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Tian Z, Yao N, Wu Y, Wang F, Zhao Y. Serum superoxide dismutase level is a potential biomarker of disease prognosis in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by the Hantaan virus. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:446. [PMID: 35538453 PMCID: PMC9087930 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a disease with increased systemic inflammation and a high fatality rate. Oxidative stress is crucial for inflammation in the pathogeneses of various diseases. We aimed to identify biomarkers of oxidative stress that may assess the severity and disease outcomes of patients with HFRS. Methods Between January 2015 and September 2018, we analyzed a retrospective cohort of 149 HFRS patients and 30 healthy individuals. Serum levels of SOD were measured using an ELISA commercial kit, and survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Patients with HFRS had significantly lower serum SOD levels compared with healthy controls (108.40 ± 2.47 U/mL vs 164.23 ± 3.82 U/mL, P < 0.01). SOD levels in patients were lower at acute than at convalescent stage (108.40 ± 2.47 U/mL vs 138.27 ± 2.87 U/mL, P < 0.01), and in severe and critical patients than in moderate and mild patients (89.63 ± 2.38 U/mL vs 122.53 ± 3.18 U/mL, P < 0.01). A serum level of SOD < 88.6 U/mL at admission was associated with a significant increase in mortality risk in HFRS patients. Conclusion Our results indicate that serum levels of SOD measured at admission can be used to assess disease severity and assign patients into high- and low-risk groups. SOD can be considered a novel biomarker of severity and outcomes in patients with HFRS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07394-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Naijuan Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an city, 710061, Shaanxi, China
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McGuire A, Miedema K, Fauver JR, Rico A, Aboellail T, Quackenbush SL, Hawkinson A, Schountz T. Maporal Hantavirus Causes Mild Pathology in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Viruses 2016; 8:E286. [PMID: 27763552 PMCID: PMC5086618 DOI: 10.3390/v8100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne hantaviruses can cause two human diseases with many pathological similarities: hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the western hemisphere and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the eastern hemisphere. Each virus is hosted by specific reservoir species without conspicuous disease. HCPS-causing hantaviruses require animal biosafety level-4 (ABSL-4) containment, which substantially limits experimental research of interactions between the viruses and their reservoir hosts. Maporal virus (MAPV) is a South American hantavirus not known to cause disease in humans, thus it can be manipulated under ABSL-3 conditions. The aim of this study was to develop an ABSL-3 hantavirus infection model using the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), the natural reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), and a virus that is pathogenic in another animal model to examine immune response of a reservoir host species. Deer mice were inoculated with MAPV, and viral RNA was detected in several organs of all deer mice during the 56 day experiment. Infected animals generated both nucleocapsid-specific and neutralizing antibodies. Histopathological lesions were minimal to mild with the peak of the lesions detected at 7-14 days postinfection, mainly in the lungs, heart, and liver. Low to modest levels of cytokine gene expression were detected in spleens and lungs of infected deer mice, and deer mouse primary pulmonary cells generated with endothelial cell growth factors were susceptible to MAPV with viral RNA accumulating in the cellular fraction compared to infected Vero cells. Most features resembled that of SNV infection of deer mice, suggesting this model may be an ABSL-3 surrogate for studying the host response of a New World hantavirus reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McGuire
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Miedema
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Joseph R Fauver
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amber Rico
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sandra L Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ann Hawkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Koskela S, Laine O, Mäkelä S, Pessi T, Tuomisto S, Huhtala H, Karhunen PJ, Pörsti I, Mustonen J. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase G894T Polymorphism Associates with Disease Severity in Puumala Hantavirus Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142872. [PMID: 26561052 PMCID: PMC4641644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hantavirus infections are characterized by both activation and dysfunction of the endothelial cells. The underlying mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis are not fully understood. Here we tested the hypothesis whether the polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS G894T, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS G2087A, are associated with the severity of acute Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection. Patients and Methods Hospitalized patients (n = 172) with serologically verified PUUV infection were examined. Clinical and laboratory variables reflecting disease severity were determined. The polymorphisms of eNOS G894T (Glu298Asp, rs1799983) and iNOS G2087A (Ser608Leu, rs2297518) were genotyped. Results The rare eNOS G894T genotype was associated with