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Renner A, Stahringer A, Ruppel KE, Fricke S, Koehl U, Schmiedel D. Development of KoRV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for efficient gene transfer into freshly isolated immune cells. Gene Ther 2024; 31:378-390. [PMID: 38684788 PMCID: PMC11257948 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapies, such as those involving macrophages or Natural Killer (NK) cells, are of increasing interest for cancer immunotherapy. However, the current techniques for genetically modifying these cell types using lenti- or gamma-retroviral vectors present challenges, such as required cell pre-activation and inefficiency in transduction, which hinder the assessment of preclinical efficacy and clinical translation. In our study, we describe a novel lentiviral pseudotype based on the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) envelope protein, which we identified based on homology to existing pseudotypes used in cell therapy. Unlike other pseudotyped viral vectors, this KoRV-based envelope demonstrates remarkable efficiency in transducing freshly isolated primary human NK cells directly from blood, as well as freshly obtained monocytes, which were differentiated to M1 macrophages as well as B cells from multiple donors, achieving up to 80% reporter gene expression within three days post-transduction. Importantly, KoRV-based transduction does not compromise the expression of crucial immune cell receptors, nor does it impair immune cell functionality, including NK cell viability, proliferation, cytotoxicity as well as phagocytosis of differentiated macrophages. Preserving immune cell functionality is pivotal for the success of cell-based therapeutics in treating various malignancies. By achieving high transduction rates of freshly isolated immune cells before expansion, our approach enables a streamlined and cost-effective automated production of off-the-shelf cell therapeutics, requiring fewer viral particles and less manufacturing steps. This breakthrough holds the potential to significantly reduce the time and resources required for producing e.g. NK cell therapeutics, expediting their availability to patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Renner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stahringer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Eva Ruppel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Khare S, Villalba MI, Canul-Tec JC, Cajiao AB, Kumar A, Backovic M, Rey FA, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Perez C, Reyes N. Receptor-recognition and antiviral mechanisms of retrovirus-derived human proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01295-6. [PMID: 38671230 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human syncytin-1 and suppressyn are cellular proteins of retroviral origin involved in cell-cell fusion events to establish the maternal-fetal interface in the placenta. In cell culture, they restrict infections from members of the largest interference group of vertebrate retroviruses, and are regarded as host immunity factors expressed during development. At the core of the syncytin-1 and suppressyn functions are poorly understood mechanisms to recognize a common cellular receptor, the membrane transporter ASCT2. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human ASCT2 in complexes with the receptor-binding domains of syncytin-1 and suppressyn. Despite their evolutionary divergence, the two placental proteins occupy similar positions in ASCT2, and are stabilized by the formation of a hybrid β-sheet or 'clamp' with the receptor. Structural predictions of the receptor-binding domains of extant retroviruses indicate overlapping binding interfaces and clamping sites with ASCT2, revealing a competition mechanism between the placental proteins and the retroviruses. Our work uncovers a common ASCT2 recognition mechanism by a large group of endogenous and disease-causing retroviruses, and provides high-resolution views on how placental human proteins exert morphological and immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Khare
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miryam I Villalba
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan C Canul-Tec
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anand Kumar
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camilo Perez
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Nicolas Reyes
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Unit, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IECB, Bordeaux, France.
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3
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Rauch-Wirth L, Renner A, Kaygisiz K, Weil T, Zimmermann L, Rodriguez-Alfonso AA, Schütz D, Wiese S, Ständker L, Weil T, Schmiedel D, Münch J. Optimized peptide nanofibrils as efficient transduction enhancers for in vitro and ex vivo gene transfer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270243. [PMID: 38022685 PMCID: PMC10666768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a groundbreaking immunotherapy for cancer. However, the intricate and costly manufacturing process remains a hurdle. Improving the transduction rate is a potential avenue to cut down costs and boost therapeutic efficiency. Peptide nanofibrils (PNFs) serve as one such class of transduction enhancers. PNFs bind to negatively charged virions, facilitating their active engagement by cellular protrusions, which enhances virion attachment to cells, leading to increased cellular entry and gene transfer rates. While first-generation PNFs had issues with aggregate formation and potential immunogenicity, our study utilized in silico screening to identify short, endogenous, and non-immunogenic peptides capable of enhancing transduction. This led to the discovery of an 8-mer peptide, RM-8, which forms PNFs that effectively boost T cell transduction rates by various retroviral vectors. A subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis refined RM-8, resulting in the D4 derivative. D4 peptide is stable and assembles into smaller PNFs, avoiding large aggregate formation, and demonstrates superior transduction rates in primary T and NK cells. In essence, D4 PNFs present an economical and straightforward nanotechnological tool, ideal for refining ex vivo gene transfer in CAR-T cell production and potentially other advanced therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rauch-Wirth
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Renner
- Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kübra Kaygisiz
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weil
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando A. Rodriguez-Alfonso
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Shimode S. Acquisition and Exaptation of Endogenous Retroviruses in Mammalian Placenta. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1482. [PMID: 37892164 PMCID: PMC10604696 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retrovirus-like sequences that were previously integrated into the host genome. Although most ERVs are inactivated by mutations, deletions, or epigenetic regulation, some remain transcriptionally active and impact host physiology. Several ERV-encoded proteins, such as Syncytins and Suppressyn, contribute to placenta acquisition, a crucial adaptation in mammals that protects the fetus from external threats and other risks while enabling the maternal supply of oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies. In primates, Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 facilitate cell-cell fusion for placental formation. Suppressyn is the first ERV-derived protein that inhibits cell fusion by binding to ASCT2, the receptor for Syncytin-1. Furthermore, Syncytin-2 likely inserted into the genome of the common ancestor of Anthropoidea, whereas Syncytin-1 and Suppressyn likely inserted into the ancestor of catarrhines; however, they were inactivated in some lineages, suggesting that multiple exaptation events had occurred. This review discusses the role of ERV-encoded proteins, particularly Syncytins and Suppressyn, in placental development and function, focusing on the integration of ERVs into the host genome and their contribution to the genetic mechanisms underlying placentogenesis. This review provides valuable insights into the molecular and genetic aspects of placentation, potentially shedding light on broader evolutionary and physiological processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Shimode
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan;
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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5
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Whitley JA, Cai H. Engineering extracellular vesicles to deliver CRISPR ribonucleoprotein for gene editing. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12343. [PMID: 37723839 PMCID: PMC10507228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a gene editing tool with tremendous therapeutic potential. Recently, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex-based CRISPR systems have gained momentum due to their reduction of off-target editing. This has coincided with the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a therapeutic delivery vehicle due to its low immunogenicity and high capacity for manipulation. EVs are cell-derived membranous nanoparticles which mediate the intercellular transfer of molecular components. Current technologies achieve CRISPR RNP encapsulation into EVs through EVs biogenesis, thereby avoiding unnecessary physical, chemical or biological manipulations to the vesicles directly. Herein, we identify sixteen EVs-based CRISPR RNP encapsulation strategies, each with distinct genetic features to encapsulate CRISPR RNP. According to the molecular mechanism facilitating the encapsulation process, there are six strategies of encapsulating Cas9 RNP into virus-like particles based on genetic fusion, seven into EVs based on protein tethering, and three based on sgRNA-coupled encapsulation. Additionally, the incorporation of a targeting moiety to the EVs membrane surface through EVs biogenesis confers tropism and increases delivery efficiency to specific cell types. The targeting moieties include viral envelope proteins, recombinant proteins containing a ligand peptide, single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies, and integrins. However, current strategies still have a number of limitations which prevent their use in clinical trials. Among those, the incorporation of viral proteins for encapsulation of Cas9 RNP have raised issues of biocompatibility due to host immune response. Future studies should focus on genetically engineering the EVs without viral proteins, enhancing EVs delivery specificity, and promoting EVs-based homology directed repair. Nevertheless, the integration of CRISPR RNP encapsulation and tropism technologies will provide strategies for the EVs-based delivery of CRISPR RNP in gene therapy and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Andrew Whitley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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6
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Pujol‐Giménez J, Mirzaa G, Blue EE, Albano G, Miller DE, Allworth A, Bennett JT, Byers PH, Chanprasert S, Chen J, Doherty D, Folta AB, Gillentine MA, Glass I, Hing A, Horike‐Pyne M, Leppig KA, Parhin A, Ranchalis J, Raskind WH, Rosenthal EA, Schwarze U, Sheppeard S, Strohbehn S, Sybert VP, Timms A, Wener M, Bamshad MJ, Hisama FM, Jarvik GP, Dipple KM, Hediger MA, Stergachis AB. Dominant-negative variant in SLC1A4 causes an autosomal dominant epilepsy syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1046-1053. [PMID: 37194416 PMCID: PMC10270265 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC1A4 is a trimeric neutral amino acid transporter essential for shuttling L-serine from astrocytes into neurons. Individuals with biallelic variants in SLC1A4 are known to have spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly (SPATCCM) syndrome, but individuals with heterozygous variants are not thought to have disease. We identify an 8-year-old patient with global developmental delay, spasticity, epilepsy, and microcephaly who has a de novo heterozygous three amino acid duplication in SLC1A4 (L86_M88dup). We demonstrate that L86_M88dup causes a dominant-negative N-glycosylation defect of SLC1A4, which in turn reduces the plasma membrane localization of SLC1A4 and the transport rate of SLC1A4 for L-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonai Pujol‐Giménez
