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Bai Y, Lei H, Song W, Shin SC, Wang J, Xiao B, Koçer ZA, Song MS, Webster R, Webby RJ, Wong SS, Zanin M. Amino acids in the polymerase complex of shorebird-isolated H1N1 influenza virus impact replication and host-virus interactions in mammalian models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332652. [PMID: 38517705 PMCID: PMC11018082 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
A diverse population of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are maintained in wild birds and ducks yet the zoonotic potential of AIVs in these environmental reservoirs and the host-virus interactions involved in mammalian infection are not well understood. In studies of a group of subtype H1N1 AIVs isolated from migratory wild birds during surveillance in North America, we previously identified eight amino acids in the polymerase genes PB2 and PB1 that were important for the transmissibility of these AIVs in a ferret model of human influenza virus transmission. In this current study we found that PB2 containing amino acids associated with transmissibility at 67, 152, 199, 508, and 649 and PB1 at 298, 642, and 667 were associated with more rapid viral replication kinetics, greater infectivity, more active polymerase complexes and greater kinetics of viral genome replication and transcription. Pathogenicity in the mouse model was also impacted, evident as greater weight loss and lung pathology associated with greater inflammatory lung cytokine expression. Further, these AIVs all contained the avian-type amino acids of PB2-E627, D701, G590, Q591 and T271. Therefore, our study provides novel insights into the role of the AIV polymerase complex in the zoonotic transmission of AIVs in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Bai
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Lei
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Song
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jiaqi Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biying Xiao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeynep A. Koçer
- Emerging Viral Diseases Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University Medical School, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Zanin
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li C, Zhang YA, Lu Y, Ye J, Liu X. Parabacteroides distasonis regulates the infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV at different water temperatures. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 39020382 PMCID: PMC11253412 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infects a wide range of fish species and causes high mortality rates in aquaculture. This viral infection is characterized by seasonal outbreaks that are temperature-dependent. However, the specific mechanism behind temperature-dependent SVCV infectivity and pathogenicity remains unclear. Given the high sensitivity of the composition of intestinal microbiota to temperature changes, it would be interesting to investigate if the intestinal microbiota of fish could play a role in modulating the infectivity of SVCV at different temperatures. RESULTS Our study found that significantly higher infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV infection in zebrafish occurred at relatively lower temperature. Comparative analysis of the intestinal microbiota in zebrafish exposed to high- and low-temperature conditions revealed that temperature influenced the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in zebrafish. A significantly higher abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis and its metabolite secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid, DCA) was detected in the intestine of zebrafish exposed to high temperature. Both colonization of Parabacteroides distasonis and feeding of DCA to zebrafish at low temperature significantly reduced the mortality caused by SVCV. An in vitro assay demonstrated that DCA could inhibit the assembly and release of SVCV. Notably, DCA also showed an inhibitory effect on the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, another Rhabdoviridae member known to be more infectious at low temperature. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that temperature can be an important factor to influence the composition of intestinal microbiota in zebrafish, consequently impacting the infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV. The findings highlight the enrichment of Parabacteroides distasonis and its derivative, DCA, in the intestines of zebrafish raised at high temperature, and they possess an important role in preventing the infection of SVCV and other Rhabdoviridae members in host fish. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xueqin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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3
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Guo X, Zhou Y, Yan H, An Q, Liang C, Liu L, Qian J. Molecular Markers and Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus Cross-Species Transmission and New Host Adaptation. Viruses 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 38932174 PMCID: PMC11209369 DOI: 10.3390/v16060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to be a serious health risk to people and result in a large-scale socio-economic loss. Avian influenza viruses typically do not replicate efficiently in mammals, but through the accumulation of mutations or genetic reassortment, they can overcome interspecies barriers, adapt to new hosts, and spread among them. Zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and exhibit limited human-to-human transmission. However, further adaptation of these viruses to humans may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Therefore, we are beginning to understand genetic changes and mechanisms that may influence interspecific adaptation, cross-species transmission, and the pandemic potential of influenza A viruses. We also discuss the genetic and phenotypic traits associated with the airborne transmission of influenza A viruses in order to provide theoretical guidance for the surveillance of new strains with pandemic potential and the prevention of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Qing An
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, Shenzhen 518107, China
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4
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Al Farroukh M, Kiseleva I, Stepanova E, Bazhenova E, Krutikova E, Tkachev A, Chistyakova A, Rekstin A, Puchkova L, Rudenko L. The Effect of Mice Adaptation Process on the Pathogenicity of Influenza A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 Model Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17386. [PMID: 38139214 PMCID: PMC10743444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus strain A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 (SA-WT) is a non-mouse-adapted model strain that has naturally high pathogenic properties in mice. It has been suggested that the high pathogenicity of this strain for mice could be due to the three strain-specific substitutions in the polymerase complex (Q687R in PB1, N102T in PB2, and E358E/K heterogeneity in PB2). To evaluate the role of these replacements, SA-WT was passaged five times in mouse lungs, and the genome of the mouse-adapted version of the SA-WT strain (SA-M5) was sequenced. SA-M5 lost E358E/K heterogeneity and retained E358, which is the prevalent amino acid at this position among H1N1pdm09 strains. In addition, in the hemagglutinin of SA-M5, two heterogeneous substitutions (G155G/E and S190S/R) were identified. Both viruses, SA-M5 and SA-WT, were compared for their toxicity, ability to replicate, pathogenicity, and immunogenicity in mice. In mice infected with SA-M5 or SA-WT strains, toxicity, virus titer in pulmonary homogenates, and mouse survival did not differ significantly. In contrast, an increase in the immunogenicity of SA-M5 compared to SA-WT was observed. This increase could be due to the substitutions G155G/E and S190S/R in the HA of SA-M5. The prospects for using SA-M5 in studying the immunogenicity mechanisms were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Farroukh
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia;
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Bazhenova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Elena Krutikova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Artem Tkachev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia;
| | - Anna Chistyakova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Ludmila Puchkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.S.); (E.B.); (E.K.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
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5
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Gilbertson B, Duncan M, Subbarao K. Role of the viral polymerase during adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 62:101363. [PMID: 37672875 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
As a group, influenza-A viruses (IAV) infect a wide range of animal hosts, however, they are constrained to infecting selected host species by species-specific interactions between the host and virus, that are required for efficient replication of the viral RNA genome. When IAV cross the species barrier, they acquire mutations in the viral genome to enable interactions with the new host factors, or to compensate for their loss. The viral polymerase genes polymerase basic 1, polymerase basic 2, and polymerase-acidic are important sites of host adaptation. In this review, we discuss why the viral polymerase is so vital to the process of host adaptation, look at some of the known viral mutations, and host factors involved in adaptation, particularly of avian IAV to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Duncan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Camacho-Zarco AR, Yu L, Krischuns T, Dedeoglu S, Maurin D, Bouvignies G, Crépin T, Ruigrok RWH, Cusack S, Naffakh N, Blackledge M. Multivalent Dynamic Colocalization of Avian Influenza Polymerase and Nucleoprotein by Intrinsically Disordered ANP32A Reveals the Molecular Basis of Human Adaptation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20985-21001. [PMID: 37707433 PMCID: PMC10540212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of avian influenza RNA polymerase (FluPol) to human cells requires mutations on the 627-NLS domains of the PB2 subunit. The E627K adaptive mutation compensates a 33-amino-acid deletion in the acidic intrinsically disordered domain of the host transcription regulator ANP32A, a deletion that restricts FluPol activity in mammalian cells. The function of ANP32A in the replication transcription complex and in particular its role in host restriction remains poorly understood. Here we characterize ternary complexes formed between ANP32A, FluPol, and the viral nucleoprotein, NP, supporting the putative role of ANP32A in shuttling NP to the replicase complex. We demonstrate that while FluPol and NP can simultaneously bind distinct linear motifs on avian ANP32A, the deletion in the shorter human ANP32A blocks this mode of colocalization. NMR reveals that NP and human-adapted FluPol, containing the E627 K mutation, simultaneously bind the identical extended linear motif on human ANP32A in an electrostatically driven, highly dynamic and multivalent ternary complex. This study reveals a probable molecular mechanism underlying host adaptation, whereby E627K, which enhances the basic surface of the 627 domain, is selected to confer the necessary multivalent properties to allow ANP32A to colocalize NP and FluPol in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo R. Camacho-Zarco
