1
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Naqvi RA, Valverde A, Yadavalli T, Bobat FI, Capistrano KJ, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Viral MicroRNAs in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Pathobiology. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:649-665. [PMID: 38347772 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128286469240129100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Simplexvirus humanalpha1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1]) infects millions of people globally, manifesting as vesiculo-ulcerative lesions of the oral or genital mucosa. After primary infection, the virus establishes latency in the peripheral neurons and reactivates sporadically in response to various environmental and genetic factors. A unique feature of herpesviruses is their ability to encode tiny noncoding RNAs called microRNA (miRNAs). Simplexvirus humanalpha1 encodes eighteen miRNA precursors that generate twentyseven different mature miRNA sequences. Unique Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs repertoire is expressed in lytic and latent stages and exhibits expressional disparity in various cell types and model systems, suggesting their key pathological functions. This review will focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the regulation of host-virus interaction by HSV-1 encoded viral miRNAs. Numerous studies have demonstrated sequence- specific targeting of both viral and host transcripts by Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs. While these noncoding RNAs predominantly target viral genes involved in viral life cycle switch, they regulate host genes involved in antiviral immunity, thereby facilitating viral evasion and lifelong viral persistence inside the host. Expression of Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs has been associated with disease progression and resolution. Systemic circulation and stability of viral miRNAs compared to viral mRNAs can be harnessed to utilize their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Moreover, functional inhibition of these enigmatic molecules may allow us to devise strategies that have therapeutic significance to contain Simplexvirus humanalpha1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Araceli Valverde
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Fatima Ismail Bobat
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Kristelle J Capistrano
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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2
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Tomasi M, Caproni E, Benedet M, Zanella I, Giorgetta S, Dalsass M, König E, Gagliardi A, Fantappiè L, Berti A, Tamburini S, Croia L, Di Lascio G, Bellini E, Valensin S, Licata G, Sebastiani G, Dotta F, Armanini F, Cumbo F, Asnicar F, Blanco-Míguez A, Ruggiero E, Segata N, Grandi G, Grandi A. Outer Membrane Vesicles From The Gut Microbiome Contribute to Tumor Immunity by Eliciting Cross-Reactive T Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:912639. [PMID: 35847919 PMCID: PMC9281500 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the gut microbiome plays an important role in cancer immunity. However, the underpinning mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. One attractive hypothesis envisages that among the T cells elicited by the plethora of microbiome proteins a few exist that incidentally recognize neo-epitopes arising from cancer mutations (“molecular mimicry (MM)” hypothesis). To support MM, the human probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle was engineered with the SIINFEKL epitope (OVA-E.coli Nissle) and orally administered to C57BL/6 mice. The treatment with OVA-E.coli Nissle, but not with wild type E. coli Nissle, induced OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and inhibited the growth of tumors in mice challenged with B16F10 melanoma cells expressing OVA. The microbiome shotgun sequencing and the sequencing of TCRs from T cells recovered from both lamina propria and tumors provide evidence that the main mechanism of tumor inhibition is mediated by the elicitation at the intestinal site of cross-reacting T cells, which subsequently reach the tumor environment. Importantly, the administration of Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) from engineered E. coli Nissle, as well as from E. coli BL21(DE3)ΔompA, carrying cancer-specific T cell epitopes also elicited epitope-specific T cells in the intestine and inhibited tumor growth. Overall, our data strengthen the important role of MM in tumor immunity and assign a novel function of OMVs in host-pathogen interaction. Moreover, our results pave the way to the exploitation of probiotics and OMVs engineered with tumor specific-antigens as personalized mucosal cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Caproni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Benedet
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giorgetta
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Dalsass
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico König
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Alvise Berti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Tamburini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Croia
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Lascio
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
- Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Armanini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Fabio Cumbo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Asnicar
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Aitor Blanco-Míguez
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Guido Grandi, ; Alberto Grandi,
| | - Alberto Grandi
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
- BiOMViS Srl, Siena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Guido Grandi, ; Alberto Grandi,
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3
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Afshari A, Yaghobi R, Rezaei G. Inter-regulatory role of microRNAs in interaction between viruses and stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:985-1004. [PMID: 34567421 PMCID: PMC8422934 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well known for post-transcriptional regulatory ability over specific mRNA targets. miRNAs exhibit temporal or tissue-specific expression patterns and regulate the cell and tissue developmental pathways. They also have determinative roles in production and differentiation of multiple lineages of stem cells and might have therapeutic advantages. miRNAs are a part of some viruses’ regulatory machinery, not a byproduct. The trace of miRNAs was detected in the genomes of viruses and regulation of cell reprograming and viral pathogenesis. Combination of inter-regulatory systems has been detected for miRNAs during viral infections in stem cells. Contraction between viruses and stem cells may be helpful in therapeutic tactics, pathogenesis, controlling viral infections and defining stem cell developmental strategies that is programmed by miRNAs as a tool. Therefore, in this review we intended to study the inter-regulatory role of miRNAs in the interaction between viruses and stem cells and tried to explain the advantages of miRNA regulatory potentials, which make a new landscape for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rezaei
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
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4
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Haeryfar SMM, Schell TD. PD-1/PD-L1 co-inhibition shapes anticancer T cell immunodominance: facing the consequences of an immunological ménage à trois. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1669-1672. [PMID: 30132082 PMCID: PMC11028081 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PD-1- and PD-L1-blocking monoclonal antibodies have shown significant promise in clinical settings and rekindled the hope for successful cancer immunotherapy. We recently demonstrated that interfering with PD-1/PD-L1 signaling selectively augments CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses to subdominant determinants (SDDs) of a model tumor antigen. This was likely due to decreased lysis of SDD-specific TCD8 by neighboring immunodominant clones co-engaging the same antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We therefore proposed that PD-1-based checkpoint inhibitors widen the range of tumor determinants that can be effectively targeted by TCD8. Subsequently and using different tumor models, Chen et al. reported, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, that PD-L1 protects APCs from the lytic function of immunodominant TCD8 and that PD-L1 blockade narrows, rather than broadens, the overall anticancer T cell response. Here, we briefly compare and contrast the experimental systems employed by the two groups, which may account, at least partially, for the opposing conclusions drawn. We argue that the pathway(s) of tumor antigen presentation, direct presentation versus cross-presentation, and the intensity of PD-1 expression by immunodominant and subdominant TCD8 must be taken into consideration in rational design of anti-PD-1/PD-L1-adjuvanted tumor vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada.
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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5
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Oncogene-specific T cells fail to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells in mice. Blood 2018; 132:924-934. [PMID: 30002144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-834036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known about the interaction between (pre-)malignant B cells and T cells. We generated transgenic mice that allow B cell-specific induction of the oncogene SV40 large T-antigen (TAg) to analyze the role of oncogene-specific T cells during sporadic B-cell lymphoma development. Constitutive TAg expression in CD19-Cre × LoxP-Tag mice resulted in TAg-tolerant CD8+ T cells and development of B-cell lymphomas. In contrast, CD19-CreERT2 × LoxP-Tag mice retained TAg-competent CD8+ T cells at time of oncogene induction and TAg expression in few B cells of adult mice resulted in exceptionally rare lymphoma formation late in life. Increased lymphoma incidence in the absence of TAg-specific T cells suggested T cell-mediated inhibition of lymphoma progression. However, TAg-initiated B cells were not eliminated by T cells and detected long term. Our results demonstrate a failure of the immune system to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells, retaining the risk of lymphoma development.
