov Square 1, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Patrushev
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Academician Kurchatov Square 1, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Drucker
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
| | - Olga Belykh
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia (O.B.)
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8
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Seo JJ, Jung SJ, Yang J, Choi DE, Kim VN. Functional viromic screens uncover regulatory RNA elements. Cell 2023:S0092-8674(23)00675-X. [PMID: 37413987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of sequenced viral genomes has surged recently, presenting an opportunity to understand viral diversity and uncover unknown regulatory mechanisms. Here, we conducted a screening of 30,367 viral segments from 143 species representing 96 genera and 37 families. Using a library of viral segments in 3' UTR, we identified hundreds of elements impacting RNA abundance, translation, and nucleocytoplasmic distribution. To illustrate the power of this approach, we investigated K5, an element conserved in kobuviruses, and found its potent ability to enhance mRNA stability and translation in various contexts, including adeno-associated viral vectors and synthetic mRNAs. Moreover, we identified a previously uncharacterized protein, ZCCHC2, as a critical host factor for K5. ZCCHC2 recruits the terminal nucleotidyl transferase TENT4 to elongate poly(A) tails with mixed sequences, delaying deadenylation. This study provides a unique resource for virus and RNA research and highlights the potential of the virosphere for biological discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Seo
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jung
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Yang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Choi
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Abstract
Viruses lack the properties to replicate independently due to the limited resources encoded in their genome; therefore, they hijack the host cell machinery to replicate and survive. Picornaviruses get the prerequisite for effective protein synthesis through specific sequences known as internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). In the past 2 decades, significant progress has been made in identifying different types of IRESs in picornaviruses. This review will discuss the past and current findings related to the five different types of IRESs and various internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that either promote or suppress picornavirus translation and replication. Some IRESs are inefficient and thus require ITAFs. To achieve their full efficiency, they recruit various ITAFs, which enable them to translate more effectively and efficiently, except type IV IRES, which does not require any ITAFs. Although there are two kinds of ITAFs, one promotes viral IRES-dependent translation, and the second type restricts. Picornaviruses IRESs are classified into five types based on their use of sequence, ITAFs, and initiation factors. Some ITAFs regulate IRES activity by localizing to the viral replication factories in the cytoplasm. Also, some drugs, chemicals, and herbal extracts also regulate viral IRES-dependent translation and replication. Altogether, this review will elaborate on our understanding of the past and recent advancements in the IRES-dependent translation and replication of picornaviruses. IMPORTANCE The family Picornaviridae is divided into 68 genera and 158 species. The viruses belonging to this family range from public health importance, such as poliovirus, enterovirus A71, and hepatitis A virus, to animal viruses of great economic importance, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus. The genomes of picornaviruses contain 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs), which possess crucial and highly structured stem-loops known as IRESs. IRES assemble the ribosomes and facilitate the cap-independent translation. Virus-host interaction is a hot spot for researchers, which warrants deep insight into understanding viral pathogenesis better and discovering new tools and ways for viral restriction to improve human and animal health. The cap-independent translation in the majority of picornaviruses is modulated by ITAFs, which bind to various IRES regions to initiate the translation. The discoveries of ITAFs substantially contributed to understanding viral replication behavior and enhanced our knowledge about virus-host interaction more effectively than ever before. This review discussed the various types of IRESs found in Picornaviridae, past and present discoveries regarding ITAFs, and their mechanism of action. The herbal extracts, drugs, and chemicals, which indicated their importance in controlling viruses, were also summarized. In addition, we discussed the movement of ITAFs from the nucleus to viral replication factories. We believe this review will stimulate researchers to search for more novel ITAFs, drugs, herbal extracts, and chemicals, enhancing the understanding of virus-host interaction.
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10
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Cui Y, Li J, Guo J, Pan Y, Tong X, Liu C, Wang D, Xu W, Shi Y, Ji Y, Qiu Y, Yang X, Hou L, Zhou J, Feng X, Wang Y, Liu J. Evolutionary Origin, Genetic Recombination, and Phylogeography of Porcine Kobuvirus. Viruses 2023; 15:240. [PMID: 36680281 PMCID: PMC9867129 DOI: 10.3390/v15010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly identified porcine Kobuvirus (PKV) has raised concerns owing to its association with diarrheal symptom in pigs worldwide. The process involving the emergence and global spread of PKV remains largely unknown. Here, the origin, genetic diversity, and geographic distribution of PKV were determined based on the available PKV sequence information. PKV might be derived from the rabbit Kobuvirus and sheep were an important intermediate host. The most recent ancestor of PKV could be traced back to 1975. Two major clades are identified, PKVa and PKVb, and recombination events increase PKV genetic diversity. Cross-species transmission of PKV might be linked to interspecies conserved amino acids at 13-17 and 25-40 residue motifs of Kobuvirus VP1 proteins. Phylogeographic analysis showed that Spain was the most likely location of PKV origin, which then spread to pig-rearing countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Within China, the Hubei province was identified as a primary hub of PKV, transmitting to the east, southwest, and northeast regions of the country. Taken together, our findings have important implications for understanding the evolutionary origin, genetic recombination, and geographic distribution of PKV thereby facilitating the design of preventive and containment measures to combat PKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changzhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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11
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Aftab G, Arfaee F, Akhtardanesh B, Nikbakht Brojeni G. Molecular characterization of canine and feline kobuvirus infections in Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:447-450. [PMID: 36320293 PMCID: PMC9548235 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.128667.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Kobuviruses are viral pathogens with broad host range presented in human gastroenteritis cases; but, the pathogenesis of these viruses in companion animals is not well described. In the present study, the presence of canine (CaKVs) and feline kobuviruses (FeKVs) was detected in the 100 fecal samples of diarrhoeic and healthy companion dogs and cats by polymerase chain reaction in Tehran, Iran. The prevalence of infection was estimated as 8.00% and 4.00% in dogs and cats, respectively. All positive samples were belonged to non-diarrhoeic animals except for a feline sample being co-infected with panleukopenia. Sequence analysis showed multiple point mutations in canine and feline Iranian strains and new feline strain was detected in the present study. This is the first detection of CaKVs and FeKVs in Iran; but, the exact role of these enteric viral pathogens and their zoonotic risks are better to be clarified in all endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Aftab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Arfaee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baharak Akhtardanesh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; ,Correspondence Baharak Akhtardanesh. DVM, DVSc Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. E-mail:
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12
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Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Wang T, Gao Y, Sun X, Yuan W, Li R, Wang J. Development of a new TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the specific detection of bovine kobuvirus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:953599. [PMID: 35990282 PMCID: PMC9386250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.953599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine kobuvirus (BKV) is a novel kobuvirus considered to be closely related to calf diarrhea and has become a worldwide epidemic. Currently, the BKV lacks an efficient and convenient detection method to assist the research on BKV prevalence. In this study, a new and specific TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR for the detection of BKV was developed using the conserved region of the 3D gene. The assay was highly specific for BKV, without cross-amplification with other non-targeted pathogens. The limit of detection of this assay was 102 copies. Standard curves showed a strong linear correlation from 102 to 106 copies of BKV standard RNA per reaction, and the parameters revealed as a slope of −3.54, efficiency of 91.64%, and regression coefficients (R2) of 0.998. The assay was also reproducible, with the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation <1.0%. The newly developed real-time RT-PCR was validated using 243 fecal samples collected from diarrheic or non-diarrheic cattle from nine regions in Hebei province and revealed the positive detection of BKV at a ratio of 19.34% (47/243). Sequencing of partial 3D genes from 13 positive samples and the following phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the reliability of the assay. In conclusion, the newly developed TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR could be used for the screening and epidemic monitoring of BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Hebei Mountain Agricultural Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiwen Li
