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Velagacherla V, Suresh A, Mehta CH, Nayak UY. Advances and challenges in nintedanib drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1687-1706. [PMID: 34556001 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1985460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nintedanib (N.T.B) is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been approved recently by U.S.F.D.A for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (I.P.F) and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (S.Sc-I.L.D). N.T.B is also prescribed in COVID-19 patients associated with I.P.F. However, it has an extremely low bioavailability of around 4.7%, and hence, researchers are attempting to address this drawback by different approaches. AREAS COVERED This review article focuses on enlisting all the formulation attempts explored by researchers to increase the bioavailability of N.T.B while also providing meaningful insight into the unexplored areas in formulation development, such as targeting of the lymphatic system and transdermal delivery. All the patents on the formulation development of N.T.B have also been summarized. EXPERT OPINION N.T.B has the potential to act on multiple diseases that are still being discovered, but its extremely low bioavailability is a challenge that is to be dealt with for obtaining the full benefit. Few studies have been performed aiming at improving the bioavailability, but there are unexplored areas that can be used, a few of which are explained in this article. However, the ability to reproduce laboratory results when scaling up to the industry level is the only factor to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi Velagacherla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Akhil Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chetan H Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Qi Y, Fox CB. Development of thermostable vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:497-517. [PMID: 33724133 PMCID: PMC8292183 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1902314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of vaccine thermostability has been discussed in the literature. Nevertheless, the challenge of developing thermostable vaccine adjuvants has sometimes not received appropriate emphasis. Adjuvants comprise an expansive range of particulate and molecular compositions, requiring innovative thermostable formulation and process development approaches. AREAS COVERED Reports on efforts to develop thermostable adjuvant-containing vaccines have increased in recent years, and substantial progress has been made in enhancing the stability of the major classes of adjuvants. This narrative review summarizes the current status of thermostable vaccine adjuvant development and looks forward to the next potential developments in the field. EXPERT OPINION As adjuvant-containing vaccines become more widely used, the unique challenges associated with developing thermostable adjuvant formulations merit increased attention. In particular, more focused efforts are needed to translate promising proof-of-concept technologies and formulations into clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Qi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1616 Eastlake
Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1616 Eastlake
Ave E, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
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Varadhachary A, Chatterjee D, Garza J, Garr RP, Foley C, Letkeman A, Dean J, Haug D, Breeze J, Traylor R, Malek A, Nath R, Linbeck L. Salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA as an accessible biomarker of mucosal immunity against COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.07.20170258. [PMID: 32817976 PMCID: PMC7430621 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA (sIgA), plays an important role in early defenses against respiratory pathogens. Salivary testing, the most convenient way to measure sIgA, has been used to characterize mucosal immune responses to many viral infections including SARS, MERS, influenza, HIV, and RSV. However, its role has not yet been characterized in the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we report development and validation of a rapid immunoassay for measuring salivary IgA against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and report quantitative results in both pre-COVID-19 and muco-converted subjects. Methods We developed and refined a specific test for salivary IgA against SARS-CoV-2 on the Brevitest platform, a rapid immunoassay system designed for point-of-care use. A qualitative test was validated as per FDA guidelines with saliva obtained from subjects prior to the emergence of COVID-19, and from PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. We also generated a quantitative measure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA. Time taken for saliva self-collection was measured and its ease-of-use assessed. Results We successfully validated a qualitative salivary assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies, with positive and negative predictive values of 92% and 97%, respectively, and no observable cross-reactivity with any of seven potential confounders. Pre-COVID-19 saliva samples showed an 8-fold range of IgA concentrations, suggesting a broad continuum of natural antibody resistance against the novel virus, though at levels lower than that observed in COVID-19 PCR-confirmed subjects. Samples from muco-positive subjects also shown a ~9-fold variation in salivary IgA levels, with elevated salivary IgA observed beyond three months after onset of symptoms. We observed a correlation (r=0.4405) between salivary IgA levels and COVID-19 disease severity. In anecdotal observations, we observed individuals who exhibited antibodies early in the course of their disease, contemporaneously with a positive PCR test, as well as individuals who muco-converted despite no known direct exposure to a COVID-19 patient, no symptoms, and negative molecular and/or serum antibody tests. Salivary collection took 5-10 minutes, and was reported as being easy (mean of 1.1 on a scale of 1 to 10). Implications Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA, plays an important role in host defense against respiratory pathogens, and our early data suggest it may do so in COVID-19. Salivary IgA, an accessible marker of mucosal immunity, may be a useful indicator of several key parameters including individual and community immune response, disease severity, clinical risk, and herd immunity. The non-invasive nature and ease of saliva collection facilitates its potential use as a biomarker for ongoing patient assessment and management, as well as a community surveillance tool. By measuring mucosal immune responses directly and systemic immune responses indirectly, salivary IgA could be useful in developing and deploying a vaccine(s) against COVID-19. Quantitative IgA assessment could also potentially serve as a tool to segment the population into different risk categories and inform individual and collective decisions relating to appropriate activities and vaccine prioritization/delivery. These data reinforce the importance of further investigation into the role of mucosal immunity and IgA in host responses against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Varadhachary
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Dev Chatterjee
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Javier Garza
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - R. Patrick Garr
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Foley
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Andrea Letkeman
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - John Dean
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Linbeck
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
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Yang Z, Zhao Q, Gao YA, Zhang W. Combined Oral and Intravenous Immunization Stimulates Strong IgA Responses in Both Systemic and Mucosal Compartments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168037. [PMID: 27936222 PMCID: PMC5148103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of immunization routes onIgG, IgA and IgM production in systemic and mucosal compartments, we immunized mice with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) via oral, intranasal (i.n.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes alone or combined with the intravenous (i.v.) route. We found that administering antigen intravenously could affect antibody production and formation of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) depending on the immunization route previously used. Combined oral/i.v. immunization but not s.c./i.v. immunization caused a great increase of IgA ASCs in the spleen and enhanced IgA production in the small intestine and serum. Combined i.n./i.v. immunization could also increase IgA ASCs in the spleen and enhance IgA production in serum but had no effect on IgA production in the small intestine. Oral/i.v. immunization caused increase of IgG ASCs in both the spleen and bone marrow. In comparison, combined i.n./i.v. and s.c./i.v. immunization could increase IgG ASCs in the spleen but not in bone marrow. Intravenous administration of KLH in mice that had been immunized via oral, i.n. or s.c. routes caused some increase of IgM ASCs in the spleen but not in bone marrow. In conclusion, combined oral and i.v. administration of an antigen can induce fast and strong immune responses, especially for IgA, in both systemic and mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-An Gao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Delivery of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) encapsulated CpG ODN induces protective immune responses in chickens. Vaccine 2016; 34:4807-13. [PMID: 27543454 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In poultry, systemic administration of commercial vaccines consisting of inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) requires the simultaneous delivery of an adjuvant (water-in-oil emulsion). These vaccines are often limited in their ability to induce quantitatively better local (mucosal) antibody responses capable of curtailing virus shedding. Therefore, more efficacious adjuvants with the ability to provide enhanced immunogenicity and protective anti-AIV immunity in chickens are needed. While the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) has been recognized as a potential vaccine adjuvant in chickens, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, successfully tested as vaccine delivery systems in other species, have not been extensively explored. The present study, therefore, assessed both systemic and mucosal antibody-mediated responses following intramuscular vaccination (administered at 7 and 21days post-hatch) of chickens with PLGA encapsulated H9N2 AIV plus encapsulated CpG ODN 2007 (CpG 2007), and nonencapsulated AIV plus PLGA encapsulated CpG 2007 vaccine formulations. Virus challenge was performed at 2weeks post-secondary vaccination using the oculo-nasal route. Our results showed that chickens vaccinated with the nonencapsulated AIV vaccine plus PLGA encapsulated CpG 2007 developed significantly higher systemic IgY and local (mucosal) IgY antibodies as well as haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres compared to PLGA encapsulated AIV plus encapsulated CpG 2007 vaccinated chickens. Furthermore, chickens that received CpG 2007 as an adjuvant in the vaccine formulation had antibodies exhibiting higher avidity indicating that the TLR21-mediated pathway may enhance antibody affinity maturation qualitatively. Collectively, our data indicate that vaccination of chickens with nonencapsulated AIV plus PLGA encapsulated CpG 2007 results in qualitatively and quantitatively augmented antibody responses leading to a reduction in virus shedding compared to the encapsulated AIV plus PLGA encapsulated CpG 2007 formulation.
