1
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Li Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Li C, Tang D, Hua W, Hou F, Chen Z, Liu Y, Tian Y, Sun K, Xu X, Zeng Y, Xia F, Lu J, Wang Z. Mpox virus Clade IIb infected Cynomolgus macaques via mimic natural infection routes closely resembled human mpox infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332669. [PMID: 38494777 PMCID: PMC10984234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingni Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Tang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanlu Hua
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Hou
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlang Liu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tian
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaili Sun
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Lu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Mantlo E, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Lewis CE, Matias-Ferreyra F, McDowell C, Bold D, Kwon T, Cool K, Balaraman V, Madden D, Artiaga B, Souza-Neto J, Doty JB, Carossino M, Balasuriya U, Wilson WC, Osterrieder N, Hensley L, Richt JA. Experimental inoculation of pigs with monkeypox virus results in productive infection and transmission to sentinels. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2352434. [PMID: 38712637 PMCID: PMC11168330 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2352434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a re-emerging zoonotic poxvirus responsible for producing skin lesions in humans. Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, the 2022 outbreak with a clade IIb strain has resulted in ongoing sustained transmission of the virus worldwide. MPXV has a relatively wide host range, with infections reported in rodent and non-human primate species. However, the susceptibility of many domestic livestock species remains unknown. Here, we report on a susceptibility/transmission study in domestic pigs that were experimentally inoculated with a 2022 MPXV clade IIb isolate or served as sentinel contact control animals. Several principal-infected and sentinel contact control pigs developed minor lesions near the lips and nose starting at 12 through 18 days post-challenge (DPC). No virus was isolated and no viral DNA was detected from the lesions; however, MPXV antigen was detected by IHC in tissue from a pustule of a principal infected pig. Viral DNA and infectious virus were detected in nasal and oral swabs up to 14 DPC, with peak titers observed at 7 DPC. Viral DNA was also detected in nasal tissues or skin collected from two principal-infected animals at 7 DPC post-mortem. Furthermore, all principal-infected and sentinel control animals enrolled in the study seroconverted. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that domestic pigs are susceptible to experimental MPXV infection and can transmit the virus to contact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mantlo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Charles E. Lewis
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Bio and Agro-defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bianca Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jayme Souza-Neto
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- Zoonotic and Emerging Disease Research Unit, National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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3
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Mucker EM, Freyn AW, Bixler SL, Cizmeci D, Atyeo C, Earl PL, Natarajan H, Santos G, Frey TR, Levin RH, Meni A, Arunkumar GA, Stadlbauer D, Jorquera PA, Bennett H, Johnson JC, Hardcastle K, Americo JL, Cotter CA, Koehler JW, Davis CI, Shamblin JD, Ostrowski K, Raymond JL, Ricks KM, Carfi A, Yu WH, Sullivan NJ, Moss B, Alter G, Hooper JW. Comparison of protection against mpox following mRNA or modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in nonhuman primates. Cell 2024; 187:5540-5553.e10. [PMID: 39236707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, mpox virus (MPXV) spread worldwide, causing 99,581 mpox cases in 121 countries. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine use reduced disease in at-risk populations but failed to deliver complete protection. Lag in manufacturing and distribution of MVA resulted in additional MPXV spread, with 12,000 reported cases in 2023 and an additional outbreak in Central Africa of clade I virus. These outbreaks highlight the threat of zoonotic spillover by Orthopoxviruses. mRNA-1769, an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine expressing MPXV surface proteins, was tested in a lethal MPXV primate model. Similar to MVA, mRNA-1769 conferred protection against challenge and further mitigated symptoms and disease duration. Antibody profiling revealed a collaborative role between neutralizing and Fc-functional extracellular virion (EV)-specific antibodies in viral restriction and ospinophagocytic and cytotoxic antibody functions in protection against lesions. mRNA-1769 enhanced viral control and disease attenuation compared with MVA, highlighting the potential for mRNA vaccines to mitigate future pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Mucker
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | - Sandra L Bixler
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A Cotter
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W Koehler
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher I Davis
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Ostrowski
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jo Lynne Raymond
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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4
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Kajal, Pandey A, Mishra S. From ancient remedies to modern miracles: tracing the evolution of vaccines and their impact on public health. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:242. [PMID: 39319014 PMCID: PMC11417089 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review traces the development of vaccines from ancient times to the present, highlighting major milestones and challenges. It covers the significant impact of vaccines on public health, including the eradication of diseases such as smallpox and the reduction of others such as polio, measles, and influenza. The review provides an in-depth look at the COVID-19 vaccines, which were developed at unprecedented speeds due to the urgent global need. The study emphasizes the ongoing potential of vaccine development to address future global health challenges, demonstrating the critical role vaccines play in disease prevention and public health. Moreover, it discusses the evolution of vaccine technology, from live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines to modern recombinant and mRNA vaccines, showcasing the advancements that have enabled rapid responses to emerging infectious diseases. The review underscores the importance of continued investment in research and development, global collaboration, and the adoption of new technologies to enhance vaccine efficacy and coverage. By exploring historical and contemporary examples, the article illustrates how vaccines have transformed medical practice and public health outcomes, providing valuable insights into future directions for vaccine innovation and deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal
- School of Biosciences & Technology, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Achyut Pandey
- School of Biosciences & Technology, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Shruti Mishra
- School of Biosciences & Technology, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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5
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Tan M, Zhang R, Shen T, Li A, Hou X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhang B, Sun P, Gong X, Li L, Wu J, Wu J, Zhang R, Liu B. Systematic evaluation of the induction of efficient neutralizing antibodies by recombinant multicomponent subunit vaccines against monkeypox virus. Vaccine 2024; 42:126384. [PMID: 39321566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), which has symptoms similar to smallpox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). From 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2024, 117 countries, territories, or areas reported 95,226 laboratory-confirmed cases of Mpox (including 185 deaths) to the World Health Organization. However, as there is no licensed specific MPXV vaccine available globally, the vaccines currently used for mpox prevention are mostly smallpox vaccines. Thus, the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines is urgently required. In the present study, the key MPXV proteins A35, B6R, E8L, A29, M1R, and H3L were expressed and prepared using a prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli) and a eukaryotic expression system (yeast), and the fusion antigens A35-A29 and A35-M1R were constructed based on the dimerization characteristics of the A35 protein. By combining the antigens with aluminum hydroxide and CpG adjuvants in different combinations, we