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
- Jianchang Wang
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13
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Pathogenic and metagenomic evaluations reveal the correlations of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine kobuvirus and porcine astroviruses with neonatal piglet diarrhea. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Liang S, Dong S, Liu W, Wang M, Tian S, Ai Y, Wang H. Accumulated ROS Activates HIF-1α-Induced Glycolysis and Exerts a Protective Effect on Sensory Hair Cells Against Noise-Induced Damage. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:806650. [PMID: 35096971 PMCID: PMC8790562 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.806650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise exposure causes noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). NIHL exhibits loss of inner ear sensory hair cells and is often irreparable. Although oxidative stress is involved in hearing loss, the complex mechanisms involved in NIHL are unclear. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been suggested to be essential for protecting sensory hair cells. Additionally, it has been shown that ROS is involved in modulating the stability of HIF-1α. To investigate the NIHL pathogenesis, we established a tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress damage model in hair-like HEI-OC1 cells and an NIHL model in C57BL/6 mice. Protein and mRNA expression were determined, and biochemical parameters including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, glucose uptake, adenosine triphosphat (ATP) production, and mitochondrial content were evaluated. In HEI-OC1 cells, t-BHP induced ROS accumulation and reduced mitochondrial content and oxygen consumption, but the ATP level was unaffected. Additionally, there was increased glucose uptake and lactate release along with elevated expression of HIF-1α, glucose transporter 1, and several glycolytic enzymes. Consistently, noise trauma induced oxidative stress and the expression of HIF-1α and glycolytic enzymes in mice. Thus, we concluded that ROS induced HIF-1α expression, which promoted glycolysis, suggesting a metabolic shift maintained the ATP level to attenuate hair cell damage in NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuohui Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Ai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Ai, ; Haibo Wang,
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Ai, ; Haibo Wang,
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15
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Kaiser FK, van Dyck L, Jo WK, Schreiner T, Pfankuche VM, Wohlsein P, Baumann I, Peters M, Baumgärtner W, Osterhaus ADME, Ludlow M. Detection of Systemic Canine Kobuvirus Infection in Peripheral Tissues and the Central Nervous System of a Fox Infected with Canine Distemper Virus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122521. [PMID: 34946122 PMCID: PMC8705045 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine kobuvirus (CaKV) is a globally distributed pathogen of dogs and is predominantly associated with infection of the gastrointestinal tract. However, an etiological link to enteric disease has not been established since CaKV has been identified in both asymptomatic dogs and animals with diarrheic symptoms. In this study, an extraintestinal CaKV infection was detected by next-generation sequencing in a fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany concomitant with a canine distemper virus (canine morbillivirus; CDV) co-infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding region sequence showed that this strain was most closely related to a CaKV strain detected in a dog in the United Kingdom in 2008. The tissue and cellular tropism of CaKV was characterized by the detection of viral antigens and RNA. CaKV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization in different tissues, including epithelial cells of the stomach and ependymal cells in the brain. The use of a new RT-qPCR assay for CaKV confirmed the systemic distribution of CaKV with viral RNA also detected in the lymph nodes, bladder, trachea, and brain. The detection of a CDV infection in this fox suggests that immunosuppression should be further investigated as a contributing factor to the enhanced extraintestinal spread of CaKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska K. Kaiser
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.K.); (W.K.J.); (I.B.); (A.D.M.E.O.)
| | - Lydia van Dyck
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.v.D.); (T.S.); (V.M.P.); (P.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Wendy K. Jo
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.K.); (W.K.J.); (I.B.); (A.D.M.E.O.)
| | - Tom Schreiner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.v.D.); (T.S.); (V.M.P.); (P.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Vanessa M. Pfankuche
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.v.D.); (T.S.); (V.M.P.); (P.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.v.D.); (T.S.); (V.M.P.); (P.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Ilka Baumann
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.K.); (W.K.J.); (I.B.); (A.D.M.E.O.)
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, 59821 Arnsberg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.v.D.); (T.S.); (V.M.P.); (P.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.K.); (W.K.J.); (I.B.); (A.D.M.E.O.)
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.K.); (W.K.J.); (I.B.); (A.D.M.E.O.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Domanska A, Guryanov S, Butcher SJ. A comparative analysis of parechovirus protein structures with other picornaviruses. Open Biol 2021; 11:210008. [PMID: 34315275 PMCID: PMC8316810 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechoviruses belong to the genus Parechovirus within the family Picornaviridae and are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Parechoviruses include human and animal pathogens classified into six species. Those that infect humans belong to the Parechovirus A species and can cause infections ranging from mild gastrointestinal or respiratory illness to severe neonatal sepsis. There are no approved antivirals available to treat parechovirus (nor any other picornavirus) infections. In this parechovirus review, we focus on the cleaved protein products resulting from the polyprotein processing after translation comparing and contrasting their known or predicted structures and functions to those of other picornaviruses. The review also includes our original analysis from sequence and structure prediction. This review highlights significant structural differences between parechoviral and other picornaviral proteins, suggesting that parechovirus drug development should specifically be directed to parechoviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Domanska
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Guryanov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Chen BC, Huang TS, Huang NY, Chen CS, Chen YS, Chang TH. Low Seroprevalence of Aichi Virus Infection in Taiwan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050553. [PMID: 34063639 PMCID: PMC8147638 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aichi virus (AiV) belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae; it is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus without an envelope. AiV causes acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Low incidence and high seroprevalence of AiV infections have been reported in several regions of the world; however, little was known on the prevalence of AiV infections in Taiwan. This study described the first two cases of AiV infection and analyzed AiV seroprevalence in Taiwan. A total of 700 sera were collected from a single hospital in southern Taiwan. The neutralization assay was employed to assess AiV neutralization antibodies in the serum. The test identified 48 positive cases, with a seroprevalence of 6.86%. Results also showed a gradual increase in AiV seroprevalence rate with age. Compared with other countries, Taiwan had a relatively low AiV seroprevalence, suggesting a low incidence of or sporadic AiV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Chen Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (B.-C.C.); (T.-S.H.); (N.-Y.H.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (B.-C.C.); (T.-S.H.); (N.-Y.H.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Nuan-Ya Huang
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (B.-C.C.); (T.-S.H.); (N.-Y.H.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Chiao-Shan Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (B.-C.C.); (T.-S.H.); (N.-Y.H.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.C.)
