1
|
Jiang B, Zhang W, Hu T, He Y, Wu Z, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan X, Zhong J, Cheng A, Chen S. E-M349E and NS2A/2B-P1(T) are compensatory mutations of rDTMUV-NS2AB-P1P1'(AA), which regain virus proliferation by enhancing the virus package and restoring NS2A/2B cleavage. Virology 2024; 595:110084. [PMID: 38692132 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and mainly infects ducks. The genome of DTMUV is translated into a polyprotein, which is further cleaved into several protein by viral NS2B3 protease and host proteases. Crucially, the cleavage of the NS2A/2B precursor during this process is essential for the formation of replication complexes and viral packaging. Previous research has demonstrated that alanine mutations in NS2A/2B (P1P1' (AA)) result in an attenuated strain (rDTMUV-NS2A/2B-P1P1' (AA)) by disrupting NS2A/2B cleavage. In this study, we investigate the effects of the P1P1' (AA) mutation on the viral life cycle and explore compensatory mutations in rDTMUV-NS2A/2B-P1P1' (AA). Infected ducklings exhibit similar body weight gain and viral tissue loads to DTMUV-WT. Compensatory mutations E-M349E and P1(T) emerge, restoring proliferation levels to those of rDTMUV-WT. Specifically, E-M349E enhances viral packaging, while P1(T) reinstates NS2A/2B proteolysis in vitro. Thus, our findings reveal novel compensatory sites capable of restoring the attenuated DTMUV during polyprotein cleavage and packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Jiang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - YanLing Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Y, Wang R, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang A, Wu Z, Sun F, Zhu S. Advancements in Research on Duck Tembusu Virus Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:811. [PMID: 38793692 PMCID: PMC11126125 DOI: 10.3390/v16050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV) is a pathogen of the Flaviviridae family that causes infections in poultry, leading to significant economic losses in the duck farming industry in recent years. Ducks infected with this virus exhibit clinical symptoms such as decreased egg production and neurological disorders, along with serious consequences such as ovarian hemorrhage, organ enlargement, and necrosis. Variations in morbidity and mortality rates exist across different age groups of ducks. It is worth noting that DTMUV is not limited to ducks alone; it can also spread to other poultry such as chickens and geese, and antibodies related to DTMUV have even been found in duck farm workers, suggesting a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. This article provides a detailed overview of DTMUV research, delving into its genomic characteristics, vaccines, and the interplay with host immune responses. These in-depth research findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's transmission mechanism and pathogenic process, offering crucial scientific support for epidemic prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Ruoheng Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Jinying Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Anping Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Zhi Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dekevic G, Tertel T, Tasto L, Schmidt D, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection. Viruses 2023; 15:2013. [PMID: 37896790 PMCID: PMC10612092 DOI: 10.3390/v15102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma X, Xia Q, Liu K, Wu Z, Li C, Xiao C, Dong N, Hameed M, Anwar MN, Li Z, Shao D, Li B, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Palmitoylation at Residue C221 of Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS2A Protein Contributes to Viral Replication Efficiency and Virulence. J Virol 2023; 97:e0038223. [PMID: 37289075 PMCID: PMC10308905 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00382-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation of viral proteins is crucial for host-virus interactions. In this study, we examined the palmitoylation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) and observed that NS2A was palmitoylated at the C221 residue of NS2A. Blocking NS2A palmitoylation by introducing a cysteine-to-serine mutation at C221 (NS2A/C221S) impaired JEV replication in vitro and attenuated the virulence of JEV in mice. NS2A/C221S mutation had no effect on NS2A oligomerization and membrane-associated activities, but reduced protein stability and accelerated its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These observations suggest that NS2A palmitoylation at C221 played a role in its protein stability, thereby contributing to JEV replication efficiency and virulence. Interestingly, the C221 residue undergoing palmitoylation was located at the C-terminal tail (amino acids 195 to 227) and is removed from the full-length NS2A following an internal cleavage processed by viral and/or host proteases during JEV infection. IMPORTANCE An internal cleavage site is present at the C terminus of JEV NS2A. Following occurrence of the internal cleavage, the C-terminal tail (amino acids 195 to 227) is removed from the full-length NS2A. Therefore, it was interesting to discover whether the C-terminal tail contributed to JEV infection. During analysis of viral palmitoylated protein, we observed that NS2A was palmitoylated at the C221 residue located at the C-terminal tail. Blocking NS2A palmitoylation by introducing a cysteine-to-serine mutation at C221 (NS2A/C221S) impaired JEV replication in vitro and attenuated JEV virulence in mice, suggesting that NS2A palmitoylation at C221 contributed to JEV replication and virulence. Based on these findings, we could infer that the C-terminal tail might play a role in the maintenance of JEV replication efficiency and virulence despite its removal from the full-length NS2A at a certain stage of JEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nihua Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van den Elsen K, Chew BLA, Ho JS, Luo D. Flavivirus nonstructural proteins and replication complexes as antiviral drug targets. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101305. [PMID: 36870091 PMCID: PMC10023477 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses are well-known pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses. Among them, dengue viruses cause global epidemics and threaten billions of people. Effective vaccines and antivirals are in desperate need. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding viral nonstructural (NS) proteins as antiviral drug targets. We briefly summarize the experimental structures and predicted models of flaviviral NS proteins and their functions. We highlight a few well-characterized inhibitors targeting these NS proteins and provide an update about the latest development. NS4B emerges as one of the most promising drug targets as novel inhibitors targeting NS4B and its interaction network are entering clinical studies. Studies aiming to elucidate the architecture and molecular basis of viral replication will offer new opportunities for novel antiviral discovery. Direct-acting agents against dengue and other pathogenic flaviviruses may be available very soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaïn van den Elsen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bing Liang Alvin Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Jun Sheng Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pulkkinen LIA, Barrass SV, Lindgren M, Pace H, Överby AK, Anastasina M, Bally M, Lundmark R, Butcher SJ. Simultaneous membrane and RNA binding by tick-borne encephalitis virus capsid protein. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011125. [PMID: 36787339 PMCID: PMC9970071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus is an enveloped, pathogenic, RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Viral particles are formed when the nucleocapsid, consisting of an RNA genome and multiple copies of the capsid protein, buds through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and acquires the viral envelope and the associated proteins. The coordination of the nucleocapsid components to the sites of assembly and budding are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the interactions of the wild-type and truncated capsid proteins with membranes with biophysical methods and model membrane systems. We show that capsid protein initially binds membranes via electrostatic interactions with negatively-charged lipids, which is followed by membrane insertion. Additionally, we show that membrane-bound capsid protein can recruit viral genomic RNA. We confirm the biological relevance of the biophysical findings by using mass spectrometry to show that purified virions contain negatively-charged lipids. Our results suggest that nucleocapsid assembly is coordinated by negatively-charged membrane patches on the endoplasmic reticulum and that the capsid protein mediates direct contacts between the nucleocapsid and the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Ilmari Aurelius Pulkkinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah Victoria Barrass
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hudson Pace
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Lundmark
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SJB); (RL)
| | - Sarah Jane Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (SJB); (RL)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kandagalla S, Novak J, Shekarappa SB, Grishina MA, Potemkin VA, Kumbar B. Exploring potential inhibitors against Kyasanur forest disease by utilizing molecular dynamics simulations and ensemble docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13547-13563. [PMID: 34662258 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1990131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick-borne, neglected tropical disease, caused by KFD virus (KFDV) which belongs to Flavivirus (Flaviviridae family). This emerging viral disease is a major threat to humans. Currently, vaccination is the only controlling method against the KFDV, and its effectiveness is very low. An effective control strategy is required to combat this emerging tropical disease using the existing resources. In this regard, in silico drug repurposing method offers an effective strategy to find suitable antiviral drugs against KFDV proteins. Drug repurposing is an effective strategy to identify new use for approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of their initial usage and the repurposed drugs have lower risk and higher safety compared to de novo developed drugs, because their toxicity and safety issues are profoundly investigated during the preclinical trials in human/other models. In the present work, we evaluated the effectiveness of the FDA approved and natural compounds against KFDV proteins using in silico molecular docking and molecular simulations. At present, no experimentally solved 3D structures for the KFD viral proteins are available in Protein Data Bank and hence their homology model was developed and used for the analysis. The present analysis successfully developed the reliable homology model of NS3 of KFDV, in terms of geometry and energy contour. Further, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations successfully presented four FDA approved drugs and one natural compound against the NS3 homology model of KFDV. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivananda Kandagalla