developed nine multicomponent MPXV subunit vaccine candidates. Each antigen (10 μg) and fusion antigen (20 μg) were used to immunize the mice. The first two doses produced a mean titer of 10(Petersen et al., 2016 [5]), and the third dose maintained the same potent antibody-specific response as the previous two immunizations. The protective activity of different antigen combinations was determined using the cell neutralization test of vaccinia virus (VACV), which showed that the subunit vaccine candidates with two to six components (MPXV6/5/4/3a/3b/Fa/2a) had good neutralizing activity, and antigens A35 and M1R could produce neutralizing antibodies against VACV. The neutralizing antibody titer of the fusion antigen MPXVFa (A35-M1R), detected 2 weeks after the second booster dose, was comparable with that of MPXV2a (A35 and M1R). The A35-M1R fusion protein not only provided a high level of protection as a protective antigen but also simplified the preparation of candidate antigens. In summary, we systematically investigated the different protective antigen candidates of MPXV that have been widely studied and provided critical insights into the key protective antigen composition for vaccines, thus establishing a technical and theoretical foundation for the development of MPXV subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China; College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China; Medical College, Hubei Enshi College, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tingbo Shen
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China; College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Ai Li
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xuchen Hou
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Runfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China; Huangshi Biomedicine Industry and Technology Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
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6
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Kaur A, Kumar A, Kumari G, Muduli R, Das M, Kundu R, Mukherjee S, Majumdar T. Rational design and computational evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine for monkeypox virus: Insights into binding stability and immunological memory. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36154. [PMID: 39247273 PMCID: PMC11380015 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-epitope vaccines strategically tackle rapidly mutating viruses by targeting diverse epitopes from different proteins, providing a comprehensive and adaptable immune protection approach for enhanced coverage against various viral variants. This research employs a comprehensive approach that includes the mapping of immune cells activating epitopes derived from the six structural glycoproteins (A29L, A30L, A35R, L1R, M1R, and E8L) of Monkeypox virus (Mpox). A total of 7 T-cells-specific epitopes, 13 B-cells-specific epitopes, and 5 IFN-γ activating epitopes were forecasted within these glycoproteins. The selection process focused on epitopes indicating high immunogenicity and favorable binding affinity with multiple MHC alleles. Following this, a vaccine has been formulated by incorporating the chosen epitopes, alongside adjuvants (PADRE peptide) and various linkers (EAAAK, GPGPG, and AAY). The physicochemical properties and 3D structure of the multi-epitope hybrid vaccine were analysed for characterization. MD simulations were employed to predict the binding stability between the vaccine and various pathogen recognition receptors such as TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6), as well as both class I and II MHC, achieved through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Through in silico cloning and immune simulation, it was observed that the multi-epitopes vaccine induced a robust memory immune response upon booster doses, forecasting protective immunity upon viral challenge. This protective immunity was characterized by the production of IgM + IgG antibodies, along with release of inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, and IL12, and the activation of various immune cells. This study offers valuable insights into the potential of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting the Mpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Mayami Das
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
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7
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Wen Y, Deng S, Wang T, Gao M, Nan W, Tang F, Xue Q, Ju Y, Dai J, Wei Y, Xue F. Novel strategy for Poxviridae prevention: Thermostable combined subunit vaccine patch with intense immune response. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105943. [PMID: 38909959 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses gained international attention due to the sharp rise in monkeypox cases in recent years, highlighting the urgent need for the development of a secure and reliable vaccine. This study involved the development of an innovative combined subunit vaccine (CSV) targeting poxviruses, with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) serving as the model virus. To this end, the potential sites for poxvirus vaccines were fully evaluated to develop and purify four recombinant proteins. These proteins were then successfully delivered to the dermis in a mouse model by utilizing dissolvable microneedle patches (DMPs). This approach simplified the vaccination procedure and significantly mitigated the associated risk. CSV-loaded DMPs contained four recombinant proteins and a novel adjuvant, CpG, which allowed DMPs to elicit the same intensity of humoral and cellular immunity as subcutaneous injection. Following immunization with SC and DMP, the mice exhibited notable levels of neutralizing antibodies, albeit at a low concentration. It is noteworthy that the CSV loaded into DMPs remained stable for at least 4 months at room temperature, effectively addressing the storage and transportation challenges. Based on the study findings, CSV-loaded DMPs are expected to be utilized worldwide as an innovative technique for poxvirus inoculation, especially in underdeveloped regions. This novel strategy is crucial for the development of future poxvirus vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Poxviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Poxviridae Infections/immunology
- Female
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Lumpy skin disease virus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shuyue Deng
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tianmin Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengtian Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Wenlong Nan
- Laboratory of Diagnostics Development, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanmin Ju
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yurong Wei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, 830099, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China.
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8
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Huang P, Xia M, Vago FS, Jiang W, Tan M. A Pseudovirus Nanoparticle Displaying the Vaccinia Virus L1 Protein Elicited High Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Provided Complete Protection to Mice against Mortality Caused by a Vaccinia Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:846. [PMID: 39203972 PMCID: PMC11359793 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent worldwide incidence of mpox infection and concerns about future emerging variants of mpox viruses highlight the need for the development of a new generation of mpox vaccines. To achieve this goal, we utilized our norovirus S nanoparticle vaccine platform to produce and evaluate two pseudovirus nanoparticles (PVNPs), S-L1 and S-J1. These PVNPs displayed the L1 neutralizing antigen target of the vaccinia virus and a yet-untested J1 antigen of the mpox virus, respectively, with the aim of creating an effective nanoparticle-based mpox vaccine. Each self-assembled PVNP consists of an inner shell resembling the interior layer of the norovirus capsid and multiple L1 or J1 antigens on the surface. The PVNPs improved the antibody responses toward the displayed L1 or J1 antigens in mice, resulting in significantly greater L1/J1-specific IgG and IgA titers than those elicited by the corresponding free L1 or J1 antigens. After immunization with the S-L1 PVNPs, the mouse sera exhibited high neutralizing antibody titers against the vaccinia virus, and the S-L1 PVNPs provided mice with 100% protection against mortality caused by vaccinia virus challenge. In contrast, the S-J1 PVNPs induced low neutralizing antibody titers and conferred mice weak protective immunity. These data confirm that the L1 protein is an excellent vaccine target and that the readily available S-L1 PVNPs are a promising mpox vaccine candidate worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (P.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (P.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Frank S. Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (F.S.V.); (W.J.)
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (F.S.V.); (W.J.)