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lefan Yu
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Krischuns
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,
CNRS UMR3569, Unité Biologie des ARN et Virus Influenza, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Selin Dedeoglu
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Maurin
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Bouvignies
- Laboratoire
des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École
Normale Supérieur, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rob W. H. Ruigrok
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Cusack
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,
CNRS UMR3569, Unité Biologie des ARN et Virus Influenza, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Griffin EF, Tompkins SM. Fitness Determinants of Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1959. [PMID: 37766365 PMCID: PMC10535923 DOI: 10.3390/v15091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A (IAV) is a major human respiratory pathogen that causes illness, hospitalizations, and mortality annually worldwide. IAV is also a zoonotic pathogen with a multitude of hosts, allowing for interspecies transmission, reassortment events, and the emergence of novel pandemics, as was seen in 2009 with the emergence of a swine-origin H1N1 (pdmH1N1) virus into humans, causing the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. While the 2009 pandemic was considered to have high morbidity and low mortality, studies have linked the pdmH1N1 virus and its gene segments to increased disease in humans and animal models. Genetic components of the pdmH1N1 virus currently circulate in the swine population, reassorting with endemic swine viruses that co-circulate and occasionally spillover into humans. This is evidenced by the regular detection of variant swine IAVs in humans associated with state fairs and other intersections of humans and swine. Defining genetic changes that support species adaptation, virulence, and cross-species transmission, as well as mutations that enhance or attenuate these features, will improve our understanding of influenza biology. It aids in surveillance and virus risk assessment and guides the establishment of counter measures for emerging viruses. Here, we review the current understanding of the determinants of specific IAV phenotypes, focusing on the fitness, transmission, and virulence determinants that have been identified in swine IAVs and/or in relation to the 2009 pdmH1N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fate Griffin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephen Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Briggs K, Kapczynski DR. Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E/K/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1250952. [PMID: 37720472 PMCID: PMC10502342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1250952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally found in wild birds, primarily in migratory waterfowl. Although species barriers exist, many AIVs have demonstrated the ability to jump from bird species to mammalian species. A key contributor to this jump is the adaption of the viral RNA polymerase complex to a new host for efficient replication of its RNA genome. The AIV PB2 gene appears to be essential in this conversion, as key residues have been discovered at amino acid position 627 that interact with the host cellular protein, acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A). In particular, the conversion of glutamic acid (E) to lysine (K) is frequently observed at this position following isolation in mammals. The focus of this report was to compare the distribution of PB2 627 residues from different lineages and origins of H5 AIV, determine the prevalence between historical and contemporary sequences, and investigate the ratio of amino acids in avian vs. mammalian AIV sequences. Results demonstrate a low prevalence of E627K in H5 non-Goose/Guangdong/1996-lineage (Gs/GD) AIV samples, with a low number of mammalian sequences in general. In contrast, the H5-Gs/GD lineage sequences had an increased prevalence of the E627K mutation and contained more mammalian sequences. An approximate 40% conversion of E to K was observed in human sequences of H5 AIV, suggesting a non-exclusive requirement. Taken together, these results expand our understanding of the distribution of these residues within different subtypes of AIV and aid in our knowledge of PB2 mutations in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
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9
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Diessner EM, Takahashi GR, Cross TJ, Martin RW, Butts CT. Mutation Effects on Structure and Dynamics: Adaptive Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Biochemistry 2023; 62:747-758. [PMID: 36656653 PMCID: PMC9888416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) plays a critical role in viral replication; although it is relatively conserved, Mpro has nevertheless evolved over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we examine phenotypic changes in clinically observed variants of Mpro, relative to the originally reported wild-type enzyme. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we examine effects of mutation on protein structure and dynamics. In addition to basic structural properties such as variation in surface area and torsion angles, we use protein structure networks and active site networks to evaluate functionally relevant characters related to global cohesion and active site constraint. Substitution analysis shows a continuing trend toward more hydrophobic residues that are dependent on the location of the residue in primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Phylogenetic analysis provides additional evidence for the impact of selective pressure on mutation of Mpro. Overall, these analyses suggest evolutionary adaptation of Mpro toward more hydrophobicity and a less-constrained active site in response to the selective pressures of a novel host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Diessner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gemma R Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Thomas J Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Carter T Butts
- Departments of Sociology, Statistics, Computer Science, and EECS, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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10
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Abstract
RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like these encounter various environments when they copy themselves and spread from cell to cell or host to host. Ex vivo differences, such as geographical location and humidity, affect their stability and transmission, while in vivo differences, such as pH and host gene expression, impact viral receptor binding, viral replication, and the host immune response against the viral infection. A critical factor affecting RNA viruses both ex vivo and in vivo, and defining the outcome of viral infections and the direction of viral evolution, is temperature. In this minireview, we discuss the impact of temperature on viral replication, stability, transmission, and adaptation, as well as the host innate immune response. Improving our understanding of how RNA viruses function, survive, and spread at different temperatures will improve our models of viral replication and transmission risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Changes in the Hemagglutinin and Internal Gene Segments Were Needed for Human Seasonal H3 Influenza A Virus to Efficiently Infect and Replicate in Swine. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090967. [PMID: 36145399 PMCID: PMC9501159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) circulating in swine is largely a consequence of human-to-swine transmission events and consequent evolution in pigs. However, little is known about the requirements for human IAVs to transmit to and subsequently adapt in pigs. Novel human-like H3 viruses were detected in swine herds in the U.S. in 2012 and have continued to circulate and evolve in swine. We evaluated the contributions of gene segments on the ability of these viruses to infect pigs by using a series of in vitro models. For this purpose, reassortant viruses were generated by reverse genetics (rg) swapping the surface genes (hemagglutinin-HA and neuraminidase-NA) and internal gene segment backbones between a human-like H3N1 isolated from swine and a seasonal human H3N2 virus with common HA ancestry. Virus growth kinetics in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (SD-PJEC) and in ex-vivo porcine trachea explants were significantly reduced by replacing the swine-adapted HA with the human seasonal HA. Unlike the human HA, the swine-adapted HA demonstrated more abundant attachment to epithelial cells throughout the swine respiratory tract by virus histochemistry and increased entry into SD-PJEC swine cells. The human seasonal internal gene segments improved replication of the swine-adapted HA at 33 °C, but decreased replication at 40 °C. Although the HA was crucial for the infectivity in pigs and swine tissues, these results suggest that the adaptation of human seasonal H3 viruses to swine is multigenic and that the swine-adapted HA alone was not sufficient to confer the full phenotype of the wild-type swine-adapted virus.