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6
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Ward-Kavanagh LK, Kokolus KM, Cooper TK, Lukacher AE, Schell TD. Combined sublethal irradiation and agonist anti-CD40 enhance donor T cell accumulation and control of autochthonous murine pancreatic tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:639-652. [PMID: 29332158 PMCID: PMC5862761 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-reactive T lymphocytes can promote the regression of established tumors. However, their efficacy is often limited by immunosuppressive mechanisms that block T cell accumulation or function. ACT provides the opportunity to ameliorate immune suppression prior to transfer of tumor-reactive T cells to improve the therapeutic benefit. We evaluated the combination of lymphodepleting whole body irradiation (WBI) and agonist anti-CD40 (αCD40) antibody on control of established autochthonous murine neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors following the transfer of naïve tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Sublethal WBI had little impact on disease outcome but did promote T cell persistence in the lymphoid organs. Host conditioning with αCD40, an approach known to enhance APC function and T cell expansion, transiently increased donor T cell accumulation in the lymphoid organs and pancreas, but failed to control tumor progression. In contrast, combined WBI and αCD40 prolonged T cell proliferation and dramatically enhanced accumulation of donor T cells in both the lymphoid organs and pancreas. This dual conditioning approach also promoted high levels of inflammation in the pancreas and tumor, induced histological regression of established tumors, and extended the lifespan of treated mice. Prolonged survival was entirely dependent upon adoptive transfer, but only partially dependent upon IFNγ production by donor T cells. Our results identify the novel combination of two clinically relevant host conditioning approaches that synergize to overcome immune suppression and drive strong tumor-specific T cell accumulation within well-established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen M. Kokolus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA,Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA,Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Todd. D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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7
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Schmidt K, Keller C, Kühl AA, Textor A, Seifert U, Blankenstein T, Willimsky G, Kloetzel PM. ERAP1-Dependent Antigen Cross-Presentation Determines Efficacy of Adoptive T-cell Therapy in Mice. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3243-3254. [PMID: 29559473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can reject established tumors if their target peptide is efficiently presented by MHC class I molecules (pMHC-I) on the surface of cancerous cells. Therapeutic success upon adoptive T-cell transfer (ATT), however, requires additional cross-presentation of the same pMHC-I on noncancerous cells. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an enzyme that customizes the N-terminus of proteasome-generated peptides so they can be loaded onto MHC-I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show here that ERAP1 is critically involved in the process of tumor rejection and assumes a dual role by independently operating on both sides. Direct presentation of two MHC-I-restricted epitopes of a cancer-driving transplantation rejection antigen through ERAP1 moderately affected tumor rejection by adoptively transferred T-cell receptor gene-modified T cells in each case. ERAP1 expression by antigen cross-presenting cells of the ATT recipients was critical for expansion of therapeutic monospecific T cells and correlated with tumor rejection. Specifically, lack of ERAP1 expression in the ATT recipient's noncancerous cells enabled progression of pMHC-I-positive, IFNγ-responsive tumors, despite the presence of antigen-specific functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These data reveal a decisive role for ERAP1 in T-cell-mediated tumor rejection and will enhance the choice of MHC-I-restricted epitopes targeted by adoptive T-cell transfer.Significance: This study demonstrates a role of ERAP1 in the efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer and has potential to improve personalized T-cell therapy for solid tumors. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3243-54. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christin Keller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPath.Berlin-Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Textor
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Memarnejadian A, Meilleur CE, Shaler CR, Khazaie K, Bennink JR, Schell TD, Haeryfar SMM. PD-1 Blockade Promotes Epitope Spreading in Anticancer CD8 + T Cell Responses by Preventing Fratricidal Death of Subdominant Clones To Relieve Immunodomination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3348-3359. [PMID: 28939757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands hamper tumor-specific CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses, and PD-1-based "checkpoint inhibitors" have shown promise in certain cancers, thus revitalizing interest in immunotherapy. PD-1-targeted therapies reverse TCD8 exhaustion/anergy. However, whether they alter the epitope breadth of TCD8 responses remains unclear. This is an important question because subdominant TCD8 are more likely than immunodominant clones to escape tolerance mechanisms and may contribute to protective anticancer immunity. We have addressed this question in an in vivo model of TCD8 responses to well-defined epitopes of a clinically relevant oncoprotein, large T Ag. We found that unlike other coinhibitory molecules (CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3), PD-1 was highly expressed by subdominant TCD8, which correlated with their propensity to favorably respond to PD-1/PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1)-blocking Abs. PD-1 blockade increased the size of subdominant TCD8 clones at the peak of their primary response, and it also sustained their presence, thus giving rise to an enlarged memory pool. The expanded population was fully functional as judged by IFN-γ production and MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity. The selective increase in subdominant TCD8 clonal size was due to their enhanced survival, not proliferation. Further mechanistic studies utilizing peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding full-length T Ag or epitope mingenes, and tumor cells expressing T Ag variants revealed that anti-PD-1 invigorates subdominant TCD8 responses by relieving their lysis-dependent suppression by immunodominant TCD8 To our knowledge, our work constitutes the first report that interfering with PD-1 signaling potentiates epitope spreading in tumor-specific responses, a finding with clear implications for cancer immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Courtney E Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | - Jack R Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; .,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6G 5W9, Canada.,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
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9
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Maru S, Jin G, Schell TD, Lukacher AE. TCR stimulation strength is inversely associated with establishment of functional brain-resident memory CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006318. [PMID: 28410427 PMCID: PMC5406018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing functional tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells at sites of infection is a newfound objective of T cell vaccine design. To directly assess the impact of antigen stimulation strength on memory CD8 T cell formation and function during a persistent viral infection, we created a library of mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) variants with substitutions in a subdominant CD8 T cell epitope that exhibit a broad range of efficiency in stimulating TCR transgenic CD8 T cells. By altering a subdominant epitope in a nonstructural viral protein and monitoring memory differentiation of donor monoclonal CD8 T cells in immunocompetent mice, we circumvented potentially confounding changes in viral infection levels, virus-associated inflammation, size of the immunodominant virus-specific CD8 T cell response, and shifts in TCR affinity that may accompany temporal recruitment of endogenous polyclonal cells. Using this strategy, we found that antigen stimulation strength was inversely associated with the function of memory CD8 T cells during a persistent viral infection. We further show that CD8 TRM cells recruited to the brain following systemic infection with viruses expressing epitopes with suboptimal stimulation strength respond more efficiently to challenge CNS infection with virus expressing cognate antigen. These data demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation during recruitment of CD8 T cells influences the functional integrity of TRM cells in a persistent viral infection. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that primarily reside in non-lymphoid tissues and serve as sentinels and effectors against secondary infections. TRM cells have been extensively characterized in mucosal barriers, but much less is known about this population in non-barrier sites such as the brain. In this study, we designed a novel strategy to evaluate the impact of T cell stimulation strength on the generation and functionality of memory CD8 T cells in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Using a mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) library expressing variants of a subdominant epitope recognized by TCR transgenic CD8 T cells, we found that systemic infection producing weaker responses during T cell priming was sufficient for recruitment of effector cells to the brain. Furthermore, lower stimulation conferred greater functionality to memory T cells in the spleen and to brain TRM cells. Our findings demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation experienced by a naïve T cell early in infection is a determinant of memory functional integrity during viral persistence in a non-barrier organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Textor A, Schmidt K, Kloetzel PM, Weißbrich B, Perez C, Charo J, Anders K, Sidney J, Sette A, Schumacher TNM, Keller C, Busch DH, Seifert U, Blankenstein T. Preventing tumor escape by targeting a post-proteasomal trimming independent epitope. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2333-2348. [PMID: 27697836 PMCID: PMC5068242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blankenstein and colleagues describe a novel strategy to avoid tumor escape from adoptive T cell therapy. Adoptive T cell therapy (ATT) can achieve regression of large tumors in mice and humans; however, tumors frequently recur. High target peptide-major histocompatibility complex-I (pMHC) affinity and T cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC affinity are thought to be critical to preventing relapse. Here, we show that targeting two epitopes of the same antigen in the same cancer cells via monospecific T cells, which have similar pMHC and pMHC-TCR affinity, results in eradication of large, established tumors when targeting the apparently subdominant but not the dominant epitope. Only the escape but not the rejection epitope required postproteasomal trimming, which was regulated by IFN-γ, allowing IFN-γ–unresponsive cancer variants to evade. The data describe a novel immune escape mechanism and better define suitable target epitopes for ATT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Textor
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schmidt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-M Kloetzel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Weißbrich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Cynthia Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jehad Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- The Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christin Keller
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité, Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Gilchuk P, Hill TM, Wilson JT, Joyce S. Discovering protective CD8 T cell epitopes--no single immunologic property predicts it! Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:43-51. [PMID: 25660347 PMCID: PMC5023008 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Once a burgeoning field of study, over the past decade or so, T cell epitope discovery has lost some luster. The contributory factors perchance are the general notion that any newly discovered epitope will reveal very little about an immune response and that knowledge of epitopes are less critical for vaccine design. Despite these notions, the breadth and depth of T cell epitopes derived from clinically important microbial agents of human diseases largely remain ill defined. We review here a flurry of recent reports that have rebirthed the field. These reports reveal that epitope discovery is an essential step toward rational vaccine design and critical for monitoring vaccination efficacy. The new findings also indicate that neither immunogenicity nor immunodominance predict protective immunity. Hence, an immunogenic epitope is but a peptide unless proven protective against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37332, USA.