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Jurica Novak
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Sharath Belenahalli Shekarappa
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - Maria A Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Potemkin
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Bhimanagoud Kumbar
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.,ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Establishment of Recombinant Trisegmented Mopeia Virus Expressing Two Reporter Genes for Screening of Mammarenavirus Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091869. [PMID: 36146676 PMCID: PMC9505675 DOI: 10.3390/v14091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic Arenaviruses, like the Lassa Virus (LASV), pose a serious public health threat in affected countries. Research and development of vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed but hampered by the necessity to handle these pathogens under biosafety level 4 conditions. These containment restrictions make large-scale screens of antiviral compounds difficult. Therefore, the Mopeia virus (MOPV), closely related to LASV, is often used as an apathogenic surrogate virus. We established for the first time trisegmented MOPVs (r3MOPV) with duplicated S segments, in which one of the viral genes was replaced by the reporter genes ZsGreen (ZsG) or Renilla Luciferase (Rluc), respectively. In vitro characterization of the two trisegmented viruses (r3MOPV ZsG/Rluc and r3MOPV Rluc/ZsG), showed comparable growth behavior to the wild type virus and the expression of the reporter genes correlated well with viral titer. We used the reporter viruses in a proof-of-principle in vitro study to evaluate the antiviral activity of two well characterized drugs. IC50 values obtained by Rluc measurement were similar to those obtained by virus titers. ZsG expression was also suitable to evaluate antiviral effects. The trisegmented MOPVs described here provide a versatile and valuable basis for rapid high throughput screening of broadly reactive antiviral compounds against arenaviruses under BSL-2 conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bergant V, Yamada S, Grass V, Tsukamoto Y, Lavacca T, Krey K, Mühlhofer MT, Wittmann S, Ensser A, Herrmann A, Vom Hemdt A, Tomita Y, Matsuyama S, Hirokawa T, Huang Y, Piras A, Jakwerth CA, Oelsner M, Thieme S, Graf A, Krebs S, Blum H, Kümmerer BM, Stukalov A, Schmidt-Weber CB, Igarashi M, Gramberg T, Pichlmair A, Kato H. Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 replication and associated inflammation by concomitant targeting of viral and host cap 2'-O-ribose methyltransferases. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111608. [PMID: 35833542 PMCID: PMC9350232 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection cycle is a multistage process that relies on functional interactions between the host and the pathogen. Here, we repurposed antiviral drugs against both viral and host enzymes to pharmaceutically block methylation of the viral RNA 2'‐O‐ribose cap needed for viral immune escape. We find that the host cap 2'‐O‐ribose methyltransferase MTr1 can compensate for loss of viral NSP16 methyltransferase in facilitating virus replication. Concomitant inhibition of MTr1 and NSP16 efficiently suppresses SARS‐CoV‐2 replication. Using in silico target‐based drug screening, we identify a bispecific MTr1/NSP16 inhibitor with anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity in vitro and in vivo but with unfavorable side effects. We further show antiviral activity of inhibitors that target independent stages of the host SAM cycle providing the methyltransferase co‐substrate. In particular, the adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) inhibitor DZNep is antiviral in in vitro, in ex vivo, and in a mouse infection model and synergizes with existing COVID‐19 treatments. Moreover, DZNep exhibits a strong immunomodulatory effect curbing infection‐induced hyperinflammation and reduces lung fibrosis markers ex vivo. Thus, multispecific and metabolic MTase inhibitors constitute yet unexplored treatment options against COVID‐19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valter Bergant
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Shintaro Yamada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Yuta Tsukamoto
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Teresa Lavacca
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Krey
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Teresa Mühlhofer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Wittmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Herrmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Vom Hemdt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuriko Tomita
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yiqi Huang
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Piras
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A Jakwerth
- Center for Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Center for Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Thieme
- Laboratory for functional genome analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for functional genome analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for functional genome analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for functional genome analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center for Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Z, Hu T, Chen W, Cheng Y, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Cheng A, Chen S. The G92 NS2B mutant of Tembusu virus is involved in severe defects in progeny virus assembly. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Furtado ND, Raphael LDM, Ribeiro IP, de Mello IS, Fernandes DR, Gómez MM, dos Santos AAC, Nogueira MDS, de Castro MG, de Abreu FVS, Martins LC, Vasconcelos PFDC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Bonaldo MC. Biological Characterization of Yellow Fever Viruses Isolated From Non-human Primates in Brazil With Distinct Genomic Landscapes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:757084. [PMID: 35237244 PMCID: PMC8882863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.757084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the XXI Century, the yellow fever virus (YFV) has been cyclically spreading from the Amazon basin to Brazil’s South and Southeast regions, culminating in an unprecedented outbreak that started in 2016. In this work, we studied four YFV isolated from non-human primates obtained during outbreaks in the states of Rio Grande do Sul in 2008 (PR4408), Goiás (GO05), and Espírito Santo (ES-504) in 2017, and Rio de Janeiro (RJ 155) in 2019. These isolates have genomic differences mainly distributed in non-structural proteins. We compared the isolates’ rates of infection in mammal and mosquito cells and neurovirulence in adult mice. RJ 155 and PR4408 YFV isolates exhibited higher infectivity in mammalian cells and neurovirulence in mice. In mosquito Aag2 cells, GO05 and PR4408 displayed the lowest proliferation rates. These results suggest that RJ 155 and PR4408 YFV isolates carry some genomic markers that increase infectivity in mammal hosts. From this characterization, it is possible to contribute to discovering new molecular markers for the virulence of YFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane de Menezes Raphael
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Silva de Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Déberli Ruiz Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mônica da Silva Nogueira
- Centro de Experimentação Animal, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Carício Martins
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Myrna Cristina Bonaldo,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lücke AC, vom Hemdt A, Wieseler J, Fischer C, Feldmann M, Rothenfusser S, Drexler JF, Kümmerer BM. High-Throughput Platform for Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies Using Flavivirus Reporter Replicon Particles. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020346. [PMID: 35215941 PMCID: PMC8880525 DOI: 10.3390/v14020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus outbreaks require fast and reliable diagnostics that can be easily adapted to newly emerging and re-emerging flaviviruses. Due to the serological cross-reactivity among flavivirus antibodies, neutralization tests (NT) are considered the gold standard for sero-diagnostics. Here, we first established wild-type single-round infectious virus replicon particles (VRPs) by packaging a yellow fever virus (YFV) replicon expressing Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) with YFV structural proteins in trans using a double subgenomic Sindbis virus (SINV) replicon. The latter expressed the YFV envelope proteins prME via the first SINV subgenomic promoter and the capsid protein via a second subgenomic SINV promoter. VRPs were produced upon co-electroporation of replicon and packaging RNA. Introduction of single restriction enzyme sites in the packaging construct flanking the prME sequence easily allowed to exchange the prME moiety resulting in chimeric VRPs that have the surface proteins of other flaviviruses including dengue virus 1-4, Zika virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Besides comparing the YF-VRP based NT assay to a YF reporter virus NT assay, we analyzed the neutralization efficiencies of different human anti-flavivirus sera or a monoclonal antibody against all established VRPs. The assays were performed in a 96-well high-throughput format setting with Gluc as readout in comparison to classical plaque reduction NTs indicating that the VRP-based NT assays are suitable for high-throughput analyses of neutralizing flavivirus antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlen-Celina Lücke
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.-C.L.); (A.v.H.); (J.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Anja vom Hemdt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.-C.L.); (A.v.H.); (J.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Janett Wieseler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.-C.L.); (A.v.H.); (J.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universtät Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (C.F.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Marie Feldmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.-C.L.); (A.v.H.); (J.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Unit Clinical Pharmacology (EKliP), Helmholtz Center for Environmental Health, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universtät Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (C.F.); (J.F.D.)
- Martinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moskow, Russia
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Mareike Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.-C.L.); (A.v.H.); (J.W.); (M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Flavivirus recruits the valosin-containing protein-NPL4 complex to induce stress granule disassembly for efficient viral genome replication. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101597. [PMID: 35063505 PMCID: PMC8857493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are human pathogens that can cause severe diseases, such as dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, which can lead to death. Valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97, a cellular ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA-ATPase), is reported to have multiple roles in flavivirus replication. Nevertheless, the importance of each role still has not been addressed. In this study, the functions of 17 VCP mutants that are reportedly unable to interact with the VCP cofactors were validated using the short-interfering RNA rescue experiments. Our findings of this study suggested that VCP exerts its functions in replication of the Japanese encephalitis virus by interacting with the VCP cofactor nuclear protein localization 4 (NPL4). We show that the depletion of NPL4 impaired the early stage of viral genome replication. In addition, we demonstrate that the direct interaction between NPL4 and viral nonstructural protein (NS4B) is critical for the translocation of NS4B to the sites of viral replication. Finally, we found that Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus promoted stress granule formation only in VCP inhibitor-treated cells and the expression of NS4B or VCP attenuated stress granule formation mediated by protein kinase R, which is generally known to be activated by type I interferon and viral genome RNA. These results suggest that the NS4B-mediated recruitment of VCP to the virus replication site inhibits cellular stress responses and consequently facilitates viral protein synthesis in the flavivirus-infected cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang X, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Powassan virus: A tick borne flavivirus infecting humans. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
15
|
Zhang W, Jiang B, Zeng M, Lu T, Hu T, Guo J, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Cheng A, Chen S. Decreased virulence of duck Tembusu virus harboring a mutant NS2A with impaired interaction with STING and IFNβ induction. Vet Microbiol 2021; 265:109312. [PMID: 34953307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) NS2A inhibited IFNβ signaling pathway by competitively binding to STING with TBK1, leading to reducing the phosphorylation of TBK1. Herein, we found that the 114-143 aa region of NS2A is critical for its interaction with STING and suppression of STING-mediated IFNβ signaling. We further identified the amino acids at positions L129, N130, L139, R140 and F143 of NS2A critical for NS2A-STING interaction. Subsequently, single residue substitution in the NS2A protein was introduced into the DTMUV replicon and infectious clone. The replicons with NS2A L129A and L130A mutations significantly inhibited viral genome RNA replication. The rDTMUV NS2A L129A, L139A and R140A mutant viruses yielded significantly lower titer levels than WT in both BHK-21 and DEF cells, with much more obvious effect on the viral genome level, and infectious virions formed outside of infected cells. Especially, the rDTMUV L129A mutant showed a significantly lower mortality in both embryos and ducks than WT. All NS2A-mutants decreased the weight gain of infected ducklings and reduced the viral loads in the spleen relative to WT. However, no significant differences of viral loads were observed in the blood, thymus, or liver. Our findings extend our previous study on the immune evasion role of flavivirus NS2A protein. The targeted therapy of disabling the viral strategies developed for evading innate defense can be applied to the development of attenuated flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Walther T, Bruhn B, Isken O, Tautz N. A novel NS3/4A protease dependent cleavage site within pestiviral NS2. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34676824 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belong to the family Flaviviridae. A special feature of the Flaviviridae is the importance of nonstructural (NS) proteins for both genome replication and virion morphogenesis. The NS2-3-4A region and its regulated processing by the NS2 autoprotease and the NS3/4A protease plays a central role in the pestiviral life cycle. We report the identification and characterization of a novel internal cleavage in BVDV NS2, which is mediated by the NS3/4A protease. Further mapping using the NS2 of BVDV-1 strain NCP7 showed that cleavage occurs between L188 and G189. This cleavage site represents a novel sequence motif recognized by the NS3/4A protease and is conserved between the pestivirus species A, B and D. Inhibition of this internal NS2 cleavage by mutating the cleavage site did not cause obvious effects on RNA replication or virion morphogenesis in cultured cell lines. Accordingly, this novel internal NS2 cleavage adds an additional layer to the already complex polyprotein processing of Pestiviruses and might further extend the repertoires of the multifunctional NS2. However, unravelling of the functional relevance of this novel processing event in NS2, therefore, awaits future in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walther
- University of Luebeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, Luebeck, Germany.,Present address: EUROIMMUN AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Barbara Bruhn
- University of Luebeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Olaf Isken
- University of Luebeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Tautz
- University of Luebeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, Luebeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Klaitong P, Smith DR. Roles of Non-Structural Protein 4A in Flavivirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102077. [PMID: 34696510 PMCID: PMC8538649 DOI: 10.3390/v13102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with viruses in the genus Flavivirus are a worldwide public health problem. These enveloped, positive sense single stranded RNA viruses use a small complement of only 10 encoded proteins and the RNA genome itself to remodel host cells to achieve conditions favoring viral replication. A consequence of the limited viral armamentarium is that each protein exerts multiple cellular effects, in addition to any direct role in viral replication. The viruses encode four non-structural (NS) small transmembrane proteins (NS2A, NS2B, NS4A and NS4B) which collectively remain rather poorly characterized. NS4A is a 16kDa membrane associated protein and recent studies have shown that this protein plays multiple roles, including in membrane remodeling, antagonism of the host cell interferon response, and in the induction of autophagy, in addition to playing a role in viral replication. Perhaps most importantly, NS4A has been implicated as playing a critical role in fetal developmental defects seen as a consequence of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple roles of this small but pivotal protein in mediating the pathobiology of flaviviral infections.
Collapse
|
18
|
Precursors of Viral Proteases as Distinct Drug Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101981. [PMID: 34696411 PMCID: PMC8537868 DOI: 10.3390/v13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Structure and Dynamics of Zika Virus Protease and Its Insights into Inhibitor Design. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081044. [PMID: 34440248 PMCID: PMC8394600 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)—a member of the Flaviviridae family—is an important human pathogen. Its genome encodes a polyprotein that can be further processed into structural and non-structural proteins. ZIKV protease is an important target for antiviral development due to its role in cleaving the polyprotein to release functional viral proteins. The viral protease is a two-component protein complex formed by NS2B and NS3. Structural studies using different approaches demonstrate that conformational changes exist in the protease. The structures and dynamics of this protease in the absence and presence of inhibitors were explored to provide insights into the inhibitor design. The dynamic nature of residues binding to the enzyme cleavage site might be important for the function of the protease. Due to the charges at the protease cleavage site, it is challenging to develop small-molecule compounds acting as substrate competitors. Developing small-molecule compounds to inhibit protease activity through an allosteric mechanism is a feasible strategy because conformational changes are observed in the protease. Herein, structures and dynamics of ZIKV protease are summarized. The conformational changes of ZIKV protease and other proteases in the same family are discussed. The progress in developing allosteric inhibitors is also described. Understanding the structures and dynamics of the proteases are important for designing potent inhibitors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Talavera-Aguilar LG, Murrieta RA, Kiem S, Cetina-Trejo RC, Baak-Baak CM, Ebel GD, Blitvich BJ, Machain-Williams C. Infection, dissemination, and transmission efficiencies of Zika virus in Aedes aegypti after serial passage in mosquito or mammalian cell lines or alternating passage in both cell types. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:261. [PMID: 34006306 PMCID: PMC8130322 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) with an urban transmission cycle that primarily involves humans and Aedes aegypti. Evidence suggests that the evolution of some arboviruses is constrained by their dependency on alternating between disparate (vertebrate and invertebrate) hosts. The goals of this study are to compare the genetic changes that occur in ZIKV after serial passaging in mosquito or vertebrate cell lines or alternate passaging in both cell types and to compare the replication, dissemination, and transmission efficiencies of the cell culture-derived viruses in Ae. aegypti. Methods An isolate of ZIKV originally acquired from a febrile patient in Yucatan, Mexico, was serially passaged six times in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells or Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells or both cell types by alternating passage. A colony of Ae. aegypti from Yucatan was established, and mosquitoes were challenged with the cell-adapted viruses. Midguts, Malpighian tubules, ovaries, salivary glands, wings/legs and saliva were collected at various times after challenge and tested for evidence of virus infection. Results Genome sequencing revealed the presence of two non-synonymous substitutions in the premembrane and NS1 regions of the mosquito cell-adapted virus and two non-synonymous substitutions in the capsid and NS2A regions of both the vertebrate cell-adapted and alternate-passaged viruses. Additional genetic changes were identified by intrahost variant frequency analysis. Virus maintained by continuous C6/36 cell passage was significantly more infectious in Ae. aegypti than viruses maintained by alternating passage and consecutive Vero cell passage. Conclusions Mosquito cell-adapted ZIKV displayed greater in vivo fitness in Ae. aegypti compared to the other viruses, indicating that obligate cycling between disparate hosts carries a fitness cost. These data increase our understanding of the factors that drive ZIKV adaptation and evolution and underscore the important need to consider the in vivo passage histories of flaviviruses to be evaluated in vector competence studies. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04726-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes G Talavera-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Reyes A Murrieta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sungmin Kiem
