1
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Askarian F, Firoozi Z, Ebadollahi-Natanzi A, Bahrami S, Rahimi HR. A review on the pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity considerations for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to potentially treat coronavirus patients. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:137-148. [PMID: 34306523 PMCID: PMC8286988 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, caused a novel emerged coronavirus disease, is growing rapidly worldwide. Few studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of Chloroquine (CQ), an old antimalarial drug, and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. HCQ is derived from CQ by adding a hydroxyl group into it and is a less toxic derivative of CQ for the treatment of COVID-19 infection because it is more soluble. This article summarizes pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity considerations for CQ and HCQ, drug interactions, and their potential efficacy against COVID-19. The authors also look at the biochemistry changes and clinical uses of CQ and HCQ, and supportive treatments following toxicity occurs. It was believed that CQ and HCQ may provide few benefits to COVID-19 patients. A number of factors should be considered to keep the drug safe, such as dose, in vivo animal toxicological findings, and gathering of metabolites in plasma and/or tissues. The main conclusion of this review is that CQ and HCQ with considered to their ADMET properties has major shortcomings and fully irresponsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Firoozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebadollahi-Natanzi
- Medicinal Plants Department, Imam Khomeini Higher Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Solmaz Bahrami
- Department of Institutional Research, Westcliff University, Irvine, CA 92614 USA
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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2
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Pallaval VB, Kanithi M, Meenakshisundaram S, Jagadeesh A, Alavala M, Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Chidipi B. Chloroquine Analogs: An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Quinolines as Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1185-1193. [PMID: 33308117 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA enveloped coronavirus, currently poses a global health threat. Drugs with quinoline scaffolds have been studied to repurpose their useful broad-spectrum properties into treating various diseases, including viruses. Preliminary studies on the quinoline medications, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, against SARS-CoV-2, have shown to be a potential area of interest for drug development due to their ability to prevent viral entry, act as anti-inflammatory modulators, and inhibit key enzymes allowing reduced viral infectivity. In addition to Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, we discussed analogs of the drugs to understand the quinoline scaffold's potential antiviral mechanisms. The heterocyclic scaffold of quinoline can be modified in many ways, primarily through the modification of its substituents. We studied these different synthetic derivatives to understand properties that could enhance its antiviral specificity thoroughly. Chloroquine and its analogs can act on various stages of the viral life cycle, pre and post entry. In this study, we reviewed chloroquine and its synthetic and natural analogs for their antiviral properties in a variety of viruses. Furthermore, we reviewed the compound's potential abilities to attenuate symptoms associated with viral infections. Natural compounds that share scaffolding to chloroquine can act as antivirals or attenuate symptoms through the stimulation of the host immune system or reduction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives of the drug's repurposing due to its ability to inhibit the beta-hematin formation and to be a Zinc Ionophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera B Pallaval
- Department of Biotechnology, Krishna University, Machilipatnam-521003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Manasa Kanithi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | | | - Achanta Jagadeesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Mattareddy Alavala
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh 533296, India
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
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3
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Das S, Ramachandran AK, Birangal SR, Akbar S, Ahmed B, Joseph A. The controversial therapeutic journey of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the battle against SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 10:100085. [PMID: 33846702 PMCID: PMC8026171 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pandemic outbreak of a novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), indicated by a pulmonary infection in humans, has become one of the most significant challenges for public health. In the current fight against coronavirus disease-2019, the medical and health authorities across the world focused on quick diagnosis and isolation of patients; meanwhile, researchers worldwide are exploring the possibility of developing vaccines and novel therapeutic options to combat this deadly disease. Recently, based on various small clinical observations, uncontrolled case studies and previously reported antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-1 chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have attracted exceptional consideration as possible therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. However, there are reports on little to no effect of CQ or HCQ against SARS-CoV-2, and many reports have raised concerns about their cardiac toxicity. Here, in this review, we examine the chemistry, molecular mechanism, and pharmacology, including the current scenario and future prospects of CQ or HCQ in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.,Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Saleem Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bahar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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4
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Tamalet C, Devaux C, Dubourg G, Colson P. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a rare but neglected state. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:22-42. [PMID: 33009659 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well understood. In most individuals sexually exposed to HIV, the risk of becoming infected depends on the viral load and on sexual practices and gender. However, a low percentage of individuals who practice frequent unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected partners remain uninfected. Although the systematic study of these individuals has made it possible to identify HIV resistance factors including protective genetic patterns, such epidemiological situations remain paradoxical and not fully understood. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-free, unexposed blood donors are not equally susceptible to HIV infection; in addition, PBMCs from highly exposed seronegative individuals are generally resistant to infection by primary HIV clinical isolates. We review the literature on permissiveness of PBMCs from healthy blood donors and uninfected hyperexposed individuals to sustained infection and replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, we focus on recent evidence indicating that the gut microbiota may either contribute to natural resistance to or delay replication of HIV infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
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5
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Kalra RS, Tomar D, Meena AS, Kandimalla R. SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, and Hydroxychloroquine: Cardiovascular Complications, Therapeutics, and Clinical Readouts in the Current Settings. Pathogens 2020; 9:E546. [PMID: 32645974 PMCID: PMC7400328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- SARS-CoV-2), has greatly burdened the global healthcare system and led it into crisis in several countries. Lack of targeted therapeutics led to the idea of repurposing broad-spectrum drugs for viral intervention. In vitro analyses of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)'s anecdotal benefits prompted its widespread clinical repurposing globally. Reports of emerging cardiovascular complications due to its clinical prescription are revealing the crucial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as a target receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In the present settings, a clear understanding of these targets, their functional aspects and physiological impact on cardiovascular function are critical. In an up-to-date format, we shed light on HCQ's anecdotal function in stalling SARS-CoV-2 replication and immunomodulatory activities. While starting with the crucial role of ACE2, we here discuss the impact of HCQ on systemic cardiovascular function, its associated risks, and the scope of HCQ-based regimes in current clinical settings. Citing the extent of HCQ efficacy, the key considerations and recommendations for the use of HCQ in clinics are further discussed. Taken together, this review provides crucial insights into the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2-led cardiovascular activity, and concurrently assesses the efficacy of HCQ in contemporary clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305 8565, Japan
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Avtar Singh Meena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India;
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana State, India
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6
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Al-Bari AA. Facts and Myths: Efficacies of Repurposing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1703-1721. [PMID: 32552642 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200617133142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The 2019-nCoV first broke out in Wuhan and subsequently spread worldwide owing to its extreme transmission efficiency. The fact that the COVID-19 cases and mortalities are reported globally and the WHO has declared this outbreak as the pandemic, the international health authorities have focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as search for therapies able to counter the disease severity. Due to the lack of known specific, effective and proven therapies as well as the situation of public-health emergency, drug repurposing appears to be the best armour to find a therapeutic solution against 2019-nCoV infection. Repurposing anti-malarial drugs and chloroquine (CQ)/ hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown efficacy to inhibit most coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus. These CQ analogues have shown potential efficacy to inhibit 2019-nCoV in vitro that leads to focus several future clinical trials. This review discusses the possible effective roles and mechanisms of CQ analogues for interfering with the 2019-nCoV replication cycle and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Alim Al-Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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7
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Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19: should they be used as standard therapy? Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:2461-2465. [PMID: 32495226 PMCID: PMC7267470 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of the new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has urged the nations to an unprecedented world-wide reaction, including an accelerated exploration of therapeutic options. In the absence of a vaccine and specifically designed antivirals, the medical community has proposed the use of various previously available medications in order to reduce the number of patients requiring prolonged hospitalizations, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation and to decrease mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are among the proposed drugs and are the most widely used so far, despite the lack of robust evidence on their usefulness. The objective of this article is to review and discuss the possible role of these drugs in the therapy of COVID-19.