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Won YS, Kumazoe M, Takamatsu K, Shinoda Y, Sonoda S, Okada K, Okamoto T, Tachibana H. Green tea cultivar 'Benifuuki' potentiates split vaccine-induced immunoglobulin A production. J Nat Med 2016; 71:68-75. [PMID: 27488865 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a widespread disease caused by infection with the influenza virus. Vaccination is considered to be the main countermeasure against influenza. A split vaccine is widely used to avoid severe adverse events, and it induces strong humoral immunity. However, the split vaccine alone cannot elicit mucosal immunity, including IgA production, and its preventative effects are limited. Here, we show that the green tea cultivar 'Benifuuki' extract enhanced the effect of a split vaccine on mucosal immunity. The frequency of IgA+ cells was increased in lung and Peyer's patch that received Benifuuki diet. Secretion of hemagglutinin-specific mucosal IgA, which is closely linked to the prevention of viral infection, was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of split vaccine-immunized BALB/c mice that were administered green tea Benifuuki extract. Our findings suggest that Benifuuki intake enhanced the effects of the split vaccine on mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Seon Won
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kanako Takamatsu
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuki Shinoda
- Products Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 302-0106, Japan
| | - Saki Sonoda
- Products Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 302-0106, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Products Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 302-0106, Japan
| | - Takehisa Okamoto
- Products Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 302-0106, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Asadi Karam MR, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Use of flagellin and cholera toxin as adjuvants in intranasal vaccination of mice to enhance protective immune responses against uropathogenic Escherichia coli antigens. Biologicals 2016; 44:378-86. [PMID: 27461240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the most common infections in human. Antibiotics are common therapy for UTIs, but increase in antibiotic resistance will complicate future treatment of the infections, making the development of an efficacious UTI vaccine more urgent. In this study, we have evaluated intranasally the efficacy of FliC and FimH antigens of UPEC in different vaccine formulations with and without cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant. Immunization of mice with FliC in fusion form or admixed with FimH elicited higher levels of serum, mucosal and cell-mediated responses than FimH alone. Furthermore, the use of CT in synergism with FliC resulted in the stimulation of a mixed Th1 and Th2 responses against FimH and FliC as antigen and maintained the antibody responses for at least 24 weeks following the last vaccine dose. Of the vaccine preparations, Fusion, Fusion + CT, and FimH admixed with FliC and CT showed the best protection against UPEC. These data indicated that intranasal administration of a FliC and CT adjuvant-based vaccine has the potential to provide protective responses against UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Tomar J, Born PA, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Dry influenza vaccines: towards a stable, effective and convenient alternative to conventional parenteral influenza vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1431-1447. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Su F, Patel GB, Hu S, Chen W. Induction of mucosal immunity through systemic immunization: Phantom or reality? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1070-9. [PMID: 26752023 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of protective immunity at mucosal surfaces can greatly assist the host defense against pathogens which either cause disease at the mucosal epithelial barriers or enter the host through these surfaces. Although mucosal routes of immunization, such as intranasal and oral, are being intensely explored and appear promising for eliciting protective mucosal immunity in mammals, their application in clinical practice has been limited due to technical and safety related challenges. Most of the currently approved human vaccines are administered via systemic (such as intramuscular and subcutaneous) routes. Whereas these routes are acknowledged as being capable to elicit antigen-specific systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, they are generally perceived as incapable of generating IgA responses or protective mucosal immunity. Nevertheless, currently licensed systemic vaccines do provide effective protection against mucosal pathogens such as influenza viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, whether systemic immunization induces protective mucosal immunity remains a controversial topic. Here we reviewed the current literature and discussed the potential of systemic routes of immunization for the induction of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Girishchandra B Patel
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Songhua Hu
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,c Department of Biology, Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada
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Singh SM, Alkie TN, Hodgins DC, Nagy É, Shojadoost B, Sharif S. Systemic immune responses to an inactivated, whole H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine using class B CpG oligonucleotides in chickens. Vaccine 2015; 33:3947-52. [PMID: 26092309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Commercial vaccines against avian influenza viruses (AIV) in chickens consist mainly of inactivated AIV, requiring parenteral administration and co-delivery of an adjuvant. Limitations in T helper 1 or T helper 2 biased responses generated by these vaccines emphasize the need for alternative, more efficacious adjuvants. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), has been established as immunomodulatory in chickens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the adjuvant potential of high (20μg) and low (2μg) doses of CpG ODN 2007 (CpG 2007) and CpG ODN 1826 (CpG 1826) when administered to chickens with a formalin-inactivated H9N2 AIV. Antibody responses in sera were evaluated in 90 specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens after intramuscular administration of vaccine formulations at 7 and 21 days post-hatch. Antibody responses were assessed based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays; virus-specific IgM and IgY antibody responses were evaluated by ELISA. The results suggest that the vaccine formulation containing low dose CpG 2007 was significantly more effective at generating neutralizing (both HI and VN) responses than formulations with high or low doses of CpG 1826 or high dose CpG 2007. Neutralizing responses elicited by low dose CpG 2007 significantly exceeded those generated by a squalene-based adjuvanted vaccine formulation during peak responses. A significantly higher IgM response was elicited by the formulation containing low dose CpG 2007 compared to high and low doses of 1826. Although the low dose of CpG 2007 elicited a higher IgY response than CpG 1826, the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, 2μg of CpG 2007 is potentially promising as a vaccine adjuvant when delivered intramuscularly with inactivated H9N2 virus to chickens. Future studies may be directed at determining the mucosal antibody responses to the same vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirene M Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Bahram Shojadoost
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment Occurs during Human Metapneumovirus Infection despite Virus-Like Particle Induction of Functional CD8+ T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:8713-26. [PMID: 26063431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00670-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. There is currently no licensed HMPV vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate because they are noninfectious and elicit a neutralizing antibody response. However, studies show that serum neutralizing antibodies are insufficient for complete protection against reinfection and that adaptive T cell immunity is important for viral clearance. HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment, mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, we generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the fusion and matrix proteins in mammalian cells and tested whether VLP immunization induces functional HMPV-specific TCD8 responses in mice. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated twice with VLPs and subsequently challenged with HMPV were protected from lung viral replication for at least 20 weeks postimmunization. A single VLP dose elicited F- and M-specific lung TCD8s with higher function and lower expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors than TCD8s from HMPV-infected mice. However, after HMPV challenge, lung TCD8s from VLP-vaccinated mice exhibited inhibitory receptor expression and functional impairment similar to those of mice experiencing secondary infection. HMPV challenge of VLP-immunized μMT mice also elicited a large percentage of impaired lung TCD8s, similar to mice experiencing secondary infection. Together, these results indicate that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory disease for which there is no licensed vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate and induce antibodies, but T cell responses are less defined. Moreover, HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, HMPV VLPs containing viral fusion and matrix proteins elicited epitope-specific TCD8s that were functional with low PD-1 expression. Two VLP doses conferred sterilizing immunity in C57BL/6 mice and facilitated HMPV clearance in antibody-deficient μMT mice without enhancing lung pathology. However, regardless of whether responding lung TCD8s had previously encountered HMPV antigens in the context of VLPs or virus, similar proportions were impaired and expressed comparable levels of PD-1 upon viral challenge. These results suggest that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge.