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (P.H.); (M.X.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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9
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Lee MH, Choi HS, Kim NY, Sim E, Choi JY, Hong S, Shin YK, Yu CH, Gu SH, Song DH, Hur GH, Shin S. Post-Vaccination Delivery of CpG ODNs Enhances the Th2-Associated Protective Immunity of the Smallpox DNA Vaccine. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1718-1726. [PMID: 37428433 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Potential threat of smallpox bioterrorism and concerns related to the adverse effects of currently licensed live-virus vaccines suggest the need to develop novel vaccines with better efficacy against smallpox. Use of DNA vaccines containing specific antigen-encoding plasmids prevents the risks associated with live-virus vaccines, offering a promising alternative to conventional smallpox vaccines. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in enhancing the immunogenicity of smallpox DNA vaccines. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding the vaccinia virus L1R protein, along with the cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motif as a vaccine adjuvant, and their immune response was analyzed. Administration of B-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as TLR9 ligands 24 h after DNA vaccination enhanced the Th2-biased L1R-specific antibody immunity in mice. Moreover, B-type CpG ODNs improved the protective effects of the DNA vaccine against the lethal Orthopoxvirus challenge. Therefore, use of L1R DNA vaccines with CpG ODNs as adjuvants is a promising approach to achieve effective immunogenicity against smallpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hoon Lee
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Na Young Kim
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euni Sim
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungyoul Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Yu
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Gu
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Song
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyueng Haeng Hur
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Shin
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Ye T, Zhou J, Guo C, Zhang K, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou J, Xie Y, Li E, Gong R, Zhang J, Chuai X, Chiu S. Polyvalent mpox mRNA vaccines elicit robust immune responses and confer potent protection against vaccinia virus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114269. [PMID: 38787725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2022 mpox outbreak led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). There is a need to develop more effective and safer mpox virus (MPXV)-specific vaccines in response to the mpox epidemic. The mRNA vaccine is a promising platform to protect against MPXV infection. In this study, we construct two bivalent MPXV mRNA vaccines, designated LBA (B6R-A29L) and LAM (A35R-M1R), and a quadrivalent mRNA vaccine, LBAAM (B6R-A35R-A29L-M1R). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccines alone or in combination were evaluated in a lethal mouse model. All mRNA vaccine candidates could elicit potential antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and provide protection against vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The protective effect of the combination of two bivalent mRNA vaccines and the quadrivalent vaccine was superior to that of the individual bivalent mRNA vaccine. Our study provides valuable insights for the development of more efficient and safer mRNA vaccines against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yalin Xie
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Gong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430200, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Xia Chuai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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11
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Sagdat K, Batyrkhan A, Kanayeva D. Exploring monkeypox virus proteins and rapid detection techniques. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414224. [PMID: 38863833 PMCID: PMC11165096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is an infectious disease caused by the mpox virus and can potentially lead to fatal outcomes. It resembles infections caused by viruses from other families, challenging identification. The pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical manifestations of mpox and other Orthopoxvirus species are similar due to their closely related genetic material. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the roles of various proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins of mpox. It also highlights recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins to detect this infection rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damira Kanayeva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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12
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Su C, Li S, Wen Y, Geng X, Yin Q, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Liu Z. A Quadrivalent mRNA Immunization Elicits Potent Immune Responses against Multiple Orthopoxviral Antigens and Neutralization of Monkeypox Virus in Rodent Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:385. [PMID: 38675767 PMCID: PMC11053415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of the 2022 monkeypox virus infection of humans and the 2023 documentation of a more virulent monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo raised public health concerns about the threat of human-to-human transmission of zoonotic diseases. Currently available vaccines may not be sufficient to contain outbreaks of a more transmissible and pathogenic orthopoxvirus. Development of a safe, effective, and scalable vaccine against orthopoxviruses to stockpile for future emergencies is imminent. In this study, we have developed an mRNA vaccine candidate, ALAB-LNP, expressing four vaccinia viral antigens A27, L1, A33, and B5 in tandem in one molecule, and evaluated the vaccine immunogenicity in rodent models. Immunization of animals with the candidate mRNA vaccine induced a potent cellular immune response and long-lasting antigen-specific binding antibody and neutralizing antibody responses against vaccinia virus. Strikingly, the sera from the vaccine-immunized mice cross-reacted with all four homologous antigens of multiple orthopoxviruses and neutralized monkeypox virus in vitro, holding promise for this mRNA vaccine candidate to be used for protection of humans from the infection of monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Su
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wen
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiya Geng
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Quanyi Yin
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yelin Xiong
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
- Ab&B Biotech Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Yither Biotech Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
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13
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Eslami A, Alimoghadam S, Khoshravesh S, Shirani M, Alimoghadam R, Alavi Darazam I. Mpox vaccination and treatment: a systematic review. J Chemother 2024; 36:85-109. [PMID: 38069596 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2289270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The Human monkeypox virus (mpox) belongs to the Poxviridae family, characterized by double-stranded DNA. A 2022 outbreak, notably prevalent among men who have sex with men, was confirmed by the World Health Organization. To understand shifting prevalence patterns and clinical manifestations, we conducted a systematic review of recent animal and human studies. We comprehensively searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov, reviewing 69 relevant articles from 4,342 screened records. Our analysis highlights Modified Vaccinia Ankara - Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN)'s potential, though efficacy concerns exist. Tecovirimat emerged as a prominent antiviral in the recent outbreak. However, limited evidence underscores the imperative for further clinical trials in understanding and managing monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Eslami
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mahsa Shirani
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Yan H, Peng Y, Zhang J, Peng R, Feng X, Su J, Yi H, Lu Y, Gao S, Liu J, Yang M, Liu X, Gao S, Chen Z. Rapid and highly potent humoral responses to mpox nanovaccine candidates adjuvanted by thermostable scaffolds. Vaccine 2024; 42:2072-2080. [PMID: 38423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) of the orthopoxvirus genus. The emergence and global spread of mpox in 2022 was declared as a public health emergency by World Health Organization. This mpox pandemic alarmed us that mpox still threaten global public health. Live vaccines could be used for immunization for this disease with side effects. New alternative vaccines are urgently needed for this re-emerging disease. Specific antibody responses play key roles for protection against MPXV, therefore, vaccines that induce high humoral immunity will be ideal candidates. In the present study, we developed thermostable nanovaccine candidates for mpox by conjugating MPXV antigens with thermostable nanoscafolds. Three MPXV protective antigens, L1, A29, and A33, and the thermostable Aquafex aeolicus lumazine synthase (AaLS), were expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-NTA methods. The nanovaccines were generated by conjugation of the antigens with AaLS. Thermal stability test results showed that the nanovaccines remained unchanged after one week storage under 37℃ and only partial degradation under 60℃, indicating high thermostability. Very interesting, one dose immunization with the nanovaccine could induce high potent antibody responses, and two dose induced 2-month high titers of antibodes. In vitro virus neutralization test showed that nanovaccine candidates induced significantly higher levels of neutralization antibodies than monomers. These results indicated that the AaLS conjugation nanovaccines of MPXV antigens are highly thermostable in terms of storage and antigenic, being good alternative vaccine candidates for this re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Yan
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanli Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruihao Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - XiangNing Feng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - JiaYue Su
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - HuaiMin Yi
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuying Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shan Gao
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mingwei Yang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shenyang Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses, Jinzhou Medical University. Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses, Jinzhou Medical University. Jinzhou 121001, China.
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15
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Natami M, Gorgzadeh A, Gholipour A, Fatemi SN, Firouzeh N, Zokaei M, Mohammed Ali SH, Kheradjoo H, Sedighi S, Gholizadeh O, Kalavi S. An overview on mRNA-based vaccines to prevent monkeypox infection. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:86. [PMID: 38429829 PMCID: PMC10908150 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (Mpox) is classified as a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox possesses double-stranded DNA, and there are two known genetic clades: those originating in West Africa and the Congo Basin, commonly known as Central African clades. Mpox may be treated with either the vaccinia vaccination or the therapeutics. Modifying the smallpox vaccine for treating and preventing Mpox has shown to be beneficial because of the strong link between smallpox and Mpox viruses and their categorization in the same family. Cross-protection against Mpox is effective with two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved smallpox vaccines (ACAM2000 and JYNNEOSTM). However, ACAM2000 has the potential for significant adverse effects, such as cardiac issues, whereas JYNNEOS has a lower risk profile. Moreover, Mpox has managed to resurface, although with modified characteristics, due to the discontinuation and cessation of the smallpox vaccine for 40 years. The safety and efficacy of the two leading mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have been shown in clinical trials and subsequent data analysis. This first mRNA treatment model involves injecting patients with messenger RNA to produce target proteins and elicit an immunological response. High potency, the possibility of safe administration, low-cost manufacture, and quick development is just a few of the benefits of RNA-based vaccines that pave the way for a viable alternative to conventional vaccines. When protecting against Mpox infection, mRNA vaccines are pretty efficient and may one day replace the present whole-virus vaccines. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the ongoing research, development, and testing of an mRNA vaccine against Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Gholipour
- Free Researchers, Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Nima Firouzeh
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Luo YH, Zhang T, Cao JL, Hou WS, Wang AQ, Jin CH. Monkeypox: An outbreak of a rare viral disease. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024; 57:1-10. [PMID: 38177001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease rarely found outside Africa. Monkeypox can be spread from person to person through close contact with an infected person, and the rate of transmission is not very high. In addition, monkeypox and variola virus are both pox viruses, and the spread of monkeypox virus was also controlled to some extent by the smallpox campaign, so monkeypox was not widely paid attention to. However, as smallpox vaccination is phased out in various countries or regions, people's resistance to orthopoxviruses is decreasing, especially among people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox. This has led to a significant increase in the frequency and geographical distribution of human monkeypox cases in recent years, and the monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus that poses the greatest threat to public health. Since the last large-scale monkeypox infection was detected in 2022, the number of countries or territories affected has exceeded 100. Many confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox have been found in individuals who have not travelled to affected areas, and the route of infection is not obvious, making this outbreak of monkeypox a cause for concern globally. The purpose of this systematic review is to further understand the pathophysiological and epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox, as well as existing prevention and treatment methods, with a view to providing evidence for the control of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Luo
- Department of Grass Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jing-Long Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wen-Shuang Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, China.