- Department of Infectious Diseases in Internal Medicine, Sejong Chungnam National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Rosa C Cetina-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ci Y, Shi L. Compartmentalized replication organelle of flavivirus at the ER and the factors involved. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4939-4954. [PMID: 33846827 PMCID: PMC8041242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that pose a considerable threat to human health. Flaviviruses replicate in compartmentalized replication organelles derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The characteristic architecture of flavivirus replication organelles includes invaginated vesicle packets and convoluted membrane structures. Multiple factors, including both viral proteins and host factors, contribute to the biogenesis of the flavivirus replication organelle. Several viral nonstructural (NS) proteins with membrane activity induce ER rearrangement to build replication compartments, and other NS proteins constitute the replication complexes (RC) in the compartments. Host protein and lipid factors facilitate the formation of replication organelles. The lipid membrane, proteins and viral RNA together form the functional compartmentalized replication organelle, in which the flaviviruses efficiently synthesize viral RNA. Here, we reviewed recent advances in understanding the structure and biogenesis of flavivirus replication organelles, and we further discuss the function of virus NS proteins and related host factors as well as their roles in building the replication organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dey D, Poudyal S, Rehman A, Hasan SS. Structural and biochemical insights into flavivirus proteins. Virus Res 2021; 296:198343. [PMID: 33607183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are the fastest spreading arthropod-borne viruses that cause severe symptoms such as hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital deformities. Nearly 40 % of the entire human population is at risk of flavivirus epidemics. Yet, effective vaccination is restricted only to a few flaviviruses such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and most recently for select cases of dengue virus infections. Despite the global spread of dengue virus, and emergence of new threats such as Zika virus and a new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus, insights into flavivirus targets for potentially broad-spectrum vaccination are limited. In this review article, we highlight biochemical and structural differences in flavivirus proteins critical for virus assembly and host interactions. A comparative sequence analysis of pH-responsive properties of viral structural proteins identifies trends in conservation of complementary acidic-basic character between interacting viral structural proteins. This is highly relevant to the understanding of pH-sensitive differences in virus assembly in organelles such as neutral ER and acidic Golgi. Surface residues in viral interfaces identified by structural approaches are shown to demonstrate partial conservation, further reinforcing virus-specificity in assembly and interactions with host proteins. A comparative analysis of epitope conservation in emerging flaviviruses identifies therapeutic antibody candidates that have potential as broad spectrum anti-virals, thus providing a path towards development of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Shishir Poudyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Asma Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St. Baltimore MD 21201, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barnard TR, Abram QH, Lin QF, Wang AB, Sagan SM. Molecular Determinants of Flavivirus Virion Assembly. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:378-390. [PMID: 33423940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Virion assembly is an important step in the life cycle of all viruses. For viruses of the Flavivirus genus, a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, the assembly step represents one of the least understood processes in the viral life cycle. While assembly is primarily driven by the viral structural proteins, recent studies suggest that several nonstructural proteins also play key roles in coordinating the assembly and packaging of the viral genome. This review focuses on describing recent advances in our understanding of flavivirus virion assembly, including the intermolecular interactions between the viral structural (capsid) and nonstructural proteins (NS2A and NS2B-NS3), host factors, as well as features of the viral genomic RNA required for efficient flavivirus virion assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Barnard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Quinn H Abram
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Qi Feng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alex B Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Araujo SC, Pereira LR, Alves RPS, Andreata-Santos R, Kanno AI, Ferreira LCS, Gonçalves VM. Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030492. [PMID: 32878023 PMCID: PMC7564369 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review the present status of anti-flavivirus subunit vaccines, both those at the experimental stage and those already available for clinical use. Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. Currently licensed anti-flavivirus vaccines are based on inactivated, attenuated, or virus-vector vaccines. However, technological advances in the generation of recombinant antigens with preserved structural and immunological determinants reveal new possibilities for the development of recombinant protein-based vaccine formulations for clinical testing. Furthermore, novel proposals for multi-epitope vaccines and the discovery of new adjuvants and delivery systems that enhance and/or modulate immune responses can pave the way for the development of successful subunit vaccines. Nonetheless, advances in this field require high investments that will probably not raise interest from private pharmaceutical companies and, therefore, will require support by international philanthropic organizations and governments of the countries more severely stricken by these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C. Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Lennon R. Pereira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rubens P. S. Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Alex I. Kanno
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Luis Carlos S. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang N, Li C, Jiang S, Du L. Recent Advances in the Development of Virus-Like Particle-Based Flavivirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030481. [PMID: 32867194 PMCID: PMC7565697 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include several medically important viruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). They have expanded in geographic distribution and refocused international attention in recent years. Vaccination is one of the most effective public health strategies for combating flavivirus infections. In this review, we summarized virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines against the above four mentioned flaviviruses. Potential strategies to improve the efficacy of VLP-based flavivirus vaccines were also illustrated. The applications of flavivirus VLPs as tools for viral detection and antiviral drug screening were finally proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; (N.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; (N.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (L.D.)
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Helmová R, Hönig V, Tykalová H, Palus M, Bell-Sakyi L, Grubhoffer L. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Adaptation in Different Host Environments and Existence of Quasispecies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080902. [PMID: 32824843 PMCID: PMC7472235 DOI: 10.3390/v12080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly virulent strain (Hypr) of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was serially subcultured in the mammalian porcine kidney stable (PS) and Ixodes ricinus tick (IRE/CTVM19) cell lines, producing three viral variants. These variants exhibited distinct plaque sizes and virulence in a mouse model. Comparing the full-genome sequences of all variants, several nucleotide changes were identified in different genomic regions. Furthermore, different sequential variants were revealed to co-exist within one sample as quasispecies. Interestingly, the above-mentioned nucleotide changes found within the whole genome sequences of the new variants were present alongside the nucleotide sequence of the parental strain, which was represented as a minority quasispecies. These observations further imply that TBEV exists as a heterogeneous population that contains virus variants pre-adapted to reproduction in different environments, probably enabling virus survival in ticks and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Helmová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
| | - Václav Hönig
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-387-775-463
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Palus
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang B, Zhang W, Wu Y, Wang T, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Chen S, Cheng A. Determinants of duck Tembusu virus NS2A/2B polyprotein procession attenuated viral replication and proliferation in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12423. [PMID: 32709930 PMCID: PMC7381675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus, has caused serious economic losses for the Chinese poultry industry. The genome is translated into a polyprotein that is cleaved to mature protein by host and viral proteases in the host cell, and this proteolytic process is important for the viral life cycle. However, the cleavage mechanism of DTMUV polyprotein is still unclear. In this study, we identified that several amino acids (P1-R, P1′-G, P2-R, P3-T, and P4-V) were vital for NS2A/2B cleavage. Meanwhile, both NS2A and NS2B were essential in cis for polyprotein NS2A/2B intramolecular cleavage. Subsequently, a DTMUV replicon and an infectious clone showed that the P1 site is essential to viral replication, while a mutation in P1′ could boost viral RNA replication. Furthermore, a recombinant virus with P1 and P1′ site mutations named rDTMUV-NS2A/2B-P1P1′(AA) was rescued from transfected BHK21 cells. The maximum viral titers and viral genome copies of rDTMUV-NS2A/2B-P1P1′(AA) were much lower than those of rDTMUV-WT both in the intracellular and extracellular samples of transfected and infected BHK21 cells. Taken together, the NS2A/2B cleavage sites processed by the NS2B3 protease are vital for DTMUV proliferation and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Jiang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - ShaQiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - YunYa Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - YanLing Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amino Acid at Position 166 of NS2A in Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is Associated with In Vitro Growth Characteristics of JEV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070709. [PMID: 32629892 PMCID: PMC7412020 DOI: 10.3390/v12070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the growth ability of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V (GV) strain Muar is clearly lower than that of the genotype I (GI) JEV strain Mie/41/2002 in murine neuroblastoma cells. Here, we sought to identify the region in GV JEV that is involved in its low growth potential in cultured cells. An intertypic virus containing the NS1-3 region of Muar in the Mie/41/2002 backbone (NS1-3Muar) exhibited a markedly diminished growth ability in murine neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, the growth rate of a Muar NS2A-bearing intertypic virus (NS2AMuar) was also similar to that of Muar in these cells, indicating that NS2A of Muar is one of the regions responsible for the Muar-specific growth ability in murine neuroblastoma cells. Sequencing analysis of murine neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cell-adapted NS1-3Muar virus clones revealed that His-to-Tyr mutation at position 166 of NS2A (NS2A166) could rescue the low replication ability of NS1-3Muar in Neuro-2a cells. Notably, a virus harboring a Tyr-to-His substitution at NS2A166 (NS2AY166H) showed a decreased growth ability relative to that of the parental virus Mie/41/2002, whereas an NS2AMuar-based mutant virus, NS2AMuar-H166Y, showed a higher growth ability than NS2AMuar in Neuro-2a cells. Thus, these results indicate that the NS2A166 amino acid in JEV is critical for the growth and tissue tropism of JEV in vitro.