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Hospital Bern, InselspitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Giuseppe Albano
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Hospital Bern, InselspitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Danny E. Miller
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - James T. Bennett
- Center for Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative MedicineSeattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Peter H. Byers
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jingheng Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Daniel Doherty
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Andrew B. Folta
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Ian Glass
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Anne Hing
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Martha Horike‐Pyne
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kathleen A. Leppig
- Group Health CooperativeKaiser Permanente WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Azma Parhin
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Wendy H. Raskind
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Ulrike Schwarze
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sam Sheppeard
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Samuel Strohbehn
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Virginia P. Sybert
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Andrew Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative MedicineSeattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Mark Wener
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Fuki M. Hisama
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Genome SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Matthias A. Hediger
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Hospital Bern, InselspitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Andrew B. Stergachis
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health GeneticsSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Genome SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
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7
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Miluzio A, Cuomo A, Cordiglieri C, Donnici L, Pesce E, Bombaci M, Conti M, Fasciani A, Terracciano L, Manganaro L, Toccafondi M, Scagliola A, Oliveto S, Ricciardi S, Grifantini R, De Francesco R, Abrignani S, Manfrini N, Biffo S. Mapping of functional SARS-CoV-2 receptors in human lungs establishes differences in variant binding and SLC1A5 as a viral entry modulator of hACE2. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104390. [PMID: 36584595 PMCID: PMC9795807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The first step of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the recognition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors by the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike (S) glycoprotein. Although the molecular and structural bases of the SARS-CoV-2-RBD/hACE2 interaction have been thoroughly investigated in vitro, the relationship between hACE2 expression and in vivo infection is less understood. METHODS Here, we developed an efficient SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding assay suitable for super resolution microscopy and simultaneous hACE2 immunodetection and mapped the correlation between hACE2 receptor abundance and SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding, both in vitro and in human lung biopsies. Next, we explored the specific proteome of SARS-CoV-2-RBD/hACE2 through a comparative mass spectrometry approach. FINDINGS We found that only a minority of hACE2 positive spots are actually SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding sites, and that the relationship between SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding and hACE2 presence is variable, suggesting the existence of additional factors. Indeed, we found several interactors that are involved in receptor localization and viral entry and characterized one of them: SLC1A5, an amino acid transporter. High-resolution receptor-binding studies showed that co-expression of membrane-bound SLC1A5 with hACE2 predicted SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry better than hACE2 expression alone. SLC1A5 depletion reduces SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry. Notably, the Omicron variant is more efficient in binding hACE2 sites, but equally sensitive to SLC1A5 downregulation. INTERPRETATION We propose a method for mapping functional SARS-CoV-2 receptors in vivo. We confirm the existence of hACE2 co-factors that may contribute to differential sensitivity of cells to infection. FUNDING This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" to Stefano Biffo and by AIRC under MFAG 2021 - ID. 26178 project - P.I. Manfrini Nicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Miluzio
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Donnici
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fasciani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lara Manganaro
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliola
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ricciardi
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Manfrini
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy,Corresponding author. National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Biffo
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy,Corresponding author. National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Cipriani C, Tartaglione AM, Giudice M, D’Avorio E, Petrone V, Toschi N, Chiarotti F, Miele MT, Calamandrei G, Garaci E, Matteucci C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Ricceri L, Balestrieri E. Differential Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses and Inflammatory Mediators in Female and Male Offspring in a Mouse Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213930. [PMID: 36430402 PMCID: PMC9695919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infections during pregnancy and the consequent maternal immune activation (MIA) are the major risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Epidemiological evidence is corroborated by the preclinical models in which MIA leads to ASD-like behavioral abnormalities and altered neuroinflammatory profiles, with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial markers. In addition to neuroinflammatory response, an abnormal expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) has been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders and have been found to correlate with disease severity. Our aim was to evaluate the transcriptional profile of several ERV families, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators (by RT real-time PCR) in mouse offspring of both sexes, prenatally exposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA molecule targeting TLR-3 that mimics viral maternal infection during pregnancy. We found that prenatal exposure to Poly I:C deregulated the expression of some ERVs and ERV-related genes both in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, while no changes were detected in the blood. Interestingly, sex-related differences in the expression levels of some ERVs, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators that were higher in females than in males emerged only in PFC. Our findings support the tissue specificity of ERV and ERV-related transcriptional profiles in MIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tartaglione
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Giudice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica D’Avorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vita Petrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Involvement of the HERV-derived cell-fusion inhibitor, suppressyn, in the fusion defects characteristic of the trisomy 21 placenta. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10552. [PMID: 35732788 PMCID: PMC9218086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressyn (SUPYN) is the first host-cell encoded mammalian protein shown to inhibit cell–cell fusion. Its expression is restricted to the placenta, where it negatively regulates syncytia formation in villi. Since its chromosomal localization overlaps with the Down syndrome critical region and the TS21 placenta is characterized by delayed maturation of cytotrophoblast cells and reduced syncytialization, we hypothesized a potential link between changes in SUPYN expression and morphologic abnormalities in the TS21 placenta. Here we demonstrate that an increase in chromosomal copy number in the TS21 placenta is associated with: (1) reduced fusion of cytotrophoblast cells into syncytiotrophoblast in vivo, (2) increased SUPYN transcription, translation and secretion in vivo, (3) increased SUPYN/syncytin-1 receptor degradation in vivo, (4) increased SUPYN transcription and secretion ex vivo, (5) decreased cytotrophoblast cell fusion ex vivo, and (6) reciprocal response of changes in SUPYN and CGB in TS21 placental cells ex vivo. These data suggest direct links between immature placentation in Down syndrome and increased SUPYN. Finally, we report a significant increase in secreted SUPYN concentration in maternal serum in women with pregnancies affected by Down syndrome, suggesting that SUPYN may be useful as an alternate or additional diagnostic marker for this disease.
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10
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Bu C, Wang Z, Ren Y, Chen D, Jiang SW. Syncytin-1 nonfusogenic activities modulate inflammation and contribute to preeclampsia pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:290. [PMID: 35536515 PMCID: PMC11073204 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cellular and humoral immune responses to the allogeneic fetoplacental unit are a normal part of pregnancy adaptation. Overactive or dysregulated immune responses that often manifest as inflammation are considered a key element for the development of preeclampsia. Infiltration and activation of macrophages, nature killer cells, and T lymphocytes are frequently observed in the decidua and placenta associated with preeclampsia. In addition to local inflammation, systemic inflammatory changes including increased levels of TNF-α and interleukins (ILs) are detected in the maternal circulation. Syncytin-1 is an endogenous retroviral envelope protein that mediates the fusion of trophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblasts, a cellular component carrying out most of placental barrier, exchange, and endocrine functions. In addition to these well-defined fusogenic functions that are known for their close association with preeclampsia, multiple studies indicated that syncytin-1 possesses nonfusogenic activities such as those for cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. Moreover, syncytin-1 expressed by trophoblasts and various types of immune cells may participate in regulation of inflammation in preeclamptic placenta and decidua. This review concentrates on the triangular relationship among inflammation, syncytin-1 nonfusogenic functions, and preeclampsia pathogenesis. Data regarding the reciprocal modulations of inflammation and poor vascularization/hypoxia are summarized. The impacts of syncytin-A (the mouse counterpart of human syncytin-1) gene knockout on placental vascularization and their implications for preeclampsia are discussed. Syncytin-1 expression in immune cells and its significance for inflammation are analyzed in the context of preeclampsia development. Finally, the involvements of syncytin-1 nonfusogenic activities in neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis are compared to findings from preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Bu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongwei Ren
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China.