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17
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Wang H, Yin P, Zheng T, Qin L, Li S, Han P, Qu X, Wen J, Ding H, Wu J, Kong T, Gao Z, Hu S, Zhao X, Cao X, Fang M, Qi J, Xi JJ, Duan K, Yang X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Tan W, Gao GF. Rational design of a 'two-in-one' immunogen DAM drives potent immune response against mpox virus. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:307-315. [PMID: 38182667 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The global outbreak of the mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 highlights the urgent need for safer and more accessible new-generation vaccines. Here, we used a structure-guided multi-antigen fusion strategy to design a 'two-in-one' immunogen based on the single-chain dimeric MPXV extracellular enveloped virus antigen A35 bivalently fused with the intracellular mature virus antigen M1, called DAM. DAM preserved the natural epitope configuration of both components and showed stronger A35-specific and M1-specific antibody responses and in vivo protective efficacy against vaccinia virus (VACV) compared to co-immunization strategies. The MPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies elicited by DAM were 28 times higher than those induced by live VACV vaccine. Aluminum-adjuvanted DAM vaccines protected mice from a lethal VACV challenge with a safety profile, and pilot-scale production confirmed the high yield and purity of DAM. Thus, our study provides innovative insights and an immunogen candidate for the development of alternative vaccines against MPXV and other orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanju Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Zhengrong Gao
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songtao Hu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Duan
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Atasoy MO, Naggar RFE, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Zoonotic and Zooanthroponotic Potential of Monkeypox. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:75-90. [PMID: 38801572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The current multicounty outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) posed an emerging and continued challenge to already strained public healthcare sector, around the globe. Since its first identification, monkeypox disease (mpox) remained enzootic in Central and West African countries where reports of human cases are sporadically described. Recent trends in mpox spread outside the Africa have highlighted increased incidence of spillover of the MPXV from animal to humans. While nature of established animal reservoirs remained undefined, several small mammals including rodents, carnivores, lagomorphs, insectivores, non-human primates, domestic/farm animals, and several species of wildlife are proposed to be carrier of the MPXV infection. There are established records of animal-to-human (zoonotic) spread of MPXV through close interaction of humans with animals by eating bushmeat, contracting bodily fluids or trading possibly infected animals. In contrast, there are reports and increasing possibilities of human-to-animal (zooanthroponotic) spread of the MPXV through petting and close interaction with pet owners and animal care workers. We describe here the rationales and molecular factors which predispose the spread of MPXV not only amongst humans but also from animals to humans. A range of continuing opportunities for the spread and evolution of MPXV are discussed to consider risks beyond the currently identified groups. With the possibility of MPXV establishing itself in animal reservoirs, continued and broad surveillance, investigation into unconventional transmissions, and exploration of spillover events are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa O Atasoy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK.
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19
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Kalaba MH, El-Sherbiny GM, Sharaf MH, Farghal EE. Biological Characteristics and Pathogenesis of Monkeypox Virus: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:91-109. [PMID: 38801573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although the smallpox virus has been eradicated worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a warning about the virus's potential to propagate globally. The WHO labeled monkeypox a world public health emergency in July 2022, requiring urgent prevention and treatment. The monkeypox virus is a part of the Poxviridae family, Orthopoxvirus genus, and is accountable for smallpox, which has killed over a million people in the past. Natural hosts of the virus include squirrels, Gambian rodents, chimpanzees, and other monkeys. The monkeypox virus has transmitted to humans through primary vectors (various animal species) and secondary vectors, including direct touch with lesions, breathing particles from body fluids, and infected bedding. The viral particles are ovoid or brick-shaped, 200-250 nm in diameter, contain a single double-stranded DNA molecule, and reproduce only in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Monkeypox causes fever, cold, muscle pains, headache, fatigue, and backache. The phylogenetic investigation distinguished between two genetic clades of monkeypox: the more pathogenic Congo Basin clade and the West Africa clade. In recent years, the geographical spread of the human monkeypox virus has accelerated despite a paucity of information regarding the disease's emergence, ecology, and epidemiology. Using lesion samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the monkeypox virus was diagnosed. In the USA, the improved Ankara vaccine can now be used to protect people who are at a higher risk of getting monkeypox. Antivirals that we have now work well against smallpox and may stop the spread of monkeypox, but there is no particular therapy for monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Kalaba
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El-Sherbiny
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed H Sharaf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Eman E Farghal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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20
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Riccardo V, Pablo GC. Neutralization Determinants on Poxviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2396. [PMID: 38140637 PMCID: PMC10747254 DOI: 10.3390/v15122396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was a highly contagious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease affected millions of people over thousands of years and variola virus ranked as one of the deadliest viruses in human history. The complete eradication of smallpox in 1980, a major triumph in medicine, was achieved through a global vaccination campaign using a less virulent poxvirus, vaccinia virus. Despite this success, the herd immunity established by this campaign has significantly waned, and concerns are rising about the potential reintroduction of variola virus as a biological weapon or the emergence of zoonotic poxviruses. These fears were further fueled in 2022 by a global outbreak of monkeypox virus (mpox), which spread to over 100 countries, thereby boosting interest in developing new vaccines using molecular approaches. However, poxviruses are complex and creating modern vaccines against them is challenging. This review focuses on the structural biology of the six major neutralization determinants on poxviruses (D8, H3, A27, L1, B5, and A33), the localization of epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies, and their application in the development of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guardado-Calvo Pablo
- Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France;
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21
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Zeng J, Li Y, Jiang L, Luo L, Wang Y, Wang H, Han X, Zhao J, Gu G, Fang M, Huang Q, Yan J. Mpox multi-antigen mRNA vaccine candidates by a simplified manufacturing strategy afford efficient protection against lethal orthopoxvirus challenge. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2204151. [PMID: 37070521 PMCID: PMC10167873 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2204151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Current unprecedented mpox outbreaks in non-endemic regions represent a global public health concern. Although two live-attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vaccines have been urgently approved for people at high risk for mpox, a safer and more effective vaccine that can be available for the general public is desperately needed. By utilizing a simplified manufacturing strategy of mixing DNA plasmids before transcription, we developed two multi-antigen mRNA vaccine candidates, which encode four (M1, A29, B6, A35, termed as Rmix4) or six (M1, H3, A29, E8, B6, A35, termed as Rmix6) mpox virus antigens. We demonstrated that those mpox multi-antigen mRNA vaccine candidates elicited similar potent cross-neutralizing immune responses against VACV, and compared to Rmix4, Rmix6 elicited significantly stronger cellular immune responses. Moreover, immunization with both vaccine candidates protected mice from the lethal VACV challenge. Investigation of B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire elicited by mpox individual antigen demonstrated that the M1 antigen efficiently induced neutralizing antibody responses, and all neutralizing antibodies among the top 20 frequent antibodies appeared to target the same conformational epitope as 7D11, revealing potential vulnerability to viral immune evasion. Our findings suggest that Rmix4 and Rmix6 from a simplified manufacturing process are promising candidates to combat mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Life Sceinces, Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanglei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingrui Huang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Groneberg DA, Brüggmann D. Global mpox research in the light of the current outbreak: demands, drivers, and obstacles. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2210696. [PMID: 37143355 PMCID: PMC10187091 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2210696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Following the current outbreak, the mpox virus (formerly: monkeypox virus) is a highly threatening pathogen with public health significance, although mpox is still considered a neglected disease. Previously confined mainly to Africa, the virus spread globally in 2022. However, knowledge about mpox is limited, causing a distorted perception of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to collect all information on scientific mpox publishing and to analyse them according to their chronological, geographical, and epidemiological patterns. It was not until the global outbreak that the relatively small number of publications was replaced by the immense increase in annual publication numbers. The most important player is the USA with a central role in international networking. They collaborated mainly with the Democratic Republic of Congo, a primary endemic country where the first viral clades were determined. Nigeria and other African countries were also represented, although mainly in the form of co-authorships. The fact that few of the first authors are from low- or middle-economic countries demonstrates the need to promote equitable networking at the global level and their support for surveillance and targeted immunization programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Hirani R, Noruzi K, Iqbal A, Hussaini AS, Khan RA, Harutyunyan A, Etienne M, Tiwari RK. A Review of the Past, Present, and Future of the Monkeypox Virus: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons from COVID-19 for Global Health Security. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2713. [PMID: 38004725 PMCID: PMC10673257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a rare but significant zoonotic and orthopoxviral disease, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its recent resurgence in multiple countries throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania. The disease has emerged as a novel threat to the global health systems that are still striving to recover from the major shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual manifestation of the illness highlights a substantial knowledge deficit and necessitates the immediate development of a public health action strategy, considering the epidemiological differences observed in the ongoing outbreak and the appearance of cases in non-endemic nations. This literature review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on monkeypox, encompassing its historical context, etiology, epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and recent outbreak. Particular attention is given to both advances and gaps in our understanding of monkeypox, and we point toward future directions for research and intervention efforts as pertains to vaccine development and distribution. Lastly, we will also review the recent outbreak through a sociopolitical lens as relates to decision-making strategies, especially given the lessons learned from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Hirani
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Kaleb Noruzi
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aroubah Iqbal
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Anum S. Hussaini
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rafay A. Khan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aleksandr Harutyunyan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Mill Etienne
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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24
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Peng F, Hu N, Liu Y, Xing C, Luo L, Li X, Wang J, Chen G, Xiao H, Liu C, Shen B, Feng J, Qiao C. Functional epitopes and neutralizing antibodies of vaccinia virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1255935. [PMID: 37954238 PMCID: PMC10634548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1255935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by the variola virus, and it has a high mortality rate. Historically it has broken out in many countries and it was a great threat to human health. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, and Many countries stopped nation-wide smallpox vaccinations at that time. In recent years the potential threat of bioterrorism using smallpox has led to resumed research on the treatment and prevention of smallpox. Effective ways of preventing and treating smallpox infection have been reported, including vaccination, chemical drugs, neutralizing antibodies, and clinical symptomatic therapies. Antibody treatments include anti-sera, murine monoclonal antibodies, and engineered humanized or human antibodies. Engineered antibodies are homologous, safe, and effective. The development of humanized and genetically engineered antibodies against variola virus via molecular biology and bioinformatics is therefore a potentially fruitful prospect with respect to field application. Natural smallpox virus is inaccessible, therefore most research about prevention and/or treatment of smallpox were done using vaccinia virus, which is much safer and highly homologous to smallpox. Herein we summarize vaccinia virus epitope information reported to date, and discuss neutralizing antibodies with potential value for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Naijing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Xing
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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25
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Aid M, Sciacca M, McMahan K, Hope D, Liu J, Jacob-Dolan C, Powers O, Barrett J, Wu C, Mutoni A, Murdza T, Richter H, Velasco J, Teow E, Boursiquot M, Cook A, Orekov T, Hamilton M, Pessaint L, Ryan A, Hayes T, Martinot AJ, Seaman MS, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Barouch DH. Mpox infection protects against re-challenge in rhesus macaques. Cell 2023; 186:4652-4661.e13. [PMID: 37734373 PMCID: PMC10591870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The mpox outbreak of 2022-2023 involved rapid global spread in men who have sex with men. We infected 18 rhesus macaques with mpox by the intravenous, intradermal, and intrarectal routes and observed robust antibody and T cell responses following all three routes of infection. Numerous skin lesions and high plasma viral loads were observed following intravenous and intradermal infection. Skin lesions peaked on day 10 and resolved by day 28 following infection. On day 28, we re-challenged all convalescent and 3 naive animals with mpox. All convalescent animals were protected against re-challenge. Transcriptomic studies showed upregulation of innate and inflammatory responses and downregulation of collagen formation and extracellular matrix organization following challenge, as well as rapid activation of T cell and plasma cell responses following re-challenge. These data suggest key mechanistic insights into mpox pathogenesis and immunity. This macaque model should prove useful for evaluating mpox vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Julia Barrett
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Audrey Mutoni
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alaina Ryan
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Tammy Hayes
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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26
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Li X, Li Y, Yu W, Jia Z, Li J, Liu Y, Yang J. Frontiers of monkeypox research: An analysis from the top 100 most influential articles in the field. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20566. [PMID: 37822624 PMCID: PMC10562927 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox (MPX) has made recurrence after decades as a neglected zoonotic disease. More nations have reported endemic monkeypox in the past decade than in the previous forty. The World Health Organization has warned that the world may face another significant challenge after dealing with COVID-19, a pandemic, and the Monkeypox outbreak. Early appraisal of monkeypox research and development allows researchers to anticipate solutions for large outbreaks. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of this study's top 100 cited papers to identify regional research patterns. Methods Our method was to search the SCI-Expanded database on Web of Science (WOS) for the top 100 papers that were cited in MPX on this database. We examined relevant literature from different years, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords.In order to create knowledge maps, we used the programs VOSviewer, Citespace, Scimago Graphica and the bibliometric online analysis platform. After compiling the relevant literature in Excel, we could estimate the field's focus and trends. Results A total of 47 journals from 36 countries and regions published the top 100 cited papers between 1999 and 2023. The majority of articles were published in EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, while the highest average number of citations per paper were found in the NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. The UNITED STATES contributed the most publications, followed by ENGLAND and SWITZERLAND. As far as the total number of publications goes, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention in the USA, the National Institute of Health in the USA, and the World Health Organization each contributed the most papers. The major categories are immunology, virology and infectious diseases. The top five keywords were infection, Congo, virus, smallpox, and transmission. The cluster analysis suggests MPX research will focus on safe and effective vaccines and epidemic prevention. Conclusion By using bibliometric analysis, MPX researchers can quickly and visually identify their research focus and boundaries. Although studies suggest that antiviral medicine is the best treatment, creating an effective vaccine might lessen and avoid MPX pandemics in the long term. Our findings imply that safe and effective vaccines may be the focus and trends for future MPX research. International coordination for case monitoring and identification is essential to understand monkeypox disease's ever-changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinling Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jiguo Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Zhang N, Cheng X, Zhu Y, Mo O, Yu H, Zhu L, Zhang J, Kuang L, Gao Y, Cao R, Liang X, Wang H, Li H, Li S, Zhong W, Li X, Li X, Hao P. Multi-valent mRNA vaccines against monkeypox enveloped or mature viron surface antigens demonstrate robust immune response and neutralizing activity. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2329-2341. [PMID: 37300753 PMCID: PMC10257374 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization, and as of March 2023, 86,000 confirmed cases and 111 deaths across 110 countries have been reported. Its causal agent, monkeypox virus (MPV) belongs to a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses, Orthopoxviridae, that also includes vaccinia virus (VACV) and others. MPV produces two distinct forms of viral particles during its replication cycles: the enveloped viron (EV) that is released via exocytosis, and the mature viron (MV) that is discharged through lysis of host cells. This study was designed to develop multi-valent mRNA vaccines against monkeypox EV and MV surface proteins, and examine their efficacy and mechanism of action. Four mRNA vaccines were produced with different combinations of surface proteins from EV (A35R and B6R), MV (A29L, E8L, H3L and M1R), or EV and MV, and were administered in Balb/c mice to assess their immunogenicity potentials. A dynamic immune response was observed as soon as seven days after initial immunization, while a strong IgG response to all immunogens was detected with ELISA after two vaccinations. The higher number of immunogens contributed to a more robust total IgG response and correlating neutralizing activity against VACV, indicating the additive potential of each immunogen in generating immune response and nullifying VACV infection. Further, the mRNA vaccines elicited an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response that is biased towards Th1. The mRNA vaccines with different combinations of EV and MV surface antigens protected a mouse model from a lethal dose VACV challenge, with the EV and MV antigens-combined vaccine offering the strongest protection. These findings provide insight into the protective mechanism of multi-valent mRNA vaccines against MPV, and also the foundation for further development of effective and safe mRNA vaccines for enhanced protection against monkeypox virus outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niubing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ouyang Mo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linlin Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Honglin Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yang X, Hu C, Yang X, Yang X, Hu X, Wang X, Liu C, Yuan Y, Du S, Wang PG, Lin J. Evaluation and comparison of immune responses induced by two Mpox mRNA vaccine candidates in mice. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29140. [PMID: 37800627 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of Mpox virus (MPXV) from May 2022 was once declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. Vaccines play an important role in prevention of infectious diseases, and mRNA vaccine technology was proved to be a safe and effective platform with successful application in defense of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, based on A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R of MPXV, we developed two MPXV mRNA vaccine candidates, designated as MPXfus and MPXmix. The MPXfus was one-component, in which these four antigen proteins were linked in tandem by flexible linker and encoded by an individual mRNA as a fusion protein. The MPXmix was multicomponent containing four mRNA, and each mRNA encoded one antigen protein respectively. Mice were immunized with equal quality of MPXfus or MPXmix, delivered by lipid nanoparticles for evaluation and comparison of the immune responses induced by these two MPXV vaccine candidates. Results of immune response analyses indicated that both MPXfus and MPXmix could elicit high-level of antigen-specific antibodies and robust cellular immune response in mice. Moreover, results of virus neutralization assays suggested that sera from MPXfus- or MPXmix-immunized mice possessed high neutralizing activities against vaccinia virus. In addition, titers of antigen-specific antibody, levels of cellular immune response, and activities of neutralizing antibody against vaccinia virus induced by MPXfus and MPXmix presented no significant difference. In summary, this study provides valuable insights for further clinical development of one-component and multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates for the prevention of MPXV and other orthomyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidan Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Congxia Hu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Li Y, Yu W, Jia Z, Li J, Liu Y, Yang J. Frontiers of monkeypox research: An analysis from the top 100 most influential articles in the field. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20566. [PMID: 37822624 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20566if:] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox (MPX) has made recurrence after decades as a neglected zoonotic disease. More nations have reported endemic monkeypox in the past decade than in the previous forty. The World Health Organization has warned that the world may face another significant challenge after dealing with COVID-19, a pandemic, and the Monkeypox outbreak. Early appraisal of monkeypox research and development allows researchers to anticipate solutions for large outbreaks. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of this study's top 100 cited papers to identify regional research patterns. METHODS Our method was to search the SCI-Expanded database on Web of Science (WOS) for the top 100 papers that were cited in MPX on this database. We examined relevant literature from different years, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords.In order to create knowledge maps, we used the programs VOSviewer, Citespace, Scimago Graphica and the bibliometric online analysis platform. After compiling the relevant literature in Excel, we could estimate the field's focus and trends. RESULTS A total of 47 journals from 36 countries and regions published the top 100 cited papers between 1999 and 2023. The majority of articles were published in EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, while the highest average number of citations per paper were found in the NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. The UNITED STATES contributed the most publications, followed by ENGLAND and SWITZERLAND. As far as the total number of publications goes, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention in the USA, the National Institute of Health in the USA, and the World Health Organization each contributed the most papers. The major categories are immunology, virology and infectious diseases. The top five keywords were infection, Congo, virus, smallpox, and transmission. The cluster analysis suggests MPX research will focus on safe and effective vaccines and epidemic prevention. CONCLUSION By using bibliometric analysis, MPX researchers can quickly and visually identify their research focus and boundaries. Although studies suggest that antiviral medicine is the best treatment, creating an effective vaccine might lessen and avoid MPX pandemics in the long term. Our findings imply that safe and effective vaccines may be the focus and trends for future MPX research. International coordination for case monitoring and identification is essential to understand monkeypox disease's ever-changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinling Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jiguo Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Otter AD, Jones S, Hicks B, Bailey D, Callaby H, Houlihan C, Rampling T, Gordon NC, Selman H, Satheshkumar PS, Townsend M, Mehta R, Pond M, Jones R, Wright D, Oeser C, Tonge S, Linley E, Hemingway G, Coleman T, Millward S, Lloyd A, Damon I, Brooks T, Vipond R, Rowe C, Hallis B. Monkeypox virus-infected individuals mount comparable humoral immune responses as Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5948. [PMID: 37741831 PMCID: PMC10517934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 2022, a cluster of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection (mpox) cases were identified within the UK with no prior travel history to MPXV-endemic regions. Subsequently, case numbers exceeding 80,000 were reported worldwide, primarily affecting gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Public health agencies worldwide have offered the IMVANEX Smallpox vaccination to these individuals at high-risk to provide protection and limit the spread of MPXV. We have developed a comprehensive array of ELISAs to study poxvirus-induced antibodies, utilising 24 MPXV and 3 Vaccinia virus (VACV) recombinant antigens. Panels of serum samples from individuals with differing Smallpox-vaccine doses and those with prior MPXV infection were tested on these assays, where we observed that one dose of Smallpox vaccination induces a low number of antibodies to a limited number of MPXV antigens but increasing with further vaccination doses. MPXV infection induced similar antibody responses to diverse poxvirus antigens observed in Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. We identify MPXV A27 as a serological marker of MPXV-infection, whilst MPXV M1 (VACV L1) is likely IMVANEX-specific. Here, we demonstrate analogous humoral antigen recognition between both MPXV-infected or Smallpox-vaccinated individuals, with binding to diverse yet core set of poxvirus antigens, providing opportunities for future vaccine (e.g., mRNA) and therapeutic (e.g., mAbs) design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Otter