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhardwaj T, Saumya KU, Kumar P, Sharma N, Gadhave K, Uversky VN, Giri R. Japanese encephalitis virus - exploring the dark proteome and disorder-function paradigm. FEBS J 2020; 287:3751-3776. [PMID: 32473054 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis all around the globe. Approximately 3 billion people in endemic areas are at risk of Japanese encephalitis. To develop a wholistic understanding of the viral proteome, it is important to investigate both its ordered and disordered proteins. However, the functional and structural significance of disordered regions in the JEV proteome has not been systematically investigated as of yet. To fill this gap, we used here a set of bioinformatics tools to analyze the JEV proteome for the predisposition of its proteins for intrinsic disorder and for the presence of the disorder-based binding regions (also known as molecular recognition features, MoRFs). We also analyzed all JEV proteins for the presence of the probable nucleic acid-binding (DNA and RNA) sites. The results of these computational studies are experimentally validated using JEV capsid protein as an illustrative example. In agreement with bioinformatic analysis, we found that the N-terminal region of the JEV capsid (residues 1-30) is intrinsically disordered. We showed that this region is characterized by the temperature response typical for highly disordered proteins. Furthermore, we have experimentally shown that this disordered N-terminal domain of a capsid protein has a noticeable 'gain-of-structure' potential. In addition, using DOPS liposomes, we demonstrated the presence of pronounced membrane-mediated conformational changes in the N-terminal region of JEV capsid. In our view, this disorder-centric analysis would be helpful for a better understanding of the JEV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| | - Kumar Udit Saumya
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center 'Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences', Russia
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Diosa-Toro M, Prasanth KR, Bradrick SS, Garcia Blanco MA. Role of RNA-binding proteins during the late stages of Flavivirus replication cycle. Virol J 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 32334603 PMCID: PMC7183730 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus encompasses several worldwide-distributed arthropod-borne viruses including, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Infection with these viruses manifest with symptoms ranging from febrile illness to life- threatening hypotensive shock and encephalitis. Therefore, flaviviruses pose a great risk to public health. Currently, preventive measures are falling short to control epidemics and there are no antivirals against any Flavivirus.Flaviviruses carry a single stranded positive-sense RNA genome that plays multiple roles in infected cells: it is translated into viral proteins, used as template for genome replication, it is the precursor of the subgenomic flaviviral RNA and it is assembled into new virions. Furthermore, viral RNA genomes are also packaged into extracellular vesicles, e.g. exosomes, which represent an alternate mode of virus dissemination.Because RNA molecules are at the center of Flavivirus replication cycle, viral and host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical determinants of infection. Numerous studies have revealed the function of RBPs during Flavivirus infection, particularly at the level of RNA translation and replication. These proteins, however, are also critical participants at the late stages of the replication cycle. Here we revise the function of host RBPs and the viral proteins capsid, NS2A and NS3, during the packaging of viral RNA and the assembly of new virus particles. Furthermore, we go through the evidence pointing towards the importance of host RBPs in mediating cellular RNA export with the idea that the biogenesis of exosomes harboring Flavivirus RNA would follow an analogous pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Diosa-Toro
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Health, Surveillance & Diagnostics Group, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia Blanco
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Binding of Duck Tembusu Virus Nonstructural Protein 2A to Duck STING Disrupts Induction of Its Signal Transduction Cascade To Inhibit Beta Interferon Induction. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01850-19. [PMID: 32075929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01850-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), which is similar to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses that replicate well in most mammalian cells, is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused epidemics in egg-laying and breeding waterfowl. Immune organ defects and neurological dysfunction are the main clinical symptoms of DTMUV infection. Preinfection with DTMUV makes the virus impervious to later interferon (IFN) treatment, revealing that DTMUV has evolved some strategies to defend against host IFN-dependent antiviral responses. Immune inhibition was further confirmed by screening for DTMUV-encoded proteins, which suggested that NS2A significantly inhibited IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner and facilitated reinfection with duck plague virus (DPV). DTMUV NS2A was able to inhibit duck retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-, mitochondrial-localized adaptor molecules (MAVS)-, stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-, and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-induced IFN-β transcription, but not duck TBK1- and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated effective phases of IFN response. Furthermore, we found that NS2A competed with duTBK1 in binding to duck STING (duSTING), impaired duSTING-duSTING binding, and reduced duTBK1 phosphorylation, leading to the subsequent inhibition of IFN production. Importantly, we first identified that the W164A, Y167A, and S361A mutations in duSTING significantly impaired the NS2A-duSTING interaction, which is important for NS2A-induced IFN-β inhibition. Hence, our data demonstrated that DTMUV NS2A disrupts duSTING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by binding with duSTING, which provides a novel mechanism by which DTMUV subverts host innate immune responses. The potential interaction sites between NS2A and duSTING may be the targets of future novel antiviral therapies and vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Flavivirus infections are transmitted through mosquitos or ticks and lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide with a spectrum of manifestations. Infection with an emerging flavivirus, DTMUV, manifests with clinical symptoms that include lesions of the immune organs and neurological dysfunction, leading to heavy egg drop and causing serious harm to the duck industry in China, Thailand, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asian countries. Mosquito cells, bird cells, and mammalian cell lines are all susceptible to DTMUV infection. An in vivo study revealed that BALB/c mice and Kunming mice were susceptible to DTMUV after intracerebral inoculation. Moreover, there are no reports about DTMUV-related human disease, but antibodies against DTMUV and viral RNA were detected in serum samples of duck industry workers. This information implies that DTMUV has expanded its host range and may pose a threat to mammalian health. However, the pathogenesis of DTMUV is largely unclear. Our results show that NS2A strongly blocks the STING-induced signal transduction cascade by binding with STING, which subsequently blocks STING-STING binding and TBK1 phosphorylation. More importantly, the W164, Y167, or S361 residues in duSTING were identified as important interaction sites between STING and NS2A that are vital for NS2A-induced IFN production and effective phases of IFN response. Uncovering the mechanism by which DTMUV NS2A inhibits IFN in the cells of its natural hosts, ducks, will help us understand the role of NS2A in DTMUV pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was once considered an obscure member of the large and diverse family of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, and human infections with ZIKV were thought to be sporadic, with mild and self-limiting symptoms. The large-scale ZIKV epidemics in the Americas and the unexpected uncovering of a link to congenital birth defects escalated ZIKV infections to the status of a global public health emergency. Recent studies that combined reverse genetics with modelling in multiple systems have provided evidence that ZIKV has acquired additional amino acid substitutions at the same time as congenital Zika syndrome and other birth defects were detected. In this Progress article, we summarize the evolution of ZIKV during its spread from Asia to the Americas and discuss potential links to pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010042. [PMID: 31948047 PMCID: PMC7168633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA arboviruses, infectious to humans and many other animals and are transmitted primarily via tick or mosquito vectors. Capsid is the primary structural protein to interact with viral genome within virus particles and is therefore necessary for efficient packaging. However, in cells, capsid interacts with many proteins and nucleic acids and we are only beginning to understand the broad range of functions of flaviviral capsids. It is known that capsid dimers interact with the membrane of lipid droplets, aiding in both viral packaging and storage of capsid prior to packaging. However, capsid dimers can bind a range of nucleic acid templates in vitro, and likely interact with a range of targets during the flavivirus lifecycle. Capsid may interact with host RNAs, resulting in altered RNA splicing and RNA transcription. Capsid may also bind short interfering-RNAs and has been proposed to sequester