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11
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Scalise M, Console L, Cosco J, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. ASCT1 and ASCT2: Brother and Sister? SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1148-1163. [PMID: 34269129 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SLC1 family includes seven members divided into two groups, namely, EAATs and ASCTs, that share similar 3D architecture; the first one includes high-affinity glutamate transporters, and the second one includes SLC1A4 and SLC1A5, known as ASCT1 and ASCT2, respectively, responsible for the traffic of neutral amino acids across the cell plasma membrane. The physiological role of ASCT1 and ASCT2 has been investigated over the years, revealing different properties in terms of substrate specificities, affinities, and regulation by physiological effectors and posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, ASCT1 and ASCT2 are involved in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This has driven research in the pharmaceutical field aimed to find drugs able to target the two proteins.This review focuses on structural, functional, and regulatory aspects of ASCT1 and ASCT2, highlighting similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Jessica Cosco
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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12
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Štafl K, Trávníček M, Kučerová D, Pecnová Ľ, Krchlíková V, Gáliková E, Stepanets V, Hejnar J, Trejbalová K. Heterologous avian system for quantitative analysis of Syncytin-1 interaction with ASCT2 receptor. Retrovirology 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 34158079 PMCID: PMC8220723 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Syncytin-1 is a placentally-expressed cell surface glycoprotein of retroviral origin. After interaction with ASCT2, its cellular receptor, Syncytin-1 triggers cell–cell fusion and formation of a multinuclear syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The ASCT2 receptor is a multi-spanning membrane protein containing a protruding extracellular part called region C, which has been suggested to be a retrovirus docking site. Precise identification of the interaction site between ASCT2 and Syncytin-1 is challenging due to the complex structure of ASCT2 protein and the background of endogenous ASCT2 gene in the mammalian genome. Chicken cells lack the endogenous background and, therefore, can be used to set up a system with surrogate expression of the ASCT2 receptor. Results We have established a retroviral heterologous chicken system for rapid and reliable assessment of ectopic human ASCT2 protein expression. Our dual-fluorescence system proved successful for large-scale screening of mutant ASCT2 proteins. Using this system, we demonstrated that progressive deletion of region C substantially decreased the amount of ASCT2 protein. In addition, we implemented quantitative assays to determine the interaction of ASCT2 with Syncytin-1 at multiple levels, which included binding of the soluble form of Syncytin-1 to ASCT2 on the cell surface and a luciferase-based assay to evaluate cell–cell fusions that were triggered by Syncytin-1. Finally, we restored the envelope function of Syncytin-1 in a replication-competent retrovirus and assessed the infection of chicken cells expressing human ASCT2 by chimeric Syncytin-1-enveloped virus. The results of the quantitative assays showed that deletion of the protruding region C did not abolish the interaction of ASCT2 with Syncytin-1. Conclusions We present here a heterologous chicken system for effective assessment of the expression of transmembrane ASCT2 protein and its interaction with Syncytin-1. The system profits from the absence of endogenous ASCT2 background and implements the quantitative assays to determine the ASCT2-Syncytin-1 interaction at several levels. Using this system, we demonstrated that the protruding region C was essential for ASCT2 protein expression, but surprisingly, not for the interaction with Syncytin-1 glycoprotein. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00558-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryštof Štafl
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trávníček
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomíra Pecnová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Krchlíková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Gáliková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Stepanets
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Trejbalová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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13
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Tang Y, Woodward BO, Pastor L, George AM, Petrechko O, Nouvet FJ, Haas DW, Jiang G, Hildreth JEK. Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Syncytin Induces HIV-1 Spreading and Establishes HIV Reservoirs in Placenta. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4528-4539.e4. [PMID: 32234485 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical cure of HIV-1 (HIV) is hampered by the establishment of HIV reservoirs and persistent infection in deep tissues despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we show that among HIV-positive women receiving suppressive ART, cells from placental tissues including trophoblasts contain HIV RNA and DNA. These viruses can be reactivated by latency reversal agents. We find that syncytin, the envelope glycoprotein of human endogenous retrovirus family W1 expressed on placental trophoblasts, triggers cell fusion with HIV-infected T cells. This results in cell-to-cell spread of HIV to placental trophoblasts. Such cell-to-cell spread of HIV is less sensitive to ART than free virus. Replication in syncytin-expressing cells can also produce syncytin-pseudotyped HIV, further expanding its ability to infect non-CD4 cells. These previously unrecognized mechanisms of HIV entry enable the virus to bypass receptor restriction to infect host barrier cells, thereby facilitating viral transmission and persistent infection in deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Tang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, HIV Cure Center and Institute of Global Health & Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Beverly O Woodward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Lorena Pastor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alvin M George
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Oksana Petrechko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Franklin J Nouvet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, HIV Cure Center and Institute of Global Health & Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - James E K Hildreth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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14
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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15
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Naeimi Kararoudi M, Tullius BP, Chakravarti N, Pomeroy EJ, Moriarity BS, Beland K, Colamartino ABL, Haddad E, Chu Y, Cairo MS, Lee DA. Genetic and epigenetic modification of human primary NK cells for enhanced antitumor activity. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:201-212. [PMID: 33256913 PMCID: PMC7809645 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using genetically modified immune cells such as those expressing chimeric antigen receptors has shown dramatic outcomes in patients with refractory and relapsed malignancies. Natural killer (NK) cells as a member of the innate immune system, possessing both anticancer (cytotoxic) and proinflammatory (cytokine) responses to cancers and rare off-target toxicities have great potential for a wide range of cancer therapeutic settings. Therefore, improving NK cell antitumor activity through genetic modification is of high interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, gene manipulation in primary NK cells has been challenging because of broad resistance to many genetic modification methods that work well in T cells. Here we review recent successful approaches for genetic and epigenetic modification of NK cells including epigenetic remodeling, transposons, mRNA-mediated gene delivery, lentiviruses, and CRISPR gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian P Tullius
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kathie Beland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Elie Haddad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
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16
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Rajawat YS, Humbert O, Cook SM, Radtke S, Pande D, Enstrom M, Wohlfahrt ME, Kiem HP. In Vivo Gene Therapy for Canine SCID-X1 Using Cocal-Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vector. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 32:113-127. [PMID: 32741228 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC)-based ex vivo gene therapy has demonstrated clinical success for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) patients who lack a suitable donor for HSPC transplantation. Nevertheless, this form of treatment is associated with an increased risk of infectious disease complications and genotoxicity mainly due to the conditioning regimen. In addition, ex vivo gene therapy approaches require sophisticated facilities to manufacture gene-modified cells and to care for the patients after chemotherapy. Considering these impediments, we have developed an in vivo gene therapy approach to treat canine SCID-X1 after HSPC mobilization and systemic delivery of the therapeutic vector. Here, we investigated the use of the cocal envelope to pseudotype a lentiviral (LV) vector expressing a functional gammaC gene. The cocal envelope is resistant to serum inactivation compared with the commonly used vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSV-G) envelope and thus well suited for systemic delivery. Two SCID-X1 neonatal canines treated with this approach achieved long-term therapeutic immune reconstitution with no prior conditioning. Therapeutic levels of gene-corrected CD3+ T cells were demonstrated for at least 16 months, and all other correlates of T cell functionality were within normal range. Retroviral integration-site analysis demonstrated polyclonal T cell reconstitution. Comparative analysis of integration profiles of foamy viral (FV) vector and cocal LV vector after in vivo gene therapy found distinct integration-site patterns. These data demonstrate that clinically relevant and durable correction of canine SCID-X1 can be achieved with in vivo delivery of cocal LV. Since manufacturing of cocal LV is similar to VSV-G LV, this approach is easily translatable to a clinical setting, thus providing for a highly portable and accessible gene therapy platform for SCID-X1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra S Rajawat
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Savannah M Cook
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dnyanada Pande
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Enstrom
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin E Wohlfahrt
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite treatment. There is, therefore, an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. In the past few years, the decisive role of cellular metabolism in the fate and activity of immune cells has been uncovered, as well as its impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells and macrophages determine their susceptibility to infection, the persistence of infected cells and the establishment of latency. Immunometabolism also shapes immune responses against HIV-1, and cell metabolic products are key drivers of inflammation during infection. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of the links between HIV-1 infection and immunometabolism, and we discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for therapeutic interventions.
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18
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Target the human Alanine/Serine/Cysteine Transporter 2(ASCT2): Achievement and Future for Novel Cancer Therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Baboon envelope LVs efficiently transduced human adult, fetal, and progenitor T cells and corrected SCID-X1 T-cell deficiency. Blood Adv 2020; 3:461-475. [PMID: 30755435 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a valuable tool for treating cancers and infectious and inherited diseases; however, they are mainly short-lived in vivo. T-cell therapies would strongly benefit from gene transfer into long-lived persisting naive T cells or T-cell progenitors. Here we demonstrate that baboon envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs) far outperformed other LV pseudotypes for transduction of naive adult and fetal interleukin-7-stimulated T cells. Remarkably, BaEV-LVs efficiently transduced thymocytes and T-cell progenitors generated by culture of CD34+ cells on Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4). Upon NOD/SCIDγC-/- engraftment, high transduction levels (80%-90%) were maintained in all T-cell subpopulations. Moreover, T-cell lineage reconstitution was accelerated in NOD/SCIDγC-/- recipients after T-cell progenitor injection compared with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, γC-encoding BaEV-LVs very efficiently transduced Dll4-generated T-cell precursors from a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), which fully rescued T-cell development in vitro. These results indicate that BaEV-LVs are valuable tools for the genetic modification of naive T cells, which are important targets for gene therapy. Moreover, they allowed for the generation of gene-corrected T-cell progenitors that rescued SCID-X1 T-cell development in vitro. Ultimately, the coinjection of LV-corrected T-cell progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells might accelerate T-cell reconstitution in immunodeficient patients.