the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI). The non-carriers of G-allele (TT-homozygotes) had higher maximum level of serum creatinine than the carriers of G-allele (GT-heterozygotes and GG-homozygotes; median 326, range 102–1041 vs. median 175, range 51–1499 μmol/l; p = 0.018, respectively). The length of hospital stay was longer in the non-carriers of G-allele than in G-allele carriers (median 8, range 3–14 vs. median 6, range 2–15 days; p = 0.032). The rare A-allele carriers (i.e. AA-homozygotes and GA-heterozygotes) of iNOS G2087A had lower minimum systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the non-carriers of A-allele (median 110, range 74–170 vs.116, range 86–162 mmHg, p = 0.019, and median 68, range 40–90 vs. 72, range 48–100 mmHg; p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusions Patients with the TT-homozygous genotype of eNOS G894T had more severe PUUV-induced AKI than the other genotypes. The eNOS G894T polymorphism may play role in the endothelial dysfunction observed during acute PUUV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Koskela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Outi Laine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tanja Pessi
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Tuomisto
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka J. Karhunen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Pörsti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Raftery MJ, Lalwani P, Krautkrӓmer E, Peters T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Krüger R, Hofmann J, Seeger K, Krüger DH, Schönrich G. β2 integrin mediates hantavirus-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1485-97. [PMID: 24889201 PMCID: PMC4076588 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
β2 Integrin–mediated systemic release of neutrophil extracellular traps is a novel mechanism of immunopathology associated with hantavirus infection. Rodent-borne hantaviruses are emerging human pathogens that cause severe human disease. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, as hantaviruses replicate in endothelial and epithelial cells without causing any cytopathic effect. We demonstrate that hantaviruses strongly stimulated neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Hantavirus infection induced high systemic levels of circulating NETs in patients and this systemic NET overflow was accompanied by production of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Analysis of the responsible mechanism using neutrophils from β2 null mice identified β2 integrin receptors as a master switch for NET induction. Further experiments suggested that β2 integrin receptors such as complement receptor 3 (CR3) and 4 (CR4) may act as novel hantavirus entry receptors. Using adenoviruses, we confirmed that viral interaction with β2 integrin induced strong NET formation. Collectively, β2 integrin–mediated systemic NET overflow is a novel viral mechanism of immunopathology that may be responsible for characteristic aspects of hantavirus-associated disease such as kidney and lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Krautkrӓmer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Peters
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Renate Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany Division of Virology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Seeger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Adgent MA, Squadrito GL, Ballinger CA, Krzywanski DM, Lancaster JR, Postlethwait EM. Desferrioxamine inhibits protein tyrosine nitration: mechanisms and implications. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:951-61. [PMID: 22705369 PMCID: PMC3462664 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissues are exposed to exogenous and endogenous nitrogen dioxide ((·)NO(2)), which is the terminal agent in protein tyrosine nitration. Besides iron chelation, the hydroxamic acid (HA) desferrioxamine (DFO) shows multiple functionalities including nitration inhibition. To investigate mechanisms whereby DFO affects 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation, we utilized gas-phase (·)NO(2) exposures, to limit introduction of other reactive species, and a lung surface model wherein red cell membranes (RCM) were immobilized under a defined aqueous film. When RCM were exposed to ()NO(2) covered by +/- DFO: (i) DFO inhibited 3-NT formation more effectively than other HA and non-HA chelators; (ii) 3-NT inhibition occurred at very low[DFO] for prolonged times; and (iii) 3-NT formation was iron independent but inhibition required DFO present. DFO poorly reacted with (·)NO(2) compared to ascorbate, assessed via (·)NO(2) reactive absorption and aqueous-phase oxidation rates, yet limited 3-NT formation at far lower concentrations. DFO also inhibited nitration under aqueous bulk-phase conditions, and inhibited 3-NT generated by active myeloperoxidase "bound" to RCM. Per the above and kinetic analyses suggesting preferential DFO versus (·)NO(2) reaction within membranes, we conclude that DFO inhibits 3-NT formation predominantly by facile repair of the tyrosyl radical intermediate, which prevents (·)NO(2) addition, and thus nitration, and potentially influences biochemical functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Adgent
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Giuseppe L. Squadrito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carol A. Ballinger