these species to protect flaviviruses from the invertebrate siRNA pathways. Capsid can also be found in the nucleolus, where it wreaks havoc on ribosome biogenesis. Here we review flavivirus capsid structure, nucleic acid interactions and how these give rise to multiple functions. We also discuss how these features might be exploited either in the design of effective antivirals or novel vaccine strategies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ávila-Pérez G, Nogales A, Park JG, Márquez-Jurado S, Iborra FJ, Almazan F, Martínez-Sobrido L. A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A protein responsible of virulence in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19968. [PMID: 31882898 PMCID: PMC6934710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is currently one of the major concerns in human public health due to its association with neurological disorders. Intensive effort has been implemented for the treatment of ZIKV, however there are not currently approved vaccines or antivirals available to combat ZIKV infection. In this sense, the identification of virulence factors associated with changes in ZIKV virulence could help to develop safe and effective countermeasures to treat ZIKV or to prevent future outbreaks. Here, we have compared the virulence of two related ZIKV strains from the recent outbreak in Brazil (2015), Rio Grande do Norte Natal (RGN) and Paraiba. In spite of both viruses being identified in the same period of time and region, significant differences in virulence and replication were observed using a validated mouse model of ZIKV infection. While ZIKV-RGN has a 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of ~105 focus forming units (FFUs), ZIKV-Paraiba infection resulted in 100% of lethality with less than 10 FFUs. Combining deep-sequencing analysis and our previously described infectious ZIKV-RGN cDNA clone, we identified a natural polymorphism in the non-structural protein 2 A (NS2A) that increase the virulence of ZIKV. Moreover, results demonstrate that the single amino acid alanine to valine substitution at position 117 (A117V) in the NS2A was sufficient to convert the attenuated rZIKV-RGN in a virulent Paraiba-like virus (MLD50 < 10 FFU). The mechanism of action was also evaluated and data indicate that substitution A117V in ZIKV NS2A protein reduces host innate immune responses and viral-induced apoptosis in vitro. Therefore, amino acid substitution A117V in ZIKV NS2A could be used as a genetic risk-assessment marker for future ZIKV outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gines Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
- Center for Animal Health Research, INIA-CISA, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Silvia Márquez-Jurado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autonóma de Madrid, 3 Darwin Street, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Iborra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autonóma de Madrid, 3 Darwin Street, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Almazan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autonóma de Madrid, 3 Darwin Street, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The flavivirus virion consists of an envelope outer layer, formed by envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins on a lipid bilayer, and an internal core, formed by capsid (C) protein and genomic RNA. The molecular mechanism of flavivirus assembly is not well understood. Here, we show that Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2A protein recruits genomic RNA, the structural protein prM/E complex, and the NS2B/NS3 protease complex to the virion assembly site and orchestrates virus morphogenesis. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis showed that ZIKV NS2A binds to prM, E, NS2B, and NS3 (but not C, NS4B, or NS5) in a viral RNA-independent manner, whereas prM/E complex does not interact with NS2B/NS3 complex. Remarkably, a single-amino-acid mutation (E103A) of NS2A impairs its binding to prM/E and NS2B/NS3 and abolishes virus production, demonstrating the indispensable role of NS2A/prM/E and NS2A/NS2B/NS3 interactions in virion assembly. In addition, RNA-protein pulldown analysis identified a stem-loop RNA from the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome as an "RNA recruitment signal" for ZIKV assembly. The 3' UTR RNA binds to a cytoplasmic loop of NS2A protein. Mutations of two positively charged residues (R96A and R102A) from the cytoplasmic loop reduce NS2A binding to viral RNA, leading to a complete loss of virion assembly. Collectively, our results support a virion assembly model in which NS2A recruits viral NS2B/NS3 protease and structural C-prM-E polyprotein to the virion assembly site; once the C-prM-E polyprotein has been processed, NS2A presents viral RNA to the structural proteins for virion assembly.IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause devastating congenital Zika syndrome in pregnant women and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. The molecular mechanism of ZIKV virion assembly is largely unknown. Here, we report that ZIKV NS2A plays a central role in recruiting viral RNA, structural protein prM/E, and viral NS2B/NS3 protease to the virion assembly site and orchestrating virion morphogenesis. One mutation that impairs these interactions does not significantly affect viral RNA replication but selectively abolishes virion assembly, demonstrating the specific role of these interactions in virus morphogenesis. We also show that the 3' UTR of ZIKV RNA may serve as a "recruitment signal" through binding to NS2A to enter the virion assembly site. Following a coordinated cleavage of C-prM-E at the virion assembly site, NS2A may present the viral RNA to C protein for nucleocapsid formation followed by envelopment with prM/E proteins. The results have provided new insights into flavivirus virion assembly.
Collapse
|
36
|
Dengue NS2A Protein Orchestrates Virus Assembly. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:606-622.e8. [PMID: 31631053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus assembly requires cleavage of viral C-prM-E polyprotein into three structural proteins (capsid, premembrane, and envelope), packaging of viral RNA with C protein into nucleocapsid, and budding of prM and E proteins into virions. The molecular mechanisms underlying these assembly events are unclear. Here, we show that dengue nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A protein) recruits viral RNA, structural proteins, and protease to the site of virion assembly and coordinates nucleocapsid and virus formation. The last 285 nucleotides of viral 3' UTR serve as a "recruiting signal for packaging" that binds to a cytosolic loop of NS2A. This interaction allows NS2A to recruit nascent RNA from the replication complex to the virion assembly site. NS2A also recruits the C-prM-E polyprotein and NS2B-NS3 protease to the virion assembly site by interacting with prM, E, and NS3, leading to coordinated C-prM-E cleavage. Mature C protein assembles onto genomic RNA to form nucleocapsid, followed by prM and E envelopment and virion formation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yellow Fever: Integrating Current Knowledge with Technological Innovations to Identify Strategies for Controlling a Re-Emerging Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100960. [PMID: 31627415 PMCID: PMC6832525 DOI: 10.3390/v11100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) represents a re-emerging zoonotic pathogen, transmitted by mosquito vectors to humans from primate reservoirs. Sporadic outbreaks of YFV occur in endemic tropical regions, causing a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) associated with high mortality rates. Despite a highly effective vaccine, no antiviral treatments currently exist. Therefore, YFV represents a neglected tropical disease and is chronically understudied, with many aspects of YFV biology incompletely defined including host range, host–virus interactions and correlates of host immunity and pathogenicity. In this article, we review the current state of YFV research, focusing on the viral lifecycle, host responses to infection, species tropism and the success and associated limitations of the YFV-17D vaccine. In addition, we highlight the current lack of available treatments and use publicly available sequence and structural data to assess global patterns of YFV sequence diversity and identify potential drug targets. Finally, we discuss how technological advances, including real-time epidemiological monitoring of outbreaks using next-generation sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 modification of vector species, could be utilized in future battles against this re-emerging pathogen which continues to cause devastating disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Faheem M, Barbosa Lima JC, Jamal SB, Silva PA, Barbosa JARG. An insight into dengue virus proteins as potential drug/vaccine targets. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus that belongs to family flaviviridae. Its genome is composed of a single stranded RNA molecule that encodes a single polyprotein. The polyprotein is processed by viral and cellular proteases to generate ten viral proteins. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4), which are genetically related. Although protein variability is a major problem in dengue treatment, the functional and structural studies of individual proteins are equally important in treatment development. The data accumulated on dengue proteins are significant to provide detailed understanding of viral infection, replication, host-immune evasion and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarized the detailed current knowledge about DENV proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faheem
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Cunha Barbosa Lima
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Syed Babar Jamal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall road, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Paula Andreia Silva
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