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8
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Tsatsakis A, Petrakis D, Nikolouzakis TK, Docea AO, Calina D, Vinceti M, Goumenou M, Kostoff RN, Mamoulakis C, Aschner M, Hernández AF. COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic/pandemic events and prevalence. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111418. [PMID: 32437891 PMCID: PMC7211730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational, residential, dietary and environmental exposures to mixtures of synthetic anthropogenic chemicals after World War II have a strong relationship with the increase of chronic diseases, health cost and environmental pollution. The link between environment and immunity is particularly intriguing as it is known that chemicals and drugs can cause immunotoxicity (e.g., allergies and autoimmune diseases). In this review, we emphasize the relationship between long-term exposure to xenobiotic mixtures and immune deficiency inherent to chronic diseases and epidemics/pandemics. We also address the immunotoxicologic risk of vulnerable groups, taking into account biochemical and biophysical properties of SARS-CoV-2 and its immunopathological implications. We particularly underline the common mechanisms by which xenobiotics and SARS-CoV-2 act at the cellular and molecular level. We discuss how long-term exposure to thousand chemicals in mixtures, mostly fossil fuel derivatives, exposure toparticle matters, metals, ultraviolet (UV)–B radiation, ionizing radiation and lifestyle contribute to immunodeficiency observed in the contemporary pandemic, such as COVID-19, and thus threaten global public health, human prosperity and achievements, and global economy. Finally, we propose metrics which are needed to address the diverse health effects of anthropogenic COVID-19 crisis at present and those required to prevent similar future pandemics. Developmental exposure to environmental factors can disrupt the immune system. Long-term low-dose exposure to chemical mixtures is linked to imunodeficiency Immunodeficiency contributes to chronic diseases and the current Covid-19 pandemics. Environmental chemicals and microorganisms share similar molecular pathomechanisms (AhR pathway). Understanding the underlying pathomechanisms helps to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Demetrious Petrakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ronald N Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA.
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, 180016 Granada, Spain.
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9
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Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105938. [PMID: 32171740 PMCID: PMC7118659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China. Despite drastic containment measures, the spread of this virus is ongoing. SARS-CoV-2 is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterised by pulmonary infection in humans. The efforts of international health authorities have since focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as the search for therapies able to counter the most severe effects of the disease. In the absence of a known efficient therapy and because of the situation of a public-health emergency, it made sense to investigate the possible effect of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 since this molecule was previously described as a potent inhibitor of most coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1. Preliminary trials of chloroquine repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19 in China have been encouraging, leading to several new trials. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of chloroquine interference with the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; CNRS, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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10
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Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020. [PMID: 32171740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China. Despite drastic containment measures, the spread of this virus is ongoing. SARS-CoV-2 is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterised by pulmonary infection in humans. The efforts of international health authorities have since focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as the search for therapies able to counter the most severe effects of the disease. In the absence of a known efficient therapy and because of the situation of a public-health emergency, it made sense to investigate the possible effect of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 since this molecule was previously described as a potent inhibitor of most coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1. Preliminary trials of chloroquine repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19 in China have been encouraging, leading to several new trials. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of chloroquine interference with the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; CNRS, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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11
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HIV Envelope gp120 Alters T Cell Receptor Mobilization in the Immunological Synapse of Uninfected CD4 T Cells and Augments T Cell Activation. J Virol 2016; 90:10513-10526. [PMID: 27630246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01532-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV is transmitted most efficiently from cell to cell, and productive infection occurs mainly in activated CD4 T cells. It is postulated that HIV exploits immunological synapses formed between CD4 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to facilitate the targeting and infection of activated CD4 T cells. This study sought to evaluate how the presence of the HIV envelope (Env) in the CD4 T cell immunological synapse affects synapse formation and intracellular signaling to impact the downstream T cell activation events. CD4 T cells were applied to supported lipid bilayers that were reconstituted with HIV Env gp120, anti-T cell receptor (anti-TCR) monoclonal antibody, and ICAM-1 to represent the surface of HIV Env-bearing antigen-presenting cells. The results showed that the HIV Env did not disrupt immunological synapse formation. Instead, the HIV Env accumulated with TCR at the center of the synapse, altered the kinetics of TCR recruitment to the synapse and affected synapse morphology over time. The HIV Env also prolonged Lck phosphorylation at the synapse and enhanced TCR-induced CD69 upregulation, interleukin-2 secretion, and proliferation to promote virus infection. These results suggest that HIV uses the immunological synapse as a conduit not only for selective virus transmission to activated CD4 T cells but also for boosting the T cell activation state, thereby increasing its likelihood of undergoing productive replication in targeted CD4 T cells. IMPORTANCE There are about two million new HIV infections every year. A better understanding of how HIV is transmitted to susceptible cells is critical to devise effective strategies to prevent HIV infection. Activated CD4 T cells are preferentially infected by HIV, although how this is accomplished is not fully understood. This study examined whether HIV co-opts the normal T cell activation process through the so-called immunological synapse. We found that the HIV envelope is recruited to the center of the immunological synapse together with the T cell receptor and enhances the T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4 T cells. Heightened cellular activation promotes the capacity of CD4 T cells to support productive HIV replication. This study provides evidence of the exploitation of the normal immunological synapse and T cell activation process by HIV to boost the activation state of targeted CD4 T cells and promote the infection of these cells.