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18
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Ailavadi S, Morgan MT, D'Souza DH. Aichi virus inactivation by heat in 2-ml glass vials. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4110-4118. [PMID: 33929042 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aichi virus (AiV) that results in gastroenteritis worldwide, is spread through contaminated shellfish and water. The resistance/tolerance of AiV to common inactivation processes along with the absence of commercially available vaccines makes it necessary to study its thermal inactivation kinetics. This research evaluated the heat inactivation of AiV in cell-culture media using 2-ml sterile glass vials by the linear and Weibull models. Heat treatments of AiV titers of 7 log plaque forming units (PFU)/ml were conducted thrice in a water-bath at 50, 54, and 58 °C for up to 90 min. Plaque assays for each dilution in duplicate were used to determine infectious virus titers. Linear model D-values for AiV at 50 ± 1 °C (± = standard error) (come-up time = 68 s), 54 ± 0.7 °C (130 s), and 58 ± 0.6°C (251 s) were 43.3 ± 4.23 (R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 0.56), 5.69 ± 0.28 (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.43), and 1.20 ± 0.63 min (R2 = 0.69, RMSE = 0.39), respectively, and the linear model z-value was 5.14 ± 0.39°C (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 0.08). For the same temperatures, the Weibull model td = 1 values were 20.98 ± 8.8 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.46, α (scale parameter) = 2.30, β (shape parameter) = 0.38), 3.84 ± 0.69 (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.38, α = 1.08, β = 0.66), and 0.87 ± 0.10 min (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.32, α = 0.22, β = 0.61), respectively and the z-value (using Td = 1 ) was 5.79 ± 0.22 °C (R2 = 1.0, RMSE = 0.03). A better fit was obtained with the Weibull model for log reductions versus time with higher R2 and lower RMSE values. Application of AiV inactivation parameters can help reduce the risk of AiV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Ailavadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mark T Morgan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Doris H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Sadiq A, Yinda CK, Deboutte W, Matthijnssens J, Bostan N. Whole genome analysis of Aichivirus A, isolated from a child, suffering from gastroenteritis, in Pakistan. Virus Res 2021; 299:198437. [PMID: 33901591 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in children all over the world. Understanding the emergence and genetic variation of these viruses may help to prevent infections. Aichivirus (AiV) is a member of the Kobuvirus genus, which currently contains six officially recognized species: Aichivirus A-F. The species AiV A contains six types including Aichivirus 1 (AiV 1) and eventually, three genotypes have been identified in the human AiV 1 (named A to C). The present study describes the identification and sequencing of the polyprotein gene of a human AiV 1 strain PAK419 via NGS in Pakistani children with acute gastroenteritis. Our study strain PAK419 was classified as AiV 1 genotype A, most commonly found in Japan and Europe, and closely related to non-Japanese and European strains on the phylogenetic tree. PAK419 showed 95-98 % nucleotide sequence identity with strains isolated from Ethiopia (ETH/2016/P4), Australia (FSS693) and China (Chshc7). On phylogenetic observation PAK419 formed a distinct cluster in the AiV 1 genotype A with the above mentioned and other human AiV strains detected around the world (Germany, Brazil, Japan, Thailand, Korea and Vietnam). The data clearly showed that Pakistani AiV strains and human strains identified from all over the world are distinct from Aichivirus strains found in bovine, swine, canine, feline, caprine, ferret, bat, and environmental samples. The distinguishing characteristics of the AiV genome showed a lower probability of inter-genotypic recombination events, which may support the lack of AiV serotypes. PAK419 also had a high content of C nucleotide (37.4 %), as found in previous studies, which could also restrict the possible genetic variation of AiV. This study demonstrate the power of NGS in uncovering unknown gastroenteric etiological agents circulating in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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20
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Jackson T, Belsham GJ. Picornaviruses: A View from 3A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030456. [PMID: 33799649 PMCID: PMC7999760 DOI: 10.3390/v13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are comprised of a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by a protein shell (or capsid). They are ubiquitous in vertebrates and cause a wide range of important human and animal diseases. The genome encodes a single large polyprotein that is processed to structural (capsid) and non-structural proteins. The non-structural proteins have key functions within the viral replication complex. Some, such as 3Dpol (the RNA dependent RNA polymerase) have conserved functions and participate directly in replicating the viral genome, whereas others, such as 3A, have accessory roles. The 3A proteins are highly divergent across the Picornaviridae and have specific roles both within and outside of the replication complex, which differ between the different genera. These roles include subverting host proteins to generate replication organelles and inhibition of cellular functions (such as protein secretion) to influence virus replication efficiency and the host response to infection. In addition, 3A proteins are associated with the determination of host range. However, recent observations have challenged some of the roles assigned to 3A and suggest that other viral proteins may carry them out. In this review, we revisit the roles of 3A in the picornavirus life cycle. The 3AB precursor and mature 3A have distinct functions during viral replication and, therefore, we have also included discussion of some of the roles assigned to 3AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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21
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Joshi SS, D'Souza DH. Grape seed extract against Aichi virus infectivity in model foods and contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103784. [PMID: 33875212 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aichi virus (AiV) is an enteric virus that affects humans and is prevalent in sewage waters. Effective strategies to control its spread need to be explored. This study evaluated grape seed extract (GSE) for: a) antiviral potential towards AiV infectivity at 37 °C and room temperature (RT); b) antiviral behavior in model foods (apple juice (AJ) and 2% fat milk) and also simulated gastric environments; and c) potential application as a wash solution on stainless steel surfaces. GSE at 0.5 mg/mL decreased AiV suspensions containing ~4.75 log PFU/mL to titer levels that were not detected after 30 s at both 37 °C and RT. Infectious AiV titers were not detected after 5 min treatment with 1 mg/mL GSE at 37 °C in AJ. GSE at 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL in 2% fat milk decreased AiV after 24 h by 1.18 and 1.57 log PFU/mL (4.75 log PFU/mL to 2.86 and 3.25 log PFU/mL), respectively. As a surface wash, GSE at 1 mg/mL after 30 s decreased AiV to undetectable levels under clean conditions. With organic load (mimicking unclean conditions), 2 and 4 mg/mL GSE reduced AiV after 5 min by 1.13 and 1.71 log PFU/mL, respectively. Overall, GSE seems to be a promising antiviral agent against AiV at low concentrations and short contact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal S Joshi
- The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Doris H D'Souza
- The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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22