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Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin. Vaccine 2015; 33:4663-74. [PMID: 26006087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for dose reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination. Considerable progress has been made within the field of well-established cutaneous vaccination strategies: Jet and powder injection technologies, microneedles, microporation technologies, electroporation, sonoporation, and also transdermal and transfollicular vaccine delivery. Due to recent advances, the use of cutaneous vaccination can be expanded from prophylactic vaccination for infectious diseases into therapeutic vaccination for both infectious and non-infectious chronic conditions. This review will provide an insight into immunological processes occurring in the skin and introduce the key innovations of cutaneous vaccination technologies.
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Multi-scale modeling for the transmission of influenza and the evaluation of interventions toward it. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8980. [PMID: 25757402 PMCID: PMC4355742 DOI: 10.1038/srep08980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling of influenza epidemic is important for analyzing the main cause of the epidemic and finding effective interventions towards it. The epidemic is a dynamic process. In this process, daily infections are caused by people's contacts, and the frequency of contacts can be mainly influenced by their cognition to the disease. The cognition is in turn influenced by daily illness attack rate, climate, and other environment factors. Few existing methods considered the dynamic process in their models. Therefore, their prediction results can hardly be explained by the mechanisms of epidemic spreading. In this paper, we developed a heterogeneous graph modeling approach (HGM) to describe the dynamic process of influenza virus transmission by taking advantage of our unique clinical data. We built social network of studied region and embedded an Agent-Based Model (ABM) in the HGM to describe the dynamic change of an epidemic. Our simulations have a good agreement with clinical data. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that temperature influences the dynamic of epidemic significantly and system behavior analysis showed social network degree is a critical factor determining the size of an epidemic. Finally, multiple scenarios for vaccination and school closure strategies were simulated and their performance was analyzed.
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Rahman MM, Uyangaa E, Han YW, Hur J, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. Modulation of systemic and mucosal immunity against an inactivated vaccine of Newcastle disease virus by oral co-administration of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 and interferon-α. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:395-403. [PMID: 25502364 PMCID: PMC4427739 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of chickens causing significant
economic losses worldwide. Due to limitations in the efficacy against currently
circulating ND viruses, existing vaccination strategies require improvements, and
incorporating immunomodulatory cytokines with existing vaccines might be a novel approach.
Here, we investigated the systemic and mucosal immunomodulatory properties of oral
co-administration of chicken interleukin-18 (chIL-18) and chicken interferon-α (chIFN-α)
using attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on an
inactivated ND vaccine. Our results demonstrate that oral administration of S.
enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 or chIFN-α provided enhanced
systemic and mucosal immune responses, as determined by serum hemagglutination inhibition
antibody and NDV Ag-specific IgG as well as NDV Ag-specific IgA in lung and duodenal
lavages of chickens immunized with inactivated ND vaccine via the intramuscular or
intranasal route. Notably, combined oral administration of S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 and chIFN-α significantly enhanced systemic and
mucosal immunity in ND-vaccinated chickens, compared to single administration of
S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 or chIFN-α. In
addition, oral co-administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium
expressing chIL-18 and chIFN-α provided enhanced NDV Ag-specific proliferation of
peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity, compared to
single administration of either construct. Therefore, our results provide valuable insight
into the modulation of systemic and mucosal immunity by incorporation of immunomodulatory
chIL-18 and chIFN-α using Salmonella vaccines into existing ND
vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masudur Rahman
- College of Veterinary and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
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15
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Immunization with baculovirus displayed H6 hemagglutinin vaccine protects mice against lethal H6 influenza virus challenge. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:42-53. [PMID: 24973759 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic influenza viruses of H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype have a high prevalence among aquatic and domestic birds and have caused outbreaks in poultry worldwide. The first human infection with wild avian influenza H6N1 virus was reported in Taiwan and these subtype viruses may continue to evolve and accumulate changes which increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. To develop a vaccine against influenza viruses of the H6 subtype, we displayed the HA gene on the baculovirus surface (Bac-HA), and studied its vaccine efficacy against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted RG-H6(Shorebird) virus carrying the H6 HA gene from A/shorebird/DE/12/2004 (H6N8) virus and 7 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus. Immunization with 256 HA units of Bac-HA via the intranasal route triggered HA-specific serum and mucosal antibodies in mice besides increased HA inhibition titers compared to mice immunized subcutaneously. Moreover, we observed an increase in cellular immune response (IL-4) and improved in vitro neutralization activity in the mice immunized intranasally with live Bac-HA compared to mice immunized with inactivated influenza virus (IV). Interestingly, Bac-HA intranasal immunized mice showed one fold higher neutralization titer against heterologous H6 influenza virus compared to inactivated IV immunized mice. In addition, the live Bac-HA, administered through either immunization route, as well as the adjuvanted inactivated Bac-HA, administered subcutaneously, conferred 100% protection to mice challenged with homologous mouse-adapted RG-H6(Shorebird) virus. The reduction in viral titers and extend of histopathological changes of Bac-HA immunized mice lungs further demonstrated the protective efficacy of Bac-HA. Hence, the recombinant baculovirus subunit vaccine is an alternative candidate against H6 subtypes that could be propagated and administered with minimal biosafety concerns.