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20
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Amino Acid Transporters and Exchangers from the SLC1A Family: Structure, Mechanism and Roles in Physiology and Cancer. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1268-1286. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Colamartino ABL, Lemieux W, Bifsha P, Nicoletti S, Chakravarti N, Sanz J, Roméro H, Selleri S, Béland K, Guiot M, Tremblay-Laganière C, Dicaire R, Barreiro L, Lee DA, Verhoeyen E, Haddad E. Efficient and Robust NK-Cell Transduction With Baboon Envelope Pseudotyped Lentivector. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2873. [PMID: 31921138 PMCID: PMC6927467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK-cell resistance to transduction is a major technical hurdle for developing NK-cell immunotherapy. By using Baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs) encoding eGFP, we obtained a transduction rate of 23.0 ± 6.6% (mean ± SD) in freshly-isolated human NK-cells (FI-NK) and 83.4 ± 10.1% (mean ± SD) in NK-cells obtained from the NK-cell Activation and Expansion System (NKAES), with a sustained transgene expression for at least 21 days. BaEV-LVs outperformed Vesicular Stomatitis Virus type-G (VSV-G)-, RD114- and Measles Virus (MV)- pseudotyped LVs (p < 0.0001). mRNA expression of both BaEV receptors, ASCT1 and ASCT2, was detected in FI-NK and NKAES, with higher expression in NKAES. Transduction with BaEV-LVs encoding for CAR-CD22 resulted in robust CAR-expression on 38.3 ± 23.8% (mean ± SD) of NKAES cells, leading to specific killing of NK-resistant pre-B-ALL-RS4;11 cell line. Using a larger vector encoding a dual CD19/CD22-CAR, we were able to transduce and re-expand dual-CAR-expressing NKAES, even with lower viral titer. These dual-CAR-NK efficiently killed both CD19KO- and CD22KO-RS4;11 cells. Our results suggest that BaEV-LVs may efficiently enable NK-cell biological studies and translation of NK-cell-based immunotherapy to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien B. L. Colamartino
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lemieux
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Panojot Bifsha
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Nicoletti
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- INSERM U1163 and CNRS ERL 8254, Medicine Faculty, Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joaquín Sanz
- Institute for Bio-computation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hugo Roméro
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathie Béland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Guiot
- Pierre and Marie Curie University (PMCU) Paris 6, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hopitaux De Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Camille Tremblay-Laganière
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Dicaire
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Luis Barreiro
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dean A. Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Toudic C, Vargas A, Xiao Y, St-Pierre G, Bannert N, Lafond J, Rassart É, Sato S, Barbeau B. Galectin-1 interacts with the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-2 and potentiates trophoblast fusion in humans. FASEB J 2019; 33:12873-12887. [PMID: 31499012 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900107r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Syncytin (Syn)-2 is an important fusogenic protein that contributes to the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Galectin (Gal)-1, a soluble lectin, is also involved in trophoblast cell fusion and modulates the interaction of certain retroviral envelopes with their cellular receptor. This study aimed to investigate the association between Syn-2 and Gal-1 during human trophoblast cell fusion. This association was evaluated in vitro on primary villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTBs) and cell lines using recombinant Gal-1 and Syn-2-pseudotyped viruses. Using lactose, a Gal antagonist, and Gal-1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections, we confirmed the implication of Gal-1 in vCTBs and BeWo cell fusion, although RT-PCR and ELISA analyses suggested that Gal-1 alone did not induce syncytialization. Infection assays showed a specific and significant effect of Gal-1 on the infectivity of Syn-2-pseudotyped viruses that depended on the expression of major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2A (MFSD2a). Moreover, Gal-3, another placental Gal, did not modulate the infectivity of Syn-2-positive viruses, strengthening the specific association between Gal-1 and Syn-2. Interestingly, Gal-1 significantly reduced the infectivity of Syn-1-pseudotyped viruses, suggesting the opposite effects of Gal-1 on Syn-1 and -2. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed a glycan-dependent interaction between Syn-2-bearing virions and Gal-1. We conclude that Gal-1 specifically interacts with Syn-2 and possibly regulates Syn-2/MFSD2a interaction during syncytialization of trophoblastic cells.-Toudic, C., Vargas, A., Xiao, Y., St-Pierre, G., Bannert, N., Lafond, J., Rassart, É., Sato, S., Barbeau, B. Galectin-1 interacts with the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-2 and potentiates trophoblast fusion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Effects of Bisphenol A on endogenous retroviral envelopes expression and trophoblast fusion in BeWo cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:35-44. [PMID: 31278978 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Placenta is a target organ of Bisphenol A (BPA). To investigate possible effects on syncytiotrophoblast, the exchanging surface between mother and fetus, we exposed a trophoblast model (BeWo) to BPA concentrations occurring in humans (1 and 50 nM). We assessed the gene and protein expression of three human endogenous retroviral envelopes, specifically expressed in placenta (ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1 and ERV3-1), the secretion of β-hCG, the extent of trophoblast fusion and the activity of apoptosis markers (caspases 8, 3, 9 and PARP); additionally, the gene expression of transcription factors regulating HERV expression (i.e. GCM1, PPARγ, ERα and ERβ) was evaluated. At 50 nM, BPA induced ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1 and the corresponding syncytin proteins, ERV3-1, PPARγ, ERα and ERβ expression, increased β-hCG secretion and BeWo cells fusion, thus promoting the syncytiotrophoblast phenotype. The results support placenta as a target organ of BPA. Possible implications on fetal and pregnancy health should be carefully considered.
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24
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A glycan shield on chimpanzee CD4 protects against infection by primate lentiviruses (HIV/SIV). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11460-11469. [PMID: 31113887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813909116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic HIV-1 (group M) emerged following the cross-species transmission of a simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees (SIVcpz) to humans. Primate lentiviruses (HIV/SIV) require the T cell receptor CD4 to enter into target cells. By surveying the sequence and function of CD4 in 50 chimpanzee individuals, we find that all chimpanzee CD4 alleles encode a fixed, chimpanzee-specific substitution (34T) that creates a glycosylation site on the virus binding surface of the CD4 receptor. Additionally, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has arisen in chimpanzee CD4 (68T) that creates a second glycosylation site on the same virus-binding interface. This substitution is not yet fixed, but instead alleles containing this SNP are still circulating within chimpanzee populations. Thus, all allelic versions of chimpanzee CD4 are singly glycosylated at the virus binding surface, and some allelic versions are doubly glycosylated. Doubly glycosylated forms of chimpanzee CD4 reduce HIV-1 and SIVcpz infection by as much as two orders of magnitude. Full restoration of virus infection in cells bearing chimpanzee CD4 requires reversion of both threonines at sites 34 and 68, destroying both of the glycosylation sites, suggesting that the effects of the glycans are additive. Differentially glycosylated CD4 receptors were biochemically purified and used in neutralization assays and microscale thermophoresis to show that the glycans on chimpanzee CD4 reduce binding affinity with the lentiviral surface glycoprotein, Env. These glycans create a shield that protects CD4 from being engaged by viruses, demonstrating a powerful form of host resistance against deadly primate lentiviruses.
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25
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Identification of the Receptor Used by the Ecotropic Mouse GLN Endogenous Retrovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01125-18. [PMID: 30541852 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the mouse genome is composed of endogenous retroviruses belonging to different families. In contrast to the situation in the human genome, several of these families correspond to recent, still-infectious elements capable of encoding complete viral particles. The mouse GLN endogenous retrovirus is one of these active families. We previously identified one fully functional provirus from the sequenced genome of the C57BL/6 mouse strain. The GLN envelope protein gives the infectious viral particles an ecotropic host range, and we had demonstrated that the receptor was neither CAT1 nor SMIT1, the two previously identified receptors for mouse ecotropic retroviral envelope proteins. In this study, we have identified SLC19A1, the reduced folate carrier, as the cellular protein used as a receptor by the GLN retrovirus. The ecotropic tropism exhibited by this envelope is due to the presence or absence of an N-linked glycosylation site in the first extracellular loop as well as the specific amino acid sequence of the extracellular domains of the receptor. Like all the other retroviral envelope proteins from the gammaretrovirus genus whose receptors have been identified, the GLN envelope protein uses a member of the solute carrier superfamily as a receptor.IMPORTANCE Endogenous retroviruses are genomic traces of past infections present in all vertebrates. Most of these elements degenerate over time and become nonfunctional, but the mouse genome still contains several families with full infection abilities. The GLN retrovirus is one of them, and its members encode particles that are able to infect only mouse cells. Here, we identified the cellular protein used as a receptor by GLN for cell entry. It is SLC19A1, the reduced folate carrier. We show that GLN infection is limited to mouse cells due to both a mutation in the mouse gene preventing the glycosylation of SLC19A1 and also other residues conserved within the rat but not in the hamster and human proteins. Like all other gammaretroviruses whose receptors have been identified, GLN uses a member of the solute carrier superfamily for cell entry, highlighting the role of these proteins for retroviral infection in mammals.