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Wei B, Han L, Abbink TEM, Groppelli E, Lim D, Thaker YR, Gao W, Zhai R, Wang J, Lever A, Jolly C, Wang H, Rudd CE. Immune adaptor ADAP in T cells regulates HIV-1 transcription and cell-cell viral spread via different co-receptors. Retrovirology 2013; 10:101. [PMID: 24047317 PMCID: PMC3851709 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell adaptor protein ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein) mediates aspects of T-cell adhesion and proliferation. Despite this, a connection between ADAP and infection by the HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) has not been explored. Results In this paper, we show for the first time that ADAP and its binding to SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) regulate HIV-1 infection via two distinct mechanisms and co-receptors. siRNA down-regulation of ADAP, or expression of a mutant that is defective in associating to its binding partner SLP-76 (termed M12), inhibited the propagation of HIV-1 in T-cell lines and primary human T-cells. In one step, ADAP and its binding to SLP-76 were needed for the activation of NF-κB and its transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in cooperation with ligation of co-receptor CD28, but not LFA-1. In a second step, the ADAP-SLP-76 module cooperated with LFA-1 to regulate conjugate formation between T-cells and dendritic cells or other T-cells as well as the development of the virological synapse (VS) and viral spread between immune cells. Conclusions These findings indicate that ADAP regulates two steps of HIV-1 infection cooperatively with two distinct receptors, and as such, serves as a new potential target in the blockade of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
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13
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Wilen CB, Tilton JC, Doms RW. HIV: cell binding and entry. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a006866. [PMID: 22908191 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle-binding and entry into the host cell-plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. HIV uses a complex series of steps to deliver its genome into the host cell cytoplasm while simultaneously evading the host immune response. To infect cells, the HIV protein envelope (Env) binds to the primary cellular receptor CD4 and then to a cellular coreceptor. This sequential binding triggers fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection. Revealing the mechanism of HIV entry has profound implications for viral tropism, transmission, pathogenesis, and therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide an overview into the mechanism of HIV entry, provide historical context to key discoveries, discuss recent advances, and speculate on future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Wilen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Waterman PM, Marschner S, Brandl E, Cambier JC. The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP-1 and adaptors Dok-1 and 2 play central roles in CD4-mediated inhibitory signaling. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:122-30. [PMID: 22370159 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CD4 functions to enhance the sensitivity of T cells to antigenic peptide/MHC class II. However, if aggregated in isolation, e.g. in the absence of T cell receptor (TCR), CD4 can transduce yet undefined signals that lead to T cell unresponsiveness to antigen and apoptosis. In Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) disease, CD4(+) T cell loss can result from gp120-induced CD4 signaling in uninfected cells. We show here that CD4 aggregation leads to Lck-dependent phosphorylation of the RasGAP adaptors Downstream of kinase-1/2 (Dok-1/2) and the inositol 5-phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) and association of the two molecules. Studies using SHIP-1 shRNA, knockout mice and decoy inhibitors further indicate that CD4-mediated inhibition of TCR-mediated T cell activation is SHIP-1 and Dok-1/2 dependent, and involves SHIP-1 hydrolysis of Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosophate (PI(3,4,5)P3) needed for TCR signaling. Our studies provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which ill-timed CD4-mediated signals activated by ligands such as HIV-1 gp120 lead to disarmament of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Waterman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
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15
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Zhou C, Lu L, Tan S, Jiang S, Chen YH. HIV-1 glycoprotein 41 ectodomain induces activation of the CD74 protein-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to enhance viral infection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44869-77. [PMID: 22039051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides mediating the viral entry process, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope protein gp41 can bind to many host cell components and regulate cell functions. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we screened a human bone marrow cDNA library and identified a novel gp41-binding protein, CD74 (the MHC class II-associated invariant chain). Here, we report possible biological effects mediated by interaction between gp41 and CD74. We found that HIV-1 gp41 could bind directly to host CD74 in HIV-1-infected cells, and the peptide 6358 derived from gp41 loop region (aa 597-611) could effectively block the gp41-CD74 interaction. As a result of this binding, recombinant soluble gp41 and gp41 peptide 6358 activated the CD74-mediated ERK/MAPK pathway and significantly enhanced HIV-1 infection in vitro. Conversely, the enhancing effect could be suppressed by the recombinant CD74 extracellular domain. These results reveal a novel mechanism underlying gp41 mediation of HIV-1 infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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The lipid-modulating effects of a CD4-specific recombinant antibody correlate with ZAP-70 segregation outside membrane rafts. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Herbein G, Gras G, Khan KA, Abbas W. Macrophage signaling in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2010; 7:34. [PMID: 20380698 PMCID: PMC2865443 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a member of the lentivirus genus. The virus does not rely exclusively on the host cell machinery, but also on viral proteins that act as molecular switches during the viral life cycle which play significant functions in viral pathogenesis, notably by modulating cell signaling. The role of HIV-1 proteins (Nef, Tat, Vpr, and gp120) in modulating macrophage signaling has been recently unveiled. Accessory, regulatory, and structural HIV-1 proteins interact with signaling pathways in infected macrophages. In addition, exogenous Nef, Tat, Vpr, and gp120 proteins have been detected in the serum of HIV-1 infected patients. Possibly, these proteins are released by infected/apoptotic cells. Exogenous accessory regulatory HIV-1 proteins are able to enter macrophages and modulate cellular machineries including those that affect viral transcription. Furthermore HIV-1 proteins, e.g., gp120, may exert their effects by interacting with cell surface membrane receptors, especially chemokine co-receptors. By activating the signaling pathways such as NF-kappaB, MAP kinase (MAPK) and JAK/STAT, HIV-1 proteins promote viral replication by stimulating transcription from the long terminal repeat (LTR) in infected macrophages; they are also involved in macrophage-mediated bystander T cell apoptosis. The role of HIV-1 proteins in the modulation of macrophage signaling will be discussed in regard to the formation of viral reservoirs and macrophage-mediated T cell apoptosis during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES 4266 Pathogens and Inflammation, IFR 133 INSERM, University of Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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18