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16
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Weissmueller NT, Schiffter HA, Pollard AJ. Intradermal powder immunization with protein-containing vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:687-702. [PMID: 23750797 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The central importance for global public health policy of delivering life-saving vaccines for all children makes the development of efficacious and safe needle-free alternatives to hypodermic needles, preferably in a thermostable form, a matter of pressing urgency. This paper comprehensively reviews past in vivo studies on intradermal powder immunization with vaccine formulations that do not require refrigeration. Particular emphasis is given to the immune response in relation to antigen adjuvantation. While needle-free intradermal delivery of vaccines induces a predominantly Th2-type immune response, adjuvants powerfully enhance and modulate the magnitude and nature of the elicited immune response at various effector sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas T Weissmueller
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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17
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Mitragotri S. Engineering approaches to transdermal drug delivery: a tribute to contributions of prof. Robert Langer. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:263-76. [PMID: 23921113 DOI: 10.1159/000351947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery continues to provide an advantageous route of drug administration over injections. While the number of drugs delivered by passive transdermal patches has increased over the years, no macromolecule is currently delivered by the transdermal route. Substantial research efforts have been dedicated by a large number of researchers representing varied disciplines including biology, chemistry, pharmaceutics and engineering to understand, model and overcome the skin's barrier properties. This article focuses on engineering contributions to the field of transdermal drug delivery. The article pays tribute to Prof. Robert Langer, who pioneered the engineering approach towards transdermal drug delivery. Over a period spanning nearly 25 years since his first publication in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Bob Langer has deeply impacted the field by quantitative analysis and innovative engineering. At the same time, he has inspired several generations of engineers by collaborations and mentorship. His scientific insights, innovative technologies, translational efforts and dedicated mentorship have transformed the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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18
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Kang SM, Song JM, Kim YC. Microneedle and mucosal delivery of influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:547-60. [PMID: 22697052 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years with the threat of pandemic influenza and other public health needs, alternative vaccination methods other than intramuscular immunization have received great attention. The skin and mucosal surfaces are attractive sites probably because of both noninvasive access to the vaccine delivery and unique immunological responses. Intradermal vaccines using a microinjection system (BD Soluvia(TM)) and intranasal vaccines (FluMist®) are licensed. As a new vaccination method, solid microneedles have been developed using a simple device that may be suitable for self-administration. Because coated microneedle influenza vaccines are administered in the solid state, developing formulations maintaining the stability of influenza vaccines is an important issue to be considered. Marketable microneedle devices and clinical trials remain to be developed. Other alternative mucosal routes such as oral and intranasal delivery systems are also attractive for inducing cross-protective mucosal immunity, but effective non-live mucosal vaccines remain to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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19
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Fuller DH, Rajakumar P, Che JW, Narendran A, Nyaundi J, Michael H, Yager EJ, Stagnar C, Wahlberg B, Taber R, Haynes JR, Cook FC, Ertl P, Tite J, Amedee AM, Murphey-Corb M. Therapeutic DNA vaccine induces broad T cell responses in the gut and sustained protection from viral rebound and AIDS in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33715. [PMID: 22442716 PMCID: PMC3307760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies that induce durable immune control of chronic HIV infection may eliminate the need for life-long dependence on drugs. We investigated a DNA vaccine formulated with a novel genetic adjuvant that stimulates immune responses in the blood and gut for the ability to improve therapy in rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIV. Using the SIV-macaque model for AIDS, we show that epidermal co-delivery of plasmids expressing SIV Gag, RT, Nef and Env, and the mucosal adjuvant, heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin (LT), during antiretroviral therapy (ART) induced a substantial 2-4-log fold reduction in mean virus burden in both the gut and blood when compared to unvaccinated controls and provided durable protection from viral rebound and disease progression after the drug was discontinued. This effect was associated with significant increases in IFN-γ T cell responses in both the blood and gut and SIV-specific CD8+ T cells with dual TNF-α and cytolytic effector functions in the blood. Importantly, a broader specificity in the T cell response seen in the gut, but not the blood, significantly correlated with a reduction in virus production in mucosal tissues and a lower virus burden in plasma. We conclude that immunizing with vaccines that induce immune responses in mucosal gut tissue could reduce residual viral reservoirs during drug therapy and improve long-term treatment of HIV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Premeela Rajakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenny W. Che
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amithi Narendran
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia Nyaundi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather Michael
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Yager
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristy Stagnar
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Brendon Wahlberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Taber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Haynes
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - John Tite
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Amedee
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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20
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Moriya C, Horiba S, Kurihara K, Kamada T, Takahara Y, Inoue M, Iida A, Hara H, Shu T, Hasegawa M, Matano T. Intranasal Sendai viral vector vaccination is more immunogenic than intramuscular under pre-existing anti-vector antibodies. Vaccine 2011; 29:8557-63. [PMID: 21939708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising vaccine tools for eliciting potent cellular immune responses. Pre-existing anti-vector antibodies, however, can be an obstacle to their clinical use in humans. We previously developed a Sendai virus (SeV) vector vaccine and showed the potential of this vector for efficient CD8(+) T-cell induction in macaques. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of SeV vector vaccination in the presence of anti-SeV antibodies. We compared antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses after intranasal or intramuscular immunization with a lower dose (one-tenth of that in our previous studies) of SeV vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus Gag antigen (SeV-Gag) between naive and pre-SeV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Intranasal SeV-Gag immunization efficiently elicited Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses not only in naive but also in pre-SeV-infected animals. In contrast, intramuscular SeV-Gag immunization induced Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses efficiently in naive but not in pre-SeV-infected animals. These results indicate that both intranasal and intramuscular SeV administrations are equivalently immunogenic in the absence of anti-SeV antibodies, whereas intranasal SeV vaccination is more immunogenic than intramuscular in the presence of anti-SeV antibodies. It is inferred from a recent report investigating the prevalence of anti-SeV antibodies in humans that SeV-specific neutralizing titers in more than 70% of people are no more than those at the SeV-Gag vaccination in pre-SeV-infected macaques in the present study. Taken together, this study implies the potential of intranasal SeV vector vaccination to induce CD8(+) T-cell responses even in humans, suggesting a rationale for proceeding to a vaccine clinical trial using this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikaya Moriya
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Amorij JP, Hinrichs WL, Frijlink HW, Wilschut JC, Huckriede A. Needle-free influenza vaccination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:699-711. [PMID: 20883966 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the cornerstone of influenza control in epidemic and pandemic situations. Influenza vaccines are typically given by intramuscular injection. However, needle-free vaccinations could offer several distinct advantages over intramuscular injections: they are pain-free, easier to distribute, and easier to give to patients, and their use could reduce vaccination costs. Moreover, vaccine delivery via the respiratory tract, alimentary tract, or skin might elicit mucosal immune responses at the site of virus entry and better cellular immunity, thus improving effectiveness. Although various needle-free vaccination methods for influenza have shown preclinical promise, few have progressed to clinical trials-only live attenuated intranasal vaccines have received approval, and only in some countries. Further clinical investigation is needed to help realise the potential of needle-free vaccination for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Gröningen, Netherlands