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Dastjerdi A, Benfield C, Everest D, Stidworthy MF, Zell R. Novel enteric viruses in fatal enteritis of grey squirrels. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:746-750. [PMID: 32459620 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astro- and kobuviruses infect both humans and animals. Here, we report on the disease history, detection and genomic characterization of novel astro- and kobuviruses from fatal diarrhoea of two juvenile grey squirrels. The virus particles had enterovirus-like morphology and a diameter of 28-32 nm. Next-generation sequencing confirmed astro- and kobuviruses and sequence analysis revealed typical astrovirus and picornavirus genome organizations. The astrovirus ORF2 sequence clustered with a clade of unassigned astroviruses, with marmot and rodent mamastroviruses as closest relatives. For the kobuvirus, divergences greater than 49.4 % for P1 and 43.5 % in the non-structural proteins indicated a novel species. However, phylogenetic analysis of the 3D polymerase showed that it clustered with that of the newly classified ludopivirus A1, suggesting a previous recombination event in the evolution of the kobuvirus. Our data provide further insights into the diversity of astro- and kobuviruses and broaden the spectrum of viruses infecting grey squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Camilla Benfield
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - David Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark F Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire, BD21 4NQ, UK
| | - Roland Zell
- Section for Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Germany
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23
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Yodmeeklin A, Maneekarn N. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Aichivirus in Environmental Waters in Thailand. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:342-349. [PMID: 33044663 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aichivirus 1 (AiV-1) is an enteric virus that has been documented to be the causative agent of diarrhea in humans. It is transmitted by fecal-oral route, through person-to-person contact, consumption of contaminated food or water, or recreation of contaminated water. AiV-1 is highly prevalent in water samples and has been proposed as a potential indicator of fecal contamination in water reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of AiV-1 in environmental water samples in Thailand. A total of 126 samples were collected monthly from November 2016 to July 2018 from various sources of environmental water including irrigation water, reservoir, river, and wastewater. The presence of AiV-1 was detected by RT-nested PCR of the 3CD region and further analyzed by phylogenetic analysis. The AiV-1 was detected in 28 out of 126 (22.2%) of tested samples. A high frequency of AiV-1 detection was in wastewater (52.4%). All 28 AiV-1 strains detected in this study belonged to the genotype B and were closely related to AiV strains detected previously in environmental waters and in humans worldwide. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the contamination of AiV-1 in various sources of water samples in Thailand and provided a better insight into the prevalence of AiV-1 in environmental waters and its potential risk of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpaporn Yodmeeklin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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24
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Identification and full-genome sequencing of canine kobuvirus in canine fecal samples collected from Anhui Province, eastern China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2495-2501. [PMID: 32776176 PMCID: PMC7415332 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV), a newly described virus, is the causative agent of gastroenteritis in dogs. In this study, 57 fecal samples from dogs with diarrhea in Anhui Province, eastern China, were collected. Among these, five samples were identified to be infected with CaKoV, by polymerase chain reaction targeting the CaKoV 3D gene. The five CaKoV strains were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The sequences of VP1 from the five CaKoV strains were 93.6%–96.1% identical to each other and 91.75%–97.95% identical to other reported CaKoV VP1 sequences. In addition, the complete genome of one strain was successfully amplified and sequenced. The genome consisted of 8223 nucleotides and shared 94.6%–97.0% nucleotide and 93.1%–94.0% amino acid sequence identity with other CaKoV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CaKoV strain from Anhui Province was similar to other Chinese strains, and it was more closely related to feline and mouse kobuviruses than to sheep and bovine kobuviruses. Interestingly, all of the CaKoV-positive samples were coinfected with canine parvovirus. The finding of CaKoV infection in dogs with diarrhea and coinfection with canine parvovirus are a cause for concern and highlight the need for management and preventive measures.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially, detection and isolation of Aichivirus as a new member of Picornaviridae family was documented in Japan. Aichivirus species belongs to genus Kobuvirus, including 3 genotypes A, B and C. In previous studies, it has been suggested that Aichivirus infect humans by fecal-oral route. To establish an investigation for the occurrence of Aichivirus among pediatric patients involved to acute gastroenteritis, we developed a reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and quantification of Aichivirus in stool specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, a total of 160 stool samples from September 2018 to May 2019 were collected from pediatric patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis in Karaj hospital, Iran. After viral RNA extraction, the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify the 3CD junction region of Aichivirus genome and viral load was assessed. Aichivirus genomic RNA was detected in 13/160 (8.1%) of stool samples. The highest Aichivirus detection rate was in December (30.7%). The maximum viral load was determined to be 3.9 × 10 copies/g in one sample obtained from a 1-month-old patient. The co-infection of Aichivirus with salivirus and saffold virus was also assessed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, among which frequent mixed infections by 2 or more viruses were identified. CONCLUSIONS This is the first documentation of Aichivirus detection in stool samples that demonstrates Aichivirus has been circulating among Iranian pediatric patients.
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26
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Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:501-516. [PMID: 32342286 PMCID: PMC7223127 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus and Astrovirus are considered the most important viral agents transmitted by food and water, in recent years other viruses, such as Aichi virus (AiV), have emerged as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with different foods. AiV belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is a virus with icosahedral morphology that presents a single stranded RNA genome with positive sense (8280 nucleotides) and a poly (A) chain. AiV was first detected from clinical samples and in recent years has been involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks from different world regions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Japan, Germany, France, Tunisia and Spain showed a high prevalence of AiV antibodies in adults (between 80% and 99%), which is indicative of a large exposure to this virus. The aim of this review is to bring together all the discovered information about the emerging pathogen human Aichi virus (AiV), discussing the possibles routes of transmission, new detection techniques and future research. Although AiV is responsible for a low percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks, the high seroprevalence shown by human populations indicates an evident role as an enteric agent. The low percentage of AiV detection could be explained by the fact that the pathogen is more associated to subclinical infections. Further studies will be needed to clarify the real impact of AiV in human health and its importance as a causative gastroenteritis agent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain.