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12
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Hamidi-Sofiani V, Rakhshi R, Moradi N, Zeynali P, Nakhaie M, Behboudi E. Oncolytic viruses and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 31:100563. [PMID: 35460973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, the pancreatic cancer prognosis is poor and genetic technology is developing to treat various types of cancers. Scientists are actively looking for a new technique to design a therapeutic strategy to treat pancreatic cancer. Several oncolytic viruses are known to be valuable tools for pancreatic cancer treatment. Recent Studies demonstrate their effectiveness and safety in various administration routes such as direct intratumoral, intracutaneous, intravascular, and other routes. METHOD In this study, all studies conducted in the past 20 years have been reviewed. Reputable scientific databases including Irandoc, Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed, are searched for the keywords of Pancreatic cancer, oncolytic, viruses and treatment and the latest information about them is obtained. RESULTS Engineering the oncolytic viruses' genome and insertion of intended transgenes including cytokines or shRNAs, has caused promising promotions in pancreatic cancer treatment. Some oncolytic viruses inhibit tumors directly and some through activation of immune responses. CONCLUSION This approach showed some signs of success in efficiency like immune system activation in the tumor environment, effective virus targeting in the tumor cells by systemic administration, and enhanced patient survival in comparison with the control group. But of course, until now, using these oncolytic viruses alone has not been effective in elimination of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Rakhshi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Moradi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Parisa Zeynali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Understanding the Variability of Certain Biological Properties of H1N1pdm09 Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030395. [PMID: 35335027 PMCID: PMC8954537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus continually evolves because of the high mutation rate, resulting in dramatic changes in its pathogenicity and other biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of certain essential properties, understand the connections between them, and find the molecular basis for the manifestation of these properties. To that end, 21 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses were tested for their pathogenicity and toxicity in a mouse model with a ts/non-ts phenotype manifestation and HA thermal stability. The results demonstrated that, for a strain to have high pathogenicity, it must express a toxic effect, have a non-ts phenotype, and have a thermally stable HA. The ancestor A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm influenza virus expressed the non-ts phenotype, after which the cycling trend of the ts/non-ts phenotype was observed in new strains of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses, indicating that the ratio of the ts phenotype will increase in the coming years. Of the 21 tested viruses, A/South Africa/3626/2013 had the high pathogenicity in the mouse model. Sequence alignment analysis showed that this virus has three unique mutations in the polymerase complex, two of which are in the PB2 gene and one that is in the PB1 gene. Further study of these mutations might explain the distinguishing pathogenicity.
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14
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Yeo JY, Gan SKE. Peering into Avian Influenza A(H5N8) for a Framework towards Pandemic Preparedness. Viruses 2021; 13:2276. [PMID: 34835082 PMCID: PMC8622263 DOI: 10.3390/v13112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2014 marked the first emergence of avian influenza A(H5N8) in Jeonbuk Province, South Korea, which then quickly spread worldwide. In the midst of the 2020-2021 H5N8 outbreak, it spread to domestic poultry and wild waterfowl shorebirds, leading to the first human infection in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Despite being clinically asymptomatic and without direct human-to-human transmission, the World Health Organization stressed the need for continued risk assessment given the nature of Influenza to reassort and generate novel strains. Given its promiscuity and easy cross to humans, the urgency to understand the mechanisms of possible species jumping to avert disastrous pandemics is increasing. Addressing the epidemiology of H5N8, its mechanisms of species jumping and its implications, mutational and reassortment libraries can potentially be built, allowing them to be tested on various models complemented with deep-sequencing and automation. With knowledge on mutational patterns, cellular pathways, drug resistance mechanisms and effects of host proteins, we can be better prepared against H5N8 and other influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore;
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore;
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
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15
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Ryt-Hansen P, Krog JS, Breum SØ, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen AG, Trebbien R, Larsen LE. Co-circulation of multiple influenza A reassortants in swine harboring genes from seasonal human and swine influenza viruses. eLife 2021; 10:60940. [PMID: 34313225 PMCID: PMC8397370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, there has been an increased focus on swine influenza A virus (swIAV) surveillance. This paper describes the results of the surveillance of swIAV in Danish swine from 2011 to 2018. In total, 3800 submissions were received with a steady increase in swIAV-positive submissions, reaching 56% in 2018. Full-genome sequences were obtained from 129 swIAV-positive samples. Altogether, 17 different circulating genotypes were identified including six novel reassortants harboring human seasonal IAV gene segments. The phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial genetic drift and also evidence of positive selection occurring mainly in antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin protein and confirmed the presence of a swine divergent cluster among the H1pdm09Nx (clade 1A.3.3.2) viruses. The results provide essential data for the control of swIAV in pigs and emphasize the importance of contemporary surveillance for discovering novel swIAV strains posing a potential threat to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Liu WJ, Li J, Zou R, Pan J, Jin T, Li L, Liu P, Zhao Y, Yu X, Wang H, Liu G, Jiang H, Bi Y, Liu L, Yuen KY, Liu Y, Gao GF. Dynamic PB2-E627K substitution of influenza H7N9 virus indicates the in vivo genetic tuning and rapid host adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23807-23814. [PMID: 32873642 PMCID: PMC7519270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013267117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin influenza viruses overcome the bottleneck of the interspecies barrier and infect humans through the evolution of variants toward more efficient replication in mammals. The dynamic adaptation of the genetic substitutions and the correlation with the virulence of avian-origin influenza virus in patients remain largely elusive. Here, based on the one-health approach, we retrieved the original virus-positive samples from patients with H7N9 and their surrounding poultry/environment. The specimens were directly deep sequenced, and the subsequent big data were integrated with the clinical manifestations. Unlike poultry/environment-derived samples with the consistent dominance of avian signature 627E of H7N9 polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), patient specimens had diverse ratios of mammalian signature 627K, indicating the rapid dynamics of H7N9 adaptation in patients during the infection process. In contrast, both human- and poultry/environment-related viruses had constant dominance of avian signature PB2-701D. The intrahost dynamic adaptation was confirmed by the gradual replacement of 627E by 627K in H7N9 in the longitudinally collected specimens from one patient. These results suggest that host adaptation for better virus replication to new hosts, termed "genetic tuning," actually occurred in H7N9-infected patients in vivo. Notably, our findings also demonstrate the correlation between rapid host adaptation of H7N9 PB2-E627K and the fatal outcome and disease severity in humans. The feature of H7N9 genetic tuning in vivo and its correlation with the disease severity emphasize the importance of testing for the evolution of this avian-origin virus during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingcao Pan
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Xinfen Yu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoqiu Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the HKU-Shenzhen Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China;
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112 Shenzhen, China;
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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17
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Massin P, Guillou-Cloarec C, Martenot C, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Briand FX, Allée C, Guillemoto C, Lebras MO, Le Prioux A, Ogor K, Eterradossi N. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 A/Chicken/France/150169a/2015 Presents In Vitro Characteristics Consistent with Its Predicted Tropism for Avian Species. Avian Dis 2020; 64:85-91. [PMID: 32267129 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. Since 1997, several highly pathogenic H5N1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. During 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern France. Different subtypes circulated, including the A/chicken/France/150169a/2015 H5N1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the full set of genomic determinants known to promote transmission to humans. In order to evaluate the predicted absence of zoonotic potential, a quick method based on in vitro tests was developed to analyze some genetic and phenotypic host restriction determinants. A receptor-binding assay showed that the virus preferentially recognizes avian cell receptors. Temperature sensitivity revealed a cold-sensitive phenotype of the virus at 33 C as virus replication was reduced in contrast with what is expected for human influenza viruses, according to their primary infection sites. Altogether, our quick evaluation method suggests that the A/chicken/France/150169a/2015 H5N1 highly pathogenic virus has an avian phenotype in vitro, in accordance with in silico predictions based on genomic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Massin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France,
| | - Cécile Guillou-Cloarec
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire Martenot
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Carole Guillemoto
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Odile Lebras
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Prioux
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Katell Ogor