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12
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Cozza EM, Cooper TK, Budgeon LR, Christensen ND, Schell TD. Protection from tumor recurrence following adoptive immunotherapy varies with host conditioning regimen despite initial regression of autochthonous murine brain tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 64:325-36. [PMID: 25408469 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) has achieved clinical success in treating established cancer, particularly in combination with lymphodepleting regimens. Our group previously demonstrated that ACT following whole-body irradiation (WBI) promotes high-level T cell accumulation, regression of established brain tumors, and long-term protection from tumor recurrence in a mouse model of SV40 T antigen-induced choroid plexus tumors. Here we asked whether an approach that can promote strong donor T-cell responses in the absence of WBI might also produce this dramatic and durable tumor elimination following ACT. Agonist anti-CD40 antibody can enhance antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and has shown clinical efficacy as a monotherapy in the setting of cancer. We show that anti-CD40 conditioning promotes rapid accumulation of tumor-specific donor CD8(+) T cells in the brain and regression of autochthonous T antigen-induced choroid plexus tumors, similar to WBI. Despite a significant increase in the lifespan, tumors eventually recurred in anti-CD40-conditioned mice coincident with loss of T-cell persistence from both the brain and lymphoid organs. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells from the peripheral lymphoid organs of WBI-conditioned recipients failed to promote tumor recurrence, but donor cells persisted in the brains long-term in CD8-depleted mice. These results demonstrate that anti-CD40 conditioning effectively enhances ACT-mediated acute elimination of autochthonous tumors, but suggest that mechanisms associated with WBI conditioning, such as the induction of long-lived T cells, may be critical for protection from tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Cozza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, H107, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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13
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Duval A, Fuertes Marraco SA, Schwitter D, Leuenberger L, Acha-Orbea H. Large T Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Protect Against Dendritic Cell Tumors through Perforin-Mediated Mechanisms Independent of CD4 T Cell Help. Front Immunol 2014; 5:338. [PMID: 25101081 PMCID: PMC4101877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our newly generated murine tumor dendritic cell (MuTuDC) lines, generated from tumors developing in transgenic mice expressing the simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LgT) and GFP under the DC specific promoter CD11c, reproduce the phenotypic and functional properties of splenic wild type CD8α+ conventional DCs. They have an immature phenotype with low co-stimulation molecule expression (CD40, CD70, CD80, and CD86) that is upregulated after activation with toll-like receptor ligands. We observed that after transfer into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, MuTuDC lines were quickly rejected. Tumors grew efficiently in large T transgene-tolerant mice. To investigate the immune response toward the large T antigen that leads to rejection of the MuTuDC lines, they were genetically engineered by lentiviral transduction to express luciferase and tested for the induction of DC tumors after adoptive transfer in various gene deficient recipient mice. Here, we document that the MuTuDC line was rejected in C57BL/6 mice by a CD4 T cell help-independent, perforin-mediated CD8 T cell response to the SV40LgT without pre-activation or co-injection of adjuvants. Using depleting anti-CD8β antibodies, we were able to induce efficient tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. These results are important for researchers who want to use the MuTuDC lines for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Duval
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schwitter
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Line Leuenberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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14
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Rytelewski M, Meilleur CE, Atef Yekta M, Szabo PA, Garg N, Schell TD, Jevnikar AM, Sharif S, Singh B, Haeryfar SMM. Suppression of immunodominant antitumor and antiviral CD8+ T cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90439. [PMID: 24587363 PMCID: PMC3938761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme known to suppress antitumor CD8+ T cells (TCD8). The role of IDO in regulation of antiviral TCD8 responses is far less clear. In addition, whether IDO controls both immunodominant and subdominant TCD8 is not fully understood. This is an important question because the dominance status of tumor- and virus-specific TCD8 may determine their significance in protective immunity and in vaccine design. We evaluated the magnitude and breadth of cross-primed TCD8 responses to simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen as well as primary and recall TCD8 responses to influenza A virus (IAV) in the absence or presence of IDO. IDO−/− mice and wild-type mice treated with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, a pharmacological inhibitor of IDO, exhibited augmented responses to immunodominant epitopes encoded by T antigen and IAV. IDO-mediated suppression of these responses was independent of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, which remained numerically and functionally intact in IDO−/− mice. Treatment with L-kynurenine failed to inhibit TCD8 responses, indicating that tryptophan metabolites are not responsible for the suppressive effect of IDO in our models. Immunodominant T antigen-specific TCD8 from IDO−/− mice showed increased Ki-67 expression, suggesting that they may have acquired a more vigorous proliferative capacity in vivo. In conclusion, IDO suppresses immunodominant TCD8 responses to tumor and viral antigens. Our work also demonstrates that systemic primary and recall TCD8 responses to IAV are controlled by IDO. Inhibition of IDO thus represents an attractive adjuvant strategy in boosting anticancer and antiviral TCD8 targeting highly immunogenic antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunity, Innate
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Kynurenine/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rytelewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney E. Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Atef Yekta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nitan Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yorty JL. Short-term corticosterone treatment decreases the early CD8+ T cell response to simian virus 40 tumor antigen but has no impact on the late CD8+ T cell response. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:139-48. [PMID: 23164951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells (T(CD8)) help control tumor growth in vivo through recognition of distinct tumor antigens and cytolysis of tumor cells. The T(CD8) immune response in C57BL/6 mice to the Simian Virus 40 oncoprotein, large tumor antigen (Tag), targets multiple epitopes and is well-characterized. Epitope IV, an H-2K(b)-restricted epitope, is immunodominant while epitope I, an H-2D(b)-restricted epitope is subdominant. GCs alter many aspects of T cell function. Indeed, the current studies demonstrate that exposure of mice to the immunosuppressive GC, corticosterone (CORT), over the entire course of the primary immune response limits activation of endogenous Tag-specific T(CD8). Even short-term CORT treatment from day -1 to day +2 post-immunization significantly reduced splenic size and the absolute number of Tag-specific T(CD8) on day 6 post-immunization. In vivo killing activity was also reduced. However, by day 10 post-immunization, the peak of the immune response, the absolute number of Tag-specific T(CD8) and their in vivo killing of epitope I or epitope IV-expressing target cells had recovered in CORT treated mice. Adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells post-CORT removal demonstrated that CORT decreased the ability of the endogenous antigen-presenting cells to induce proliferation of the exogenous transgenic T cells. Combined, these studies have implications about the timing of clinical steroid treatment relative to immunization or adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA 17022, United States.
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16
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Differently immunogenic cancers in mice induce immature myeloid cells that suppress CTL in vitro but not in vivo following transfer. Blood 2013; 121:1740-8. [PMID: 23305737 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-436568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors frequently induce immature myeloid cells (iMC), which suppress specific and unrelated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and are termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Mainly analyzed by in vitro assays in tumor transplantation models, little is known about their function in autochthonous tumor models in vivo. We analyzed iMC in 3 SV40 large T (Tag)-driven conditional autochthonous cancer models with different immune status: (1) Early Tag-specific CTL competence and rare stochastic Tag activation leading to sporadic cancer, which induces an aberrant immune response and CTL tolerance; (2) Cre/LoxP recombinase-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in neonatal Tag-tolerant mice; and (3) Tag-activation through Cre recombinase-encoding viruses in the liver and HCC development with systemic anti-Tag CTL immunity. In the first but not two latter models, tumors induced CTL hyporesponsiveness to tumor-unrelated antigens. Regardless of the model, tumors produced interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor but not granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and induced iMC (CD11b(+)Gr-1(int)) that suppressed CTL responses in vitro. None of the iMC from the different tumor models suppressed CTL responses in adoptive cell transfer experiments unless GM-CSF was provided in vivo. Together, iMC expand independent of the type of antitumor response and are not immunosuppressive in a cell-autonomous fashion.