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27
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Northill JA, Simmons RJ, Genge D, Moore FA. Molecular characterization of the first reported Aichivirus A in Australia. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000099. [PMID: 33005865 PMCID: PMC7523624 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assay was developed to detect Aichivirus A (AiV-A) based on four complete genomes. The assay successfully detected AiV-A in a sample from a patient with acute gastroenteritis in January 2008. Screening of 756 samples submitted for norovirus testing during May 2008 detected a further 23 AiV-A-positive samples from 18 individual patients. Genotyping using novel primers targeting the 3C–3D junction region identified AiV-A genotype B. Further sequencing of the VP1 region supported the 3C–3D result. All three assays proved useful to support foodborne outbreak investigations. This is the first report of AiV-A detection in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Northill
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Russell J. Simmons
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Doris Genge
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederick A. Moore
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
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28
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Zeghbib S, Herczeg R, Kemenesi G, Zana B, Kurucz K, Urbán P, Madai M, Földes F, Papp H, Somogyi B, Jakab F. Genetic characterization of a novel picornavirus in Algerian bats: co-evolution analysis of bat-related picornaviruses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15706. [PMID: 31673141 PMCID: PMC6823487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs of numerous zoonotic viruses. The Picornaviridae family comprises important pathogens which may infect both humans and animals. In this study, a bat-related picornavirus was detected from Algerian Minioptreus schreibersii bats for the first time in the country. Molecular analyses revealed the new virus originates to the Mischivirus genus. In the operational use of the acquired sequence and all available data regarding bat picornaviruses, we performed a co-evolutionary analysis of mischiviruses and their hosts, to authentically reveal evolutionary patterns within this genus. Based on this analysis, we enlarged the dataset, and examined the co-evolutionary history of all bat-related picornaviruses including their hosts, to effectively compile all possible species jumping events during their evolution. Furthermore, we explored the phylogeny association with geographical location, host-genus and host-species in both data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Zeghbib
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kemenesi
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Zana
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Kurucz
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mónika Madai
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Földes
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Papp
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Somogyi
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- Virological Research Group, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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29
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Epidemiology of Aichi virus in fecal samples from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Northwestern Spain. J Clin Virol 2019; 118:14-19. [PMID: 31382225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Aichi virus (AiV) has been involved in acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. However, the common pathogenesis of AiV releases more in subclinical infections underestimating the impact of AiV in human health. OBJECTIVES The present study describes the presence and genetic diversity of AiV in patients with gastroenteritis in Northwestern Spain. STUDY DESIGN A total of 2667 stool samples, obtained between July 2010 and June 2011, from diarrheic outpatients were studied for detection and molecular characterization of AiV using PCR techniques followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS The virus was detected in 124 (5.0%) of the samples among all age groups. Coinfections were also detected, from the 124 positive samples, 72 (58.1%) were positive only for AiV, whereas mixed contaminations with Norovirus genogroup I or genogroup II, Sapovirus, or other enteric pathogens were detected in 52 (41.9%) samples. A total of 70 positive samples could be genotyped, being characterized as genotype A (58.6%) or B (41.4%). AiV was detected from August to April, being the highest number of AiV positive samples detected during autumn and winter seasons. CONCLUSIONS This survey remarks the importance of emerging enteric viruses in patients who require medical assistance, and offers more information about the real importance of AiV as gastroenteritis agent.
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30
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Nantel-Fortier N, Lachapelle V, Letellier A, L'Homme Y, Brassard J. Kobuvirus shedding dynamics in a swine production system and their association with diarrhea. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:319-326. [PMID: 31383319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine kobuviruses are widely distributed in swine, but the clinical significance of these viruses remains unclear, since they have been associated with both diarrheic and healthy pigs. In addition, there is a paucity of data on Kobuvirus prevalence in Canadian pig herds. In this study, a total of 181 diarrheic and healthy piglets were monitored and sampled on four occasions, intended to represent the different stages of production. The piglets were sampled at the nursing farms (birth to weaning stage), at the nursery farms (post-weaning stage), and at finishing farms (at the beginning and the end of the fattening stage). Fecal and environmental samples were collected during each life stage. Following viral extraction, Kobuvirus detection by RT-PCR was conducted, and positive samples were sequenced. During the late-nursing stage (6-21 days old), piglets with diarrhea shed more Kobuvirus than healthy individuals. Piglets shed more Kobuvirus during the post-weaning stage (nursery farms) than during any of the other life stages. This was evidenced in individual samples as well as in environmental samples. Over 97% of the sampled piglets shed Kobuvirus at least once in their lifetime. All piglets shedding a Kobuvirus strain or mix of strains at the nursing stage did not appear to shed another porcine kobuvirus strain at a later life stage. Overall, our findings throw light on Kobuvirus shedding dynamics and their potential role in neonatal diarrhea at the nursing stage, which appears to be the point of entry for kobuviruses into swine production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Lachapelle
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvan L'Homme
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; CEGEP Garneau, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Cao J, Liu H, Qu M, Hou A, Zhou Y, Sun B, Cai L, Gao F, Su W, Jiang C. Determination of the cleavage site of enterovirus 71 VP0 and the effect of this cleavage on viral infectivity and assembly. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103568. [PMID: 31195113 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health concern, especially among infants and young children. The primary pathogen of HFMD is enterovirus 71 (EV71), whose capsid assembly mechanism including capsid protein processing has been widely studied. However, some of its mechanisms remain unclear, such as the VP0 cleavage. This study aimed to identify the cleavage site of the EV71 VP0 capsid protein and to elucidate the effects of EV71 VP0 cleavage on viral infectivity and assembly. A mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the cleavage site of EV71 VP0 is located between residues Lys69 and Ser70. To analyze the importance of either residue to cleavage, we designed single mutations of Lys69, Ser70 and double mutations respectively and implemented these genomes to encapsulation. The results indicated that Ser70 is more important for VP0 cleavage and EV71 infectivity. In addition, exogenous expression of EV71 protease 2A and 3C was used to verify whether they play roles in VP0 cleavage. Analyses also showed that none of them participate in this process. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of EV71 capsid maturation, which may be a potential target to improve the productivity and immunogenicity of EV71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Meng Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Tatte VS, Gopalkrishna V. Detection of different enteric viruses in children with diarrheal disease: evidence of the high frequency of mixed infections. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000010. [PMID: 32974508 PMCID: PMC7470349 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses play a major role in causing diarrhea in children. Early identification of the causative pathogen is still a challenge in the clinical laboratory. A multiplex PCR assay is a useful tool to screen a large number of clinical samples especially in an outbreak situation. In this study, a multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was developed to detect nine enteric viruses such as group A rotavirus, norovirus GGII, sapovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, aichivirus, parechovirus, bocavirus and enterovirus in clinical samples of diarrheal cases. Stool samples (n=185) collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis cases in Pune, western India were analysed for nine different enteric viruses by currently developed multiplex RT- PCR. Predominance of group A rotavirus (76%) followed by enterovirus (11.5%), astrovirus (4.5%), adenovirus (2.7%) and norovirus GII (1.6%) was observed. A total of 44.8 % (82/185) samples analysed by this method showed high frequency of mixed infections. These results highlighted high prevalence and diversity of different enteric viruses in children. The multiplex PCR showed good concordance with monoplex RT-PCR for detection of these enteric viruses in clinical samples. This is the first report on the development of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for detection of multiple enteric viruses in diarrheal diseases from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali S Tatte