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Is HIV infection a TNF receptor signalling-driven disease? Trends Immunol 2008; 29:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Chentouf M, Ghannam S, Bès C, Troadec S, Cérutti M, Chardès T. Recombinant anti-CD4 antibody 13B8.2 blocks membrane-proximal events by excluding the Zap70 molecule and downstream targets SLP-76, PLC gamma 1, and Vav-1 from the CD4-segregated Brij 98 detergent-resistant raft domains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:409-20. [PMID: 17579062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of rIgG(1) 13B8.2, directed against the CDR3-like loop on the D1 domain of CD4, are partly due to signals that prevent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, but the precise mechanisms of action, particularly at the level of membrane proximal signaling, remain obscure. We support the hypothesis that rIgG(1) 13B8.2 acts by interfering with the spatiotemporal distribution of signaling or receptor molecules inside membrane rafts. Upon cross-linking of Jurkat T lymphocytes, rIgG(1) 13B8.2 was found to induce an accumulation/retention of the CD4 molecule inside polyoxyethylene-20 ether Brij 98 detergent-resistant membranes at 37 degrees C, together with recruitment of TCR, CD3zeta, p56 Lck, Lyn, and Syk p70 kinases, linker for activation of T cells, and Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid adaptor proteins, and protein kinase Ctheta, but excluded Zap70 and its downstream targets Src homology 2-domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa, phospholipase Cgamma1, and p95(vav). Analysis of key upstream events such as Zap70 phosphorylation showed that modulation of Tyr(292) and Tyr(319) phosphorylation occurred concomitantly with 13B8.2-induced Zap70 exclusion from the membrane rafts. 13B8.2-induced differential raft partitioning was epitope, cholesterol, and actin dependent but did not require Ab hyper-cross-linking. Fluorescence confocal imaging confirmed the spatiotemporal segregation of the CD4 complex inside rafts and concomitant Zap70 exclusion, which occurred within 10-30 s following rIgG(1) 13B8.2 ligation, reached a plateau at 1 min, and persisted until the end of the 1-h experiment. The differential spatiotemporal partitioning between the CD4 receptor and the Zap70-signaling kinase inside membrane rafts interrupts the proximal signal cross-talk leading to subsequent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and explains how baculovirus-expressed CD4-CDR3-like-specific rIgG(1) 13B8.2 acts to induce its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chentouf
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5236, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
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20
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Saha RN, Pahan K. Differential regulation of Mn-superoxide dismutase in neurons and astroglia by HIV-1 gp120: Implications for HIV-associated dementia. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1866-78. [PMID: 17512466 PMCID: PMC1955471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated dementia, like several other neurodegenerative diseases, is characterized by selective degeneration of neurons amidst survival of glial cells like astroglia. The molecular basis of such selective susceptibility within the same milieu remains largely unknown. Neurons are rarely infected by the virus. However, they are vulnerable to viral products, like HIV-1 coat protein gp120. Interestingly, gp120 induced oxidative stress in neurons, but not in astroglia. This led us to postulate that astroglia were armed with a more efficient antioxidant system than neurons. Here, we report that the constitutive level of MnSOD (SOD2), the major cellular antioxidant enzyme, is significantly higher in astroglia than in neurons. Furthermore, gp120 treatment enhanced MnSOD levels in astroglia but decreased the same in neurons. This increase in astroglial MnSOD was dependent on NF-kappaB, the crucial transcription factor required for sod2 gene transcription. Blocking NF-kappaB with p65-antisense, p65-si-RNA, or a specific inhibitor, NBD peptide, led to reduced MnSOD levels and enhanced vulnerability of astroglia to gp120. Additionally, neurons were found to have a lower constitutive level of NF-kappaB p65 than astrocytes. Overexpression of p65 increased the level of MnSOD in neurons. This, in turn, elicited greater neuronal resistance to gp120. Taken together, our study suggests that astroglia manifest a higher threshold for gp120-induced lethality than neurons due to greater MnSOD availability, which is demonstrated due to greater level of NF-kappaB p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra N Saha
- Section of Neuroscience, Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, 40th and Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Neurological sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Section of Neuroscience, Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, 40th and Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Neurological sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Address correspondence to: Kalipada Pahan, Ph.D., Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Suite 320, 1735 West Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, Tel#(312) 563-3592; Fax#(312) 563-3571; Email#
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21
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Chaloin L, Smagulova F, Hariton-Gazal E, Briant L, Loyter A, Devaux C. Potent inhibition of HIV-1 replication by backbone cyclic peptides bearing the Rev arginine rich motif. J Biomed Sci 2007; 14:565-84. [PMID: 17520355 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-007-9180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its essential role in the virus life cycle, the viral regulatory protein Rev constitutes an attractive target for the development of new antiviral molecules. In this work, a series of Backbone Cyclic Peptide (BCP) analogs that bear a conformationally constrained arginine rich motif (ARM) of Rev were tested for in vitro inhibition of HIV-1 replication. We observed a potent suppression of HIV-1 replication in chronically infected T lymphocytic cells treated with Rev-BCPs. We further investigated possible mechanisms of HIV-1 inhibition and showed that Rev-BCPs interfere slightly with the nuclear import process and are very efficient in blocking a mechanism that controls Pr55(gag) and gp160(env) synthesis. Interestingly, these protein precursors are known to be encoded by mRNAs that require Rev-binding for nuclear export. In situ hybridization using a Cy-3 conjugated HIV-1 gag oligonucleotide probe indicated that Rev-BCPs prevent the intracellular accumulation of unspliced viral RNA. As a model, the most promising analog, Rev-BCP 14, was studied by molecular modeling and dynamics in order to identify its binding site on the Rev Response Element (RRE). The annealing simulation suggests that upon binding on the RRE, Rev-BCP 14 widens the distorted major groove of the viral RNA. Numerous contacts between peptide and RNA were found within the complex and some were identified as key components for the interactions. Altogether, our data indicate that the use of conformationally constrained Rev-BCPs represents a promising strategy for the development of new peptide-based therapeutic agents against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chaloin
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), Institut de Biologie, CNRS UMR5236-UM1-UM2, 4 Boulevard Henri IV, CS69033, 34965, Montpellier cedex 2, France.