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22
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Loudon PT, Yager EJ, Lynch DT, Narendran A, Stagnar C, Franchini AM, Fuller JT, White PA, Nyuandi J, Wiley CA, Murphey-Corb M, Fuller DH. GM-CSF increases mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of an H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine administered into the epidermis of non-human primates. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11021. [PMID: 20544035 PMCID: PMC2882341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent H5N1 avian and H1N1 swine-origin influenza virus outbreaks reaffirm that the threat of a world-wide influenza pandemic is both real and ever-present. Vaccination is still considered the best strategy for protection against influenza virus infection but a significant challenge is to identify new vaccine approaches that offer accelerated production, broader protection against drifted and shifted strains, and the capacity to elicit anti-viral immune responses in the respiratory tract at the site of viral entry. As a safe alternative to live attenuated vaccines, the mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of an H1N1 influenza (A/New Caledonia/20/99) HA DNA vaccine administered by particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED or gene gun) was analyzed in rhesus macaques. Methodology/Principal Findings Macaques were immunized at weeks 0, 8, and 16 using a disposable single-shot particle-mediated delivery device designed for clinical use that delivers plasmid DNA directly into cells of the epidermis. Significant levels of hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies and cytokine-secreting HA-specific T cells were observed in the periphery of macaques following 1–3 doses of the PMED HA DNA vaccine. In addition, HA DNA vaccination induced detectable levels of HA-specific mucosal antibodies and T cells in the lung and gut-associated lymphoid tissues of vaccinated macaques. Importantly, co-delivery of a DNA encoding the rhesus macaque GM-CSF gene was found to significantly enhance both the systemic and mucosal immunogenicity of the HA DNA vaccine. Conclusions/Significance These results provide strong support for the development of a particle-mediated epidermal DNA vaccine for protection against respiratory pathogens such as influenza and demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of skin-delivered GM-CSF to serve as an effective mucosal adjuvant for vaccine induction of immune responses in the gut and respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J. Yager
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Amithi Narendran
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristy Stagnar
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Franchini
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - James T. Fuller
- Recombiworks, Ltd., Clifton Park, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Julia Nyuandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clayton A. Wiley
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Murphey-Corb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Couch RB, Atmar RL, Cate TR, Quarles JM, Keitel WA, Arden NH, Wells J, Niño D, Wyde PR. Contrasting effects of type I interferon as a mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccine in mice and humans. Vaccine 2009; 27:5344-8. [PMID: 19607949 PMCID: PMC2778204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify an adjuvant that enhances antibody responses in respiratory secretions to inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IVV), a comparison was made of responses to intranasal vaccinations of mice with IVV containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), type I interferon (IFN) or cholera toxin B (CTB). Antibody in nasal secretions and lung wash fluids from mice was increased after vaccination and lung virus was significantly reduced after challenge to a similar level in each adjuvant group. Interferon was selected for a trial in humans. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine was given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers alone or with 1 million units (Mu) or 10 Mu of alpha interferon. Vaccinations were well tolerated but neither serum hemagglutination-inhibiting nor neutralizing antibody responses among the vaccine groups were significantly different. Similarly, neither neutralizing nor IgA antibody responses in nasal secretions were significantly different. Thus, despite exhibiting a significant adjuvant effect in mice, interferon did not exhibit an adjuvant effect for induction of antibody in respiratory secretions of humans to inactivated influenza virus vaccine given intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Couch
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798-4474 o, 713-798-8344 f,
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798-6849 o, 713-798-6802 f,
| | - Thomas R. Cate
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798- o, 713-798-6802 f,
| | - John M. Quarles
- Dept. of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, 407 Joe H Reynolds Medical Building, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, 979-845-1358 o, 979-845-3479 f,
| | - Wendy A. Keitel
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798-5250 o, 713-798-6802 f,
| | - Nancy H. Arden
- Dept. of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, 407 Joe H Reynolds Medical Building, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, 979-845-1358 o, 979-845-3479 f,
| | - Janet Wells
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798-5250 o, 713-798-6802 f,
| | - Diane Niño
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, 713-798-5250 o, 713-798-6802 f,
| | - Philip R. Wyde
- 5366 River Oaks Drive, Kingsland, TX 78639, 325 388-8692, no fax, .
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24
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Skountzou I, Kang SM. Transcutaneous Immunization with Influenza Vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 333:347-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Arora A, Prausnitz MR, Mitragotri S. Micro-scale devices for transdermal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:227-36. [PMID: 18805472 PMCID: PMC2752650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin makes an excellent site for drug and vaccine delivery due to easy accessibility, immuno-surveillance functions, avoidance of macromolecular degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and possibility of self-administration. However, macromolecular drug delivery across the skin is primarily accomplished using hypodermic needles, which have several disadvantages including accidental needle-sticks, pain and needle phobia. These limitations have led to extensive research and development of alternative methods for drug and vaccine delivery across the skin. This review focuses on the recent trends and developments in this field of micro-scale devices for transdermal macromolecular delivery. These include liquid jet injectors, powder injectors, microneedles and thermal microablation. The historical perspective, mechanisms of action, important design parameters, applications and challenges are discussed for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Arora
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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26
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Development of stable influenza vaccine powder formulations: challenges and possibilities. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1256-73. [PMID: 18338241 PMCID: PMC2346510 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccination represents the cornerstone of influenza prevention. However, today all influenza vaccines are formulated as liquids that are unstable at ambient temperatures and have to be stored and distributed under refrigeration. In order to stabilize influenza vaccines, they can be brought into the dry state using suitable excipients, stabilizers and drying processes. The resulting stable influenza vaccine powder is independent of cold-chain facilities. This can be attractive for the integration of the vaccine logistics with general drug distribution in Western as well as developing countries. In addition, a stockpile of stable vaccine formulations of potential vaccines against pandemic viruses can provide an immediate availability and simple distribution of vaccine in a pandemic outbreak. Finally, in the development of new needle-free dosage forms, dry and stable influenza vaccine powder formulations can facilitate new or improved targeting strategies for the vaccine compound. This review represents the current status of dry stable inactivated influenza vaccine development. Attention is given to the different influenza vaccine types (i.e. whole inactivated virus, split, subunit or virosomal vaccine), the rationale and need for stabilized influenza vaccines, drying methods by which influenza vaccines can be stabilized (i.e. lyophilization, spray drying, spray-freeze drying, vacuum drying or supercritical fluid drying), the current status of dry influenza vaccine development and the challenges for ultimate market introduction of a stable and effective dry-powder influenza vaccine.