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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18
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Molecular basis of host-adaptation interactions between influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit and ANP32A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3656. [PMID: 32694517 PMCID: PMC7374565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza polymerase undergoes host adaptation in order to efficiently replicate in human cells. Adaptive mutants are localised on the C-terminal (627-NLS) domains of the PB2 subunit. In particular, mutation of PB2 residue 627 from E to K rescues polymerase activity in mammalian cells. A host transcription regulator ANP32A, comprising a long C-terminal intrinsically disordered domain (IDD), is responsible for this adaptation. Human ANP32A IDD lacks a 33 residue insertion compared to avian ANP32A, and this deletion restricts avian influenza polymerase activity. We used NMR to determine conformational ensembles of E627 and K627 forms of 627-NLS of PB2 in complex with avian and human ANP32A. Human ANP32A IDD transiently binds to the 627 domain, exploiting multivalency to maximise affinity. E627 interrupts the polyvalency of the interaction, an effect compensated by an avian-unique motif in the IDD. The observed binding mode is maintained in the context of heterotrimeric influenza polymerase, placing ANP32A in the immediate vicinity of known host-adaptive PB2 mutants. Avian influenza polymerase undergoes host adaptation in order to efficiently replicate in human cells. Here, the authors use NMR spectroscopy and quantitative ensemble modelling to describe the highly dynamic assemblies formed by the human-adapted or avian-adapted C-terminal domains with the respective ANP32A host proteins.
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19
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Phenotypic Effects of Substitutions within the Receptor Binding Site of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Observed during Human Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00195-20. [PMID: 32321815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00195-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses are enzootic in wild birds and poultry and continue to cause human infections with high mortality. To date, more than 850 confirmed human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been reported, of which ∼60% were fatal. Global concern persists that these or similar avian influenza viruses will evolve into viruses that can transmit efficiently between humans, causing a severe influenza pandemic. It was shown previously that a change in receptor specificity is a hallmark for adaptation to humans and evolution toward a transmittable virus. Substantial genetic diversity was detected within the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses, evolved during human infection, as detected by next-generation sequencing. Here, we investigated the functional impact of substitutions that were detected during these human infections. Upon rescue of 21 mutant viruses, most substitutions in the receptor binding site (RBS) resulted in viable virus, but virus replication, entry, and stability were often impeded. None of the tested substitutions individually resulted in a clear switch in receptor preference as measured with modified red blood cells and glycan arrays. Although several combinations of the substitutions can lead to human-type receptor specificity, accumulation of multiple amino acid substitutions within a single hemagglutinin during human infection is rare, thus reducing the risk of virus adaptation to humans.IMPORTANCE H5 viruses continue to be a threat for public health. Because these viruses are immunologically novel to humans, they could spark a pandemic when adapted to transmit between humans. Avian influenza viruses need several adaptive mutations to bind to human-type receptors, increase hemagglutinin (HA) stability, and replicate in human cells. However, knowledge on adaptive mutations during human infections is limited. A previous study showed substantial diversity within the receptor binding site of H5N1 during human infection. We therefore analyzed the observed amino acid changes phenotypically in a diverse set of assays, including virus replication, stability, and receptor specificity. None of the tested substitutions resulted in a clear step toward a human-adapted virus capable of aerosol transmission. It is notable that acquiring human-type receptor specificity needs multiple amino acid mutations, and that variability at key position 226 is not tolerated, reducing the risk of them being acquired naturally.
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Gloria‐Soria A, Mendiola SY, Morley VJ, Alto BW, Turner PE. Prior evolution in stochastic versus constant temperatures affects RNA virus evolvability at a thermal extreme. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5440-5450. [PMID: 32607165 PMCID: PMC7319105 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how historical adaptation versus maladaptation in a prior environment affects population evolvability in a novel habitat. Prior work showed that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations evolved at constant 37°C improved in cellular infection at both 29°C and 37°C; in contrast, those evolved under random changing temperatures between 29°C and 37°C failed to improve. Here, we tested whether prior evolution affected the rate of adaptation at the thermal-niche edge: 40°C. After 40 virus generations in the new environment, we observed that populations historically evolved at random temperatures showed greater adaptability. Deep sequencing revealed that most of the newly evolved mutations were de novo. Also, two novel evolved mutations in the VSV glycoprotein and replicase genes tended to co-occur in the populations previously evolved at constant 37°C, whereas this parallelism was not seen in populations with prior random temperature evolution. These results suggest that prior adaptation under constant versus random temperatures constrained the mutation landscape that could improve fitness in the novel 40°C environment, perhaps owing to differing epistatic effects of new mutations entering genetic architectures that earlier diverged. We concluded that RNA viruses maladapted to their previous environment could "leapfrog" over counterparts of higher fitness, to achieve faster adaptability in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gloria‐Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic DiseasesThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sandra Y. Mendiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaVero BeachFLUSA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Program in MicrobiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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Chen S, Xie Y, Su X, Xue J, Wang X, Du Y, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Substitutions in the PB2 methionine 283 residue affect H5 subtype avian influenza virus virulence. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2554-2563. [PMID: 32351035 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) PB2 subunit modulates viral polymerase activity, replication kinetics and pathogenicity. Here we identified novel PB2 substitutions at position 283 of H5 subtype IAV and evaluated their biological characteristics and virulence. The substitution PB2-M283L enhanced the growth capacity and polymerase activity in human and mammalian cells in comparison to the rWT virus. The substitution PB2-M283L displayed high virulence, resulting in a greater virus load in different tissues, more severe histopathological lesions and proinflammatory cytokines burst in mice. The substitution PB2-M283I had an opposite phenotype. Our data extend the important role of PB2 substitutions in the adaptation of H5 subtype IAVs to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yizhang Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yinping Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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22
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Long JS, Mistry B, Haslam SM, Barclay WS. Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 17:67-81. [PMID: 30487536 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause pandemics when they cross between species and an antigenically novel virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit between these new hosts. The timing of pandemics is currently unpredictable but depends on ecological and virological factors. The host range of an influenza A virus is determined by species-specific interactions between virus and host cell factors. These include the ability to bind and enter cells, to replicate the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, to evade host restriction factors and innate immune responses and to transmit between individuals. In this Review, we examine the host barriers that influenza A viruses of animals, especially birds, must overcome to initiate a pandemic in humans and describe how, on crossing the species barrier, the virus mutates to establish new interactions with the human host. This knowledge is used to inform risk assessments for future pandemics and to identify virus-host interactions that could be targeted by novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Long
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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23
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Chan M, Leung A, Hisanaga T, Pickering B, Griffin BD, Vendramelli R, Tailor N, Wong G, Bi Y, Babiuk S, Berhane Y, Kobasa D. H7N9 Influenza Virus Containing a Polybasic HA Cleavage Site Requires Minimal Host Adaptation to Obtain a Highly Pathogenic Disease Phenotype in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010065. [PMID: 31948040 PMCID: PMC7020020 DOI: 10.3390/v12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 viruses have recently evolved to gain a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, resulting in variants with increased lethality in poultry that meet the criteria for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Both LPAI and HPAI variants can cause severe disease in humans (case fatality rate of ~40%). Here, we investigated the virulence of HPAI H7N9 viruses containing a polybasic HA cleavage site (H7N9-PBC) in mice. Inoculation of mice with H7N9-PBC did not result in observable disease; however, mice inoculated with a mouse-adapted version of this virus, generated by a single passage in mice, caused uniformly lethal disease. In addition to the PBC site, we identified three other mutations that are important for host-adaptation and virulence in mice: HA (A452T), PA (D347G), and PB2 (M483K). Using reverse genetics, we confirmed that the HA mutation was the most critical for increased virulence in mice. Our study identifies additional disease determinants in a mammalian model for HPAI H7N9 virus. Furthermore, the ease displayed by the virus to adapt to a new host highlights the potential for H7N9-PBC viruses to rapidly acquire mutations that may enhance their risk to humans or other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (T.H.); (B.P.); (S.B.); (Y.B.)