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22
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Trushin SA, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Vlahakis SR, Bren GD, Warren S, Schnepple DJ, Badley AD. Glycoprotein 120 binding to CXCR4 causes p38-dependent primary T cell death that is facilitated by, but does not require cell-associated CD4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4846-53. [PMID: 17404265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes the depletion of host CD4 T cells through direct and indirect (bystander) mechanisms. Although HIV Env has been implicated in apoptosis of uninfected CD4 T cells via gp120 binding to either CD4 and/or the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), conflicting data exist concerning the molecular mechanisms involved. Using primary human CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that gp120 binding to CD4 T cells activates proapoptotic p38, but does not activate antiapoptotic Akt. Because ligation of the CD4 receptor alone or the CXCR4 receptor alone causes p38 activation and apoptosis, we used the soluble inhibitors, soluble CD4 (sCD4) or AMD3100, to delineate the role of CD4 and CXCR4 receptors, respectively, in gp120-induced p38 activation and death. sCD4 alone augments gp120-induced death, suggesting that CXCR4 signaling is principally responsible. Supporting that model, AMD3100 reduces death caused by gp120 or by gp120/sCD4. Finally, prevention of gp120-CXCR4 interaction with 12G5 Abs blocks p38 activation and apoptosis, whereas inhibition of CD4-gp120 interaction with Leu-3a has no effect. Consequently, we conclude that gp120 interaction with CXCR4 is required for gp120 apoptotic effects in primary human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Trushin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Lee C, Tomkowicz B, Freedman BD, Collman RG. HIV-1 gp120-induced TNF-{alpha} production by primary human macrophages is mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1016-23. [PMID: 16081599 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is initiated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 to CD4 followed by a chemokine receptor, but these interactions may also take place independently from infection. gp120 stimulation of primary human macrophages is known to trigger production of cytokines implicated in pathogenesis, particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), but the mechanisms have not been determined. We sought to define the pathways responsible for TNF-alpha secretion by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) following HIV-1 gp120 stimulation. MDM exposure to recombinant macrophage-tropic (R5) gp120 led to dose- and donor-dependent release of TNF-alpha, which was cyclohexamide-sensitive and associated with up-regulated message. Pretreatment with specific inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK-1/2; PD98059, U0126) and p38 (SB202190, PD169316) inhibited the secretion of TNF-alpha. gp120-elicited TNF-alpha production was also blocked by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002). Moreover, PI-3K inhibition ablated gp120-induced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK-1/2. The response was inhibited by a CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)-specific antagonist, indicating that CCR5 was in large part responsible. These results indicate that gp120-elicited TNF-alpha production by macrophages involves chemokine receptor-mediated PI-3K and MAPK activation, that PI-3K is an upstream regulator of MAPK in this pathway, and that p38 and ERK-1/2 independently regulate TNF-alpha production. These gp120-triggered signaling pathways may be responsible for inappropriate production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages, which are believed to play a role in immunopathogenesis and in neurological sequelae of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhee Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania school of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Cartier C, Hemonnot B, Gay B, Bardy M, Sanchiz C, Devaux C, Briant L. Active cAMP-dependent protein kinase incorporated within highly purified HIV-1 particles is required for viral infectivity and interacts with viral capsid protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35211-9. [PMID: 12842892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell components, including protein kinases such as ERK-2/mitogen-activated protein kinase, incorporated within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions play a pivotal role in the ability of HIV to infect and replicate in permissive cells. The present work provides evidence that the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (C-PKA) is packaged within HIV-1 virions as demonstrated using purified subtilisin-digested viral particles. Virus-associated C-PKA was shown to be enzymatically active and able to phosphorylate synthetic substrate in vitro. Suppression of virion-associated C-PKA activity by specific synthetic inhibitor had no apparent effect on viral precursor maturation and virus assembly. However, virus-associated C-PKA activity was demonstrated to regulate HIV-1 infectivity as assessed by single round infection assays performed by using viruses produced from cells expressing an inactive form of C-PKA. In addition, virus-associated C-PKA was found to co-precipitate with and to phosphorylate the CAp24gag protein. Altogether our results indicate that virus-associated C-PKA regulates HIV-1 infectivity, possibly by catalyzing phosphorylation of the viral CAp24gag protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cartier
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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25
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Bès C, Briant-Longuet L, Cerutti M, Heitz F, Troadec S, Pugnière M, Roquet F, Molina F, Casset F, Bresson D, Péraldi-Roux S, Devauchelle G, Devaux C, Granier C, Chardes T. Mapping the paratope of anti-CD4 recombinant Fab 13B8.2 by combining parallel peptide synthesis and site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14265-73. [PMID: 12566463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed antigen-binding residues from the variable domains of anti-CD4 antibody 13B8.2 using the Spot method of parallel peptide synthesis. Sixteen amino acids, defined as Spot critical residues (SCR), were identified on the basis of a 50% decrease in CD4 binding to alanine analogs of reactive peptides. Recombinant Fab 13B8.2 mutants were constructed with alanine residues in place of each of the 16 SCR, expressed in the baculovirus cell system, and purified. CD measurements indicated that the mutated proteins were conformationally intact, with a beta-sheet secondary structure similar to that of wild-type Fab. Compared with the CD4-binding capacity of wild-type Fab 13B8.2, 11 light (Y32-L, W35-L, Y36-L, H91-L, and Y92-L) and heavy chain (H35-H, R38-H, W52-H, R53-H, F100K-H, and W103-H) Fab single mutants showed a decrease in CD4 recognition as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, BIAcore, and flow cytometry analyses. The five remaining Fab mutants showed antigen-binding properties similar to those of wild-type Fab. Recombinant Fab mutants that showed decreased CD4 binding also lost their capacity to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus promoter activation and the antigen-presenting ability that wild-type Fab displays. Molecular modeling of the 13B8.2 antibody paratope indicated that most of these critical residues are appropriately positioned inside the putative CD4-binding pocket, whereas the five SCR that were not confirmed by mutagenesis show an unfavorable positioning. Taken together, these results indicate that most of the residues defined by the Spot method as critical matched with important residues defined by mutagenesis in the whole protein context. The identification of critical residues for CD4 binding in the paratope of anti-CD4 recombinant Fab 13B8.2 provides the opportunity for the generation of improved anti-CD4 molecules with more efficient pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bès