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Onosi O, Upfold NS, Jukes MD, Luke GA, Knox C. The First Molecular Detection of Aichi Virus 1 in Raw Sewage and Mussels Collected in South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:96-100. [PMID: 30560489 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has a worldwide distribution and is associated with gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analyzed for the presence of AiV-1 using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Amplification and sequencing of the 3CD and VP1 genomic regions followed by phylogenetic analysis using selected genome sequences revealed the presence of AiV-1, genotype B. The results highlight the importance of further screening to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiology of this clinically important virus in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oikwathaile Onosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Joshi SS, Howell AB, D'Souza DH. Antiviral effects of blueberry proanthocyanidins against Aichi virus. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:202-208. [PMID: 31027775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry polyphenols are known for their high antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Aichi virus (AiV) is an emerging human enteric virus that causes gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. This study aimed to (1) determine the time- and dose-dependent effects of blueberry proanthocyanidins (B-PAC) against AiV over 24 h at 37 °C; (2) gain insights on their mode of action using pre- and post-treatment of host cells and Transmission Electron Microscopy; and (3) determine their anti-AiV effects in model foods and under simulated gastric conditions. AiV at ∼5 log PFU/ml was incubated with equal volumes of commercial blueberry juice (BJ, pH 2.8), neutralized BJ (pH 7.0), B-PAC (2, 4, and 10 mg/ml) prepared either in 10% ethanol, apple juice (AJ), 2% milk, simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.5) or simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.5), and controls (malic acid (pH 3.0), phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2), apple juice (pH 3.6) and 2% milk) over 24 h at 37 °C, followed by standard plaque assays. Each experiment was replicated thrice and data were statistically analyzed. Differences in AiV titers with 1 mg/ml B-PAC were 2.13 ± 0.06 log PFU/ml lower after 24 h and ≥3 log PFU/ml (undetectable levels) lower with 2 and 5 mg/ml B-PAC compared to AiV titers in PBS after 24 h and 3 h, respectively. BJ at 37 °C resulted in titer differences (lower titers compared to PBS) of 0.17 ± 0.06, 1.27 ± 0.01, and 1.73 ± 0.23 log PFU/ml after 1, 3, and 6 h and ≥3 log PFU/ml after 24 h. Pre- and post-treatment of host cells with 0.5 mg/ml B-PAC caused titer decreases of 0.62 ± 0.33 and 0.30 ± 0.06 log PFU/ml, respectively suggesting a moderate effect on viral-host cell binding. B-PAC at 2 mg/ml in AJ caused titer differences of ≥3 log PFU/ml after 0.5 h, while differences of 0.84 ± 0.03 log PFU/ml with 5 mg/ml B-PAC in milk, and ≥3 log PFU/ml with B-PAC at 5 mg/ml in SIF after 30 min were obtained. This study shows the ability of BJ and B-PAC to decrease AiV titers to potentially prevent AiV-related illness and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal S Joshi
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Amy B Howell
- Rutgers University, Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
| | - Doris H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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35
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Ferrihydrite treatment to mitigate inhibition of RT-qPCR virus detection from large-volume environmental water samples. J Virol Methods 2019; 263:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Bucciol G, Moens L, Payne K, Wollants E, Mekahli D, Levtchenko E, Vermeulen F, Tousseyn T, Gray P, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Van Ranst M, Brown JR, Breuer J, Meyts I. Chronic Aichi Virus Infection in a Patient with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:748-752. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Corbic Ramljak I, Stanger J, Real-Hohn A, Dreier D, Wimmer L, Redlberger-Fritz M, Fischl W, Klingel K, Mihovilovic MD, Blaas D, Kowalski H. Cellular N-myristoyltransferases play a crucial picornavirus genus-specific role in viral assembly, virion maturation, and infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007203. [PMID: 30080883 PMCID: PMC6089459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In nearly all picornaviruses the precursor of the smallest capsid protein VP4 undergoes co-translational N-terminal myristoylation by host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs). Curtailing this modification by mutation of the myristoylation signal in poliovirus has been shown to result in severe assembly defects and very little, if any, progeny virus production. Avoiding possible pleiotropic effects of such mutations, we here used pharmacological abrogation of myristoylation with the NMT inhibitor DDD85646, a pyrazole sulfonamide originally developed against trypanosomal NMT. Infection of HeLa cells with coxsackievirus B3 in the presence of this drug decreased VP0 acylation at least 100-fold, resulting in a defect both early and late in virus morphogenesis, which diminishes the yield of viral progeny by about 90%. Virus particles still produced consisted mainly of provirions containing RNA and uncleaved VP0 and, to a substantially lesser extent, of mature virions with cleaved VP0. This indicates an important role of myristoylation in the viral maturation cleavage. By electron microscopy, these RNA-filled particles were indistinguishable from virus produced under control conditions. Nevertheless, their specific infectivity decreased by about five hundred fold. Since host cell-attachment was not markedly impaired, their defect must lie in the inability to transfer their genomic RNA into the cytosol, likely at the level of endosomal pore formation. Strikingly, neither parechoviruses nor kobuviruses are affected by DDD85646, which appears to correlate with their native capsid containing only unprocessed VP0. Individual knockout of the genes encoding the two human NMT isozymes in haploid HAP1 cells further demonstrated the pivotal role for HsNMT1, with little contribution by HsNMT2, in the virus replication cycle. Our results also indicate that inhibition of NMT can possibly be exploited for controlling the infection by a wide spectrum of picornaviruses. Picornaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. Protective vaccines are only available against very few representatives. Furthermore, antiviral drugs have not made it to the market because of serious side effects and viral mutational escape. We here show that pharmacological inhibition of cellular myristoyltransferases severely decreased myristoylation of enteroviral structural proteins as exemplified by coxsackievirus B3, a prominent pathogen causing virus-induced acute and chronic heart disease. The drug DDD85646 substantially diminished virus yield and almost abolished the infectivity of the residual progeny virus. It is highly effective against several other picornaviruses, except those two included in our study that naturally do not process VP0. Our work provides new insight into the role of myristoylation in the life cycle of picornaviruses and identifies the responsible cellular enzyme as a promising candidate for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Corbic Ramljak
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stanger
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Dreier
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Wimmer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Fischl
- Haplogen GmbH, Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lu G, Zhang X, Luo J, Sun Y, Xu H, Huang J, Ou J, Li S. First report and genetic characterization of feline kobuvirus in diarrhoeic cats in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1357-1363. [PMID: 29873199 PMCID: PMC7169872 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Feline kobuvirus (FeKoV) is a newly discovered organism, classified under the species Aichivirus A of the genus Kobuvirus. Since it was first reported in 2013, molecular evidence for FeKoV in the feline population has been restricted to two countries: Korea and Italy. In this study, we collected faecal samples from cats in southern China and detected the FeKoV RNA in these samples. A prevalence rate of 9.9% (8/81) was identified by RT‐PCR, and all positive samples were obtained from diarrhoeic animals. In addition, FeKoV was shown positive associated with diarrhoea in cats, with a correlation coefficient of 0.25. Next, we designed three primer pairs with degenerate bases, which targeted the conservative overlapping region of the entire published FeKoV genome, and sequenced the near‐complete genome of the first Chinese field FeKoV strain, WHJ‐1, using long‐fragment PCR. Finally, we analysed WHJ‐1's homology and phylogeny using the polyprotein gene. The results indicated that FeKoV has rapidly mutated since it was first discovered. This study will help to better understand FeKoV's epidemiology, evolutionary pattern and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China
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Terio V, Bottaro M, Di Pinto A, Fusco G, Barresi T, Tantillo G, Martella V. Occurrence of Aichi virus in retail shellfish in Italy. Food Microbiol 2018; 74:120-124. [PMID: 29706327 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AiV-1 is considered an emerging human enteric pathogens and foodborne transmission has been documented as an important source of exposure for humans, chiefly in relation to non-safe, risky food habits. We surveyed the presence of AiV-1 in retail shellfish, including oysters and mussles, identifying the virus in 3/170 (1.8%) of the analysed samples. The AiV-1 positive samples were of different geographic origin. Upon sequence analysis of a portion of the 3CD junction region, two AiV strains identified from harvesting areas in Northern Italy were characterised as genotype B and displayed 99-100% identity at the nucleotide level to other AiV-1 strains detected in sewages in Central Italy in 2012, suggesting that such strains are stably circulating in Italian ecosystems. Interestingly, a strain identified from mussles harvested in Southern Italy could not be characterised firmly, as inferred in the Bayesian analysis and by sequence comparison, indicating that different AiV strains are also circulating in Italy. Viral contamination in retail shellfish challenges the microbiological guidelines for food control and requires the development and optimization of additional diagnostic and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy.