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26
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Koide R, Yoshikawa R, Okamoto M, Sakaguchi S, Suzuki J, Isa T, Nakagawa S, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Miyazawa T. Experimental infection of Japanese macaques with simian retrovirus 5. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:266-277. [PMID: 30608228 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a large number of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) died of an unknown hemorrhagic syndrome at Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (KUPRI) and an external breeding facility for National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS). We previously reported that the hemorrhagic syndrome of Japanese macaques at KUPRI was caused by infection with simian retrovirus 4 (SRV-4); however, the cause of similar diseases that occurred at the external breeding facility for NIPS was still unknown. In this study, we isolated SRV-5 from Japanese macaques exhibiting thrombocytopenia and then constructed an infectious molecular clone of the SRV-5 isolate. When the SRV-5 isolate was inoculated into two Japanese macaques, severe thrombocytopenia was induced in one of two macaques within 22 days after inoculation. Similarly, the clone-derived virus was inoculated into the other two Japanese macaques, and one of two macaques developed severe thrombocytopenia within 22 days. On the other hand, the remaining two of four macaques survived as asymptomatic carriers even after administering an immunosuppressive agent, dexamethasone. As determined by real-time PCR, SRV-5 infected a variety of tissues in Japanese macaques, especially in digestive and lymph organs. We also identified the SRV-5 receptor as ASCT2, a neutral amino acid transporter in Japanese macaques. Taken together, we conclude that the causative agent of hemorrhagic syndrome occurred at the external breeding facility for NIPS was SRV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Koide
- 1Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- 2National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,3Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- 4Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- 5Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- 4Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- 6Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,7Section of NBR Promotion, and Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- 8Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- 9Non-human Primate Experimental Facility, Research Center for Infectious Diseases Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- 10Laboratory of Primate Model, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- 1Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Scalise M, Pochini L, Console L, Losso MA, Indiveri C. The Human SLC1A5 (ASCT2) Amino Acid Transporter: From Function to Structure and Role in Cell Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:96. [PMID: 30234109 PMCID: PMC6131531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC1A5, known as ASCT2, is a neutral amino acid transporter belonging to the SLC1 family and localized in the plasma membrane of several body districts. ASCT2 is an acronym standing for Alanine, Serine, Cysteine Transporter 2 even if the preferred substrate is the conditionally essential amino acid glutamine, with cysteine being a modulator and not a substrate. The studies around amino acid transport in cells and tissues began in the '60s by using radiolabeled compounds and competition assays. After identification of murine and human genes, the function of the coded protein has been studied in cell system and in proteoliposomes revealing that this transporter is a Na+ dependent antiporter of neutral amino acids, some of which are only inwardly transported and others are bi-directionally exchanged. The functional asymmetry merged with the kinetic asymmetry in line with the physiological role of amino acid pool harmonization. An intriguing function has been described for ASCT2 that is exploited as a receptor by a group of retroviruses to infect human cells. Interactions with scaffold proteins and post-translational modifications regulate ASCT2 stability, trafficking and transport activity. Two asparagine residues, namely N163 and N212, are the sites of glycosylation that is responsible for the definitive localization into the plasma membrane. ASCT2 expression increases in highly proliferative cells such as inflammatory and stem cells to fulfill the augmented glutamine demand. Interestingly, for the same reason, the expression of ASCT2 is greatly enhanced in many human cancers. This finding has generated interest in its candidacy as a pharmacological target for new anticancer drugs. The recently solved 3D structure of ASCT2 will aid in the rational design of such therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze Della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze Della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze Della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria A Losso
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze Della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze Della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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28
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Cryo-EM structure of the human neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:515-521. [PMID: 29872227 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human ASCT2 belongs to the SLC1 family of secondary transporters and is specific for the transport of small neutral amino acids. ASCT2 is upregulated in cancer cells and serves as the receptor for many retroviruses; hence, it has importance as a potential drug target. Here we used single-particle cryo-EM to determine a structure of the functional and unmodified human ASCT2 at 3.85-Å resolution. ASCT2 forms a homotrimeric complex in which each subunit contains a transport and a scaffold domain. Prominent extracellular extensions on the scaffold domain form the predicted docking site for retroviruses. Relative to structures of other SLC1 members, ASCT2 is in the most extreme inward-oriented state, with the transport domain largely detached from the central scaffold domain on the cytoplasmic side. This domain detachment may be required for substrate binding and release on the intracellular side of the membrane.
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29
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Chen Q, Kirk K, Shurubor YI, Zhao D, Arreguin AJ, Shahi I, Valsecchi F, Primiano G, Calder EL, Carelli V, Denton TT, Beal MF, Gross SS, Manfredi G, D'Aurelio M. Rewiring of Glutamine Metabolism Is a Bioenergetic Adaptation of Human Cells with Mitochondrial DNA Mutations. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1007-1025.e5. [PMID: 29657030 PMCID: PMC5932217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular, biochemical, and untargeted stable isotope tracing approaches, we identify a previously unappreciated glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate (αKG) energy-generating anaplerotic flux to be critical in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutant cells that harbor human disease-associated oxidative phosphorylation defects. Stimulating this flux with αKG supplementation enables the survival of diverse mtDNA mutant cells under otherwise lethal obligatory oxidative conditions. Strikingly, we demonstrate that when residual mitochondrial respiration in mtDNA mutant cells exceeds 45% of control levels, αKG oxidative flux prevails over reductive carboxylation. Furthermore, in a mouse model of mitochondrial myopathy, we show that increased oxidative αKG flux in muscle arises from enhanced alanine synthesis and release into blood, concomitant with accelerated amino acid catabolism from protein breakdown. Importantly, in this mouse model of mitochondriopathy, muscle amino acid imbalance is normalized by αKG supplementation. Taken together, our findings provide a rationale for αKG supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryne Kirk
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yevgeniya I Shurubor
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dazhi Zhao
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea J Arreguin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ifrah Shahi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Federica Valsecchi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guido Primiano
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Elizabeth L Calder
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Marilena D'Aurelio
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Novel endogenous simian retroviral integrations in Vero cells: implications for quality control of a human vaccine cell substrate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:644. [PMID: 29330501 PMCID: PMC5766633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African green monkey (AGM)-derived Vero cells have been utilized to produce various human vaccines. The Vero cell genome harbors a variety of simian endogenous type D retrovirus (SERV) sequences. In this study, a transcriptome analysis showed that DNA hypomethylation released the epigenetic repression of SERVs in Vero cells. Moreover, comparative genomic analysis of three Vero cell sublines and an AGM reference revealed that the genomes of the sublines have ~80 SERV integrations. Among them, ~60 integrations are present within all three cell sublines and absent from the reference sequence. At least several of these integrations consist of complete SERV proviruses. These results strongly suggest that SERVs integrated in the genome of Vero cells did not retrotranspose after the establishment of the cell lineage as far as cells were maintained under standard culture and passage conditions, providing a scientific basis for controlling the quality of pharmaceutical cell substrates and their derived biologics.
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31
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Bernhardt S, Bayerlová M, Vetter M, Wachter A, Mitra D, Hanf V, Lantzsch T, Uleer C, Peschel S, John J, Buchmann J, Weigert E, Bürrig KF, Thomssen C, Korf U, Beissbarth T, Wiemann S, Kantelhardt EJ. Proteomic profiling of breast cancer metabolism identifies SHMT2 and ASCT2 as prognostic factors. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:112. [PMID: 29020998 PMCID: PMC5637318 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer tumors are known to be highly heterogeneous and differences in their metabolic phenotypes, especially at protein level, are less well-understood. Profiling of metabolism-related proteins harbors the potential to establish new patient stratification regimes and biomarkers promoting individualized therapy. In our study, we aimed to examine the relationship between metabolism-associated protein expression profiles and clinicopathological characteristics in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. Methods Breast cancer specimens from 801 consecutive patients, diagnosed between 2009 and 2011, were investigated using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). Patients were treated in accordance with national guidelines in five certified German breast centers. To obtain quantitative expression data, 37 antibodies detecting proteins relevant to cancer metabolism, were applied. Hierarchical cluster analysis and individual target characterization were performed. Clustering results and individual protein expression patterns were associated with clinical data. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival functions. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied to assess the impact of protein expression and other clinicopathological features on survival. Results We identified three metabolic clusters of breast cancer, which do not reflect the receptor-defined subtypes, but are significantly correlated with overall survival (OS, p ≤ 0.03) and recurrence-free survival (RFS, p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analysis of individual protein expression profiles demonstrated the central role of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) and amino acid transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5) as independent prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. High SHMT2 protein expression was significantly correlated with poor OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–2.12, p ≤ 0.01) and RFS (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.16–2.04, p ≤ 0.01). High protein expression of ASCT2 was significantly correlated with poor RFS (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.01–1.71, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Our data confirm the heterogeneity of breast tumors at a functional proteomic level and dissects the relationship between metabolism-related proteins, pathological features and patient survival. These observations highlight the importance of SHMT2 and ASCT2 as valuable individual prognostic markers and potential targets for personalized breast cancer therapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01592825. Registered on 3 May 2012. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0905-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bernhardt