- CNRS UMR 5094, Institut de Biotechnologie et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Wang Z, Thompson A, Kaluzhny Y, Zimmet J, Ravid K. Signaling by the Mpl receptor involves IKK and NF-kappaB. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:523-35. [PMID: 11967992 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Binding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) to its receptor activates IKK complex, which leads to inducement of NF-kappaB activity. Here we report that activation of Mpl ligand is also linked to IKK and NF-kappaB activity. Mpl ligand, also known as thrombopoietin (TPO) or megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), induces megakaryocyte differentiation and inhibition of mitotic proliferation, followed by induction of polyploidization and fragmentation into platelets. The latter process is often observed in megakaryocytes undergoing apoptosis. Treatment of a Mpl ligand-responding megakaryocytic cell line with this cytokine led to an immediate, transient increase in IKK activity followed by a profound decrease in this kinase activity over time. This decrease was not due to an effect on the levels of the IKK regulatory components IKKalpha and IKKbeta. Proliferating megakaryocytes displayed a constitutive DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB p50 homodimers and of NF-kappaB p50-p65 heterodimers. As expected, reduced IKK activity in Mpl ligand-treated cells was associated with a significant reduction in NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and in the activity of a NF-kappaB-dependent promoter. Our study is thus the first to identify a constitutive NF-kappaB activity in proliferating megakaryocytes as well as to describe a link between Mpl receptor signaling and IKK and NF-kappaB activities. Since a variety of proliferation-promoting genes and anti-apoptotic mechanisms are activated by NF-kappaB, retaining its low levels would be one potential mechanism by which inhibition of mitotic proliferation is maintained and apoptosis is promoted during late megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Bennasser Y, Badou A, Tkaczuk J, Bahraoui E. Signaling pathways triggered by HIV-1 Tat in human monocytes to induce TNF-alpha. Virology 2002; 303:174-80. [PMID: 12482669 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the signaling pathways triggered by Tat in human monocyte to induce TNF-alpha. In monocytes, the calcium, the PKA, and the PKC pathways are highly implicated in the expression of cytokine genes. Thus, these three major signaling pathways were investigated. Our data show that (i) PKC and calcium pathways are required for TNF-alpha production, whereas the PKA pathway seems to be not involved; (ii) downstream from PKC, activation of NFkappaB is essential while ERK1/2 MAP kinases, even though activated by Tat, are not directly involved in the pathway signaling leading to TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Bennasser
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Virologie, EA 3038, Université Paul Sabatier 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Bossis G, Salinas S, Cartier C, Devaux C, Briant L. NF-kappaB activation upon interaction of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with cell surface CD4 involves IkappaB kinases. FEBS Lett 2002; 516:257-64. [PMID: 11959143 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120(env)) binding to cell surface CD4 receptor triggers a broad range of intracellular effects leading to T cell activation and cell cycle entry. Among these effects we and others previously reported on the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor. The present work further investigates the signal transduction pathways involved in gp120(env)-induced NF-kappaB activation. We demonstrate that gp120(env)-CD4 interaction stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha inhibitory protein. Conversely, overexpression of a dominant-negative IkappaB-alpha transgene mutated at S32 and S36 residues, abolishes gp120(env)-induced NF-kappaB activation. IkappaB kinases (IKKs) activity was found to be selectively enhanced following CD4 engagement with gp120(env) and to mediate the phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha while co-transfection experiments using dominant-negative forms of IKKs inhibited gp120(env)-induced NF-kappaB activation. Taken together, these results confirm that IKKs complex play a key role in gp120(env)-induced NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bossis
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121, Institut de Biologie, 4 Bd Henri IV, 34060, Montpellier, France
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29
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Bès C, Briant-Longuet L, Cerruti M, De Berardinis P, Devauchelle G, Devaux C, Granier C, Chardès T, DeBerardinis P. Efficient CD4 binding and immunosuppressive properties of the 13B8.2 monoclonal antibody are displayed by its CDR-H1-derived peptide CB1. FEBS Lett 2001; 508:67-74. [PMID: 11707270 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A systematic exploration of the V(H)2/V(kappa)12-13 variable domains of the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 13B8.2 was performed by the Spot method to screen for paratope-derived peptides (PDPs) demonstrating CD4 binding ability. Nine peptides, named CB1 to CB9, were identified, synthesized in a cyclic and soluble form and tested for binding to recombinant soluble CD4. Among them, CB1, CB2 and CB8 showed high anti-CD4 activity. Competition studies for CD4 binding indicated that PDPs CB1, CB8, and the parental mAb 13B8.2 recognized the same complementarity determining region (CDR)3-like loop region. PDP CB1 was shown to mimic the biological properties of 13B8.2 mAb in two independent cellular assays, demonstrating inhibitory activities in the micromolar range on antigen presentation and human immunodeficiency virus promoter activation. Our results indicate that the bioactive CDR-H1 PDP CB1 has retained a significant part of the parental 13B8.2 mAb properties and might be a lead for the design of anti-CD4 peptidomimetics of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bès
- CNRS-UMR 5094, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut de Biotechnologie et Pharmacologie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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30
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Neil S, Martin F, Ikeda Y, Collins M. Postentry restriction to human immunodeficiency virus-based vector transduction in human monocytes. J Virol 2001; 75:5448-56. [PMID: 11356951 PMCID: PMC114256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.12.5448-5456.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the monocyte lineage can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) both during clinical infection and in vitro. The ability of HIV-1-based vectors to transduce human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) was therefore examined, in order to develop an efficient protocol for antigen gene delivery to human antigen-presenting cells. Freshly isolated monocytes were refractory to HIV-1-based vector transduction but became transducible after in vitro differentiation to mature macrophages. This maturation-dependent transduction was independent of the HIV-1 accessory proteins Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef in the packaging cells and of the central polypurine tract in the vector, and it was also observed with a vesicular stomatitis virus-pseudotyped HIV-1 provirus, defective only in envelope and Nef. The level and extent of reverse transcription of the HIV-1-based vector was similar after infection of immature monocytes and of mature macrophages. However, 2LTR vector circles could not be detected in monocytes, suggesting a block to vector nuclear entry in these cells. Transduction of freshly isolated monocytes exposed to HIV-1-based vector could be rescued by subsequent differentiation into DCs. This rescue was induced by fetal calf serum in the DC culture medium, which promoted vector nuclear entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neil
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Bour S, Perrin C, Akari H, Strebel K. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein inhibits NF-kappa B activation by interfering with beta TrCP-mediated degradation of Ikappa B. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:15920-8. [PMID: 11278695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010533200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein binds to the CD4 receptor and induces its degradation by cytosolic proteasomes. This process involves the recruitment of human betaTrCP (TrCP), a key member of the SkpI-Cdc53-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that specifically interacts with phosphorylated Vpu molecules. Interestingly, Vpu itself, unlike other TrCP-interacting proteins, is not targeted for degradation by proteasomes. We now report that, by virtue of its affinity for TrCP and resistance to degradation, Vpu, but not a phosphorylation mutant unable to interact with TrCP, has a dominant negative effect on TrCP function. As a consequence, expression of Vpu in HIV-infected T cells or in HeLa cells inhibited TNF-alpha-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha. Vpu did not inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated activation of the IkappaB kinase but instead interfered with the subsequent TrCP-dependent degradation of phosphorylated IkappaB-alpha. This resulted in a pronounced reduction of NF-kappaB activity. We also observed that in cells producing Vpu-defective virus, NF-kappaB activity was significantly increased even in the absence of cytokine stimulation. However, in the presence of Vpu, this HIV-mediated NF-kappaB activation was markedly reduced. These results suggest that Vpu modulates both virus- and cytokine-induced activation of NF-kappaB in HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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32