| | - Marilisa Bottaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Division of Caserta, Via Jervolino n. 19, 81029, Caserta, Italy
| | - Teodosio Barresi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
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40
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Mohamed FF, Mansour SMG, Orabi A, El-Araby IE, Ng TFF, Mor SK, Goyal SM. Detection and genetic characterization of bovine kobuvirus from calves in Egypt. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1439-1447. [PMID: 29423548 PMCID: PMC7087207 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kobuviruses are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that probably cause diarrhea in cattle and swine. Since its discovery in 2003, few studies have addressed bovine kobuvirus (BKoV; a species of Aichivirus B) infections. BKoV has been reported in Europe, Asia, and South America, suggesting a worldwide distribution. To investigate the presence of BKoV in Egypt, 36 fecal specimens from diarrheic calves in two different Egyptian provinces (Cairo and Sharkia) were screened by RT-PCR and 24 (66.7%) were found positive for BKoV. RNA from one of the positive samples (BKoV/Egy-1/KY407744) was subjected to next-generation sequencing to determine the complete BKoV genome sequence. When compared to the only recorded BKoV genome sequence (BKoV/U-1/AB084788), the studied strain showed 94 amino acid (aa) substitutions through its entire polyprotein (2463 aa), one nucleotide (nt) insertion and one nt deletion in the 2B gene and 4-nt deletions in the UTRs (2 each). Additionally, five VP1 and seven 3D sequences were obtained from other samples by using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. A discrepancy in the phylogenetic topography of VP1 and 3D was observed, where the Egyptian VP1 sequences were classified as a distinct cluster within the proposed lineage 1 (genotype A), which also contained strains from the UK, Brazil, and Japan. While, the 3D sequences from Cairo were related to those of Chinese strains unlike Sharkia ones that were more closer to Korean strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detection and genomic characterization of BKoV in Egypt or indeed Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakry F Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Shimaa M G Mansour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Iman E El-Araby
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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Lu L, Van Dung N, Ivens A, Bogaardt C, O’Toole A, Bryant JE, Carrique-Mas J, Van Cuong N, Anh PH, Rabaa MA, Tue NT, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Simmonds P, Woolhouse ME. Genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of kobuviruses in Vietnam. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey002. [PMID: 29449965 PMCID: PMC5810437 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of viruses poses a sustained threat to public health. Due to increased contact between humans and other animal species the possibility exists for cross-species transmissions and ensuing disease outbreaks. By using conventional PCR amplification and next generation sequencing, we obtained 130 partial or full genome kobuvirus sequences from humans in a sentinel cohort in Vietnam and various mammalian hosts including bats, rodents, pigs, cats, and civets. The evolution of kobuviruses in different hosts was analysed using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. We estimated and compared time of origin of kobuviruses in different host orders; we also examined the cross-species transmission of kobuviruses within the same host order and between different host orders. Our data provide new knowledge of rodent and bat kobuviruses, which are most closely related to human kobuviruses. The novel bat kobuviruses isolated from bat roosts in Southern Vietnam were genetically distinct from previously described bat kobuviruses, but closely related to kobuviruses found in rodents. We additionally found evidence of frequent cross-species transmissions of kobuviruses within rodents. Overall, our phylogenetic analyses reveal multiple cross-species transmissions both within and among mammalian species, which increases our understanding of kobuviruses genetic diversity and the complexity of their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Nguyen Van Dung
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Carlijn Bogaardt
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Aine O’Toole
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Mark Ej Woolhouse
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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Romalde JL, Rivadulla E, Varela MF, Barja JL. An overview of 20 years of studies on the prevalence of human enteric viruses in shellfish from Galicia, Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:943-957. [PMID: 29094428 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galicia (NW Spain) has 1490 km of coastline, and its particular topography, characterized by the presence of fiord-like inlets, called rías, with an important primary production, makes this region very favourable for shellfish growth and culture. In fact, Galicia is one of the most important mussel producers in the world. Due to its proximity to cities and villages and the anthropogenic activities in these estuaries, and despite the routine official controls on the bivalve harvesting areas, contamination with material of faecal origin is sometimes possible but, current regulation based on Escherichia coli as an indicator micro-organism has been revealed as useful for bacterial contaminants, this is not the case for enteric viruses. The aim of this review is to offer a picture on the situation of different harvesting areas in Galicia, from a virological standpoint. A recompilation of results obtained in the last 20 years is presented, including not only the data for the well-known agents norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) but also data on emerging viral hazards, including sapovirus (SaV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and aichivirus (AiV). Epidemiological differences related to diverse characteristics of the harvesting areas, viral genotype distribution or epidemiological links between environmental and clinical strains will also be presented and discussed. The presentation of these historical data all together could be useful for future decisions by competent authorities for a better management of shellfish growing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M F Varela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Melegari I, Sarchese V, Di Profio F, Robetto S, Carella E, Bermudez Sanchez S, Orusa R, Martella V, Marsilio F, Di Martino B. First molecular identification of kobuviruses in wolves (Canis lupus) in Italy. Arch Virol 2017; 163:509-513. [PMID: 29101539 PMCID: PMC7086812 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine kobuviruses (CaKoVs) were first identified in diarrhoeic and asymptomatic dogs in 2011 in the USA. Subsequent studies have demonstrated a worldwide distribution of these viruses, but it is not clear if CaKoVs play a role as enteric pathogens of dogs. More recently, CaKoV RNA has been detected in wild carnivores, including red fox, golden jackal, side-striped jackal and spotted hyena. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that wolves are susceptible to CaKoV infections. A total of 185 wolf stool samples were collected from necropsied animals and from transects in the Liguria, Piemonte and Valle D'Aosta regions of Italy, and CaKoV RNA was identified in two of these specimens. Both samples were obtained from necropsied wolves, with a prevalence rate of 4.9% (2/41). Sequence analysis of the full-length VP1 region showed that these strains displayed the highest nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (86.3-98.5%) to canine strains identified in the UK and Africa, and to kobuviruses that were previously detected in other African wild carnivores. This suggests that genetically related CaKoV strains circulate in domestic and wild carnivores, with interspecies transmission being not uncommon among carnivores of different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Melegari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carella