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17
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Watson AM, Mylin LM, Thompson MM, Schell TD. Modification of a tumor antigen determinant to improve peptide/MHC stability is associated with increased immunogenicity and cross-priming a larger fraction of CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5549-60. [PMID: 23175697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Altered peptide ligands (APLs) with enhanced binding to MHC class I can increase the CD8(+) T cell response to native Ags, including tumor Ags. In this study, we investigate the influence of peptide-MHC (pMHC) stability on recruitment of tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells through cross-priming. Among the four known H-2(b)-restricted CD8(+) T cell determinants within SV40 large tumor Ag (TAg), the site V determinant ((489)QGINNLDNL(497)) forms relatively low-stability pMHC and is characteristically immunorecessive. Absence of detectable site V-specific CD8(+) T cells following immunization with wild-type TAg is due in part to inefficient cross-priming. We mutated nonanchor residues within the TAg site V determinant that increased pMHC stability but preserved recognition by both TCR-transgenic and polyclonal endogenous T cells. Using a novel approach to quantify the fraction of naive T cells triggered through cross-priming in vivo, we show that immunization with TAg variants expressing higher-stability determinants increased the fraction of site V-specific T cells cross-primed and effectively overcame the immunorecessive phenotype. In addition, using MHC class I tetramer-based enrichment, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that endogenous site V-specific T cells are primed following wild-type TAg immunization despite their low initial frequency, but that the magnitude of T cell accumulation is enhanced following immunization with a site V variant TAg. Our results demonstrate that site V APLs cross-prime a higher fraction of available T cells, providing a potential mechanism for high-stability APLs to enhance immunogenicity and accumulation of T cells specific for the native determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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18
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Maleki Vareki S, Harding M, Waithman J, Zanker D, Shivji A, Rytelewski M, Mazzuca D, Yekta M, Chen W, Schell T, Haeryfar S. Differential regulation of simultaneous antitumor and alloreactive CD8(+) T-cell responses in the same host by rapamycin. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:233-9. [PMID: 22026814 PMCID: PMC3520512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive agent routinely used in organ transplantation but also paradoxically exerts antiviral and antitumor activities. Pathogen-specific memory CD8(+) T-cell (T(CD8) ) responses were recently found to be augmented by rapamycin. However, whether rapamycin influences the magnitude and quality of anticancer T(CD8) responses is unknown. Importantly, how rapamycin may regulate simultaneous virus/tumor-specific and alloreactive T(CD8) in the same host remains unexplored. To answer these questions, we primed wild-type mice with allogeneic cells concomitantly expressing simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (T Ag), a viral oncoprotein with well-defined epitopes. Rapamycin selectively enhanced the cross-priming of T(CD8) specific for T Ag's most immunodominant epitope called site IV but not T(CD8) alloreactivity. Rapamycin-treated mice also had a high percentage of splenic CD127(high) KLRG1(low) T(CD8) and an increased frequency of site IV-specific T cells long after the peak of their primary response. When site IV was presented as a cytosolic minigene encoded by a recombinant vaccinia virus, rapamycin failed to boost the site IV-specific response. Therefore, the nature and presentation mode of antigen determine the susceptibility to the adjuvant effect of rapamycin. Our findings reveal the unexpected benefit of rapamycin treatment in recipients of allografts co-expressing tumor/viral Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Maleki Vareki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - M.J. Harding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - J. Waithman
- T Cell Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - D. Zanker
- T Cell Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - A.N. Shivji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - M. Rytelewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - D.M. Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - M.A. Yekta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - W. Chen
- T Cell Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - T.D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - S.M.M. Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada,Centre for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author: S.M. Mansour Haeryfar, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada. Phone: (519) 850-2488; Fax: (519) 661-3499;
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19
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Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells. Nature 2011; 481:394-8. [PMID: 22101430 PMCID: PMC3539796 DOI: 10.1038/nature10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral T cells are thought to regulate whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections result in viral control, asymptomatic persistence or severe disease, although the reasons for these different outcomes remain unclear. Recent genetic evidence, however, has indicated a correlation between certain natural killer (NK)-cell receptors and progression of both HIV and HCV infection, implying that NK cells have a role in these T-cell-associated diseases. Although direct NK-cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells may contribute to antiviral defence during some virus infections--especially murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections in mice and perhaps HIV in humans--NK cells have also been suspected of having immunoregulatory functions. For instance, NK cells may indirectly regulate T-cell responses by lysing MCMV-infected antigen-presenting cells. In contrast to MCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice seems to be resistant to any direct antiviral effects of NK cells. Here we examine the roles of NK cells in regulating T-cell-dependent viral persistence and immunopathology in mice infected with LCMV, an established model for HIV and HCV infections in humans. We describe a three-way interaction, whereby activated NK cells cytolytically eliminate activated CD4 T cells that affect CD8 T-cell function and exhaustion. At high virus doses, NK cells prevented fatal pathology while enabling T-cell exhaustion and viral persistence, but at medium doses NK cells paradoxically facilitated lethal T-cell-mediated pathology. Thus, NK cells can act as rheostats, regulating CD4 T-cell-mediated support for the antiviral CD8 T cells that control viral pathogenesis and persistence.
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20
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Campbell C, Zhang R, Haley JS, Liu X, Loughran T, Schell TD, Albert R, Thakar J. Why Do CD8+ T Cells become Indifferent to Tumors: A Dynamic Modeling Approach. Front Physiol 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 21808621 PMCID: PMC3135868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have the potential to influence the outcome of cancer pathogenesis, including complete tumor eradication or selection of malignant tumor escape variants. The Simian virus 40 large T-antigen (Tag) oncoprotein promotes tumor formation in Tag-transgenic mice and also provides multiple target determinants (sites) for responding CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice. To understand the in vivo quantitative dynamics of CD8+ T cells after encountering Tag, we constructed a dynamic model from in vivo-generated data to simulate the interactions between Tag-expressing cells and CD8+ T cells in distinct scenarios including immunization of wild-type C57BL/6 mice and of Tag-transgenic mice that develop various tumors. In these scenarios the model successfully reproduces the dynamics of both the Tag-expressing cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The model predicts that the tolerance of the site-specific T cells is dependent on their apoptosis rates and that the net growth of CD8+ T cells is altered in transgenic mice. We experimentally validate both predictions. Our results indicate that site-specific CD8+ T cells have tissue-specific apoptosis rates affecting their tolerance to the tumor antigen. Moreover, the model highlights differences in apoptosis rates that contribute to compromised CD8+ T cell responses and tumor progression, knowledge of which is essential for development of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Campbell
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jeremy S. Haley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Réka Albert
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
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21
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Boss IW, Renne R. Viral miRNAs and immune evasion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:708-14. [PMID: 21757042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral miRNAs, ~22nt RNA molecules which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, are emerging as important tools in immune evasion. Viral infection is a complex process that requires immune evasion in order to establish persistent life-long infection of the host. During this process viruses express both protein-coding and non-coding genes, which help to modulate the cellular environment making it more favorable for infection. In the last decade, it was uncovered that DNA viruses express a diverse and abundant pool of small non-coding RNA molecules, called microRNAs (miRNAs). These virally encoded miRNAs are non-immunogenic and therefore are important tools used to evade both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of herpesvirus- and polyomavirus-encoded miRNAs, and how they contribute to immune evasion by targeting viral and/or host cellular genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac W Boss
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA.
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22