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Rabson AB, Lin HC. NF-kappa B and HIV: linking viral and immune activation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 48:161-207. [PMID: 10987091 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(00)48006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Rabson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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33
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Briant L, Devaux C. Bioactive CD4 ligands as pre- and/or postbinding inhibitors of HIV-1. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 48:373-407. [PMID: 10987097 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(00)48012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Briant
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS EP 2104, Montpellier, France
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34
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Kourtis AP, Nesheim SR, Thea D, Ibegbu C, Nahmias AJ, Lee FK. Correlation of virus load and soluble L-selectin, a marker of immune activation, in pediatric HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2000; 14:2429-36. [PMID: 11101052 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infections in children are characterized by high viral load and, in some perinatally infected newborns, delayed appearance of viral markers. Both phenomena may be related to different levels of immune activation affecting viral replication. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between immune activation and viral replication in pediatric HIV infection, and the role of pre-existent immune activation in facilitating HIV transmission to the fetus/newborn. DESIGN Plasma levels of soluble L-selectin (s-LS), an immune activation marker, were determined in 100 infants with perinatally transmitted HIV infection, compared with 106 age-matched HIV-exposed uninfected controls. Included in the analysis were samples from 31 HIV-infected (10 PCR+ and 21 PCR-) and 35 uninfected newborns aged < 2 days. METHODS To determine s-LS levels, a solid phase ELISA was performed on plasma samples of patients and controls. RESULTS s-LS levels in uninfected children were higher than those in normal adults. HIV-infected patients had more rapidly increasing values in the first 6 months of life compared with uninfected infants. Plasma s-LS levels correlated with HIV viral loads (r, 0.50). Among newborns in the first 2 days of life, s-LS levels were lowest in those with negative PCR tests, compared with PCR-positive or uninfected infants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher immune activation in children contributes to higher viral loads, and that the level of pre-existent immune activation may have a role in determining which infants have detectable virus in peripheral blood at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kourtis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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35
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Manna SK, Aggarwal BB. Differential requirement for p56lck in HIV-tat versus TNF-induced cellular responses: effects on NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5156-66. [PMID: 10799874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-tat protein, like TNF, activates a wide variety of cellular responses, including NF-kappa B, AP-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and apoptosis. Whether HIV-tat transduces these signals through the same mechanism as TNF is not known. In the present study we investigated the role of the T cell-specific tyrosine kinase p56lck in HIV-tat and TNF-mediated cellular responses by comparing the responses of Jurkat T cells with JCaM1 cells, an isogeneic lck-deficient T cell line. Treatment with HIV-tat protein activated NF-kappa B, degraded I kappa B alpha, and induced NF-kappa B-dependent reporter gene expression in a time-dependent manner in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells, suggesting the critical role of p56lck kinase. These effects were specific to HIV-tat, as activation of NF-kappa B by PMA, LPS, H2O2, and TNF was minimally affected. p56lck was also found to be required for HIV-tat-induced but not TNF-induced AP-1 activation. Similarly, HIV-tat activated the protein kinases JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells. HIV-tat also induced cytotoxicity, activated caspases, and reactive oxygen intermediates in Jurkat cells, but not in JCaM1 cells. HIV-tat activated p56lck activity in Jurkat cells. Moreover, the reconstitution of JCaM1 cells with p56lck tyrosine kinase reversed the HIV-tat-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytotoxicity. Overall, our results demonstrate that p56lck plays a critical role in the activation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, JNK, and apoptosis by HIV-tat protein but has minimal or no role in activation of these responses by TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Manna
- Cytokine Research Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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36
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Manna SK, Sah NK, Aggarwal BB. Protein tyrosine kinase p56lck is required for ceramide-induced but not tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, JNK, and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13297-306. [PMID: 10788436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide has been implicated as an intermediate in the signal transduction of several cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Both ceramide and TNF activate a wide variety of cellular responses, including NF-kappaB, AP-1, JNK, and apoptosis. Whether ceramide transduces these signals through the same mechanism as TNF is not known. In the present study we investigated the role of the T cell-specific tyrosine kinase p56(lck) in ceramide- and TNF-mediated cellular responses by comparing the responses of Jurkat T cells with JCaM1 cells, isogeneic Lck-deficient T cells. Treatment with ceramide activated NF-kappaB, degraded IkappaBalpha, and induced NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression in a time-dependent manner in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells, suggesting the critical role of p56(lck) kinase. These effects were specific to ceramide, as activation of NF-kappaB by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, lipopolysaccharide, H(2)O(2), and TNF was minimally affected. p56(lck) was also found to be required for ceramide-induced but not TNF-induced AP-1 activation. Similarly, ceramide activated the protein kinases JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells. Ceramide also induced cytotoxicity and activated caspases and reactive oxygen intermediates in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells. Ceramide activated p56(lck) activity in Jurkat cells. Moreover, the reconstitution of JCaM1 cells with p56(lck) tyrosine kinase reversed the ceramide-induced NF-kappaB activation and cytotoxicity. Overall our results demonstrate that p56(lck) plays a critical role in the activation of NF-kappaB, AP-1, JNK, and apoptosis by ceramide but has minimal or no role in activation of these responses by TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Manna
- Cytokine Research Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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37