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Scott Jones
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Bethany Hicks
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel Bailey
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Helen Callaby
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Catherine Houlihan
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals BRC, London, UK
| | - Nicola Claire Gordon
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Hannah Selman
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Michael Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ravi Mehta
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Marcus Pond
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Jones
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Deborah Wright
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Clarissa Oeser
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Simon Tonge
- Seroepidemiology Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, UK
| | - Ezra Linley
- Seroepidemiology Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, UK
| | - Georgia Hemingway
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Tom Coleman
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sebastian Millward
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Aaron Lloyd
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Inger Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tim Brooks
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard Vipond
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Cathy Rowe
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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Hou F, Zhang Y, Liu X, Murad YM, Xu J, Yu Z, Hua X, Song Y, Ding J, Huang H, Zhao R, Jia W, Yang X. mRNA vaccines encoding fusion proteins of monkeypox virus antigens protect mice from vaccinia virus challenge. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5925. [PMID: 37739969 PMCID: PMC10516993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of mpox have raised concerns over the need for effective vaccines. However, the current approved vaccines have either been associated with safety concerns or are in limited supply. mRNA vaccines, which have shown high efficacy and safety against SARS-CoV-2 infection, are a promising alternative. In this study, three mRNA vaccines are developed that encode monkeypox virus (MPXV) proteins A35R and M1R, including A35R extracellular domain -M1R fusions (VGPox 1 and VGPox 2) and a mixture of encapsulated full-length mRNAs for A35R and M1R (VGPox 3). All three vaccines induce early anti-A35R antibodies in female Balb/c mice, but only VGPox 1 and 2 generate detectable levels of anti-M1R antibodies at day 7 after vaccination. However, all three mRNA vaccine groups completely protect mice from a lethal dose of vaccinia virus (VACV) challenge. A single dose of VGPox 1, 2, and 3 provide protection against the lethal viral challenge within 7 days post-vaccination. Long-term immunity and protection were also observed in all three candidates. Additionally, VGPox 2 provided better passive protection. These results suggest that the VGPox series vaccines enhance immunogenicity and can be a viable alternative to current whole-virus vaccines to defend against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Hou
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited (CNBG), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | | | - Jiang Xu
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwu Hua
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Ding
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd., Richmond, Canada.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited (CNBG), Beijing, China.
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Ullah A, Shahid FA, Haq MU, Tahir ul Qamar M, Irfan M, Shaker B, Ahmad S, Alrumaihi F, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A. An integrative reverse vaccinology, immunoinformatic, docking and simulation approaches towards designing of multi-epitopes based vaccine against monkeypox virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7821-7834. [PMID: 36129135 PMCID: PMC9527787 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2125441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease that is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and is mainly transmitted to human through close contact with an infected person, animal, or fomites which is contaminated by the virus. In the present research work, reverse vaccinology and several other bioinformatics and immunoinformatics tools were utilized to design multi-epitopes-based vaccine against MPXV by exploring three probable antigenic extracellular proteins: cupin domain-containing protein, ABC transporter ATP-binding protein and DUF192 domain-containing protein. Both cellular and humoral immunity induction were the main concerning qualities of the vaccine construct, hence from selected proteins both B and T-cells epitopes were predicted. Antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and water solubility of the predicted epitopes were assessed and only probable antigenic, non-allergic, non-toxic and good water-soluble epitopes were used in the multi-epitopes vaccine construct. The developed vaccine was found to be potentially effective against MPXV and to be highly immunogenic, cytokine-producing, antigenic, non-toxic, non-allergenic, and stable. Additionally, to increase stability and expression efficiency in the host E. coli, disulfide engineering, codon adaptation, and in silico cloning were employed. Molecular docking and other biophysical approaches were utilized to evaluate the binding mode and dynamic behavior of the vaccine construct with TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-8. The outcomes of the immune simulation demonstrated that both B and T cells responded more strongly to the vaccination component. The detailed in silico analysis concludes that the proposed vaccine will induce a strong immune response against MPXV infection, making it a promising target for additional experimental trials.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ali Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ul Haq
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bilal Shaker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Lee W, Kim YJ, Lee SJ, Ahn DG, Kim SJ. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for the Re-Emerging Human Monkeypox Virus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:981-991. [PMID: 37519276 PMCID: PMC10468680 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, a member of the Poxviridae family, causes a severe illness similar to smallpox, which is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, rash, and pustules. Human-to-human transmission cases have been reported but remained low since the first recorded case of human infection occurred in the Congo in 1970. Recently, Mpox has re-emerged, leading to an alarming surge in infections worldwide since 2022, originating in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the '2022-23 Mpox outbreak'. Currently, no specific therapy or vaccine is available for Mpox. Therefore, patients infected with Mpox are treated using conventional therapies developed for smallpox. However, the vaccines developed for smallpox have demonstrated only partial efficacy against Mpox, allowing viral transmission among humans. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology of the ongoing Mpox outbreak and provide an update on the progress made in diagnosis, treatment, and development of vaccines for Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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34
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Yang X, Yang X, Du S, Hu C, Yang X, Wang X, Hu X, Rcheulishvili N, Wang PG, Lin J. A Subunit Vaccine Candidate Composed of Mpox Virus A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R Elicits Robust Immune Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1420. [PMID: 37766097 PMCID: PMC10537547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With no specific antiviral drugs and preventive vaccines against Mpox virus (MPXV), the epidemic has led to the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As a developmental direction for new vaccines, studies of subunit vaccines based upon MPXV antigen proteins are lacking. In this study, A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R of MPXV were expressed and purified from a prokaryotic system. The four MPXV antigen proteins in combination were mixed with aluminum hydroxide or CpG7909 as adjuvant, and subsequently used to inoculate mice. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry analyses, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays indicated that A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R elicited high-level antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+ T cells-based cellular immune response in mice. Moreover, the results of virus neutralization assays suggested that sera from the mice immunized with four proteins elicited high neutralizing activities against the vaccinia virus. Notably, the results of ELISA, ELISPOT, and virus neutralization assays also showed that the CpG7909 adjuvant was more effective in inducing an immune response compared with the aluminum adjuvant. In summary, this study offers valuable insights for further studies of subunit vaccine candidates for the prevention of MPXV and other orthomyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xidan Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China;