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Sandra Bermudez Sanchez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
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Yu JM, Ao YY, Li LL, Duan ZJ. Identification of a novel cosavirus species in faeces of children and its relationship with acute gastroenteritis in China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:550-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses rapidly evolve and can emerge in unpredictable ways. Transmission pathways by which foodborne viruses may enter human populations and evolutionary mechanisms by which viruses can become virulent are discussed in this chapter. A majority of viruses emerge from zoonotic animal reservoirs, often by adapting and infecting intermediate hosts, such as domestic animals and livestock. Viruses that are known foodborne threats include hepatitis E virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, adenovirus, and astroviruses, among others. Viruses may potentially evolve and emerge as a result of modern agricultural practices which can concentrate livestock and bring them into contact with wild animals. Examples of viruses that have emerged in this manner are influenza, coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, and the Nipah virus. The role of bats, bush meat, rodents, pigs, cattle, and poultry as reservoirs from which infectious pathogenic viruses emerge are discussed.
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46
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Mejri S, Mehri I, Pothier P, Hassen A. Detection of Aichi virus genotype B in two lines of wastewater treatment processes. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:305-312. [PMID: 28596124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are released in important quantities into the environment where they can persist for a very long time. At very low doses, they can cause human gastroenteritis, and are responsible for a substantial number of waterborne diseases. The aims of this study were multiple: firstly, to study the circulation of Aichi viruses (AiV) in wastewater sampled at the scale of a pilot wastewater treatment plant; secondly, to evaluate the performance of two wastewater treatment procedures, as natural oxidizing lagoons and rotating Biodisks, concerning the AiV removal; and finally, to determine the different type of AiV genotype found during this study. Hence, the pilot wastewater treatment plant is principally irrigated by the wastewater of three neighbouring clinics. Wastewater samples were collected during 2011 from the two lines of biological treatment procedures. AiV detection in wastewater were achieved using the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique, and the identification of AiV genotype was realized by the direct sequencing of PCR products. The result revealed that AiV strains were identified in 50% (n = 51) of the wastewater samples. A significant increase of the AiV detection frequency was registered from upstream to downstream of the five ponds constituting the natural oxidizing lagoon process, and at the exit of the rotating Biodisks procedure. All detected AiV strains showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity to genotype B that has been recently observed in patients in Asia. This finding represented the first Tunisian survey that revealed and mentioned the first detection of AiV genotype B in sewage and by the same argued for a noticeable resistance or survival of this type of virus in the two lines of treatment considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorisation, 8020, Techno Park of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia; Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi Thabet, 2020 Tunis, University of Manouba, Tunisia.
| | - Selma Mejri
- Veterinary Research Institute of Tunisia, Laboratory of Virology, 1006, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Mehri
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorisation, 8020, Techno Park of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia.
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 Dijon, France.
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorisation, 8020, Techno Park of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia.
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Zhai SL, Zhang H, Lin T, Chen SN, Zhou X, Chen QL, Lv DH, Wen XH, Zhou XR, Jia CL, Wei WK. A novel porcine kobuvirus emerged in piglets with severe diarrhoea in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1030-1036. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-L. Zhai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - T. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
| | - S.-N. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
| | - X. Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Q.-L. Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - D.-H. Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - X.-H. Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - X.-R. Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - C.-L. Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - W.-K. Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
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48
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Molecular detection of kobuviruses in livestock in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1275-1279. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Rivadulla E, Varela MF, Romalde JL. Low prevalence of Aichi virus in molluscan shellfish samples from Galicia (NW Spain). J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:516-521. [PMID: 27891729 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to detect and quantify Aichi virus (AiV) in shellfish from three estuaries in Galicia, the main producer of molluscs in Europe. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 249 shellfish samples were analysed using a reverse transcription-quantitative PCR procedure. AiV was detected in 15 of 249 (6·02%) samples. Ría de Ares-Betanzos showed the highest prevalence (11·1%), followed by Ría do Burgo (3·7%) and Ría de Vigo, (2·56%). AiV quantifications ranged from nonquantifiable (under the limit of quantification of the method) to 6·9 × 103 RNAc per g DT, with a mean value of 1·9 × 102 RNAc per g DT. CONCLUSION Results obtained indicated that the prevalence of this enteric virus in the studied area is considerably lower than those of other enteric viruses, such as Norovirus, Sapovirus, HAV or HEV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study that detects the presence of AiV in shellfish from authorized harvesting areas in Spain. Further studies with clinical samples are needed to determine the potential risk of AiV for human health in Galicia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M F Varela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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50
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Kong N, Zuo Y, Wang Z, Yu H, Zhou EM, Shan T, Tong G. Molecular characterization of new described kobuvirus in dogs with diarrhea in China. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:2047. [PMID: 27995024 PMCID: PMC5130936 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine kobuvirus (CaKVs) was a newly described virus detected in dogs in the US and Italy. To learn more about CaKVs, 5 of 106 fecal samples from diarrhea dogs were positive with CaKVs in China, and the full genome of CaKVs strain CH-1 isolated from dog with diarrhea was sequenced. The genome consists of 8186 nucleotides, excluding the 3′ poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 601 and 7943 which encodes a 2446 amino acid polyprotein. Based on the complete amino acid sequence of polyprotein, phylogenetic analysis showed that CH-1 was grouped along with other canine kobuvirus strains detected in the USA (US-PC0082, AN211D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China ; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China ; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yewen Zuo
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhongze Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China ; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China ; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China ; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
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