| | - Brad Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (T.H.); (B.P.); (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
| | - Gary Wong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Life Science Research Building 320 Yueyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China;
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (T.H.); (B.P.); (S.B.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (T.H.); (B.P.); (S.B.); (Y.B.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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24
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Laporte M, Stevaert A, Raeymaekers V, Boogaerts T, Nehlmeier I, Chiu W, Benkheil M, Vanaudenaerde B, Pöhlmann S, Naesens L. Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid Stability, and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways. J Virol 2019; 94:e01430-19. [PMID: 31597759 PMCID: PMC6912116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) cause yearly epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. When zoonotic IAVs enter the human population, the viral hemagglutinin (HA) requires adaptation to achieve sustained virus transmission. In contrast, IBV has been circulating in humans, its only host, for a long period of time. Whether this entailed adaptation of IBV HA to the human airways is unknown. To address this question, we compared two seasonal IAVs (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two IBVs (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) with regard to host-dependent activity of HA as the mediator of membrane fusion during viral entry. We first investigated proteolytic activation of HA by covering all type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) and kallikrein enzymes, many of which proved to be present in human respiratory epithelium. The IBV HA0 precursor is cleaved by a broader panel of TTSPs and activated with much higher efficiency than IAV HA0. Accordingly, knockdown of a single protease, TMPRSS2, abrogated spread of IAV but not IBV in human respiratory epithelial cells. Second, the HA fusion pH values proved similar for IBV and human-adapted IAVs (with one exception being the HA of 1918 IAV). Third, IBV HA exhibited higher expression at 33°C, a temperature required for membrane fusion by B/Victoria HA. This indicates pronounced adaptation of IBV HA to the mildly acidic pH and cooler temperature of human upper airways. These distinct and intrinsic features of IBV HA are compatible with extensive host adaptation during prolonged circulation of this respiratory virus in the human population.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics are caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively). IBV causes substantial disease; however, it is far less studied than IAV. While IAV originates from animal reservoirs, IBV circulates in humans only. Virus spread requires that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) is active and sufficiently stable in human airways. We resolve here how these mechanisms differ between IBV and IAV. Whereas human IAVs rely on one particular protease for HA activation, this is not the case for IBV. Superior activation of IBV by several proteases should enhance shedding of infectious particles. IBV HA exhibits acid stability and a preference for 33°C, indicating pronounced adaptation to the human upper airways, where the pH is mildly acidic and a cooler temperature exists. These adaptive features are rationalized by the long existence of IBV in humans and may have broader relevance for understanding the biology and evolution of respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/metabolism
- Influenza B virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Kallikreins/classification
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Membrane Fusion
- Membrane Proteins/classification
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Proteolysis
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/classification
- Serine Proteases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Temperature
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Laporte
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Raeymaekers
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Talitha Boogaerts
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winston Chiu
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Pneumology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Butler J, Middleton D, Haining J, Layton R, Rockman S, Brown LE, Sapats S. Insights into the Acquisition of Virulence of Avian Influenza Viruses during a Single Passage in Ferrets. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100915. [PMID: 31590265 PMCID: PMC6832663 DOI: 10.3390/v11100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. To examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with H5N1 viruses. As expected, all ferrets infected with the human H5N1 isolate A/Vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including the brain. In contrast infection of ferrets with the avian H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Laos/Xaythiani-26/2006 showed a different collective pattern of infection; many ferrets developed and cleared a mild respiratory infection but a subset (25–50%), showed extended replication in the upper respiratory tract and developed infection in distal sites. Virus from these severely infected ferrets was commonly found in tissues that included liver and small intestine. In most instances the virus had acquired the common virulence substitution PB2 E627K but, in one case, a previously unidentified combination of two amino acid substitutions at PB2 S489P and NP V408I, which enhanced polymerase activity, was found. We noted that virus with high pathogenicity adaptations could be dominant in an extra-respiratory site without being equally represented in the nasal wash. Further ferret passage of these mutated viruses resulted in high pathogenicity in all ferrets. These findings illustrate the remarkable ability of avian influenza viruses that avoid clearance in the respiratory tract, to mutate towards a high pathogenicity phenotype during just a single passage in ferrets and also indicate a window of less than 5 days in which treatment may curtail systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Butler
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Haining
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Rd, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sandra Sapats
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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27
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Hussain S, Turnbull ML, Pinto RM, McCauley JW, Engelhardt OG, Digard P. Segment 2 from influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic viruses confers temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin yield on candidate vaccine virus growth in eggs that can be epistatically complemented by PB2 701D. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1079-1092. [PMID: 31169484 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) for seasonal influenza A virus are made by reassortment of the antigenic virus with an egg-adapted strain, typically A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). Many 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic (pdm09) high-growth reassortants (HGRs) selected this way contain pdm09 segment 2 in addition to the antigenic genes. To investigate this, we made CVV mimics by reverse genetics (RG) that were either 6 : 2 or 5 : 3 reassortants between PR8 and two pdm09 strains, A/California/7/2009 (Cal7) and A/England/195/2009, differing in the source of segment 2. The 5 : 3 viruses replicated better in MDCK-SIAT1 cells than the 6 : 2 viruses, but the 6 : 2 CVVs gave higher haemagglutinin (HA) antigen yields from eggs. This unexpected phenomenon reflected temperature sensitivity conferred by pdm09 segment 2, as the egg HA yields of the 5 : 3 viruses improved substantially when viruses were grown at 35 °C compared with 37.5 °C, whereas the 6 : 2 virus yields did not. However, the authentic 5 : 3 pdm09 HGRs, X-179A and X-181, were not markedly temperature sensitive despite their PB1 sequences being identical to that of Cal7, suggesting compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome. Sequence comparisons of the PR8-derived backbone genes identified polymorphisms in PB2, NP, NS1 and NS2. Of these, PB2 N701D affected the temperature dependence of viral transcription and, furthermore, improved and drastically reduced the temperature sensitivity of the HA yield from the 5 : 3 CVV mimic. We conclude that the HA yield of pdm09 CVVs can be affected by an epistatic interaction between PR8 PB2 and pdm09 PB1, but that this can be minimized by ensuring that the backbones used for vaccine manufacture in eggs contain PB2 701D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Hussain
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,2 The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew L Turnbull
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rute M Pinto
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- 3 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Digard
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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28