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Dragovic SM, Hill T, Christianson GJ, Kim S, Elliott T, Scott D, Roopenian DC, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing control CD4+ Th cell responses by regulating indirect presentation of MHC class II-restricted cytoplasmic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6683-92. [PMID: 21572029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ags derived from viruses, cytosolic bacteria, tumors, and allografts are presented to T cells by MHC class I or class II molecules. In the case of class II-restricted Ags, professional APCs acquire them during uptake of dead class II-negative cells and present them via a process called indirect presentation. It is generally assumed that the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery, which supplies peptides for presentation by class I molecules, plays very little role in indirect presentation of class II-restricted cytoplasmic Ags. Remarkably, upon testing this assumption, we found that proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing, but not tapasin, partially destroyed or removed cytoplasmic class II-restricted Ags, such that their inhibition or deficiency led to dramatically increased Th cell responses to allograft (HY) and microbial (Listeria monocytogenes) Ags, both of which are indirectly presented. This effect was neither due to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation nor competition for Ag between class I and class II molecules. From these findings, a novel model emerged in which the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery regulates the quantity of cytoplasmic peptides available for presentation by class II molecules and, hence, modulates Th cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan M Dragovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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Rigamonti N, Capuano G, Ricupito A, Jachetti E, Grioni M, Generoso L, Freschi M, Bellone M. Modulators of Arginine Metabolism Do Not Impact on Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance and Disease Progression in a Model of Spontaneous Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1012-23. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tatum AM, Watson AM, Schell TD. Direct presentation regulates the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response to cell-associated antigen through prolonged T cell proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2763-72. [PMID: 20660711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and complexity of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is determined by intrinsic properties of the immune system and extrinsic factors, such as vaccination. We evaluated mechanisms that regulate the CD8(+) T cell response to two distinct determinants derived from the same protein Ag, SV40 T Ag (T Ag), following immunization of C57BL/6 mice with T Ag-transformed cells. The results show that direct presentation of T cell determinants by T Ag-transformed cells regulates the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell response in vivo but not the immunodominance hierarchy. The immunodominance hierarchy was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by addition of excess naive T cells targeting the subdominant determinant. However, T cell competition played only a minor role in limiting T cell accumulation under physiological conditions. We found that the magnitude of the T cell response was regulated by the ability of T Ag-transformed cells to directly present the T Ag determinants. The hierarchy of the CD8(+) T cell response was maintained when Ag presentation in vivo was restricted to cross-presentation, but the presence of T Ag-transformed cells capable of direct presentation dramatically enhanced T cell accumulation at the peak of the response. This enhancement was due to a prolonged period of T cell proliferation, resulting in a delay in T cell contraction. Our findings reveal that direct presentation by nonprofessional APCs can dramatically enhance accumulation of CD8(+) T cells during the primary response, revealing a potential strategy to enhance vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Tatum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Waggoner SN, Taniguchi RT, Mathew PA, Kumar V, Welsh RM. Absence of mouse 2B4 promotes NK cell-mediated killing of activated CD8+ T cells, leading to prolonged viral persistence and altered pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1925-38. [PMID: 20440077 PMCID: PMC2877945 DOI: 10.1172/jci41264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are often associated with inefficient T cell responses and sustained high-level expression of inhibitory receptors, such as the NK cell receptor 2B4 (also known as CD244), on virus-specific T cells. However, the role of 2B4 in T cell dysfunction is undefined, and it is unknown whether NK cells contribute to regulation of these processes. We show here that persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice lacking 2B4 resulted in diminished LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, prolonged viral persistence, and spleen and thymic pathologies that differed from those observed in infected wild-type mice. Surprisingly, these altered phenotypes were not caused by 2B4 deficiency in T cells. Rather, the entire and long-lasting pathology and viral persistence were regulated by 2B4-deficient NK cells acting early in infection. In the absence of 2B4, NK cells lysed activated (defined as CD44hi) but not naive (defined as CD44lo) CD8+ T cells in a perforin-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. These results illustrate the importance of NK cell self-tolerance to activated CD8+ T cells and demonstrate how an apparent T cell-associated persistent infection can actually be regulated by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N. Waggoner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth T. Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Porunelloor A. Mathew
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Bellone M, Ceccon M, Grioni M, Jachetti E, Calcinotto A, Napolitano A, Freschi M, Casorati G, Dellabona P. iNKT cells control mouse spontaneous carcinoma independently of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8646. [PMID: 20072624 PMCID: PMC2800182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes endowed with innate effector functions that aid in the establishment of adaptive T and B cell immune responses. iNKT cells have been shown to play a spontaneous protective role against experimental tumors. Yet, the interplay between iNKT and tumor-specific T cells in cancer immune surveillance/editing has never been addressed. The transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) is a realistic model of spontaneous oncogenesis, in which the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response undergoes full tolerance upon disease progression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here that lack of iNKT cells in TRAMP mice resulted in the appearance of more precocious and aggressive tumors that significantly reduced animal survival. TRAMP mice bearing or lacking iNKT cells responded similarly to a tumor-specific vaccination and developed tolerance to a tumor-associated antigen at comparable rate. CONCLUSIONS Hence, our data argue for a critical role of iNKT cells in the immune surveillance of carcinoma that is independent of tumor-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ceccon
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Napolitano
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Unità Operativa Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Concurrent vaccination with two distinct vaccine platforms targeting the same antigen generates phenotypically and functionally distinct T-cell populations. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 59:397-408. [PMID: 19756595 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies comparing two or more vaccine platforms have historically evaluated each platform based on its ability to induce an immune response and may conclude that one vaccine is more efficacious than the other(s), leading to a recommendation for development of the more effective vaccine for clinical studies. Alternatively, these studies have documented the advantages of a diversified prime and boost regimen due to amplification of the antigen-specific T-cell population. We hypothesize here that two vaccine platforms targeting the same antigen might induce shared and distinct antigen-specific T-cell populations, and examined the possibility that two distinct vaccines could be used concomitantly. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using recombinant poxvirus and yeast vaccines, we compared the T-cell populations induced by these two platforms in terms of serum cytokine response, T-cell gene expression, T-cell receptor phenotype, antigen-specific cytokine expression, T-cell avidity, and T-cell antigen-specific tumor cell lysis. RESULTS These studies demonstrate for the first time that vaccination with a recombinant poxvirus platform (rV/F-CEA/TRICOM) or a heat-killed yeast vaccine platform (yeast-CEA) elicits T-cell populations with both shared and unique phenotypic and functional characteristics. Furthermore, both the antigen and the vector play a role in the induction of distinct T-cell populations. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that concurrent administration of two vaccines targeting the same antigen induces a more diverse T-cell population that leads to enhanced antitumor efficacy. These studies provide the rationale for future clinical studies investigating concurrent administration of vaccine platforms targeting a single antigen to enhance the antigen-specific immune response.
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Ryan CM, Staveley-O'Carroll K, Schell TD. Combined anti-CD40 conditioning and well-timed immunization prolongs CD8+ T cell accumulation and control of established brain tumors. J Immunother 2009; 31:906-20. [PMID: 18832997 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318189f155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer has been shown to significantly reduce established tumors in both experimental models and cancer patients. Owing to the tolerogenic nature of cancer, approaches that lead to durable maintenance of functional T cells in tumor-bearing hosts are needed to maximize tumor regression. In this study, we investigated strategies to augment CD8+ T-cell (T-CD8)-mediated adoptive immunotherapy of mice bearing advanced-stage autochthonous brain tumors by targeting a weakly immunogenic epitope. We found that immunization enhanced the accumulation of adoptively transferred T-CD8 at the tumor site, but that the timing of immunization was critical for optimal T cell expansion. A more rapid accumulation of T-CD8 was achieved when mice were conditioned with agonist anti-CD40 antibody before adoptive transfer due to increased T cell activation against the endogenous tumor antigen. Both approaches led to an increase in the lifespan of SV11 mice due to decreased tumor progression. However, tumor-specific T-CD8 did not persist long term at the tumor site after administration of either regimen. Importantly, the combination of anti-CD40 conditioning followed by optimally timed immunization synergistically promoted long-term maintenance of T-CD8 in the brain and dramatically enhanced survival. A second round of combination immunotherapy resulted in a further increase in survival, suggesting long-term tumor sensitivity to CD8+ T-cell-based immunotherapy. These results demonstrate that even a weak antigen can be effectively targeted for control of established tumors using a combined adoptive transfer plus immune modulation approach and suggest that similar strategies may translate to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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29
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Sympathetic nervous system control of anti-influenza CD8+ T cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5300-5. [PMID: 19286971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808851106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the longstanding appreciation of communication between the nervous and the immune systems, the nature and significance of these interactions to immunity remain enigmatic. Here, we show that 6-hydroxydopamine-mediated ablation of the mouse peripheral sympathetic nervous system increases primary CD8(+) T cell responses to viral and cellular antigens presented by direct priming or cross-priming. The sympathetic nervous system also suppresses antiviral CD4(+) T cell responses, but this is not required for suppressing CD8(+) T cell responses. Adoptive transfer experiments indicate that enhanced CD8(+) responses do not result from permanent alterations in CD8(+) T cell function in sympathectomized mice. Rather, additional findings suggest that the sympathetic nervous system tempers the capacity of antigen-presenting cells to activate naïve CD8(+) T cells. We also show that antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses are enhanced by administration of a beta(2) (but not beta(1) or alpha) adrenergic antagonist. These findings demonstrate a critical role for the sympathetic nervous system in limiting CD8(+) T cell responses and indicate that CD8(+) T cell responses may be altered in patients using beta-blockers, one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs.