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27
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Hasegawa H, Ichinohe T, Tamura SI, Kurata T. Development of a mucosal vaccine for influenza viruses: preparation for a potential influenza pandemic. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:193-201. [PMID: 17408369 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has caused influenza outbreaks in poultry and migratory birds in Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe, and there is concern that it could cause a new pandemic. This fear of an emerging pandemic of a new influenza strain underscores the urgency of preparing effective vaccines to meet the pandemic. One way to mitigate current concerns is to develop an influenza vaccine that is fully functional against drift influenza viruses. In our current situation, in which we cannot predict which strain will cause a pandemic, cross-protective immunity using potential and novel mucosal vaccines plays a particularly important role in preventing the spread of highly pathogenic influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Fuller DH, Loudon P, Schmaljohn C. Preclinical and clinical progress of particle-mediated DNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Methods 2007; 40:86-97. [PMID: 16997717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of studies employing particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) or the gene gun to administer DNA vaccines for infectious diseases in preclinical studies employing large animal models and in human clinical trials. It reviews the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of PMED DNA vaccines in nonhuman primates and swine and studies that have directly compared the effectiveness of PMED in these large animal models to existing licensed vaccines and intramuscular or intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines with a needle. Various clinical trials employing PMED have been completed and an overview of the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of this approach in humans is described. Finally, efforts currently in progress for commercial development of particle-mediated DNA vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 260 Kappa Drive, PA 15238, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The global emergence of virulent avian influenza and the concomitant raised threat of an influenza pandemic has increased interest in the development of improved influenza vaccines. Whereas conventional influenza vaccines are delivered by parenteral injection, an intranasal influenza vaccine has been marketed since 2003. Many other technologies are in development for intranasal, oral, epidermal and topical influenza vaccines. This editorial summarises the advances in clinical development of technologies for needle-free influenza vaccine delivery.
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30
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Fuller DH, Rajakumar PA, Wu MS, McMahon CW, Shipley T, Fuller JT, Bazmi A, Trichel AM, Allen TM, Mothe B, Haynes JR, Watkins DI, Murphey-Corb M. DNA immunization in combination with effective antiretroviral drug therapy controls viral rebound and prevents simian AIDS after treatment is discontinued. Virology 2006; 348:200-15. [PMID: 16439000 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA immunization in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy was evaluated in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with [R]-9-[2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl]adenine (PMPA). Macaques were immunized monthly with DNA vaccines expressing either SIV gag/tat or SIV gag/tat and 19 CD8+ T cell epitopes during 7 months of therapy. Half the animals from each group were additionally immunized before infection. Only 60% of the animals (4 controls, 20 vaccinated) responded to PMPA (ART responders). All 4 ART responder controls demonstrated viral rebound or CD4 decline after PMPA was withdrawn. In contrast, 17 of 20 vaccinated ART responders contained viral rebound for over 7 months after PMPA was withdrawn. Viral control correlated with stable CD4 counts, higher lymphoproliferation and an increase in the magnitude and breadth of the CD8+ T cell response. Immunizing before infection or with multi-epitopes enhanced these effects. These results demonstrate that DNA immunization during antiretroviral therapy may be an effective strategy to treat HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/administration & dosage
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Macaca mulatta
- Organophosphonates/administration & dosage
- Organophosphonates/therapeutic use
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/drug effects
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Statistics as Topic
- Tenofovir
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viremia/prevention & control
- Withholding Treatment
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31
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Abstract
Most current immunization procedures make use of needles and syringes for vaccine administration. With the increase in the number of immunizations that children around the world routinely receive, health organizations are beginning to look for safer alternatives that reduce the risk of cross-contamination that arises from needle reuse. This article focuses on contemporary developments in needle-free methods of immunization, such as liquid-jet injectors, topical application to the skin, oral pills and nasal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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32
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Uchida M, Natsume H, Kishino T, Seki T, Ogihara M, Juni K, Kimura M, Morimoto Y. Immunization by particle bombardment of antigen-loaded poly-(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres in mice. Vaccine 2005; 24:2120-30. [PMID: 16356602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether poly-(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) microspheres (PLG MS) containing a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), were delivered into mouse skin and the immune responses induced using a microparticulate bombardment system, Helios gene gun system, which can painlessly deliver the powdered drug through the stratum corneum to the epidermal-dermal interface using a high velocity supersonic flow of helium gas to accelerate the particles. The introduction of OVA-loaded PLG MS shows helium pressure-dependence, so that improved introduction can be achieved by a higher helium pressure used, thereby inducing sufficient anti-OVA IgG level. Moreover, in order to determine the type of immune system induced using particle bombardment, we investigated helper T-cell response characterized by the cytokine production in the isolated splenocytes 6 weeks after immunization and consequent production of the anti-OVA IgG subclasses in the serum in mice. As a result, IL-4 production in splenocytes and anti-OVA IgG1 level were preferentially elicited by particle bombardment with OVA-loaded PLG MS compared with IFN-gamma and anti-OVA IgG2a level. It seemed likely that particle bombardment using this system led to a Th-2 type immune response, i.e. a humoral immune response. In conclusion, this microparticulate bombardment system is a promising immunization method, expected to become an alternative to needle injection used to administer a broad range of vaccines for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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33
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Ozaki T, Yauchi M, Xin KQ, Hirahara F, Okuda K. Cross-Reactive Protection Against Influenza A Virus by a Topically Applied DNA Vaccine Encoding M Gene With Adjuvant. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:373-80. [PMID: 16035949 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. In this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a DNA vaccine encoding influenza M protein with adjuvant. The immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus A: A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Udorn/72 (H3N2). This adjuvanated and topically applied DNA vaccine efficiently induced cytotoxic as well as humoral immune response and provide cross-reactive protection against several strains of influenza A virus. For better protection against virus infection, it will be necessary to select and combine the DNA vaccine with an appropriate adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ozaki
- Department of Bacteriology Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Maa YF, Ameri M, Shu C, Payne LG, Chen D. Influenza vaccine powder formulation development: spray-freeze-drying and stability evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2005; 93:1912-23. [PMID: 15176078 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a spray-freeze-drying (SFD) process for preparing an influenza vaccine dry powder formulation suitable for epidermal powder immunization. After preformulation of two types of flu vaccines, their dry-powder formulations were prepared by SFD. Powder properties and physical stability were determined using particle size analysis, tap density measurement, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and moisture content analysis. Chemical and biochemical stability of vaccine antigens was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, single radial immunodiffusion assay, and in vivo immunogenicity in a mouse model. We demonstrated that SFD could produce high-density particles-a critical parameter for effective skin penetration. From the stability perspective, the stress posed by SFD was mild because the antigen in the dry powder retained its stability, potency, and immunogenicity. Among several formulations screened, we noted that formulation composition has a significant role in the powder's long-term physical and biochemical stability. One formulation, in particular, containing sub-unit vaccine (45 microg of antigen in 1 mg of powder) with a tertiary mixture of trehalose, mannitol, and dextran, exhibited excellent overall stability, including acceptable biochemical stability after being exposed to a highly humid environment. After all, we have not only demonstrated the suitability of SFD to prepare powders for epidermal powder immunization but also developed a systematic formulation development strategy that allowed the optimization of an influenza vaccine dry powder formulation. More important, this study led to the selection of a formulation system that had been successfully tested in a human clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Fun Maa
- PowderJect Vaccines, Incorporated, 8551 Research Way Boulevard, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, USA.