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Bayerlová
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina Vetter
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Astrid Wachter
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Devina Mitra
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Hanf
- Department of Gynaecology, Hospital Fuerth, Jakob-Henle-Str. 1, 90768, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Tilmann Lantzsch
- Department of Gynaecology, Hospital St. Elisabeth and St. Barbara, Mauerstr. 5, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Uleer
- Onkologische Praxis Uleer, Bahnhofstr. 5, 31134, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Peschel
- Department of Gynaecology, St. Bernward Hospital, Treibestr. 9, 31134, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Jutta John
- Department of Gynaecology, Helios Hospital Hildesheim, Weinberg 1, 31134, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Buchmann
- Institute of Pathology, Hospital Martha-Maria, Roentgenstraße 1, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edith Weigert
- Institute of Pathology, Hospital Fuerth, Jakob-Henle-Str. 1, 90768, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Bürrig
- Institute of Pathology Hildesheim, Senator-Braun-Allee 35, 31135, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomssen
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrike Korf
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Beissbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany. .,Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstr. 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Sinha A, Johnson WE. Retroviruses of the RDR superinfection interference group: ancient origins and broad host distribution of a promiscuous Env gene. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:105-112. [PMID: 28837888 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to recombination, different regions of a retrovirus genome can have distinct phylogenetic histories. The RD114-and-D-type-retrovirus (RDR) interference group provides an extreme example: the RDR group comprises a variety of taxonomically distinct retroviruses, isolated from diverse mammalian and avian hosts, that share a homologous env gene and use the same cell-surface entry receptor. RDR env homologs are also found among ancient endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences, including the syncytin genes of humans and rabbits, indicating that RDR Env glycoproteins have likely mediated endogenization on multiple occasions in diverse vertebrate lineages. The distribution of RDR env among exogenous and endogenous retroviruses indicates that it has been swapped between viruses many times, and that it likely facilitated multiple cross-species transmission events spanning millions of years of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Sinha
- Biology Department, Boston College, 355 Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Welkin E Johnson
- Biology Department, Boston College, 355 Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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Benešová M, Trejbalová K, Kovářová D, Vernerová Z, Hron T, Kučerová D, Hejnar J. DNA hypomethylation and aberrant expression of the human endogenous retrovirus ERVWE1/syncytin-1 in seminomas. Retrovirology 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28302141 PMCID: PMC5356313 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syncytin-1 and 2, human fusogenic glycoproteins encoded by the env genes of the endogenous retroviral loci ERVWE1 and ERVFRDE1, respectively, contribute to the differentiation of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast in chorionic villi. In non-trophoblastic cells, however, the expression of syncytins has to be suppressed to avoid potential pathogenic effects. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional suppression of ERVWE1 promoter is controlled epigenetically by DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. In this study, we describe the aberrant expression of syncytin-1 in biopsies of testicular germ cell tumors. RESULTS We found efficient expression and splicing of syncytin-1 in seminomas and mixed germ cell tumors with seminoma component. Although another fusogenic gene, syncytin-2 was also derepressed in seminomas, its expression was significantly lower than that of syncytin-1. Neither the transcription factor GCM1 nor the increased copy number of ERVWE1 were sufficient for this aberrant expression of syncytin-1 in seminomas. In accordance with our recent finding of the highly increased expression of TET1 dioxygenase in most seminomas, the ERVWE1 promoter was significantly hypomethylated in comparison with the matched controls. In contrast, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels were not detectable at the ERVWE1 promoter. We further describe that another endogenous retroviral element adjacent to ERVWE1 remains transcriptionally suppressed and two additional HERV-W family members are only slightly upregulated in seminomas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DNA demethylation of the ERVWE1 promoter in seminomas is a prerequisite for syncytin-1 derepression. We propose the spliced syncytin-1 expression as a marker of seminoma and suggest that aberrant expression of endogenous retroviruses might be a correlate of the hypomethylated genome of seminomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Benešová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Trejbalová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Denisa Kovářová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Vernerová
- Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hron
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Malhotra SS, Banerjee P, Gupta SK. Regulation of trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and placentation: Implications in pregnancy complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cui L, Wang H, Lu X, Wang R, Zheng R, Li Y, Yang X, Jia WT, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang YL, Zhu C, Lin HY, Wang H. Effects of individually silenced N-glycosylation sites and non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the fusogenic function of human syncytin-2. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:39-55. [PMID: 26853155 PMCID: PMC4853038 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1093720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental syncytiotrophoblast, which is formed by the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells, is indispensable for the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. The human endogenous retrovirus envelope glycoprotein syncytin-2 is the most important player in mediating trophoblast cell-cell fusion as a fusogen. We constructed expression plasmids of wild-type and 21 single-amino-acid substitution mutants of syncytin-2, including 10 N-glycosylation sites individually silenced by mutagenizing N to Q, 1 naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) N118S that introduced an N-glycosylation site, and another 10 non-synonymous SNPs located within important functional domains. We observed that syncytin-2 was highly fusogenic and that the mutants had different capacities in merging 293T cells. Of the 21 mutants, N133Q, N312Q, N443Q, C46R (in the CXXC motif) and R417H (in the heptad repeat region and immunosuppressive domain) lost their fusogenicity, whereas N332Q, N118S, T367M (in the fusion peptide), V483I (in the transmembrane domain) and T522M (in the cytoplasmic domain) enhanced the fusogenic activity. We also proved that N133, N146, N177, N220, N241, N247, N312, N332 and N443 were all glycosylated in 293T cells. A co-immunoprecipitation assay showed compromised interaction between mutants N443Q, C46R, T367M, R417H and the receptor MFSD2A, whereas N118S was associated with more receptors. We also sequenced the coding sequence of syncytin-2 in 125 severe pre-eclamptic patients and 272 normal pregnant Chinese women. Surprisingly, only 1 non-synonymous SNP T522M was found and the frequencies of heterozygous carriers were not significantly different. Taken together, our results suggest that N-glycans at residues 133, 312, 332 and 443 of syncytin-2 are required for optimal fusion induction, and that SNPs C46R, N118S, T367M, R417H, V483I and T522M can alter the fusogenic function of syncytin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Huiying Wang
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Beijing Shijitan Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Rui Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ru Zheng
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yue Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaokui Yang
- d Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Wen-Tong Jia
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Haibin Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Abstract
Mammalian life begins with a cell-cell fusion event, i.e. the fusion of the spermatozoid with the oocyte and needs further cell-cell fusion processes for the development, growth, and maintenance of tissues and organs over the whole life span. Furthermore, cellular fusion plays a role in infection, cancer, and stem cell-dependent regeneration as well as including an expanded meaning of partial cellular fusion, nanotube formation, and microparticle-cell fusion. The cellular fusion process is highly regulated by proteins which carry the information to organize and regulate membranes allowing the merge of two separate lipid bilayers into one. The regulation of this genetically and epigenetically controlled process is achieved by different kinds of signals leading to communication of fusing cells. The local cellular and extracellular environment additionally initiates specific cell signaling necessary for the induction of the cell-cell fusion process. Common motifs exist in distinct cell-cell fusion processes and their regulation. However, there is specific regulation of different cell-cell fusion processes, e.g. myoblast, placental, osteoclast, and stem cell fusion. Hence, specialized fusion events vary between cell types and species. Molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, especially limited knowledge is present for cancer and stem cell fusion mechanisms and regulation. More research is necessary for the understanding of cellular fusion processes which can lead to development of new therapeutic strategies grounding on cellular fusion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Willkomm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Suerth JD, Morgan MA, Kloess S, Heckl D, Neudörfl C, Falk CS, Koehl U, Schambach A. Efficient generation of gene-modified human natural killer cells via alpharetroviral vectors. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:83-93. [PMID: 26300042 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in tumor immunotherapy with their unique capability of killing transformed cells without the need for prior sensitization and without major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide restriction. However, tumor cells can escape NK cell cytotoxicity by various tumor immune escape mechanisms. To overcome these escape mechanisms, NK cells can be modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), enhancing their tumor-specific cytotoxicity. To determine the most efficacious method to modify human NK cells, we compared different retroviral vector systems, retroviral pseudotypes, and transduction protocols. Using optimized transduction conditions, the highest transduction levels (up to 60%) were achieved with alpharetroviral vectors. Alpharetroviral-modified primary human NK cells exhibited no alteration in receptor expression and had similar degranulation activity as untransduced NK cells, thus demonstrating that alpharetroviral modification did not negatively affect NK cell cytotoxicity. Transduction of NK cells with an alpharetroviral vector containing a CD19 CAR expression cassette selectively enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity towards CD19-expressing leukemia cells, achieving nearly complete elimination of leukemia cells after 48 h. Taken together, alpharetroviral vectors are promising tools for NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy applications. KEY MESSAGES Efficient modification of human NK cells using alpharetroviral vectors. Anti-CD19-CAR-NK cells exhibited improved cytotoxicity towards CD19(+) leukemia cells. Alpharetroviral vectors are promising tools for immunotherapy applications using NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alpharetrovirus/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Tumor Escape/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Kloess