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M. Krzywanski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Department of Anesthesiology Department of Physiology & Biophysics School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Edward M. Postlethwait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by hantaviruses in the Americas presents as a broad clinical spectrum ranging from brief febrile prodrome with only thrombocytopenia to rapidly progressive fulminant pulmonary edema and shock. This vascular leak syndrome confined almost exclusively to the lung is initiated by the noncytolytic infection of capillary endothelial cells. A number of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, including immune cell-mediated injury, cytokine-mediated injury and enhanced VEGF responses from intercellular junctions resulting from highly specific virus–integrin interactions. This review examines evidence for each of these potential mechanisms, with relevant references to its sister syndrome, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, in Eurasia. Any mechanism or combination of mechanisms must be able to explain the massive pulmonary capillary leak at the severe extreme of the spectrum, a disease manifestation without parallel in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Koster
- Division of Applied Science, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Erich Mackow
- Department Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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7
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal Delivery of an Adjuvanted Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine Reduces ROS Production. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:475-82. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
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8
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Klingström J, Ahlm C. Hantavirus protein interactions regulate cellular functions and signaling responses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:33-47. [PMID: 21171876 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rodent-borne pathogenic hantaviruses cause two severe and often lethal zoonotic diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Currently, no US FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines are available for HFRS/HCPS. Infections with hantaviruses are not lytic, and it is currently not known exactly why infections in humans cause disease. A better understanding of how hantaviruses interfere with normal cell functions and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses might provide clues to future development of specific treatment and/or vaccines against hantavirus infection. In this article, the current knowledge regarding immune responses observed in patients, hantavirus interference with cellular proteins and signaling pathways, and possible approaches in the development of therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Centre for Microbiological Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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Andreazza AC, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Walz JC, Bond DJ, Gonçalves CA, Young LT, Yatham LN. 3-Nitrotyrosine and glutathione antioxidant system in patients in the early and late stages of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34:263-71. [PMID: 19568477 PMCID: PMC2702443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing interest in the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. To explore this further, we evaluated the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as 3-nitrotyrosine levels and carbonyl content in patients in the early (within 3 years of illness onset) and late (a minimum of 10 years of illness) stages of bipolar disorder. METHODS We matched 30 patients in the early stage and 30 patients in the late stage of bipolar disorder, diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, with 60 healthy controls (30 matched for each group of patients). We measured symptomatic status using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Young Mania Rating Scale. RESULTS We found a significant increase in 3-nitrotyrosine levels among patients in the early (p < 0.010) and late (p < 0.010) stages of bipolar disorder. The activity of GR and GST was increased only among patients in the late stage of illness. Glutathione peroxidase activity and carbonyl content did not differ among the groups. LIMITATIONS Limitations of our study include its cross-sectional design, which did not allow us to examine direct causative mechanisms or the effects of progression of illness, and the potential environmental bias introduced by comparing patient groups recruited from different regions of the world. CONCLUSION Our data indicate a possible tyrosine nitration-induced damage in patients with bipolar disorder that is present from the early stage of illness. Our data also indicate that patients in the late stage of illness demonstrate enhanced activity of GR and GST, which could suggest the involvement of a compensatory system in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Kauer-Sant’Anna
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio C. Walz
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David J. Bond
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Gonçalves
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L. Trevor Young
- Andreazza, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Bond, Young, Yatham - Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Andreazza, Gonçalves - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant’Anna, Walz - Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lakshmi N. Yatham
- Correspondence to: Dr. L.N. Yatham, Research and International Affairs, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 2A1; fax 604 822-7922;