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Roland J, Berezov A, Greene MI, Murali R, Piatier-Tonneau D, Devaux C, Briant L. The synthetic CD4 exocyclic CDR3.AME(82-89) inhibits NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, HIV-1 promoter activation, and viral gene expression. DNA Cell Biol 1999; 18:819-28. [PMID: 10595395 DOI: 10.1089/104454999314818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the synthetic aromatically modified exocyclic (AME) analog (CDR3.AME(82-89), derived from the CDR3 (residues 82-89) region of CD4 domain 1, inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected cells. In this work, we investigated the mechanism by which this inhibition is achieved. Although cells exposed to HIV-1 and treated with the CDR3.AME(82-89) peptide did not release viral particles for more than a week and kept surface expression of CD4, viral DNA was found in those cells 24 h after virus exposure, indicating that the CDR3.AME(82-89) analog does not prevent virus entry. However, virus transcription remained extremely low in infected cells, as demonstrated by the study of spliced HIV-1 mRNA in cultures treated with CDR3.AME(82-89) 72 h postinfection. Finally, the CDR3.AME(82-89) peptide was found to be a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 promoter activity and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation, indicating that the antiviral property of this peptide is, at least in part, linked with the ability of the molecule to prevent HIV-1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roland
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS EP J0004, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier, France
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38
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DeLuca C, Kwon H, Lin R, Wainberg M, Hiscott J. NF-kappaB activation and HIV-1 induced apoptosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1999; 10:235-53. [PMID: 10647779 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(99)00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection leads to the progressive loss of CD4+ T cells and the near complete destruction of the immune system in the majority of infected individuals. High levels of viral gene expression and replication result in part from the activation of NF-kappaB transcription factors, which in addition to orchestrating the host inflammatory response also activate the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. NF-kappaB induces the expression of numerous cytokine, chemokine, growth factor and immunoregulatory genes, many of which promote HIV-1 replication. Thus, NF-kappaB activation represents a double edged sword in HIV-1 infected cells, since stimuli that induce an NF-kappaB mediated immune response will also lead to enhanced HIV-1 transcription. NF-kappaB has also been implicated in apoptotic signaling, protecting cells from programmed cell death under most circumstances and accelerating apoptosis in others. Therefore, activation of NF-kappaB can impact upon HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis at many levels, making the relationship between HIV-1 expression and NF-kappaB activation multi-faceted. This review will attempt to analyse the many faces and functions of NF-kappaB in the HIV-1 lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C DeLuca
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, McGill AIDS Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Chirmule N, Avots A, Tamma SML, Pahwa S, Serfling E. CD4-Mediated Signals Induce T Cell Dysfunction In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Triggering of CD4 coreceptors on both human and murine T cells can suppress TCR/CD3-induced secretion of IL-2. We show here that pretreatment of murine CD4+ T cells with the CD4-specific mAb YTS177 inhibits the CD3-mediated activation of the IL-2 promoter factors NF-AT and AP-1. Ligation of CD4 molecules on T cells leads to a transient stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 2, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Pretreatment with anti-CD4 mAb impaired anti-CD3-induced Erk2 activation. Costimulation with anti-CD28 overcame the inhibitory effect of anti-CD4 Abs, by induction of JNK activation. The in vivo relevance of these studies was demonstrated by the observation that CD4+ T cells from BALB/c mice injected with nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb were inhibited in their ability to respond to OVA Ag-induced proliferation and IL-2 secretion. Interestingly, in vivo stimulation with anti-CD28 mAb restored IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, animals pretreated with anti-CD4 elicited enhanced IL-4 secretion induced by OVA and CD28. These observations suggest that CD4-specific Abs can inhibit T cell activation by interfering with signal 1 transduced through the TCR, but potentiate those delivered through the costimulatory molecule CD28. These studies have relevance to understanding the mechanism of tolerance induced by nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb used in animal models for allograft studies, autoimmune pathologies, and for immunosuppressive therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Chirmule
- *Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Andris Avots
- ‡Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S. M. Lakshmi Tamma
- †Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; and
| | - Savita Pahwa
- †Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; and
| | - Edgar Serfling
- ‡Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Cartier C, Sivard P, Tranchat C, Decimo D, Desgranges C, Boyer V. Identification of three major phosphorylation sites within HIV-1 capsid. Role of phosphorylation during the early steps of infection. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19434-40. [PMID: 10383459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the presence of two cellular serine/threonine protein kinases incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. One protein kinase is MAPK ERK2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase), whereas the other one, a 53-kDa protein, still needs to be identified. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the capsid protein CAp24 is phosphorylated by one of those two virion-associated protein kinases (Cartier, C., Deckert, M., Grangeasse, C., Trauger, R., Jensen, F., Bernard, A., Cozzone, A., Desgranges, C., and Boyer, V. (1997) J. Virol. 71, 4832-4837). In this study, we showed that CAp24 is not a direct substrate of MAPK ERK2. Moreover, using site-directed mutagenesis of each of the 9 serine residues of CAp24, we demonstrated the phosphorylation of 3 serine residues (Ser-109, Ser-149, and Ser-178) in the CAp24. Substitution of each serine residue did not affect viral budding, nor viral structure. By contrast, substitution of Ser-109, Ser-149, or Ser-178 affects viral infectivity by preventing the reverse transcription process to be completely achieved. Our results suggest that CAp24 serine phosphorylation is essential for viral uncoating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cartier
- Virus des Hépatites, Rétrovirus Humains et Pathologies Associées, INSERM U271, 151 Cours. A. Thomas, 69 424 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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Briant L, Reynes J, Coudronnière N, Benezech JP, Devaux C. HIV-1 reactivation in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected adults upon in vitro CD4 cross-linking by ligands of the CDR2-loop in extracellular domain 1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21:9-19. [PMID: 10235509 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-199905010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infects resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but remains inactive state until subsequent cell activation. We have demonstrated that the cross-linking of cell surface CD4 by gp120-anti-gp120 immune complexes or heat-inactivated HIV-1 (iHIV-1) is sufficient to trigger activation signals leading to virus reactivation (9). In this study, we demonstrate that NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and stimulation of virus production by iHIV-1 were strictly linked to the concentrations of viral proteins used as exogenous stimuli. Moreover, we further investigated the physiologic relevance of these observations. When submitted to an in vitro CD4 cross-linking by iHIV-1, PBMCs from HIV-1-infected patients were found to produce virus. This viral reactivation was associated with increased NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in patients' PBMCs. Additionally, virus reactivation in resting PBMCs infected in vitro with HIV-1 was found to be specifically induced by ligands of the CDR2-loop in domain 1 (D1) of CD4 (virus envelope and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies). In contrast, virus reactivation was not observed following CD4 oligomerization by antibodies that bind other epitopes in D1, including the D1/CDR3-loop. Finally, soluble CD4 (sCD4) prevented virus reactivation by D1/CDR2-loop ligands. Our results indicate that the signaling events initiated in PBMCs by oligomerization of CD4 at the D1/CDR2-loop can trigger HIV-1 upregulation in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Briant
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CRBM-CRNS UPR 1086, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier, France.
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