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30
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Stahl S, Sacher T, Bechtold A, Protzer U, Ganss R, Hämmerling GJ, Arnold B, Garbi N. Tumor agonist peptides break tolerance and elicit effective CTL responses in an inducible mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunol Lett 2009; 123:31-7. [PMID: 19428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumors often induce tolerance in the immune system, which may contribute to the limited success of clinical vaccination against tumors. In order to develop strategies for overcoming tumor tolerance we have developed an inducible mouse model of autochthonus hepatocellular carcinoma growth, which relates more closely to the clinical situation than transplantation tumors. These so-called AST mice harbour a construct consisting of the hepatocyte-specific albumin promoter, a loxP flanked stop-cassette, and the oncogene SV40 large T antigen (Tag). By intravenous application of an adenovirus encoding Cre recombinase the stop cassette was excised, thereby inducing Tag expression and formation of hepatoma nodules in a dose-dependent fashion in about 3 months. Non-induced AST mice showed tumor tolerance, as demonstrated by the failure to reject Tag-positive transplantation tumors and the inability to mount CTL following Tag immunization. Dendritic cell-based immunization with an agonist Tag peptide was able to overcome tolerance and resulted in marked CTL activity against naturally occurring Tag epitopes. Importantly, vaccination with the agonist peptide prevented growth of the autochthonous liver tumors and significantly prolonged survival of the animals. Our findings demonstrate that agonist peptides can be used in immunization protocols for breaking of tolerance and induction of CTL that mediate effective anti-tumor responses. In addition, the inducible hepatoma model described here can be used for the design of therapeutic strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stahl
- DKFZ, German Cancer Research Center, Division of Molecular Immunology, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Tatum AM, Mylin LM, Bender SJ, Fischer MA, Vigliotti BA, Tevethia MJ, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. CD8+ T cells targeting a single immunodominant epitope are sufficient for elimination of established SV40 T antigen-induced brain tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4406-17. [PMID: 18768900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of established solid tumors is rarely achieved, and the mechanisms leading to success remain to be elucidated. We previously showed that extended control of advanced-stage autochthonous brain tumors is achieved following adoptive transfer of naive C57BL/6 splenocytes into sublethally irradiated line SV11 mice expressing the SV40 T Ag (T Ag) oncoprotein, and was associated with in vivo priming of CD8(+) T cells (T(CD8)) specific for the dominant epitope IV (T Ag residues 404-411). Using donor lymphocytes derived from mice that are tolerant to epitope IV or a newly characterized transgenic mouse line expressing an epitope IV-specific TCR, we show that epitope IV-specific T(CD8) are a necessary component of the donor pool and that purified naive epitope IV-specific T(CD8) are sufficient to promote complete and rapid regression of established tumors. While transfer of naive TCR-IV cells alone induced some initial tumor regression, increased survival of tumor-bearing mice required prior conditioning of the host with a sublethal dose of gamma irradiation and was associated with complete tumor eradication. Regression of established tumors was associated with rapid accumulation of TCR-IV T cells within the brain following initial priming against the endogenous T Ag in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Additionally, persistence of functional TCR-IV cells in both the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs was associated with long-term tumor-free survival. Finally, we show that production of IFN-gamma, but not perforin or TNF-alpha, by the donor lymphocytes is critical for control of autochthonous brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Tatum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Tseng-Rogenski SS, Arredouani MS, Neeley YC, Lu B, Chinnaiyan AM, Sanda MG. Fas-mediated T cell deletion potentiates tumor antigen-specific tolerance in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1357-65. [PMID: 18265979 PMCID: PMC11030269 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal obstacle to cancer immunotherapy is peripheral T cell tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Tolerance induction among mature T cells in the periphery operates through a variety of mechanisms, including anergy and apoptosis. Although Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis is a well-defined tolerance inducing mechanism, direct evidence of its interference with TAA-specific immunity in vivo is still lacking. In this report, we used the TRAMP mouse, which expresses SV40 large T antigen (Tag) preferentially in the prostate and develops prostate tumors, as a model system to address the role of Fas-mediated apoptosis in regulating peripheral T cell tolerance. Using RT-PCR and tetramer staining to quantify TAA-specific TCR-expressing cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we have shown the presence of TAA-specific CTLs at higher levels in TRAMP mice than in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice. Tag-specific immunization led to the expansion of Tag-specific CTLs in C57Bl/6 mice, and to their elimination in TRAMP mice. Interestingly, in TRAMP mice with deficient Fas (Hybrid TRAMP-lpr/lpr), Tag-specific CTL elimination in response to Tag immunization did not take place. The results of cytolytic-function assays were consistent with induction and elimination patterns of TAA-specific CTLs and those of RT-PCR and tetramer staining. In conclusion, our data show that Fas-mediated TAA-specific CTL apoptosis contributes to T cell tolerance and suggest that such tolerance could be potentiated following TAA-specific immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Tseng-Rogenski
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Mohamed S. Arredouani
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yilin C. Neeley
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Martin G. Sanda
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Willimsky G, Czéh M, Loddenkemper C, Gellermann J, Schmidt K, Wust P, Stein H, Blankenstein T. Immunogenicity of premalignant lesions is the primary cause of general cytotoxic T lymphocyte unresponsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1687-700. [PMID: 18573907 PMCID: PMC2442645 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is sporadic in nature, characterized by an initial clonal oncogenic event and usually a long latency. When and how it subverts the immune system is unknown. We show, in a model of sporadic immunogenic cancer, that tumor-specific tolerance closely coincides with the first tumor antigen recognition by B cells. During the subsequent latency period until tumors progress, the mice acquire general cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness, which is associated with high transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 levels and expansion of immature myeloid cells (iMCs). In mice with large nonimmunogenic tumors, iMCs expand but TGF-beta1 serum levels are normal, and unrelated CTL responses are undiminished. We conclude that (a) tolerance to the tumor antigen occurs at the premalignant stage, (b) tumor latency is unlikely caused by CTL control, and (c) a persistent immunogenic tumor antigen causes general CTL unresponsiveness but tumor burden and iMCs per se do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Goldberger O, Volovitz I, Machlenkin A, Vadai E, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L. Exuberated numbers of tumor-specific T cells result in tumor escape. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3450-7. [PMID: 18451173 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) play a major role in tumor rejection. Expansion of CTLs, either by immunization or adoptive transfer, is a prominent goal in current immunotherapy. The antigen-specific nature of these expansion processes inevitably initiates a clonotypic attack on the tumor. By injecting an Ovalbumin-expressing melanoma into OT-I mice, in which >90% of CTLs recognize an Ovalbumin peptide, we show that an increased number of tumor-specific CTLs causes emergence of escape variants. We show that these escape variants are a result of antigen silencing via a yet undetermined epigenetic mechanism, which occurs frequently and is spontaneously reversible. We further show that an increase in the time of tumor onset in OT-I compared with C57BL/6J is a result of immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Goldberger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Most of the current experimental cancer models do not reflect the pathophysiology of real-life cancer. Cancer usually occurs sporadically and is clonal in origin. Between tumor initiation and progression, clinically unapparent pre-malignant cells may persist for years or decades in humans. Recently, mouse models of sporadic cancer have been developed. The mouse germ-line can be engineered with high precision so that defined genes can be switched on and off in the adult organism in a targeted manner. Analysis of the immune response against sporadic tumors requires the knowledge of a tumor antigen. Ideally, a silent oncogene, for which the mice are not tolerant, is stochastically activated in individual cells. This approach offers the opportunity to analyze the adaptive immune response throughout the long process of malignant transformation and most closely resembles cancer in humans. In such a model with the highly immunogenic SV40 large T antigen as a dormant oncogene, we discovered that sporadic cancer is recognized by the adaptive immune system at the pre-malignant stage, concomitant with the induction of tumor antigen-specific tolerance. These results demonstrated that even highly immunogenic sporadic tumors are unable to induce functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Based on this model, we conclude that immunosurveillance plays little or no role against sporadic cancer and that tumors must not escape immune recognition or destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Degl'Innocenti E, Grioni M, Capuano G, Jachetti E, Freschi M, Bertilaccio MT, Hess-Michelini R, Doglioni C, Bellone M. Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance Associated with Prostate Cancer Is Independent from CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:292-300. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Otahal P, Knowles BB, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Anti-CD40 conditioning enhances the T(CD8) response to a highly tolerogenic epitope and subsequent immunotherapy of simian virus 40 T antigen-induced pancreatic tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6686-95. [PMID: 17982058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid loss of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells (T(CD8)) following Ag recognition in the periphery and their limited accumulation within the tumor stroma reduces the effectiveness of T cell-based immunotherapy. To better understand the role of T(CD8) in the control of autochthonous tumors, we have used mice of the RIP1-Tag4 lineage that develop pancreatic beta cell tumors due to expression of the SV40 large T Ag from the rat insulin promoter. We previously showed that the kinetics of functional T(CD8) tolerance varies toward two distinct epitopes derived from T Ag. Epitope I ((206)SAINNYAQKL(215))-specific T(CD8) are rapidly deleted whereas T(CD8) targeting epitope IV ((404)VVYDFLKC(411)) persist over the lifetime of tumor-bearing animals. In this report, we show that the conditioning of tumor-bearing RIP1-Tag4 mice with agonistic anti-CD40 Ab induces extensive expansion of naive epitope I-specific TCR transgenic (TCR-I) T cells in this tolerogenic environment and delays their loss from the host. In addition, functional TCR-I T cells intensively infiltrate pancreatic tumors, resulting in increased survival of RIP1-Tag4 mice. These results suggest that a similar approach could effectively enhance T cell-based immunotherapies to cancer when targeting other highly tolerogenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Otahal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Yorty JL, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Rapid accumulation