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35
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36
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37
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Dean HJ, Chen D. Epidermal powder immunization against influenza. Vaccine 2004; 23:681-6. [PMID: 15542190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) can efficiently deliver powdered protein vaccines to the epidermis. A phase I clinical trial was conducted to evaluate powdered trivalent influenza vaccine delivered using the PowderJect ND5.2 delivery system. Subjects received either Fluvirin IM injection (15 microg of each influenza strain), a single EPI vaccination (15 microg of each influenza strain) or two adjacent EPI (total of 30 microg of each influenza strain). Systemic reactogenicity was similar between control and EPI vaccines. Site reactions following EPI were primarily mild and self-limiting. Seroconversions, titer increases and geometric mean titers to all strains were equivalent or higher in EPI-immunized groups than in controls. Powdered influenza vaccine delivered by EPI is safe and elicits humoral immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansi J Dean
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 8551 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
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38
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Manoj S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41:1-39. [PMID: 15077722 DOI: 10.1080/10408360490269251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines consist of antigen-encoding bacterial plasmids that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immune responses upon inoculation into a host. This method of immunization is advantageous in terms of simplicity, adaptability, and cost of vaccine production. However, the entry of DNA vaccines and expression of antigen are subjected to physical and biochemical barriers imposed by the host. In small animals such as mice, the host-imposed impediments have not prevented DNA vaccines from inducing long-lasting, protective humoral, and cellular immune responses. In contrast, these barriers appear to be more difficult to overcome in large animals and humans. The focus of this article is to summarize the limitations of DNA vaccines and to provide a comprehensive review on the different strategies developed to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Several of these strategies, such as altering codon bias of the encoded gene, changing the cellular localization of the expressed antigen, and optimizing delivery and formulation of the plasmid, have led to improvements in DNA vaccine efficacy in large animals. However, solutions for increasing the amount of plasmid that eventually enters the nucleus and is available for transcription of the transgene still need to be found. The overall conclusions from these studies suggest that, provided these critical improvements are made, DNA vaccines may find important clinical and practical applications in the field of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Manoj
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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39
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Shinoda K, Xin KQ, Jounai N, Kojima Y, Tamura Y, Okada E, Kawamoto S, Okuda K, Klinman D, Okuda K. Polygene DNA vaccine induces a high level of protective effect against HIV-vaccinia virus challenge in mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:3676-90. [PMID: 15315847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single HIV-1 subtype DNA vaccine is unlikely to provide reactive protection across a wide range of HIV strains since the HIV virus changes the antigenic sites, particularly, in env gene. To overcome these issues, we constructed a multivalent poly-epitope DNA vaccine. A polygenic DNA vaccine encoding 20 antigenic epitopes from the HIV-1 Env, Gag, and Pol proteins of several clades was constructed using humanized and optimized codons and it was named here hDNA vaccine. In mice, this hDNA vaccine stimulated the following strong (1) antigen-specific serum antibody (Ab) responses, (2) delayed-type hypersensitivity, (3) the activation of IFN-gamma secretion cells targeting gp120 and synthetic antigenic peptides, in addition (4) a significant level of several peptide specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses. Challenged with modified vaccinia viruses vPE16 and vP1206 expressing HIV-1 env and gag.pol genes, respectively, demonstrated the viral titers in the ovary of the mice vaccinated with hDNA significantly less compared to the unvaccinated mice. Thus, the use of polygene DNA vaccine appears to induce a high level of HIV-specific immune responses and is very effective against challenge with recombinant HIV-vaccinia viruses.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/analysis
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shinoda
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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40
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Abstract
The need for more potent, safe and well-characterised vaccines has necessitated the discovery and development of new vaccine technologies. These include adjuvants to target the innate immune system to provide a stimulus that potentiates the development of an antigen-specific immune response, and delivery systems to ensure that the antigen and adjuvant are localised to the appropriate immune compartments. Several such technologies are being tested in human clinical trials and a few have been licensed for limited use in human vaccines. This review will highlight some of the promising technologies that may have an impact on how vaccines are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton St, mailstop 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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41
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Kondo T, McGregor M, Chu Q, Chen D, Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. A protective effect of epidermal powder immunization in a mouse model of equine herpesvirus-1 infection. Virology 2004; 318:414-9. [PMID: 14972566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the protective effect of epidermal powder immunization (EPI) against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, we prepared a powder vaccine in which formalin-inactivated virions were embedded in water-soluble, sugar-based particles. A PowderJect device was used to immunize mice with the powder vaccine via their abdominal skin. We found that twice-immunized mice were protected against challenge with the wild-type virus. This protective effect was equivalent to or better than that observed in mice immunized with other types of vaccines, including a gene gun-mediated DNA vaccine containing the glycoprotein D (gD) gene or conventional inactivated virus vaccines introduced via intramuscular or intranasal injections. These findings indicate that the powder vaccine is a promising approach for the immunological control of EHV-1 infection, either alone or as a part of prime-boost vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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42
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Dean HJ, Fuller D, Osorio JE. Powder and particle-mediated approaches for delivery of DNA and protein vaccines into the epidermis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:373-88. [PMID: 12818623 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(03)00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the skin is both a sensitive immune organ and a practical target site for vaccine administration. However, administration of vaccines into the epidermis is difficult to achieve using conventional vaccine delivery methods employing a needle and syringe. A needle-free vaccine delivery system has been developed that efficiently delivers powdered or particulate DNA and protein vaccines into the epidermal tissue. The delivery system can be used to directly transfect antigen presenting cells (APCs) by formulating DNA or protein vaccines onto gold particles (particle-mediated immunization). Antigen can be directly presented to the immune system by the transfected APCs. Antigen can also be expressed and secreted by transfected keratinocytes and picked up by resident APCs through the exogenous antigen presentation pathway. Alternatively, protein antigens can be formulated into a powder and delivered into the extracellular environment where they are picked up by APCs (epidermal powder immunization). Using any of these formulations, epidermal immunization offers the advantage of efficiently delivering vaccines into the APC-rich epidermis. Recent studies demonstrate that epidermal vaccine delivery induces humoral, cellular, and protective immune responses against infectious diseases in both laboratory animals and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansi J Dean
- PowderJect Vaccines Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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43