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Neudörfl
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Liu Y, Yang L, An H, Chang Y, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Xu L, Xu J. High expression of Solute Carrier Family 1, member 5 (SLC1A5) is associated with poor prognosis in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16954. [PMID: 26599282 PMCID: PMC4657035 DOI: 10.1038/srep16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute Carrier Family 1, member 5 (SLC1A5), also named as ASCT2, a major glutamine transporter, is highly expressed in various malignancies and plays a critical role in the transformation, growth and survival of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of SLC1A5 in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). SLC1A5 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier method was conducted to compare survival curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied to assess the impact of prognostic factors on overall survival (OS). A nomogram was then constructed on the basis of the independent prognosticators identified on multivariate analysis. The predictive ability of the models was compared using Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Our data indicated that high expression of SLC1A5 was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage, higher Fuhrman grade and shorter OS in ccRCC patients. Multivariate analysis confirmed that SLC1A5 was an independent prognosticator for OS. A nomogram integrating SLC1A5 and other independent prognosticators was constructed, which showed a better prognostic value for OS than TNM staging system. In conclusion, high SLC1A5 expression is an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome in ccRCC patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin An
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Malhotra SS, Suman P, Gupta SK. Alpha or beta human chorionic gonadotropin knockdown decrease BeWo cell fusion by down-regulating PKA and CREB activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11210. [PMID: 26053549 PMCID: PMC4459146 DOI: 10.1038/srep11210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to delineate the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in trophoblast fusion. In this direction, using shRNA lentiviral particles, α- and β-hCG silenced ‘BeWo’ cell lines were generated. Treatment of both α- and β-hCG silenced BeWo cells with either forskolin or exogenous hCG showed a significant reduction in cell fusion as compared with control shRNA treated cells. Studies by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence revealed down-regulation of fusion-associated proteins such as syncytin-1 and syndecan-1 in the α- and β-hCG silenced cells. Delineation of downstream signaling pathways revealed that phosphorylation of PKA and CREB were compromised in the silenced cells whereas, no significant changes in p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were observed. Moreover, β-catenin activation was unaffected by either α- or β-hCG silencing. Further, inhibition of PKA by H89 inhibitor led to a significant decrease in BeWo cell fusion but had no effect on β-catenin activation suggesting the absence of non-canonical β-catenin stabilization via PKA. Interestingly, canonical activation of β-catenin was associated with the up-regulation of Wnt 10b expression. In summary, this study establishes the significance of hCG in the fusion of trophoblastic BeWo cells, but there may be additional factors involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Saryu Malhotra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - Pankaj Suman
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 301, India
| | - Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110 067, India
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Miyaho RN, Nakagawa S, Hashimoto-Gotoh A, Nakaya Y, Shimode S, Sakaguchi S, Yoshikawa R, Takahashi MU, Miyazawa T. Susceptibility of domestic animals to a pseudotype virus bearing RD-114 virus envelope protein. Gene 2015; 567:189-95. [PMID: 25936996 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are used for gene transduction into cells and have been applied to gene therapy. Retroviral vectors using envelope protein (Env) of RD-114 virus, a feline endogenous retrovirus, have been used for gene transduction. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility to RD-114 Env-pseudotyped virus in twelve domestic animals including cattle, sheep, horse, pig, dog, cat, ferret, mink, rabbit, rat, mouse, and quail. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of ASCT2 (SLC1A5), a receptor of RD-114 virus, in 10 mammalian and 2 avian species revealed that insertion and deletion events at the region C of ASCT2 where RD-114 viral Env interacts occurred independently in the mouse and rat lineage and in the chicken and quail lineage. By the pseudotype virus infection assay, we found that RD-114 Env-pseudotyped virus could efficiently infect all cell lines except those from mouse and rat. Furthermore, we confirmed that bovine ASCT2 (bASCT2) functions as a receptor for RD-114 virus infection. We also investigated bASCT2 mRNA expression in cattle tissues and found that it is expressed in various tissues including lung, spleen and kidney. These results indicate that retrovirus vectors with RD-114 virus Env can be used for gene therapy in large domestic animals in addition to companion animals such as cat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nakaoka Miyaho
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 411 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Akira Hashimoto-Gotoh
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8566, Japan
| | - Sayumi Shimode
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ueda Takahashi
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 411 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Virolution, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Toufaily C, Lokossou AG, Vargas A, Rassart É, Barbeau B. A CRE/AP-1-like motif is essential for induced syncytin-2 expression and fusion in human trophoblast-like model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121468. [PMID: 25781974 PMCID: PMC4364025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-2 is encoded by the envelope gene of Endogenous Retrovirus-FRD (ERVFRD-1) and plays a critical role in fusion of placental trophoblasts leading to the formation of the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast. Its expression is consequently regulated in a strict manner. In the present study, we have identified a forskolin-responsive region located between positions -300 to -150 in the Syncytin-2 promoter region. This 150 bp region in the context of a minimal promoter mediated an 80-fold induction of promoter activity following forskolin stimulation. EMSA analyses with competition experiments with nuclear extracts from forskolin-stimulated BeWo cells demonstrated that the -211 to -177 region specifically bound two forskolin-induced complexes, one of them containing a CRE/AP-1-like motif. Site-directed mutagenesis of the CRE/AP-1 binding site in the context of the Syncytin-2 promoter or a heterologous promoter showed that this motif was mostly essential for forskolin-induced promoter activity. Transfection experiments with dominant negative mutants and constitutively activated CREB expression vectors in addition to Chromatin Immunoprecipitation suggested that a CREB family member, CREB2 was binding and acting through the CRE/AP-1 motif. We further demonstrated the binding of JunD to this same motif. Similar to forskolin and soluble cAMP, CREB2 and JunD overexpression induced Syncytin-2 promoter activity in a CRE/AP-1-dependent manner and Syncytin-2 expression. In addition, BeWo cell fusion was induced by both CREB2 and JunD overexpression, while being repressed following silencing of either gene. These results thereby demonstrate that induced expression of Syncytin-2 is highly dependent on the interaction of bZIP-containing transcription factors to a CRE/AP-1 motif and that this element is important for the regulation of Syncytin-2 expression, which results in the formation of the peripheral syncytiotrophoblast layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirine Toufaily
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Adjimon Gatien Lokossou
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
UNLABELLED In 2001-2002, six of seven Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) died after developing hemorrhagic syndrome at the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (KUPRI). While the cause of death was unknown at the time, we detected simian retrovirus 4 (SRV-4) in samples obtained from a similar outbreak in 2008-2011, during which 42 of 43 Japanese macaques died after exhibiting hemorrhagic syndrome. In this study, we isolated SRV-4 strain PRI-172 from a Japanese macaque showing severe thrombocytopenia. When inoculated into four Japanese macaques, the isolate induced severe thrombocytopenia in all within 37 days. We then constructed an infectious molecular clone of strain PRI-172, termed pSR415, and inoculated the clone-derived virus into two Japanese macaques. These animals also developed severe thrombocytopenia in just 31 days after inoculation, and the virus was reisolated from blood, bone marrow, and stool. At necropsy, we observed bleeding from the gingivae and subcutaneous bleeding in all animals. SRV-4 infected a variety of tissues, especially in digestive organs, including colon and stomach, as determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, we identified the SRV-4 receptor as ASCT2, a neutral amino acid transporter. ASCT2 mRNA was expressed in a variety of tissues, and the distribution of SRV-4 proviruses in infected Japanese macaques correlated well with the expression levels of ASCT2 mRNA. From these results, we conclude that the causative agent of hemorrhagic syndrome in KUPRI Japanese macaques was SRV-4, and its receptor is ASCT2. IMPORTANCE During two separate outbreaks at the KUPRI, in 2001-2002 and 2008-2011, 96% of Japanese macaques (JM) that developed an unknown hemorrhagic syndrome died. Here, we isolated SRV-4 from a JM developing thrombocytopenia. The SRV-4 isolate and a molecularly cloned SRV-4 induced severe thrombocytopenia in virus-inoculated JMs within 37 days. At necropsy, we observed bleeding from gingivae and subcutaneous bleeding in all affected JMs and reisolated SRV-4 from blood, bone marrow, and stool. The distribution of SRV-4 proviruses in tissues correlated with the mRNA expression levels of ASCT2, which we identified as the SRV-4 receptor. From these results, we conclude that SRV-4 was the causative agent of hemorrhagic syndrome in JMs in KUPRI.