of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells at the tumor site is associated with long-term control of SV40 T antigen-induced tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 57:883-95. [PMID: 18004562 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously established a model to study CD8(+) T cell (T(CD8))-based adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using line SV11 mice that develop choroid plexus tumors in the brain due to transgenic expression of Simian Virus 40 large T antigen (Tag). These mice are tolerant to the three dominant T(CD8)-recognized Tag epitopes I, II/III and IV. However, adoptive transfer of spleen cells from naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice prolongs SV11 survival following T(CD8) priming against the endogenous Tag epitope IV. In addition, survival of SV11 mice is dramatically increased following transfer of lymphocytes from Tag-immune B6 mice. In the current study, we compared the kinetics and magnitude of Tag-specific T(CD8) accumulation at the tumor site following adoptive transfer with a high dose of either Tag-immune or naïve donor cells or decreasing doses of Tag-immune lymphocytes. Following adoptive transfer of Tag-immune cells, epitope I- and IV-specific T(CD8) accumulated to high levels in the brain of SV11 mice, peaking at 5-7 days, while epitope IV-specific T(CD8 )derived from naïve donors required three weeks to achieve peak levels. A similar delay in the peak of epitope IV-specific T(CD8) accumulation was observed when tenfold fewer Tag-immune donor cells were administered, reducing control of tumor progression. These results suggest that efficient and prolonged control of established autochthonous tumors is associated with high-level early accumulation of adoptively transferred T cells. We also provide evidence that although multiple specificities are represented in the Tag immune donor lymphocytes, epitope IV-specific donor T(CD8) play a predominant role in control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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40
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De Giovanni C, Croci S, Nicoletti G, Landuzzi L, Palladini A, Pannellini T, Borgia L, Iezzi M, Di Carlo E, Orengo AM, Kennedy RC, Lollini PL, Nanni P, Musiani P. Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis by combined active immunoprophylaxis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:88-94. [PMID: 17290395 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether an active immunoprophylactic approach combining specific antigens and adjuvant stimuli would be able to inhibit prostate carcinogenesis in transgenic TRAMP mice. A vaccine consisting of allogeneic large T antigen (TAg)-positive SV40-transformed cells combined with systemic recombinant IL-12 was administered to TRAMP mice, starting from when they were still tumor-free at 5-6 weeks of age. The combined vaccine significantly inhibited prostate carcinogenesis, giving a more than doubled median latency time of prostatic tumors (53 weeks in comparison to 26 weeks in control mice). Vaccination with cells alone or IL-12 treatment alone was poorly effective (median latency of 30 and 39 weeks, respectively). The combined vaccine induced a very high CD4 response biased toward the Th1 pathway, with the induction of a humoral response that included TAg-specific antibodies. Therefore, such active immunoprophylactic approach based on the combination of allogeneic SV40 TAg-positive cells and systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 significantly delayed autochthonous urogenital carcinogenesis driven by SV40 TAg in TRAMP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla De Giovanni
- Cancer Research Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Blankenstein T. Do autochthonous tumors interfere with effector T cell responses? Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:267-74. [PMID: 17659881 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The assumption that autochthonous tumors interfere with the effector T cell (T(E)) response implies that they first induce functional T cells. However, if T(E) are generated, they usually remain functional, persist life-long as memory cells and prevent tumors. This holds true for some virus-induced tumors and is associated with evolutionary pressure. In contrast, models that allow monitoring of tumor antigen-specific T cells suggest that spontaneous autochthonous tumors either sneak through or induce T(E) too late when the tumor has developed resistance to T(E) or induce tolerance. This can be explained by the absence of evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Mylin LM, Schell TD, Epler M, Kusuma C, Assis D, Matsko C, Smith A, Allebach A, Tevethia SS. Diversity of escape variant mutations in Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 Tag) epitopes selected by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Virology 2007; 364:155-68. [PMID: 17368499 PMCID: PMC3866617 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between epitope variation and tumor escape from immune surveillance, SV40 T antigen-transformed B6/K-0 cells were subjected to selection with individual CTL clones specific for the SV40 T antigen H-2D(b)-restricted epitopes I or V. CTL-resistant populations were isolated from a majority of the selection cultures and substituted epitope sequences were identified within most of the resistant populations. Tag sequences deleted of all or portions of the selection-targeted epitope were identified, but in lower numbers compared to epitope sequences bearing single residue substitutions. Relatively few flanking residue substitutions were identified, and only in epitope I-targeted selections. The diversity (numbers and epitope residue locations) of substituted epitope residue positions varied between selections. These findings suggest that the scope of spontaneously occurring mutations that could allow for escape from individual CD8+ T cell clones is large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Mylin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Melanie Epler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Carolyn Kusuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - David Assis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Chelsea Matsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Alexandra Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - April Allebach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Satvir S. Tevethia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Corresponding author. Tele: (717) 531-8872; Fax: (717) 531-6522; E-mail:
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43
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Provenzano M, Bracci L, Wyler S, Hudolin T, Sais G, Gosert R, Zajac P, Palu' G, Heberer M, Hirsch HH, Spagnoli GC. Characterization of highly frequent epitope-specific CD45RA+/CCR7+/- T lymphocyte responses against p53-binding domains of the human polyomavirus BK large tumor antigen in HLA-A*0201+ BKV-seropositive donors. J Transl Med 2006; 4:47. [PMID: 17096832 PMCID: PMC1660549 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been implicated in oncogenic transformation. Its ability to replicate is determined by the binding of its large tumor antigen (LTag) to products of tumor-suppressor genes regulating cell cycle, as specifically p53. We investigated CD8+ T immune responses to BKV LTag portions involved in p53 binding in HLA-A*0201+ BKV LTag experienced individuals. Peptides selected from either p53-binding region (LTag351-450 and LTag533-626) by current algorithms and capacity to bind HLA-A*0201 molecule were used to stimulate CD8+ T responses, as assessed by IFN-gamma gene expression ex vivo and detected by cytotoxicity assays following in vitro culture. We observed epitope-specific immune responses in all HLA-A*0201+ BKV LTag experienced individuals tested. At least one epitope, LTag579-587; LLLIWFRPV, was naturally processed in non professional antigen presenting cells and induced cytotoxic responses with CTL precursor frequencies in the order of 1/20'000. Antigen specific CD8+ T cells were only detectable in the CD45RA+ subset, in both CCR7+ and CCR7- subpopulations. These data indicate that widespread cellular immune responses against epitopes within BKV LTag-p53 binding regions exist and question their roles in immunosurveillance against tumors possibly associated with BKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Provenzano
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Bracci
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen Wyler
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tvrtko Hudolin
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Giovanni Sais
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Gosert
- Institutes for Medical Microbiology and Div. Infectious Diseases, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Zajac
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Palu'
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Heberer
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Institutes for Medical Microbiology and Div. Infectious Diseases, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Otahal P, Schell TD, Hutchinson SC, Knowles BB, Tevethia SS. Early Immunization Induces Persistent Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+T Cells against an Immunodominant Epitope and Promotes Lifelong Control of Pancreatic Tumor Progression in SV40 Tumor Antigen Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3089-99. [PMID: 16920946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recruit the host's CD8+ T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) against cancer is often limited by the development of peripheral tolerance toward the dominant tumor-associated Ags. Because multiple epitopes derived from a given tumor Ag (T Ag) can be targeted by T(CD8), vaccine approaches should be directed toward those T(CD8) that are more likely to survive under conditions of persistent Ag expression. In this study, we investigated the effect of peripheral tolerance on the endogenous T(CD8) response toward two epitopes, designated epitopes I and IV, from the SV40 large T Ag. Using rat insulin promoter (RIP) 1-Tag4 transgenic mice that express T Ag from the RIP and develop pancreatic insulinomas, we demonstrate that epitope IV- but not epitope I-specific T(CD8) are maintained long term in tumor-bearing RIP1-Tag4 mice. Even large numbers of TCR-transgenic T cells specific for epitope I were rapidly eliminated from RIP1-Tag4 mice after adoptive transfer and recognition of the endogenous T Ag. Importantly, immunization of RIP1-Tag4 mice at 5 wk of age against epitope IV resulted in complete protection from tumor progression over a 2-year period despite continued expression of T Ag in the pancreas. This extensive control of tumor progression was associated with the persistence of functional epitope IV-specific T(CD8) within the pancreas for the lifetime of the mice without the development of diabetes. This study indicates that an equilibrium is reached in which immune surveillance for spontaneous cancer can be achieved for the lifespan of the host while maintaining normal organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Otahal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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45
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Ryan CM, Schell TD. Accumulation of CD8+T Cells in Advanced-Stage Tumors and Delay of Disease Progression following Secondary Immunization against an Immunorecessive Epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:255-67. [PMID: 16785521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive T cells that survive the process of positive and negative selection during thymocyte development represent potential effector cells against tumors that express these same self-Ags. We have previously shown that CD8+ T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) specific for an immunorecessive epitope, designated epitope V, from the SV40 large T Ag (Tag) escape thymic deletion in line SV11 Tag-transgenic mice. In contrast, these mice are tolerant to the three most dominant Tag epitopes. The majority of the residual epitope V-specific T(CD8) have a low avidity for the target epitope, but a prime/boost regimen can expand higher avidity clones in vivo. Whether higher avidity T(CD8) targeting this epitope are affected by Tag-expressing tumors in the periphery or can be recruited for control of tumor progression remains unknown. In the current study, we determined the fate of naive TCR-transgenic T(CD8) specific for Tag epitope V (TCR-V cells) following transfer into SV11 mice bearing advanced-stage choroid plexus tumors. The results indicate that TCR-V cells are rapidly triggered by the endogenous Tag and acquire effector function, but fail to accumulate within the tumors. Primary immunization enhanced TCR-V cell frequency in the periphery and promoted entry into the brain, but a subsequent booster immunization caused a dramatic accumulation of TCR-V T cells within the tumors and inhibited tumor progression. These results indicate that epitope V provides a target for CD8+ T cells against spontaneous tumors in vivo, and suggests that epitopes with similar properties can be harnessed for tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/prevention & control