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Soh YS, Moncla LH, Eguia R, Bedford T, Bloom JD. Comprehensive mapping of adaptation of the avian influenza polymerase protein PB2 to humans. eLife 2019; 8:45079. [PMID: 31038123 PMCID: PMC6491042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses like influenza are infamous for their ability to adapt to new hosts. Retrospective studies of natural zoonoses and passaging in the lab have identified a modest number of host-adaptive mutations. However, it is unclear if these mutations represent all ways that influenza can adapt to a new host. Here we take a prospective approach to this question by completely mapping amino-acid mutations to the avian influenza virus polymerase protein PB2 that enhance growth in human cells. We identify numerous previously uncharacterized human-adaptive mutations. These mutations cluster on PB2’s surface, highlighting potential interfaces with host factors. Some previously uncharacterized adaptive mutations occur in avian-to-human transmission of H7N9 influenza, showing their importance for natural virus evolution. But other adaptive mutations do not occur in nature because they are inaccessible via single-nucleotide mutations. Overall, our work shows how selection at key molecular surfaces combines with evolutionary accessibility to shape viral host adaptation. Viruses copy themselves by hijacking the cells of an infected host, but this comes with some limitations. Cells from different species have different molecular machinery and so viruses often have to specialize to a narrow group of species. This specialization consists largely of fine-tuning the way that viral proteins interact with host proteins. For instance, in bird flu viruses, a protein known as PB2 does not interact well with the machinery in human cells. Because PB2 proteins form part of the viral polymerase (the structure that copies the viral genome), this prevents bird flu viruses from replicating efficiently in humans. Sometimes however, changes in the PB2 protein allow bird flu viruses to better replicate in humans, potentially leading to deadly flu pandemics. To understand exactly how this happens, researchers have previously used two approaches: examining the changes that have happened in past flu viruses, and monitoring the evolution of bird flu viruses grown in human cells in the lab. However, these approaches can only look at a small number of the many possible genetic changes to the virus. This makes it hard to anticipate the new ways that flu might adapt to human cells in the future. To overcome this problem, Soh et al. systematically created all of the single changes to the bird flu PB2, altering every element of the protein sequence one-by-one. They then tested which of the changes to PB2 helped the virus grow better in human cells. The modifications that made the viruses thrive were on the surface of the protein, suggesting that they might improve interaction with the cell machinery of the host. Some changes have been found in bird flu viruses that have recently jumped into humans in nature, although fortunately none of these viruses have yet spread widely to cause a pandemic. Many factors affect the evolution of viruses, and their ability to infect new species. Understanding which changes in proteins help these microbes adapt to new hosts is an important element that scientists could consider to assess future risks of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yq Shirleen Soh
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Louise H Moncla
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, United States
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29
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Uchida Y, Mine J, Takemae N, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Comparative pathogenicity of H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chicken, Pekin duck and Muscovy duck. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1227-1251. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uchida
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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30
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Jaramillo D, Fielder S, Whittington RJ, Hick P. Host, agent and environment interactions affecting Nervous necrosis virus infection in Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:167-180. [PMID: 30488966 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata were challenged by immersion with nervous necrosis virus (NNV) at different ages and under controlled conditions to investigate factors affecting disease expression. Fish challenged at 3 weeks of age with 103 TCID50 /ml and higher doses developed clinical disease; a lower dose of 102 TCID50 /ml resulted in incidence below 100% and 101 TCID50 /ml was insufficient to cause infection. Additionally, fish were challenged at 5, 6 and 13 weeks of age at 17 and 21°C to assess the role of the age of the host and water temperature on disease expression. Although Australian bass challenged at all ages had evidence of replication of NNV, only those challenged at 3 weeks of age (20 and 24 days post-hatch [dph]) developed clinical disease. Higher water temperature had an additive effect on disease expression in larvae challenged at 24 dph, but it did not affect the disease outcome in older fish. Finally, isolates of NNV derived from fish with clinical or subclinical disease presentations caused similar cumulative mortality and clinical signs when larvae at 24 dph were challenged, suggesting that agent variation was not responsible for variation in clinical presentation in these field outbreaks of NNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jaramillo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stewart Fielder
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Rajao DS, Vincent AL, Perez DR. Adaptation of Human Influenza Viruses to Swine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:347. [PMID: 30723723 PMCID: PMC6349779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) within the H1N1/N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulates in pigs globally, with different lineages predominating in specific regions of the globe. A common characteristic of the ecology of IAV in swine in different regions is the periodic spillover of human seasonal viruses. Such human viruses resulted in sustained transmission in swine in several countries, leading to the establishment of novel IAV lineages in the swine host and contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza observed in pigs. In this review we discuss the frequent occurrence of reverse-zoonosis of IAV from humans to pigs that have contributed to the global viral diversity in swine in a continuous manner, describe host-range factors that may be related to the adaptation of these human-origin viruses to pigs, and how these events could affect the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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32
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Pusch EA, Suarez DL. The Multifaceted Zoonotic Risk of H9N2 Avian Influenza. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E82. [PMID: 30248906 PMCID: PMC6313933 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry-adapted H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are commonly found in many countries in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, and although classified as low pathogenic viruses, they are an economically important disease. Besides the importance of the disease in the poultry industry, some H9N2 AIVs are also known to be zoonotic. The disease in humans appears to cause primarily a mild upper respiratory disease, and doesn't cause or only rarely causes the severe pneumonia often seen with other zoonotic AIVs like H5N1 or H7N9. Serologic studies in humans, particularly in occupationally exposed workers, show a large number of people with antibodies to H9N2, suggesting infection is commonly occurring. Of the four defined H9N2 poultry lineages, only two lineages, the G1 and the Y280 lineages, are associated with human infections. Almost all of the viruses from humans have a leucine at position 226 (H3 numbering) of the hemagglutinin associated with a higher affinity of binding with α2,6 sialic acid, the host cell receptor most commonly found on glycoproteins in the human upper respiratory tract. For unknown reasons there has also been a shift in recent years of poultry viruses in the G1 and Y280 lineages to also having leucine instead of glutamine, the amino acid found in most avian viruses, at position 226. The G1 and Y280 poultry lineages because of their known ability to infect humans, the high prevalence of the virus in poultry in endemic countries, the lack of antibody in most humans, and the shift of poultry viruses to more human-like receptor binding makes these viruses a human pandemic threat. Increased efforts for control of the virus, including through effective vaccine use in poultry, is warranted for both poultry and public health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pusch
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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33
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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34
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Bourret V. Avian influenza viruses in pigs: An overview. Vet J 2018; 239:7-14. [PMID: 30197112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews important aspects of infection of pigs with avian influenza viruses. Wild waterfowl are the main reservoir for influenza A viruses; other species, such as pigs, can be infected, but most avian strains are imperfectly adapted to replication and transmission in such new hosts. However, some avian-to-porcine host jumps have resulted in the emergence of stable swine influenza virus lineages, with major consequences for both animal and human health. Different categories of factors are involved in these cross-species adaptations, both epidemiological (relating to host-host interactions) and virological (relating to host-virus interactions). An understanding of the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to pigs has benefited from a number of recent studies, but more research is warranted to fully appreciate the key molecular and epidemiological factors involved in this intriguing viral host jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bourret