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10
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Sorci G, Faivre B. Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host-parasite systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:71-83. [PMID: 18930878 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate, inflammation-based immunity is the first line of vertebrate defence against micro-organisms. Inflammation relies on a number of cellular and molecular effectors that can strike invading pathogens very shortly after the encounter between inflammatory cells and the intruder, but in a non-specific way. Owing to this non-specific response, inflammation can generate substantial costs for the host if the inflammatory response, and the associated oxygen-based damage, get out of control. This imposes strong selection pressure that acts to optimize two key features of the inflammatory response: the timing of activation and resolution (the process of downregulation of the response). In this paper, we review the benefits and costs of inflammation-driven immunity. Our aim is to emphasize the importance of resolution of inflammation as a way of maintaining homeostasis against oxidative stress and to prevent the 'horror autotoxicus' of chronic inflammation. Nevertheless, host immune regulation also opens the way to pathogens to subvert host defences. Therefore, quantifying inflammatory costs requires assessing (i) short-term negative effects, (ii) delayed inflammation-driven diseases, and (iii) parasitic strategies to subvert inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sorci
- BioGéoSciences, CNRS UMR 5561, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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11
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Easterbrook JD, Klein SL. Seoul virus enhances regulatory and reduces proinflammatory responses in male Norway rats. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1308-18. [PMID: 18461618 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens, including hantaviruses, are maintained in the environment by causing persistent infection in the absence of disease in their reservoir hosts. Spillover of hantaviruses to humans can cause severe disease that is mediated by excessive proinflammatory responses. The mechanisms mediating hantaviral persistence in rodent reservoirs remain largely unknown. Male Norway rats were inoculated with their species-specific hantavirus, Seoul virus (SEOV), and viral RNA, cytokine, and chemokine responses were evaluated in spleen and lung tissue. More viral RNA was detectable in the lungs than spleen, with copies of SEOV peaking 15-30 days post-inoculation (p.i.) and persisting for 60 days p.i. In the lungs, the expression and production of proinflammatory mediators (i.e., IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, CCL5, CCL2, CX3CL1, CXCL10, VCAM, VEGF, and NOS2) remained at or below baseline throughout SEOV infection; whereas, regulatory factors, including TGF-beta and FoxP3 were elevated. Conversely, in the spleen, proinflammatory responses were induced while regulatory responses remained unchanged during infection. To determine whether reduced proinflammatory responses mediate hantavirus persistence in the lungs, male rats were administered rIL-1beta or vehicle for 30 days during SEOV infection. SEOV persistence and shedding were not affected by IL-1beta treatment. Proinflammatory responses were elevated in rIL-1beta-treated rats, but remained within physiological levels, suggesting that supra-physiological concentrations may be necessary for viral clearance at the cost of causing disease. Elevated regulatory responses may suppress excessively high proinflammatory responses at a site of elevated SEOV replication to contribute to viral persistence and prevent proinflammatory-mediated disease in reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Easterbrook
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2179, USA
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Epithelial sodium channels in the adult lung--important modulators of pulmonary health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 618:127-40. [PMID: 18269193 PMCID: PMC7122934 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75434-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of excess fluid from the airways and alveolar lumen requires active vectorial transepithelial transport of sodium ions (Na+) by alveolar type II and possibly type I cells. The rate-limiting step in this process is the activity of the heterotrimeric apical membrane epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Pharmacologic inhibitors and genetic manipulations that disrupt Na+ transport result in fluid accumulation within the lung and failure of gas exchange. The importance of Na+ transport in the lung is also demonstrated in conditions such as ARDS, where abnormal absorption of Na+ contributes to the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease. ENaC expression and function is influenced by diverse factors, such as oxygen tension, glucocorticoids, and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, ENaC dysfunction has been shown to be induced by purinergic nucleotide activation of P2Y receptors (in paramyxoviral bronchiolitis) and reactive species (in acute lung injury). Finally, beta-adrenergic agonists have been shown experimentally to reverse defects in ENaC function, and improve hypoxemia and pulmonary edema, and may provide a novel therapeutic modality for ARDS, although some viral lung pathogens appear to induce insensitivity to their actions.