| | - João Alexandre Ribeiro Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Infection of Aedes albopictus Mosquito C6/36 Cells with the wMelpop Strain of Wolbachia Modulates Dengue Virus-Induced Host Cellular Transcripts and Induces Critical Sequence Alterations in the Dengue Viral Genome. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00581-19. [PMID: 31092581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00581-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes frequent epidemics infecting ∼390 million people annually in over 100 countries. There are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for treatment of infected patients. However, there is a novel approach to control DENV transmission by the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, using the Wolbachia symbiont. The wMelPop strain of Wolbachia suppresses DENV transmission and shortens the mosquito life span. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To clarify this mechanism, either naive A. albopictus (C6/36) or wMelPop-C6/36 cells were infected with DENV serotype 2 (DENV2). Analysis of host transcript profiles by transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) revealed that the presence of wMelPop dramatically altered the mosquito host cell transcription in response to DENV2 infection. The viral RNA evolved from wMelPop-C6/36 cells contained low-frequency mutations (∼25%) within the coding region of transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) of E protein. Mutations with >97% frequencies were distributed within other regions of E, the NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5POL) domain, and the TMDs of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B. Moreover, while DENV2-infected naive C6/36 cells showed syncytium formation, DENV2-infected wMelPop-C6/36 cells did not. The Wolbachia-induced mutant DENV2 can readily infect and replicate in naive C6/36 cells, whereas in mutant DENV2-infected BHK-21 or Vero cells, virus replication was delayed. In LLC-MK2 cells, the mutant failed to produce plaques. Additionally, in BHK-21 cells, many mutations in the viral genome reverted to the wild type (WT) and compensatory mutations in NS3 gene appeared. Our results indicate that wMelPop impacts significantly the interactions of DENV2 with mosquito and mammalian host cells.IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne diseases are of global significance causing considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Dengue virus (DENV; serotypes 1 to 4), a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes millions of infections annually. Development of a safe vaccine is hampered due to absence of cross-protection and increased risk in secondary infections due to antibody-mediated immune enhancement. Infection of vector mosquitoes with Wolbachia bacteria offers a novel countermeasure to suppress DENV transmission, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the host transcription profiles and viral RNA sequences were analyzed in naive A. albopictus (C6/36) and wMelPop-C6/36 cells by RNAseq. Our results showed that the wMelPop symbiont caused profound changes in host transcription profiles and morphology of DENV2-infected C6/36 cells. Accumulation of several mutations throughout DENV2 RNA resulted in loss of infectivity of progeny virions. Our findings offer new insights into the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated suppression of DENV transmission.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bialosuknia SM, Tan Y, Zink SD, Koetzner CA, Maffei JG, Halpin RA, Mueller EA, Novotny M, Shilts M, Fedorova NB, Amedeo P, Das SR, Pickett B, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Evolutionary dynamics and molecular epidemiology of West Nile virus in New York State: 1999-2015. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez020. [PMID: 31341640 PMCID: PMC6642743 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following its introduction into New York State (NYS) in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) underwent a rapid expansion throughout the USA and into Canada and Latin America. WNV has been characterized as being evolutionarily stable, with weak geographic structure, a dominance of purifying selection and limited adaptive change. We analyzed all available full-genome WNV sequences, focusing on the 543 available sequences from NYS, which included 495 newly sequenced 2000-15 isolates. In addition, we analyzed deep-sequencing data from 317 of these isolates. While our data are generally in agreement with the limited pace of evolutionary change and broad geographic and temporal mixing identified in other studies, we have identified some important exceptions. Most notably, there are 14 codons which demonstrated evidence of positive selection as determined by multiple models, including some positions with evidence of selection in NYS exclusively. Coincident with increased WNV activity, genotypes possessing one or more of these mutations, designated NY01, NY07, and NY10, have increased in prevalence in recent years and displaced historic strains. In addition, we have found a geographical bias with many of these mutations, which suggests selective pressures and adaptations could be regional. Lastly, our deep-sequencing data suggest both increased overall diversity in avian tissue isolates relative to mosquito isolates and multiple non-synonymous minority variants that are both host-specific and retained over time and space. Together, these data provide novel insight into the evolutionary pressures on WNV and the need for continued genetic surveillance and characterization of emergent strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bialosuknia
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 1161 21st Street, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven D Zink
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Joseph G Maffei
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Halpin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emmi A Mueller
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mark Novotny
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Shilts
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 1161 21st Street, Nashville, TN, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nadia B Fedorova
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Amedeo
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Suman R Das
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 1161 21st Street, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brett Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Virology, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselear, NY, USA
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselear, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang X, Xie X, Zou J, Xia H, Shan C, Chen X, Shi PY. Genetic and biochemical characterizations of Zika virus NS2A protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:585-602. [PMID: 30958095 PMCID: PMC6455252 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1598291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause devastating congenital Zika syndromes in pregnant women and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ZIKV replication is essential for antiviral and vaccine development. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of ZIKV NS2A protein. Biochemical structural probing suggests that ZIKV NS2A has a single segment that traverses the ER membrane and six segments that peripherally associate with the ER membrane. Functional analysis has defined distinct NS2A residues essential for viral RNA synthesis or virion assembly. Only the virion assembly-defective mutants, but not the RNA synthesis-defective mutants, could be rescued through trans complementation with a wide-type NS2A protein. These results suggest that the NS2A molecules in virion assembly complex could be recruited in trans, whereas the NS2A molecules in viral replication complex must be recruited in cis. Together with previous results, we propose a flavivirus assembly model where NS2A plays a central role in modulating viral structural and nonstructural proteins as well as genomic RNA during virion assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology , Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Jing Zou
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Hongjie Xia
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Chao Shan
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xinwen Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology , Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,d Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,e Institute for Human Infections & Immunity , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,f Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,g Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,h Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sager G, Gabaglio S, Sztul E, Belov GA. Role of Host Cell Secretory Machinery in Zika Virus Life Cycle. Viruses 2018; 10:E559. [PMID: 30326556 PMCID: PMC6213159 DOI: 10.3390/v10100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high human cost of Zika virus infections and the rapid establishment of virus circulation in novel areas, including the United States, present an urgent need for countermeasures against this emerging threat. The development of an effective vaccine against Zika virus may be problematic because of the cross reactivity of the antibodies with other flaviviruses leading to antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Moreover, rapidly replicating positive strand RNA viruses, including Zika virus, generate large spectrum of mutant genomes (quasi species) every replication round, allowing rapid selection of variants resistant to drugs targeting virus-specific proteins. On the other hand, viruses are ultimate cellular parasites and rely on the host metabolism for every step of their life cycle, thus presenting an opportunity to manipulate host processes as an alternative approach to suppress virus replication and spread. Zika and other flaviviruses critically depend on the cellular secretory pathway, which transfers proteins and membranes from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane, for virion assembly, maturation and release. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of interactions of Zika and similar arthropod-borne flaviviruses with the cellular secretory machinery with a special emphasis on virus-specific changes of the secretory pathway. Identification of the regulatory networks and effector proteins required to accommodate the trafficking of virions, which represent a highly unusual cargo for the secretory pathway, may open an attractive and virtually untapped reservoir of alternative targets for the development of superior anti-viral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Sager
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, UK.
| | - Samuel Gabaglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, UK.
| | - George A Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Using a Virion Assembly-Defective Dengue Virus as a Vaccine Approach. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01002-18. [PMID: 30111567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01002-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-transmitted viral pathogen in humans. The recently licensed dengue vaccine has major weaknesses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop improved dengue vaccines. Here, we report a virion assembly-defective DENV as a vaccine platform. DENV containing an amino acid deletion (K188) in nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is fully competent in viral RNA replication but is completely defective in virion assembly. When trans-complemented with wild-type NS2A protein, the virion assembly defect could be rescued, generating pseudoinfectious virus (PIVNS2A) that could initiate single-round infection. The trans-complementation efficiency could be significantly improved through selection for adaptive mutations, leading to high-yield PIVNS2A production, with titers of >107 infectious-focus units (IFU)/ml. Mice immunized with a single dose of PIVNS2A elicited strong T cell immune responses and neutralization antibodies and were protected from wild-type-virus challenge. Collectively, the results proved the concept of using assembly-defective virus as a vaccine approach. The study also solved the technical bottleneck in producing high yields of PIVNS2A vaccine. The technology could be applicable to vaccine development for other viral pathogens.IMPORTANCE Many flaviviruses are significant human pathogens that pose global threats to public health. Although licensed vaccines are available for yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and dengue viruses, new approaches are needed to develop improved vaccines. Using dengue virus as a model, we developed a vaccine platform using a virion assembly-defective virus. We show that such an assembly-defective virus could be rescued to higher titers and infect cells for a single round. Mice immunized with the assembly-defective virus were protected from wild-type-virus infection. This vaccine approach could be applicable to other viral pathogens.