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Lokossou AG, Toudic C, Barbeau B. Implication of human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins in placental functions. Viruses 2014; 6:4609-27. [PMID: 25421890 PMCID: PMC4246240 DOI: 10.3390/v6114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) represent 8% of the total human genome. Although the majority of these ancient proviral sequences have only retained non-coding long terminal repeats (LTRs), a number of “endogenized” retroviral genes encode functional proteins. Previous studies have underlined the implication of these ERV-derived proteins in the development and the function of the placenta. In this review, we summarize recent findings showing that two ERV genes, termed Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2, which encode former envelope (Env) proteins, trigger fusion events between villous cytotrophoblasts and the peripheral multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layer. Such fusion events maintain the stability of this latter cell structure, which plays an important role in fetal development by the active secretion of various soluble factors, gas exchange and regulation of fetomaternal immunotolerance. We also highlight new studies showing that these ERV proteins, in addition to their localization at the cell surface of cytotrophoblasts, are also incorporated on the surface of various extracellular microvesicles, including exosomes. Such exosome-associated proteins could be involved in the various functions attributed to these vesicles and could provide a form of tropism. Additionally, through their immunosuppressive domains, these ERV proteins could also contribute to fetomaternal immunotolerance in a local and more distal manner. These various aspects of the implication of Syncytin-1 and -2 in placental function are also addressed in the context of the placenta-related disorder, preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjimon Gatien Lokossou
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
| | - Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
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Pochini L, Scalise M, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. Membrane transporters for the special amino acid glutamine: structure/function relationships and relevance to human health. Front Chem 2014; 2:61. [PMID: 25157349 PMCID: PMC4127817 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine together with glucose is essential for body's homeostasis. It is the most abundant amino acid and is involved in many biosynthetic, regulatory and energy production processes. Several membrane transporters which differ in transport modes, ensure glutamine homeostasis by coordinating its absorption, reabsorption and delivery to tissues. These transporters belong to different protein families, are redundant and ubiquitous. Their classification, originally based on functional properties, has recently been associated with the SLC nomenclature. Function of glutamine transporters is studied in cells over-expressing the transporters or, more recently in proteoliposomes harboring the proteins extracted from animal tissues or over-expressed in microorganisms. The role of the glutamine transporters is linked to their transport modes and coupling with Na+ and H+. Most transporters share specificity for other neutral or cationic amino acids. Na+-dependent co-transporters efficiently accumulate glutamine while antiporters regulate the pools of glutamine and other amino acids. The most acknowledged glutamine transporters belong to the SLC1, 6, 7, and 38 families. The members involved in the homeostasis are the co-transporters B0AT1 and the SNAT members 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7; the antiporters ASCT2, LAT1 and 2. The last two are associated to the ancillary CD98 protein. Some information on regulation of the glutamine transporters exist, which, however, need to be deepened. No information at all is available on structures, besides some homology models obtained using similar bacterial transporters as templates. Some models of rat and human glutamine transporters highlight very similar structures between the orthologs. Moreover the presence of glycosylation and/or phosphorylation sites located at the extracellular or intracellular faces has been predicted. ASCT2 and LAT1 are over-expressed in several cancers, thus representing potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Baboon envelope pseudotyped LVs outperform VSV-G-LVs for gene transfer into early-cytokine-stimulated and resting HSCs. Blood 2014; 124:1221-31. [PMID: 24951430 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-558163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy holds promise for the cure of many diseases. The field is now moving toward the use of lentiviral vectors (LVs) as evidenced by 4 successful clinical trials. These trials used vesicular-stomatitis-virus-G protein (VSV-G)-LVs at high doses combined with strong cytokine-cocktail stimulation to obtain therapeutically relevant transduction levels; however, they might compromise the HSC character. Summarizing all these disadvantages, alternatives to VSV-G-LVs are urgently needed. We generated here high-titer LVs pseudotyped with a baboon retroviral envelope glycoprotein (BaEV-LVs), resistant to human complement. Under mild cytokine prestimulation to preserve the HSC characteristics, a single BaEV-LV application at a low dose, resulted in up to 90% of hCD34(+) cell transduction. Even more striking was that these new BaEV-LVs allowed, at low doses, efficient transduction of up to 30% of quiescent hCD34(+) cells, whereas high-dose VSV-G-LVs were insufficient. Importantly, reconstitution of NOD/Lt-SCID/γc(-/-) (NSG) mice with BaEV-LV-transduced hCD34(+) cells maintained these high transduction levels in all myeloid and lymphoid lineages, including early progenitors. This transduction pattern was confirmed or even increased in secondary NSG recipient mice. This suggests that BaEV-LVs efficiently transduce true HSCs and could improve HSC-based gene therapy, for which high-level HSC correction is needed for life-long cure.
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Huang Q, Chen H, Li J, Oliver M, Ma X, Byck D, Gao Y, Jiang SW. Epigenetic and non-epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 expression in human placenta and cancer tissues. Cell Signal 2014; 26:648-56. [PMID: 24216608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Syncytin-1 is a human endogenous retroviral envelope gene (HERVW1) product specifically expressed in placental trophoblasts. By mediating the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts through cell-cell fusion, syncytin-1 plays a critical role for the placental barrier, endocrine and exchange functions. During pregnancy, syncytin-1 expression is dynamically regulated by various pathophysiological factors and pathways. This review summarizes and examines published data on epigenetic and non-epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 gene expression, with a focus on the changes of syncytin-1 DNA methylation and expression in placental trophoblasts under preeclamptic and hypoxic conditions. The functions of syncytiotrophoblasts, the fusogenic and non-fusogenic activities of syncytin-1, and aberrant activation of syncytin-1 expression in cancer cells are also discussed. New findings on the epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 in placentas from monozygotic/dichorionic discordant twins are analyzed. The close correlation among changes of DNMTs expression, syncytin-1 gene methylation, and syncytin-1 mRNA levels, in placentas associated with discordant fetal growth indicated a dynamic nature of syncytin-1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Guandong, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Medical College, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 55902, USA
| | - Matthew Oliver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - David Byck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Ya Gao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Medical College, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 55902, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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Yoshikawa R, Shimode S, Sakaguchi S, Miyazawa T. Contamination of live attenuated vaccines with an infectious feline endogenous retrovirus (RD-114 virus). Arch Virol 2014; 159:399-404. [PMID: 24068581 PMCID: PMC7086779 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses are classified as exogenous and endogenous retroviruses according to the mode of transmission. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retroviruses which have been integrated into germ-line cells and inherited from parents to offspring. Most ERVs are inactivated by deletions and mutations; however, certain ERVs maintain their infectivity and infect the same host and new hosts as exogenous retroviruses. All domestic cats have infectious ERVs, termed RD-114 virus. Several canine and feline attenuated vaccines are manufactured using RD-114 virus-producing cell lines such as Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells; therefore, it is possible that infectious RD-114 virus contaminates live attenuated vaccines. Recently, Japanese and UK research groups found that several feline and canine vaccines were indeed contaminated with infectious RD-114 virus. This was the first incidence of contamination of 'infectious' ERVs in live attenuated vaccines. RD-114 virus replicates efficiently in canine cell lines and primary cells. Therefore, it is possible that RD-114 virus infects dogs following inoculation with contaminated vaccines and induces proliferative diseases and immune suppression, if it adapts to grow efficiently in dogs. In this review, we summarize the incidence of contamination of RD-114 virus in live attenuated vaccines and potential risks of infection with RD-114 virus in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Sayumi Shimode
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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Kyriakopoulos S, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. Comparative analysis of amino acid metabolism and transport in CHO variants with different levels of productivity. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:543-51. [PMID: 24056080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for the production of biopharmaceuticals; however, our understanding of several physiological elements that contribute to productivity is limited. One of these is amino acid transport and how its limitation and/or regulation might affect productivity. To further our understanding, we have examined the expression of 40 mammalian amino acid transporter genes during batch cultures of three CHO cell lines: a non-producer and two antibody-producing cell lines with different levels of productivity. In parallel, extracellular and intracellular levels of amino acids were quantified. The aim was to identify differences in gene regulation between cell lines and within culture. Our results show that three transporters associated with transport of taurine and β-alanine, acidic amino acids and branched chain amino acids, are highly upregulated in both antibody-producing cell lines but not in the non-producer. Additionally, genes associated with the transport of amino acids related to the glutathione pathway (alanine, cysteine, cystine, glycine, glutamate) were found to be highly upregulated during the stationary phase of cell culture, correlating well with literature data on the importance of the pathway. Our analysis highlights potential markers for cell line selection and targets for process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantos Kyriakopoulos
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Shimode S, Nakaoka R, Shogen H, Miyazawa T. Characterization of feline ASCT1 and ASCT2 as RD-114 virus receptor. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1608-1612. [PMID: 23580426 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RD-114 virus is a replication-competent feline endogenous retrovirus (ERV). RD-114 virus had been thought to be xenotropic; however, recent findings indicate that RD-114 virus is polytropic and can infect and grow efficiently in feline cells. Receptor(s) for RD-114 virus has not been identified and characterized in cats. In this study, we confirmed that two feline sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporters (ASCTs), fASCT1 and fASCT2, function as RD-114 virus receptors. By chimeric analyses of feline and murine ASCTs, we revealed that extracellular loop 2 of both fASCT1 and fASCT2 determines the susceptibility to RD-114 virus. Further, we revealed ubiquitous expression of these genes, consistent with the general metabolic role of the ASCT molecules. Our study indicates that RD-114 virus may reinfect tissues and cells in cats, once the virus is activated. Implications of the involvement of RD-114 virus in feline oncogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Shimode
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Nakaoka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shogen
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Syncytin-1 modulates placental trophoblast cell proliferation by promoting G1/S transition. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1027-35. [PMID: 23333240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Placental syncytiotrophoblasts formed by the fusion of cytotrophoblasts constitute the interface between maternal and fetal circulations. The syncytium, composed of a continuous layer of syncytiotrophoblasts, assumes the fetal-maternal nutrient exchange, placental barrier, and endocrine functions important for the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Syncytin-1, an endogenous retroviral gene product, mediates the fusion of cytotrophoblasts. While the fusogenic function of syncytin-1 has been well established, little is known regarding its nonfusogenic activities. This study investigates the role of syncytin-1 in trophoblast proliferation. We found that syncytin-1 knockdown significantly inhibited BeWo cell growth and DNA synthesis. Moreover, time course studies on key cell cycle regulators demonstrated an upregulation of p15 and downregulation of CDK4, E2F1, PCNA, and c-Myc, which consequently led to a reduced level of CDK1. These results, together with those from flow cytometry analysis, indicated that syncytin-1 knockdown blocked the G1/S transition phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, syncytin-1 overexpression promoted CHO cell proliferation and led to changes opposite to those observed in syncytin-1 knockdown experiments, confirming the critical role of syncytin-1 for G1/S transition. Thus, syncytin-1, through both nonfusogenic and fusogenic, functions, may co-regulate the input (proliferation) and output (fusion) of the cytotrophoblast "pool". Such co-regulation could be an efficient way to achieve the balance between these two opposing processes, which is required for syncytium homeostasis. Since decreased syncytin-1 expression has been shown to be associated with preeclamptic and hypoxic condition, insufficient replenishing of the cytotrophoblast "pool" may contribute to syncytium deficiency, a critical pathological change frequently found in preeclamptic placentas.
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