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Choroid Plexus/immunology
- Choroid Plexus/pathology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, Recessive/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polyomavirus Infections/immunology
- Polyomavirus Infections/mortality
- Polyomavirus Infections/pathology
- Polyomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/mortality
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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46
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York IA, Brehm MA, Zendzian S, Towne CF, Rock KL. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) trims MHC class I-presented peptides in vivo and plays an important role in immunodominance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9202-7. [PMID: 16754858 PMCID: PMC1482590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603095103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells respond to short peptides bound to MHC class I molecules. Although most antigenic proteins contain many sequences that could bind to MHC class I, few of these peptides actually stimulate CD8(+) T cell responses. Moreover, the T cell responses that are generated often follow a very reproducible hierarchy to different peptides for reasons that are poorly understood. We find that the loss of a single enzyme, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), in the antigen-processing pathway results in a marked shift in the hierarchy of immunodominance in viral infections, even when the responding T cells have the same T cell receptor repertoire. In mice, ERAP1 is the major enzyme that trims precursor peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum and, in this process, can generate or destroy antigenic peptides. Consequently, when ERAP1 is lost, the immune response to some viral peptides is reduced, to others increased, and to yet others unchanged. Therefore, many epitopes must be initially generated as precursors that are normally trimmed by ERAP1 before binding to MHC class I, whereas others are normally degraded by ERAP1 to lengths that are too short to bind to MHC class I. Moreover, peptide trimming and the resulting abundance of peptide-MHC complexes are dominant factors in establishing immunodominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A York
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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47
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Cornberg M, Chen AT, Wilkinson LA, Brehm MA, Kim SK, Calcagno C, Ghersi D, Puzone R, Celada F, Welsh RM, Selin LK. Narrowed TCR repertoire and viral escape as a consequence of heterologous immunity. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1443-56. [PMID: 16614754 PMCID: PMC1435724 DOI: 10.1172/jci27804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Why some virus-specific CD8 TCR repertoires are diverse and others restricted or "oligoclonal" has been unknown. We show here that oligoclonality and extreme clonal dominance can be a consequence of T cell cross-reactivity. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Pichinde virus (PV) encode NP(205-212) epitopes that induce different but highly cross-reactive diverse TCR repertoires. Homologous viral challenge of immune mice only slightly skewed the repertoire and enriched for predictable TCR motifs. However, heterologous viral challenge resulted in a narrow oligoclonal repertoire with dominant clones with unpredictable TCR sequences. This shift in clonal dominance varied with the private, i.e., unique, specificity of the host's TCR repertoire and was simulated using affinity-based computer models. The skewing differences in TCR repertoire following homologous versus heterologous challenge were observed within the same private immune system in mice adoptively reconstituted with memory CD8 T cell pools from the same donor. Conditions driving oligoclonality resulted in an LCMV epitope escape variant in vivo resembling the natural Lassa virus sequence. Thus, T cell oligoclonality, including extremes in clonal dominance, may be a consequence of heterologous immunity and lead to viral escape. This has implications for the design of peptide-based vaccines, which might unintentionally prime for skewed TCR responses to cross-reactive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Cornberg
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alex T. Chen
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lee A. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Ghersi
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Puzone
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Celada
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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48
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Nöckel J, van den Engel NK, Winter H, Hatz RA, Zimmermann W, Kammerer R. Characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines established from CEA424/SV40 T antigen-transgenic mice with or without a human CEA transgene. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:57. [PMID: 16536871 PMCID: PMC1421424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Patients with gastric cancer at an advanced disease stage have a poor prognosis, due to the limited efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, the development of new therapies, like immunotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer is of utmost importance. Since the usability of existing preclinical models for the evaluation of immunotherapies for gastric adenocarcinomas is limited, the goal of the present study was to establish murine in vivo models which allow the stepwise improvement of immunotherapies for gastric cancer. Methods Since no murine gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines are available we established four cell lines (424GC, mGC3, mGC5, mGC8) from spontaneously developing tumors of CEA424/SV40 T antigen (CEA424/Tag) mice and three cell lines derived from double-transgenic offsprings of CEA424/Tag mice mated with human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-transgenic (CEA424/Tag-CEA) mice (mGC2CEA, mGC4CEA, mGC11CEA). CEA424/Tag is a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse strain harboring the Tag under the control of a -424/-8 bp CEA gene promoter which leads to the development of invasive adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach. Tumor cell lines established from CEA424/Tag-CEA mice express the well defined tumor antigen CEA under the control of its natural regulatory elements. Results The epithelial origin of the tumor cells was proven by morphological criteria including the presence of mucin within the cells and the expression of the cell adhesion molecules EpCAM and CEACAM1. All cell lines consistently express the transgenes CEA and/or Tag and MHC class I molecules leading to their susceptibility to lysis by Tag-specific CTL in vitro. Despite the presentation of CTL-epitopes derived from the transgene products the tumor cell lines were tumorigenic when grafted into C57BL/6, CEA424/Tag or CEA424/Tag-CEA-transgenic hosts and no significant differences in tumor take and tumor growth were observed in the different hosts. Although no spontaneous tumor rejection was observed, vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with lysates from gastric carcinoma cell lines protected C57BL/6 mice from tumor challenge, demonstrating the tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines in nontransgenic mice of the H-2b haplotype. Conclusion These tumor cell lines grafted in different syngeneic hosts should prove to be very useful to optimize immunotherapy regimens to be finally tested in transgenic animals developing primary gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nöckel
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Natasja K van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Hatz
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, GSF National Research Center for the Environment and Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Velupillai P, Garcea RL, Benjamin TL. Polyoma virus-like particles elicit polarized cytokine responses in APCs from tumor-susceptible and -resistant mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1148-53. [PMID: 16394003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PERA/Ei (PE) mice are highly susceptible to tumor induction by polyoma virus, whereas C57BR/cdj (BR) mice are highly resistant. PE mice respond to viral infection with a type 2 (IL-10) and BR mice with a type 1 (IL-12) cytokine response, underlining the importance of a sustained T cell response for effective antitumor immunity. PE and BR mice showed comparable Ab responses to the virus, indicating that a Th1 response is fully compatible with strong humoral immunity. Tumor susceptibility is dominant, and a type 2 response prevails in F1 mice derived from these strains. In this study, we show that the different cytokine responses of virus-infected hosts are recapitulated in vitro by exposure of APCs from uninfected PE, BR, and F1 animals to the virus. Importantly, virus-like particles formed from recombinant VP1, the major viral capsid protein, elicited the same host-specific cytokine responses as infectious virus. Assembly of VP1 pentamers into capsid shells is required because unassembled VP1 pentamers were ineffective. Binding of virus-like particles to sialic acid is required because pretreatment of APCs with neuraminidase prevented the response. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 differed among different subpopulations of APCs and also between resistant and susceptible mice. Evidence is presented indicating that these TLRs play a role in mediating the host-specific cytokine responses to the virus.
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50
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Otahal P, Hutchinson SC, Mylin LM, Tevethia MJ, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Inefficient cross-presentation limits the CD8+ T cell response to a subdominant tumor antigen epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:700-12. [PMID: 16002665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) responding to subdominant epitopes provide alternate targets for the immunotherapy of cancer, particularly when self-tolerance limits the response to immunodominant epitopes. However, the mechanisms that promote T(CD8) subdominance to tumor Ags remain obscure. We investigated the basis for the lack of priming against a subdominant tumor epitope following immunization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with SV40 large tumor Ag (T Ag)-transformed cells. Immunization of B6 mice with wild-type T Ag-transformed cells primes T(CD8) specific for three immunodominant T Ag epitopes (epitopes I, II/III, and IV) but fails to induce T(CD8) specific for the subdominant T Ag epitope V. Using adoptively transferred T(CD8) from epitope V-specific TCR transgenic mice and immunization with T Ag-transformed cells, we demonstrate that the subdominant epitope V is weakly cross-presented relative to immunodominant epitopes derived from the same protein Ag. Priming of naive epitope V-specific TCR transgenic T(CD8) in B6 mice required cross-presentation by host APC. However, robust expansion of these T(CD8) required additional direct presentation of the subdominant epitope by T Ag-transformed cells and was only significant following immunization with T Ag-expressing cells lacking the immunodominant epitopes. These results indicate that limited cross-presentation coupled with competition by immunodominant epitope-specific T(CD8) contributes to the subdominant nature of a tumor-specific epitope. This finding has implications for vaccination strategies targeting T(CD8) responses to cancer.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Otahal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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