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Chen D, Endres R, Maa YF, Kensil CR, Whitaker-Dowling P, Trichel A, Youngner JS, Payne LG. Epidermal powder immunization of mice and monkeys with an influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21:2830-6. [PMID: 12798624 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) with an influenza vaccine and an adjuvant such as QS-21, LTR72, or cholera toxin elicited augmented serum and mucosal antibody responses in mice. Rhesus macaques, which have an immune system and skin structure similar to humans, were used to further evaluate the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine following EPI. EPI of rhesus macaques with an influenza vaccine and QS-21 adjuvant elicited significantly higher serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers than antigen alone administered by EPI or by intramuscular (IM) injection using a needle and syringe. In the absence of QS-21, EPI and IM injection elicited comparable HI titers in the monkeys. This study suggests that EPI is a promising technique for administering human vaccine and that QS-21 augments the immunogenicity of co-administered influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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44
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Osorio JE, Zuleger CL, Burger M, Chu Q, Payne LG, Chen D. Immune responses to hepatitis B surface antigen following epidermal powder immunization. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:52-8. [PMID: 12534946 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells in the epidermis of skin are potent antigen-presenting cells that trigger the immune system to respond to invading microorganisms. We have previously shown that epidermal powder immunization with a powdered inactivated influenza virus vaccine, by targeting the Langerhans cell-rich epidermis, was more efficacious than deeper tissue injection using a needle and syringe. We now report enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses to recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen following epidermal powder immunization. We observed that epidermal powder immunization with unadjuvanted hepatitis B surface antigen elicited an antibody titre equivalent to that induced by the alum-adjuvanted vaccine delivered by intramuscular injection, suggesting that epidermal powder immunization can overcome the need for adjuvantation. We demonstrated that synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (CpG DNA) could be coformulated with hepatitis B surface antigen and delivered by epidermal powder immunization to further augment the antibody response and modulate T helper cell activities. Epidermal powder immunization of hepatitis B surface antigen formulated with CpG DNA formulations resulted in 1.5-2.0 logs higher IgG antibody titres than alum-adjuvanted commercial vaccines administered by intramuscular injection. Formulation of hepatitis B surface antigen with CpG DNA elicited an augmented IgG2a antibody response and increased frequency of IFN-gamma secreting cells. In addition, CpG DNA was found to activate epidermal Langerhans cells and stimulate the production of TNF-alpha and IL-12 cytokines by epidermal cells, explaining its strong adjuvant activity following epidermal powder immunization. These results show that epidermal powder immunization is a safe and effective method to deliver hepatitis B surface antigen and the addition of new adjuvants, such as CpG DNA, may further enhance the efficacy of this vaccine.
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45
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Horwood F, Macfarlane J. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects. Thorax 2002; 57 Suppl 2:II24-II30. [PMID: 12364707 PMCID: PMC1766003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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46
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Chen D, Zuleger C, Chu Q, Maa YF, Osorio J, Payne LG. Epidermal powder immunization with a recombinant HIV gp120 targets Langerhans cells and induces enhanced immune responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:715-22. [PMID: 12167279 DOI: 10.1089/088922202760072348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant envelope gp120 (rgp120) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a weak immunogen when administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. In the present study, we report that epidermal powder immunization (EPI) elicits robust antibody responses to the rgp120. EPI of mice with a dose 0.2-5 microg of rgp120 protein elicited geometric mean antibody titers that were 18- to 240-fold higher than that elicited by IM injection using a 5.0 microg dose. Targeting antigen to and mobilization of Langerhans cells (LCs) by EPI may explain the enhanced immunogenicity of the rgp120. EPI with rgp120 using sugar and gold particles as carrier resulted in differential antigen entry into the LCs and differential IgG subclass antibody and cellular immune responses. EPI may serve as a useful tool to evaluate vaccine potential of the rgp120 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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47
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Chen D, Endres RL, Erickson CA, Maa YF, Payne LG. Epidermal powder immunization using non-toxic bacterial enterotoxin adjuvants with influenza vaccine augments protective immunity. Vaccine 2002; 20:2671-9. [PMID: 12034092 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) and E. coli heat-labile toxin mutant proteins with reduced toxicity (LTR72) or no toxicity (LTK63) were used as adjuvants for epidermal powder immunization (EPI) with an influenza vaccine. When administered by EPI, CTB, LTR72 and LTK63 significantly augmented antibody responses to the influenza vaccine and protection against a lethal challenge in a mouse model. The antigen dose could be reduced by 125-fold. These adjuvants were well-tolerated both locally and systemically following EPI. These results suggest that EPI with influenza vaccine and a non-toxic bacterial enterotoxin hold promise for human vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Immune reactions to foreign or self-antigens lead to protective immunity and, sometimes, immune disorders such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APC) including epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play an important role in the course and outcome of the immune reactions. Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) is a technology that offers a tool to manipulate the LCs and the potential to harness the immune reactions towards prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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49
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Arrington J, Braun RP, Dong L, Fuller DH, Macklin MD, Umlauf SW, Wagner SJ, Wu MS, Payne LG, Haynes JR. Plasmid vectors encoding cholera toxin or the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli are strong adjuvants for DNA vaccines. J Virol 2002; 76:4536-46. [PMID: 11932419 PMCID: PMC155070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.9.4536-4546.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2001] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two plasmid vectors encoding the A and B subunits of cholera toxin (CT) and two additional vectors encoding the A and B subunits of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) were evaluated for their ability to serve as genetic adjuvants for particle-mediated DNA vaccines administered to the epidermis of laboratory animals. Both the CT and the LT vectors strongly augmented Th1 cytokine responses (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) to multiple viral antigens when codelivered with DNA vaccines. In addition, Th2 cytokine responses (interleukin 4 [IL-4]) were also augmented by both sets of vectors, with the effects of the LT vectors on IL-4 responses being more antigen dependent. The activities of both sets of vectors on antibody responses were antigen dependent and ranged from no effect to sharp reductions in the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-to-IgG2a ratios. Overall, the LT vectors exhibited stronger adjuvant effects in terms of T-cell responses than did the CT vectors, and this was correlated with the induction of greater levels of cyclic AMP by the LT vectors following vector transfection into cultured cells. The adjuvant effects observed in vivo were due to the biological effects of the encoded proteins and not due to CpG motifs in the bacterial genes. Interestingly, the individual LT A and B subunit vectors exhibited partial adjuvant activity that was strongly influenced by the presence or absence of signal peptide coding sequences directing the encoded subunit to either intracellular or extracellular locations. Particle-mediated delivery of either the CT or LT adjuvant vectors in rodents and domestic pigs was well tolerated, suggesting that bacterial toxin-based genetic adjuvants may be a safe and effective strategy to enhance the potency of both prophylactic and therapeutic DNA vaccines for the induction of strong cellular immunity.
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