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Klingström J, Stoltz M, Hardestam J, Ahlm C, Lundkvist Å. Passive Immunization Protects Cynomolgus Macaques against Puumala Hantavirus Challenge. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Hantaviruses cause two severe and often fatal human diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Presently, there is no effective prevention available for HFRS or HPS. Here, we studied the effect of passive immunization on the course of infection in cynomolgus macaques challenged with wild-type Puumala hantavirus (PUUV-wt). Methods A pool of serum drawn from previously PUUV-wt-infected monkeys was used for immunization; a pool of serum from the same monkeys that was obtained before infection was used as a control. Immunizations were administered 3 days before and 15 days after challenge with PUUV-wt. After challenge, monkeys were sampled once a week and analysed for PUUV-infection markers. Results All three monkeys treated with non-immune serum became positive for PUUV RNA in plasma and showed PUUV nucleocapsid-specific immunoglobin M (IgM) responses after challenge. In contrast, no PUUV RNA or anti-PUUV-specific IgM response was detected in the three passively immunized monkeys. As seen in PUUV-infected humans, the control monkeys showed a marked decrease in the amount of platelets and increased levels of creatinine, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) after inoculation. In contrast, no marked changes in the amount of platelets were observed in the immunized monkeys and they did not show increased levels of creatinine, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF after virus challenge. Conclusion The results show that passive immunization in monkeys, using serum from previously hantavirus-infected monkeys, can induce sterile protection and protect against pathogenesis. Convalescent-phase antibodies may represent a potential therapy that can induce immediate protection against HFRS and HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Malin Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hardestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden
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Stoltz M, Ahlm C, Lundkvist A, Klingström J. Lambda interferon (IFN-lambda) in serum is decreased in hantavirus-infected patients, and in vitro-established infection is insensitive to treatment with all IFNs and inhibits IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide production. J Virol 2007; 81:8685-91. [PMID: 17522204 PMCID: PMC1951347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), are known to be sensitive to nitric oxide (NO) and to pretreatment with type I and II interferons (alpha interferon [IFN-alpha]/IFN-beta and IFN-gamma, respectively). Elevated serum levels of NO and IFN-gamma have been observed in HFRS patients, but little is known regarding the systemic levels of other IFNs and the possible effects of hantaviruses on innate antiviral immune responses. In Puumala virus-infected HFRS patients (n = 18), we report that the levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are similar, whereas the level of IFN-lambda (type III IFN) is significantly decreased, during acute (day of hospitalization) compared to the convalescent phase. The possible antiviral effects of IFN-lambda on the prototypic hantavirus Hantaan virus (HTNV) replication was then investigated. Pretreatment of A549 cells with IFN-lambda alone inhibited HTNV replication, and IFN-lambda combined with IFN-gamma induced additive antiviral effects. We then studied the effect of postinfection treatment with IFNs. Interestingly, an already-established HTNV infection was insensitive to subsequent IFN-alpha, -beta, -gamma, and -lambda stimulation, and HTNV-infected cells produced less NO compared to noninfected cells when stimulated with IFN-gamma and IL-1beta. Furthermore, less phosphorylated STAT1 after IFN treatment was observed in the nuclei of infected cells than in those of noninfected cells. The results suggest that hantavirus can interfere with the activation of antiviral innate immune responses in patients and inhibit the antiviral effects of all IFNs. We believe that future studies addressing the mechanisms by which hantaviruses interfere with the activation and shaping of immune responses may bring more knowledge regarding HFRS and HCPS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Rossner P, Svecova V, Milcova A, Lnenickova Z, Solansky I, Santella RM, Sram RJ. Oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in bus drivers. Mutat Res 2007; 617:23-32. [PMID: 17328930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with many diseases. Oxidative and nitrosative stress are believed to be two of the major sources of particulate matter (PM)-mediated adverse health effects. PM in ambient air arises from industry, local heating, and vehicle emissions and poses a serious problem mainly in large cities. In the present study we analyzed the level of oxidative and nitrosative stress among 50 bus drivers from Prague, Czech Republic, and 50 matching controls. We assessed simultaneously the levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane (15-F(2t)-IsoP) and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in urine and protein carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) in blood plasma. For the analysis of all four markers we used ELISA techniques. We observed significantly increased levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in bus drivers. The median levels (min, max) of individual markers in bus drivers versus controls were as follows: 8-oxodG: 7.79 (2.64-12.34)nmol/mmol versus 6.12 (0.70-11.38)nmol/mmol creatinine (p<0.01); 15-F(2t)-IsoP: 0.81 (0.38-1.55)nmol/mmol versus 0.68 (0.39-1.79)nmol/mmol creatinine (p<0.01); carbonyl levels: 14.1 (11.8-19.0)nmol/ml versus 12.9 (9.8-16.6)nmol/ml plasma (p<0.001); NT: 694 (471-3228)nmol/l versus 537 (268-13833)nmol/l plasma (p<0.001). 15-F(2t)-IsoP levels correlated with vitamin E (R=0.23, p<0.05), vitamin C (R=-0.33, p<0.01) and cotinine (R=0.47, p<0.001) levels. Vitamin E levels also positively correlated with 8-oxodG (R=0.27, p=0.01) and protein carbonyl levels (R=0.32, p<0.001). Both oxidative and nitrosative stress markers positively correlated with PM2.5 and PM10 exposure. In conclusion, our study indicates that exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 results in increased oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR and Health Institute of Central Bohemia, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ketai