Collapse
|
44
|
Márquez-Jurado S, Nogales A, Ávila-Pérez G, Iborra FJ, Martínez-Sobrido L, Almazán F. An Alanine-to-Valine Substitution in the Residue 175 of Zika Virus NS2A Protein Affects Viral RNA Synthesis and Attenuates the Virus In Vivo. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100547. [PMID: 30301244 PMCID: PMC6212934 DOI: 10.3390/v10100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV), its association with Guillain–Barré syndrome and fetal abnormalities, and the lack of approved vaccines and antivirals, highlight the importance of developing countermeasures to combat ZIKV disease. In this respect, infectious clones constitute excellent tools to accomplish these goals. However, flavivirus infectious clones are often difficult to work with due to the toxicity of some flavivirus sequences in bacteria. To bypass this problem, several alternative approaches have been applied for the generation of ZIKV clones including, among others, in vitro ligation, insertions of introns and using infectious subgenomic amplicons. Here, we report a simple and novel DNA-launched approach based on the use of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to generate a cDNA clone of Rio Grande do Norte Natal ZIKV strain. The sequence was identified from the brain tissue of an aborted fetus with microcephaly. The BAC clone was fully stable in bacteria and the infectious virus was efficiently recovered in Vero cells through direct delivery of the cDNA clone. The rescued virus yielded high titers in Vero cells and was pathogenic in a validated mouse model (A129 mice) of ZIKV infection. Furthermore, using this infectious clone we have generated a mutant ZIKV containing a single amino acid substitution (A175V) in the NS2A protein that presented reduced viral RNA synthesis in cell cultures, was highly attenuated in vivo and induced fully protection against a lethal challenge with ZIKV wild-type. This BAC approach provides a stable and reliable reverse genetic system for ZIKV that will help to identify viral determinants of virulence and facilitate the development of vaccine and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Márquez-Jurado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 3 Darwin street, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Francisco J Iborra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 3 Darwin street, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Fernando Almazán
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 3 Darwin street, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gullberg RC, Steel JJ, Pujari V, Rovnak J, Crick DC, Perera R. Stearoly-CoA desaturase 1 differentiates early and advanced dengue virus infections and determines virus particle infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007261. [PMID: 30118512 PMCID: PMC6114894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive strand RNA viruses, such as dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) expand and structurally alter ER membranes to optimize cellular communication pathways that promote viral replicative needs. These complex rearrangements require significant protein scaffolding as well as changes to the ER chemical composition to support these structures. We have previously shown that the lipid abundance and repertoire of host cells are significantly altered during infection with these viruses. Specifically, enzymes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) are recruited to viral replication sites by interaction with viral proteins and displayed enhanced activities during infection. We have now identified that events downstream of FAS (fatty acid desaturation) are critical for virus replication. In this study we screened enzymes in the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biosynthetic pathway and found that the rate-limiting enzyme in monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), is indispensable for DENV2 replication. The enzymatic activity of SCD1, was required for viral genome replication and particle release, and it was regulated in a time-dependent manner with a stringent requirement early during viral infection. As infection progressed, SCD1 protein expression levels were inversely correlated with the concentration of viral dsRNA in the cell. This modulation of SCD1, coinciding with the stage of viral replication, highlighted its function as a trigger of early infection and an enzyme that controlled alternate lipid requirements during early versus advanced infections. Loss of function of this enzyme disrupted structural alterations of assembled viral particles rendering them non-infectious and immature and defective in viral entry. This study identifies the complex involvement of SCD1 in DENV2 infection and demonstrates that these viruses alter ER lipid composition to increase infectivity of the virus particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Gullberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - J. Jordan Steel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sinigaglia L, Gracias S, Décembre E, Fritz M, Bruni D, Smith N, Herbeuval JP, Martin A, Dreux M, Tangy F, Jouvenet N. Immature particles and capsid-free viral RNA produced by Yellow fever virus-infected cells stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to secrete interferons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10889. [PMID: 30022130 PMCID: PMC6052170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized in the production of interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infections. The Flaviviridae family comprises enveloped RNA viruses such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Dengue virus (DENV). Cell-free flaviviridae virions poorly stimulate pDCs to produce IFN. By contrast, cells infected with HCV and DENV potently stimulate pDCs via short-range delivery of viral RNAs, which are either packaged within immature virions or secreted exosomes. We report that cells infected with Yellow fever virus (YFV), the prototypical flavivirus, stimulated pDCs to produce IFNs in a TLR7- and cell contact- dependent manner. Such stimulation was unaffected by the presence of YFV neutralizing antibodies. As reported for DENV, cells producing immature YFV particles were more potent at stimulating pDCs than cells releasing mature virions. Additionally, cells replicating a release-deficient YFV mutant or a YFV subgenomic RNA lacking structural protein-coding sequences participated in pDC stimulation. Thus, viral RNAs produced by YFV-infected cells reach pDCs via at least two mechanisms: within immature particles and as capsid-free RNAs. Our work highlights the ability of pDCs to respond to a variety of viral RNA-laden carriers generated from infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sinigaglia
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ségolène Gracias
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Décembre
- CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Bruni
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, UMR8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, UMR8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Annette Martin
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pulkkinen LIA, Butcher SJ, Anastasina M. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070350. [PMID: 29958443 PMCID: PMC6071267 DOI: 10.3390/v10070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a growing health concern. It causes a severe disease that can lead to permanent neurological complications or death and the incidence of TBEV infections is constantly rising. Our understanding of TBEV’s structure lags behind that of other flaviviruses, but has advanced recently with the publication of a high-resolution structure of the TBEV virion. The gaps in our knowledge include: aspects of receptor binding, replication and virus assembly. Furthermore, TBEV has mostly been studied in mammalian systems, even though the virus’ interaction with its tick hosts is a central part of its life cycle. Elucidating these aspects of TBEV biology are crucial for the development of TBEV antivirals, as well as the improvement of diagnostics. In this review, we summarise the current structural knowledge on TBEV, bringing attention to the current gaps in our understanding, and propose further research that is needed to truly understand the structural-functional relationship of the virus and its hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri I A Pulkkinen
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria Anastasina
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Douam F, Ploss A. Yellow Fever Virus: Knowledge Gaps Impeding the Fight Against an Old Foe. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:913-928. [PMID: 29933925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) was one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of the 18th and 19th centuries, resulting in mass casualties in Africa and the Americas. The etiologic agent is yellow fever virus (YFV), and its live-attenuated form, YFV-17D, remains one of the most potent vaccines ever developed. During the first half of the 20th century, vaccination combined with mosquito control eradicated YFV transmission in urban areas. However, the recent 2016-2018 outbreaks in areas with historically low or no YFV activity have raised serious concerns for an estimated 400-500 million unvaccinated people who now live in at-risk areas. Once a forgotten disease, we highlight here that YF still represents a very real threat to human health and economies. As many gaps remain in our understanding of how YFV interacts with the human host and causes disease, there is an urgent need to address these knowledge gaps and propel YFV research forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Host Factor SPCS1 Regulates the Replication of Japanese Encephalitis Virus through Interactions with Transmembrane Domains of NS2B. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00197-18. [PMID: 29593046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00197-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal peptidase complex subunit 1 (SPCS1) is a newly identified host factor that regulates flavivirus replication, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a model, we investigated the mechanism through which the host factor SPCS1 regulates the replication of flaviviruses. We first validated the regulatory function of SPCS1 in JEV propagation by knocking down and knocking out endogenous SPCS1. The loss of SPCS1 function markedly reduced intracellular virion assembly and the production of infectious JEV particles but did not affect cell entry, RNA replication, or translation of the virus. SPCS1 was found to interact with nonstructural protein 2B (NS2B), which is involved in posttranslational protein processing and virus assembly. Serial deletion mutation of the JEV NS2B protein revealed that two transmembrane domains, NS2B(1-49) and NS2B(84-131), interact with SPCS1. Further mutagenesis analysis of conserved flavivirus residues in two SPCS1 interaction domains of NS2B demonstrated that G12A, G37A, and G47A in NS2B(1-49) and P112A in NS2B(84-131) weakened the interaction with SPCS1. Deletion mutation of SPCS1 revealed that SPCS1(91-169), which contains two transmembrane domains, was involved in interactions with both NS2B(1-49) and NS2B(84-131). Taken together, these results demonstrate that SPCS1 affects viral replication by interacting with NS2B, thereby influencing the posttranslational processing of JEV proteins and the assembly of virions.IMPORTANCE Understanding virus-host interactions is important for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of virus propagation and identifying potential antiviral targets. Previous reports demonstrated that SPCS1 is involved in the flavivirus life cycle, but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we confirmed that SPCS1 participates in the posttranslational protein processing and viral assembly stages of the JEV life cycle but not in the cell entry, genome RNA replication, or translation stages. Furthermore, we found that SPCS1 interacts with two independent transmembrane domains of the flavivirus NS2B protein. NS2B also interacts with NS2A, which is proposed to mediate virus assembly. Therefore, we propose a protein-protein interaction model showing how SPCS1 participates in the assembly of JEV particles. These findings expand our understanding of how host factors participate in the flavivirus replication life cycle and identify potential antiviral targets for combating flavivirus infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Barrows NJ, Campos RK, Liao KC, Prasanth KR, Soto-Acosta R, Yeh SC, Schott-Lerner G, Pompon J, Sessions OM, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4448-4482. [PMID: 29652486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a staggeringly high number of humans every year. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by mosquitos, and not surprisingly, as the earth warms and human populations grow and move, their geographic reach is increasing. Flaviviruses are simple RNA-protein machines that carry out protein synthesis, genome replication, and virion packaging in close association with cellular lipid membranes. In this review, we examine the molecular biology of flaviviruses touching on the structure and function of viral components and how these interact with host factors. The latter are functionally divided into pro-viral and antiviral factors, both of which, not surprisingly, include many RNA binding proteins. In the interface between the virus and the hosts we highlight the role of a noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses to impair antiviral host immune responses. Throughout the review, we highlight areas of intense investigation, or a need for it, and potential targets and tools to consider in the important battle against pathogenic flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Barrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Rafael K Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Shih-Chia Yeh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Geraldine Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier 34090 , France
| | - October M Sessions
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|