- Université de Montpellier, CEFE, Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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35
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Lee YN, Lee EK, Song BM, Heo GB, Woo SH, Cheon SH, Lee YJ. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of multiple subgroups of clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A (H5N8) virus. Virology 2018; 516:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Chin AWH, Leong NKC, Nicholls JM, Poon LLM. Characterization of influenza A viruses with polymorphism in PB2 residues 701 and 702. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11361. [PMID: 28900145 PMCID: PMC5595998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The 701 and 702 positions of influenza PB2 polymerase subunit are previously shown to have roles on host range. Limited polymorphisms at these two residues are identified in natural isolates, thereby limiting the study of their role in the polymerase. In this study, we generated 31 viable viruses by random mutagenesis at this region, indicating that these positions can tolerate a wide range of amino acids. These mutants demonstrated varying polymerase activities and viral replication rates in mammalian and avian cells. Notably, some mutants displayed enhanced polymerase activity, yet their replication kinetics were comparable to the wild-type virus. Surface electrostatic charge predication on the PB2 structural model revealed that the viral polymerase activity in mammalian cells generally increases as this region becomes more positively charged. One of the mutants (701A/702E) showed much reduced pathogenicity in mice while others had a pathogenicity similar to the wild-type level. Distinct tissue tropisms of the PB2-701/702 mutants were observed in infected chicken embryos. Overall, this study demonstrates that the PB2-701/702 region has a high degree of sequence plasticity and sequence changes in this region can alter virus phenotypes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W H Chin
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nathaniel K C Leong
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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37
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Lee CY, An SH, Kim I, Go DM, Kim DY, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Prerequisites for the acquisition of mammalian pathogenicity by influenza A virus with a prototypic avian PB2 gene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10205. [PMID: 28860593 PMCID: PMC5579056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerase of avian influenza A virus (AIV) is a heterotrimer composed of PB2, PB1, and PA. PB2 plays a role in overcoming the host barrier; however, the genetic prerequisites for avian PB2 to acquire mammalian pathogenic mutations have not been well elucidated. Previously, we identified a prototypic avian PB2 that conferred non-replicative and non-pathogenic traits to a PR8-derived recombinant virus when it was used to infect mice. Here, we demonstrated that key amino acid mutations (I66M, I109V, and I133V, collectively referred to as MVV) of this prototypic avian PB2 increase the replication efficiency of recombinant PR8 virus carrying the mutated PB2 in both avian and mammalian hosts. The MVV mutations caused no weight loss in mice, but they did allow replication in infected lungs, and the viruses acquired fatal mammalian pathogenic mutations such as Q591R/K, E627K, or D701N in the infected lungs. The MVV mutations are located at the interfaces of the trimer and are predicted to increase the strength of this structure. Thus, gaining MVV mutations might be the first step for AIV to acquire mammalian pathogenicity. These results provide new insights into the evolution of AIV in birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhwan Kim
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, KCDC, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Go
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Production Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Richard M, Herfst S, van den Brand JMA, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM. Mutations Driving Airborne Transmission of A/H5N1 Virus in Mammals Cause Substantial Attenuation in Chickens only when combined. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7187. [PMID: 28775271 PMCID: PMC5543172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a threat to human and animal health. A fully avian A/H5N1 influenza virus was previously shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon accumulation of five or six substitutions that affected three traits: polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding. Here, the impact of these traits on A/H5N1 virus replication, tissue tropism, pathogenesis and transmission was investigated in chickens. The virus containing all substitutions associated with transmission in mammals was highly attenuated in chickens. However, single substitutions that affect polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding generally had a small or negligible impact on virus replication, morbidity and mortality. A virus carrying two substitutions in the receptor-binding site was attenuated, although its tissue tropism in chickens was not affected. This data indicate that an A/H5N1 virus that is airborne-transmissible between mammals is unlikely to emerge in chickens, although individual mammalian adaptive substitutions have limited impact on viral fitness in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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The Interplay between the Host Receptor and Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071541. [PMID: 28714909 PMCID: PMC5536029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is mediated by functions of the HA: binding to cellular receptors and facilitating fusion of the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane. The HA structure contains receptor binding sites in the globular membrane distal head domains of the trimer, and the fusion machinery resides in the stem region. These sites have specific characteristics associated with subtype and host, and the differences often define species barriers. For example, avian viruses preferentially recognize α2,3-Sialic acid terminating glycans as receptors and mammalian viruses recognize α2,6-Sialic acid. The neuraminidase, or the receptor-destroying protein, cleaves the sialic acid from cellular membrane constituents and viral glycoproteins allowing for egress of nascent virions. A functional balance of activity has been demonstrated between the two glycoproteins, resulting in an optimum level of HA affinity and NA enzymatic cleavage to allow for productive infection. As more is understood about both HA and NA, the relevance for functional balance between HA and NA continues to expand, with potential implications for interspecies transmission, host adaptation, and pathogenicity.
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40
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Role of the PB2 627 Domain in Influenza A Virus Polymerase Function. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02467-16. [PMID: 28122973 PMCID: PMC5355620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02467-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA genome of influenza A viruses is transcribed and replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, composed of the subunits PA, PB1, and PB2. High-resolution structural data revealed that the polymerase assembles into a central polymerase core and several auxiliary highly flexible, protruding domains. The auxiliary PB2 cap-binding and the PA endonuclease domains are both involved in cap snatching, but the role of the auxiliary PB2 627 domain, implicated in host range restriction of influenza A viruses, is still poorly understood. In this study, we used structure-guided truncations of the PB2 subunit to show that a PB2 subunit lacking the 627 domain accumulates in the cell nucleus and assembles into a heterotrimeric polymerase with PB1 and PA. Furthermore, we showed that a recombinant viral polymerase lacking the PB2 627 domain is able to carry out cap snatching, cap-dependent transcription initiation, and cap-independent ApG dinucleotide extension in vitro, indicating that the PB2 627 domain of the influenza virus RNA polymerase is not involved in core catalytic functions of the polymerase. However, in a cellular context, the 627 domain is essential for both transcription and replication. In particular, we showed that the PB2 627 domain is essential for the accumulation of the cRNA replicative intermediate in infected cells. Together, these results further our understanding of the role of the PB2 627 domain in transcription and replication of the influenza virus RNA genome.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses are a major global health threat, not only causing disease in both humans and birds but also placing significant strains on economies worldwide. Avian influenza A virus polymerases typically do not function efficiently in mammalian hosts and require adaptive mutations to restore polymerase activity. These adaptations include mutations in the 627 domain of the PB2 subunit of the viral polymerase, but it still remains to be established how these mutations enable host adaptation on a molecular level. In this report, we characterize the role of the 627 domain in polymerase function and offer insights into the replication mechanism of influenza A viruses.