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico Healthy Science Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Klingström J, Akerström S, Hardestam J, Stoltz M, Simon M, Falk KI, Mirazimi A, Rottenberg M, Lundkvist A. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite have different antiviral effects against hantavirus replication and free mature virions. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2649-57. [PMID: 16955520 PMCID: PMC7163486 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), like nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, have antiviral effects against certain viruses. Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, have previously not been shown to be sensitive to RNI. In this study, we compared the effects of NO and peroxynitrite on hantavirus replication and free mature virions in vitro, and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in hantavirus‐infected suckling mice. The NO‐generating compound S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), as well as cytokine‐induced NO, strongly inhibited hantavirus replication in Vero E6 cells, while pretreatment of free virions with SNAP only had a limited effect on their viability. In contrast, 3‐morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN‐1), a peroxynitrite donor, inhibited virus replication only to a very low extent in vitro, but pretreatment of virus with SIN‐1 led to a considerably lowered viability of the virions. Infections of various human cell types per se did not induce NO production. The viral titers in iNOS–/– mice were higher compared to the controls, suggesting that NO inhibits hantavirus replication in vivo. In conclusion, we show that NO has strong antiviral effects on hantavirus replication, and peryoxynitrite on mature free virions, suggesting that different RNI can have different effects on various parts of the replication cycle for the same virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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18
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Abstract
A taxonomically diverse set of single-stranded ribonucleic acid(ssRNA) viruses from four diverse viral families Arenaviridae,Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae cause an acute systemic febrile syndrome called viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The syndrome produces combinations of prostration, malaise, increased vascular permeability, and coagulation maladies. In severe illness,VHF may include generalized bleeding but the bleeding does not typically constitute a life-threatening loss of blood volume. To a certain extent, it is a sign of damage to the vascular endothelium and is an indicator of disease severity in specific target organs. Although the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) can productively replicate in endothelial cells, much of the disease pathology including impairment to the vascular system is thought to result primarily from the release of a variety of mediators from virus-infected cells, such as monocytes and macrophages that subsequently alter vascular function and trigger the coagulation disorders that epitomize these infections. While significant progress has been made over the last several years in dissecting out the molecular biology and pathogenesis of the HF viruses, there are currently no vaccines or drugs licensed available for most of the VHFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen M Marty
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Suite 601, 1550 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202-4172, USA.
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19
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Klingström J, Hardestam J, Stoltz M, Zuber B, Lundkvist A, Linder S, Ahlm C. Loss of cell membrane integrity in puumala hantavirus-infected patients correlates with levels of epithelial cell apoptosis and perforin. J Virol 2006; 80:8279-82. [PMID: 16873286 PMCID: PMC1563790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00742-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are two diseases caused by hantaviruses. Capillary leakage is a hallmark of hantavirus infection. Pathogenic hantaviruses are not cytotoxic, but elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicative of cellular damage, are observed in patients. We report increased levels of serum perforin, granzyme B, and the epithelial cell apoptosis marker caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 during Puumala hantavirus infection. Significant correlation was observed between the levels of LDH and perforin and the levels of LDH and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, suggesting that tissue damage is due to an immune reaction and that epithelial apoptosis contributed significantly to the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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20
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Borges AA, Campos GM, Moreli ML, Souza RLM, Aquino VH, Saggioro FP, Figueiredo LTM. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome: immune response and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2324-30. [PMID: 16793309 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging viruses in the Americas that cause cardiopulmonary syndrome with high lethality. The intense cellular immune response to hantavirus alters normal endothelial cell barrier functions and seems to be harmful to the host. On the other hand, the humoral immune response seems to be essential for recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra A Borges
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
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21