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41
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Kang Y, Liu L, Feng M, Yuan R, Huang C, Tan Y, Gao P, Xiang D, Zhao X, Li Y, Irwin DM, Shen Y, Ren T. Highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza A viruses recovered from wild birds in Guangdong, southern China, 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44410. [PMID: 28294126 PMCID: PMC5353559 DOI: 10.1038/srep44410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic (HP) H5N6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have emerged in poultry in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. These viruses have also caused sporadic infections in humans within the same geographic areas. Active IAV surveillance in wild birds sampled in Guangdong province, China from August 2014 through February 2015 resulted in the recovery of three H5N6 IAVs. These H5N6 IAV isolates possess the basic amino acid motif at the HA1-HA2 cleavage site that is associated with highly pathogenic IAVs infecting chickens. Noteworthy findings include: (1) the HP H5N6 IAV isolates were recovered from three species of apparently healthy wild birds (most other isolates of HP H5N6 IAV in Asia are recovered from dead wild birds or fecal samples in the environment) and (2) these isolates were apparently the first recoveries of HP H5N6 IAV for two of the three species thus expanding the demonstrated natural host range for these lineages of virus. This investigation provides additional insight into the natural history of HP H5N6 IAVs and identifies the occurrence of non-lethal, HP H5N6 IAV infections in wild birds thereby demonstrating the value of active IAV surveillance in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Minsha Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Can Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yangtong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaqiong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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42
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Yuan R, Liang L, Wu J, Kang Y, Song Y, Zou L, Zhang X, Ni H, Ke C. Human infection with an avian influenza A/H9N2 virus in Guangdong in 2016. J Infect 2017; 74:422-425. [PMID: 28109675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yingchao Song
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Lirong Zou
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Ni
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China.
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Timofeeva TA, Sadykova GK, Rudneva IA, Boravleva EY, Gambaryan AS, Lomakina NF, Mochalova LV, Bovin NV, Usachev EV, Prilipov AG. Changes in the phenotypic properties of highly pathogenic influenza A virus of H5N1 subtype induced by N186I and N186T point mutations in hemagglutinin. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chan LLY, Bui CTH, Mok CKP, Ng MMT, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza A/H7N9 virus in PB2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35401. [PMID: 27739468 PMCID: PMC5064379 DOI: 10.1038/srep35401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. Amino acid substitutions in PB2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution PB2-627K or compensatory changes at PB2-591K and PB2-701N, on the tropism and replication competence of H7N9 viruses for human and swine respiratory tracts using ex vivo organ explant cultures. Recombinant viruses of A/Shanghai/2/2013 (rgH7N9) and its mutants with PB2-K627E, PB2-K627E + Q591K and PB2-K627E + D701N were generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. PB2-E627K was essential for efficient replication of rgH7N9 in ex vivo cultures of human and swine respiratory tracts. Mutant rgPB2-K627E + D701N replicated better than rgPB2-K627E in human lung but not as well as rgH7N9 virus. The rgPB2-K627E mutant failed to replicate in human type I-like pneumocytes (ATI) and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PMϕ) at 37 °C while the compensatory mutant rgPB2-K627E + Q591K and rgPB2-K627E + D701N had partly restored replication competence in PMϕ. Our results demonstrate that PB2-E627K was important for efficient replication of influenza H7N9 in both human and swine respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine T. H. Bui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy M. T. Ng
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Susceptibility of chickens, quail, and pigeons to an H7N9 human influenza virus and subsequent egg-passaged strains. Arch Virol 2016; 162:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Delaforge E, Milles S, Huang JR, Bouvier D, Jensen MR, Sattler M, Hart DJ, Blackledge M. Investigating the Role of Large-Scale Domain Dynamics in Protein-Protein Interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:54. [PMID: 27679800 PMCID: PMC5020063 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered linkers provide multi-domain proteins with degrees of conformational freedom that are often essential for function. These highly dynamic assemblies represent a significant fraction of all proteomes, and deciphering the physical basis of their interactions represents a considerable challenge. Here we describe the difficulties associated with mapping the large-scale domain dynamics and describe two recent examples where solution state methods, in particular NMR spectroscopy, are used to investigate conformational exchange on very different timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Delaforge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Sigrid Milles
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Jie-Rong Huang
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Malene Ringkjøbing Jensen
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Darren J Hart
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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Pascua PNQ, Marathe BM, Burnham AJ, Vogel P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Competitive Fitness of Influenza B Viruses Possessing E119A and H274Y Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159847. [PMID: 27466813 PMCID: PMC4965113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only antiviral drugs recommended for influenza treatment and prophylaxis. Although NAI-resistant influenza B viruses that could pose a threat to public health have been reported in the field, their fitness is poorly understood. We evaluated in ferrets the pathogenicity and relative fitness of reverse genetics (rg)-generated influenza B/Yamanashi/166/1998-like viruses containing E119A or H274Y NA substitutions (N2 numbering). Ferrets inoculated with NAI-susceptible rg-wild-type (rg-WT) or NAI-resistant (rg-E119A or rg-H274Y) viruses developed mild infections. Growth of rg-E119A virus in the nasal cavities was delayed, but the high titers at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) were comparable to those of the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses (3.6-4.1 log10TCID50/mL). No virus persisted beyond 5 dpi and replication did not extend to the trachea or lungs. Positive virus antigen-staining of the nasal turbinate epithelium was intermittent with the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses; whereas antigen-staining for the rg-E119A virus was more diffuse. Virus populations in ferrets coinoculated with NAI-susceptible and -resistant viruses (1:1 mixture) remained heterogeneous at 5 dpi but were predominantly rg-WT (>70%). Although the E119A substitution was associated with delayed replication in ferrets, the H274Y substitution did not measurably affect viral growth properties. These data suggest that rg-H274Y has undiminished fitness in single virus inoculations, but neither rg-E119A nor rg-H274Y gained a fitness advantage over rg-WT in direct competition experiments without antiviral drug pressure. Taken together, our data suggest the following order of relative fitness in a ferret animal model: rg-WT > rg-H274Y > rg-E119A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Characterization and Sequencing of an H6N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Sansui Sheldrake Ducks in Guizhou, Southwestern China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/3/e00351-16. [PMID: 27174267 PMCID: PMC4866843 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00351-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an H6N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from Sansui Sheldrake ducks in Guizhou Province, China, in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the H6N6 virus was a reassortant virus derived from three different H6 subtype lineages. The finding of this study will help us understand the epidemiology and the evolutionary characteristics of H6 subtypes of AIV in ducks in southwestern China.
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