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Klingström J, Hardestam J, Lundkvist A. Dobrava, but not Saaremaa, hantavirus is lethal and induces nitric oxide production in suckling mice. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:728-37. [PMID: 16513381 PMCID: PMC7110477 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are the causative agents of HFRS and HCPS (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome), two severe, and often fatal human diseases. Mortality from HFRS varies between hantaviruses; Hantaan and Dobrava show the highest, Seoul intermediate, and Puumala low mortality. Saaremaa, genetically closely related to Dobrava, is also known to induce HFRS, with low or no mortality. In this study, mice were inoculated with Dobrava and Saaremaa viruses to test for infectibility, lethality, viremia, nitric oxide production and antibody responses. Out of suckling mice intracerebrally inoculated with 50, 500 and 5000 focus-forming units of Dobrava virus, respectively, 1/8, 2/8 and 7/8 died within 18–26 days. In all but one of the lethally infected mice high levels of replicating virus were detected, and most were positive for neutralizing antibodies and showed elevated levels of nitric oxide production. All suckling mice intracerebrally inoculated with 50, 500, or 5000 focus-forming units of Saaremaa virus survived and all seroconverted. Clearly lower viral titers were observed for the Saaremaa virus-inoculated mice, also when sacrificed at day 18 after infection, compared to those in mice that died following Dobrava virus infection. Dobrava, Saaremaa, Puumala and Hantaan virus infections of adult mice were asymptomatic, and the anti-nucleocapsid protein IgG2a/IgG1-titer ratio was higher in mice inoculated with Dobrava virus than in those inoculated with Saaremaa virus. Elevated nitric oxide production was not detected in asymptomatically infected mice, and iNOS−/− mice, like normal mice, cleared viremia. In conclusion, we show that Dobrava virus and Saaremaa virus induce distinct differences in terms of survival, viremia, nitric oxide production and antibody responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Center for Microbiological Prepardness, and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Fang FC. Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:820-32. [PMID: 15378046 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1103] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are of crucial importance for host resistance to microbial pathogens. Decades of research have provided a detailed understanding of the regulation, generation and actions of these molecular mediators, as well as their roles in resisting infection. However, differences of opinion remain with regard to their host specificity, cell biology, sources and interactions with one another or with myeloperoxidase and granule proteases. More than a century after Metchnikoff first described phagocytosis, and more than four decades after the discovery of the burst of oxygen consumption that is associated with microbial killing, the seemingly elementary question of how phagocytes inhibit, kill and degrade microorganisms remains controversial. This review updates the reader on these concepts and the topical questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferric C Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 357242, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA.
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McElroy AK, Smith JM, Hooper JW, Schmaljohn CS. Andes virus M genome segment is not sufficient to confer the virulence associated with Andes virus in Syrian hamsters. Virology 2004; 326:130-9. [PMID: 15262501 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV), members of the genus Hantavirus, in the family Bunyaviridae, are causative agents of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North and South America, respectively. Although ANDV causes a lethal HPS-like disease in hamsters, SNV, and all other HPS-associated hantaviruses that have been tested, cause asymptomatic infections of laboratory animals, including hamsters. In an effort to understand the pathogenicity of ANDV in the hamster model, we generated ANDV/SNV reassortant viruses. Plaque isolation of viruses from cell cultures infected with both parental viruses yielded only one type of stable reassortant virus: large (L) and small (S) segments of SNV and M segment of ANDV. This virus, designated SAS reassortant virus, had in vitro growth and plaque morphology characteristics similar to those of ANDV. When injected into hamsters, the SAS reassortant virus was highly infectious and elicited high-titer, ANDV-specific neutralizing antibodies; however, the virus did not cause HPS and was not lethal. These data indicate that the ANDV M genome segment is not sufficient to confer the lethal HPS phenotype associated with ANDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K McElroy
- Department of Molecular Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Kilpatrick ED, Terajima M, Koster FT, Catalina MD, Cruz J, Ennis FA. Role of Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Severity of a Fulminant Zoonotic Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3297-304. [PMID: 14978138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the role of specific CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of a highly lethal human viral disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). HPS is a zoonotic disease caused by transmission of Sin Nombre virus (SNV) from chronically infected deer mice. In humans, this fulminant infection is characterized by lung capillary leakage, respiratory failure, and cardiogenic shock. Individuals with HLA-B*3501 have an increased risk of developing severe HPS, suggesting that CD8(+) T cell responses to SNV contribute to pathogenesis. We identified three CD8(+) T cell epitopes in SNV presented by HLA-B*3501 and quantitated circulating SNV-specific CD8(+) T cells in 11 acute HPS patients using HLA/peptide tetramers. We found significantly higher frequencies of SNV-specific T cells in patients with severe HPS requiring mechanical ventilation (up to 44.2% of CD8(+) T cells) than in moderately ill HPS patients hospitalized but not requiring mechanical ventilation (up to 9.8% of CD8(+) T cells). These results imply that virus-specific CD8(+) T cells contribute to HPS disease outcome. Intense CD8(+) T cell responses to SNV may be induced by the encounter of the unnatural human host to this zoonotic virus without coevolution. This may also be the immunopathologic basis of other life-threatening human virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Kilpatrick
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, and Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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