| | - Congxia Hu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiu Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China;
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Rcheulishvili N, Mao J, Papukashvili D, Feng S, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Design, evaluation, and immune simulation of potentially universal multi-epitope mpox vaccine candidate: focus on DNA vaccine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1203355. [PMID: 37547674 PMCID: PMC10403236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the mpox virus. Mpox symptoms are similar to smallpox with less severity and lower mortality. As yet mpox virus is not characterized by as high transmissibility as some severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, still, it is spreading, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Thus, taking preventive measures, such as vaccination, is highly recommended. While the smallpox vaccine has demonstrated considerable efficacy against the mpox virus due to the antigenic similarities, the development of a universal anti-mpox vaccine remains a necessary pursuit. Recently, nucleic acid vaccines have garnered special attention owing to their numerous advantages compared to traditional vaccines. Importantly, DNA vaccines have certain advantages over mRNA vaccines. In this study, a potentially universal DNA vaccine candidate against mpox based on conserved epitopes was designed and its efficacy was evaluated via an immunoinformatics approach. The vaccine candidate demonstrated potent humoral and cellular immune responses in silico, indicating the potential efficacy in vivo and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Tang D, Liu X, Lu J, Fan H, Xu X, Sun K, Wang R, Li C, Dan D, Du H, Wang Z, Li X, Yang X. Recombinant proteins A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R vaccination protects mice from mpox virus challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203410. [PMID: 37435062 PMCID: PMC10331816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since May 2022, mutant strains of mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV) have been rapidly spreading among individuals who have not traveled to endemic areas in multiple locations, including Europe and the United States. Both intracellular and extracellular forms of mpox virus have multiple outer membrane proteins that can stimulate immune response. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of MPXV structural proteins such as A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R as a combination vaccine, and the protective effect against the 2022 mpox mutant strain was also evaluated in BALB/c mice. After mixed 15 μg QS-21 adjuvant, all four virus structural proteins were administered subcutaneously to mice. Antibody titers in mouse sera rose sharply after the initial boost, along with an increased capacity of immune cells to produce IFN-γ alongside an elevated level of cellular immunity mediated by Th1 cells. The vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited the replication of MPXV in mice and reduced the pathological damage of organs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a multiple recombinant vaccine for MPXV variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zejun Wang
- *Correspondence: Zejun Wang, ; Xinguo Li, ; Xiaoming Yang,
| | - Xinguo Li
- *Correspondence: Zejun Wang, ; Xinguo Li, ; Xiaoming Yang,
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- *Correspondence: Zejun Wang, ; Xinguo Li, ; Xiaoming Yang,
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Wang Y, Yang K, Zhou H. Immunogenic proteins and potential delivery platforms for mpox virus vaccine development: A rapid review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125515. [PMID: 37353117 PMCID: PMC10284459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Since May 2022, the mpox virus (MPXV) has spread worldwide and become a potential threat to global public health. Vaccines are important tools for preventing MPXV transmission and infection in the population. However, there are still no available potent and applicable vaccines specifically for MPXV. Herein, we highlight several potential vaccine targets for MPVX and emphasize potent immunogens, such as M1R, E8L, H3L, A29L, A35R, and B6R proteins. These proteins can be integrated into diverse vaccine platforms to elicit powerful B-cell and T-cell responses, thereby providing protective immunity against MPXV infection. Overall, research on the MPXV vaccine targets would provide valuable information for developing timely effective MPXV-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Feng Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Guo M, Huang H, Guo C, Wang W, Zhang W, Tang H, Wan Y. Unexpectedly higher levels of anti-orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies are observed among gay men than general adult population. BMC Med 2023; 21:183. [PMID: 37189197 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The confirmed cases in the current outbreak of Monkeypox are predominantly identified in the networks of men who have sex with men (MSM). The preexisting antibodies may profoundly impact the transmission of monkeypox virus (MPXV), however the current-day prevalence of antibodies against MPXV among gay men is not well characterized. METHODS A cohort of gay men (n = 326) and a cohort of the general adult population (n = 295) were enrolled in this study. Binding antibodies responses against MPXV/vaccinia and neutralizing antibody responses against vaccinia virus (Tiantan strain) were measured. The antibody responses of these two cohorts were then compared, as well as the responses of individuals born before and in/after 1981 (when the smallpox vaccination ceased in China). Finally, the correlation between the anti-MPXV antibody responses and the anti-vaccinia antibody responses, and the associations between preexisting anti-orthopoxvirus antibody responses and the diagnosed sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the MSM cohort were analyzed separately. RESULTS Our data showed that binding antibodies against MPXV H3, A29, A35, E8, B6, M1 proteins and vaccinia whole-virus lysate could be detected in individuals born both before and in/after 1981, of which the prevalence of anti-vaccinia binding antibodies was significantly higher among individuals born before 1981 in the general population cohort. Moreover, we unexpectedly found that the positive rates of binding antibody responses against MPXV H3, A29, A35, E8 and M1 proteins were significantly lower among individuals of the MSM cohort born in/after 1981, but the positive rates of anti-MPXV B6 and anti-vaccinia neutralizing antibody responses were significantly higher among these individuals compared to those of age-matched participants in the general population cohort. Additionally, we demonstrated that the positive and negative rates of anti-MPXV antibody responses were associated with the anti-vaccinia antibody responses among individuals born before 1981 in the general population cohort, but no significant association was observed among individuals born in/after 1981 in both cohorts. The positive rates of both the binding and the neutralizing antibody responses were comparable between individuals with and without diagnosed STIs in the MSM cohort. CONCLUSIONS Anti-MPXV and anti-vaccinia antibodies could be readily detected in an MSM cohort and a general population cohort. And a higher level of anti-vaccinia neutralizing antibody responses was observed among individuals who did not get vaccinated against smallpox in the MSM cohort compared to age-matched individuals in the general population cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shengya Liu
- Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center (Shenzhen Customs District Port Outpatient Clinics), Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Wuhan Pioneer Social Work Service Center, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cuiyuan Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, 6 Lane 1220 Huashan Rd., Shanghai, 200052, NO, China.
| | - Heng Tang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, 6 Lane 1220 Huashan Rd., Shanghai, 200052, NO, China.
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Rcheulishvili N, Mao J, Papukashvili D, Feng S, Liu C, Yang X, Lin J, He Y, Wang PG. Development of a Multi-Epitope Universal mRNA Vaccine Candidate for Monkeypox, Smallpox, and Vaccinia Viruses: Design and In Silico Analyses. Viruses 2023; 15:1120. [PMID: 37243206 PMCID: PMC10222975 DOI: 10.3390/v15051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the presence of a smallpox vaccine that is effective against monkeypox (mpox), developing a universal vaccine candidate against monkeypox virus (MPXV) is highly required as the mpox multi-country outbreak has increased global concern. MPXV, along with variola virus (VARV) and vaccinia virus (VACV), belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Due to the genetic similarity of antigens in this study, we have designed a potentially universal mRNA vaccine based on conserved epitopes that are specific to these three viruses. In order to design a potentially universal mRNA vaccine, antigens A29, A30, A35, B6, and M1 were selected. The conserved sequences among the three viral species-MPXV, VACV, and VARV-were detected, and B and T cell epitopes containing the conserved elements were used for the design of the multi-epitope mRNA construct. Immunoinformatics analyses demonstrated the stability of the vaccine construct and optimal binding to MHC molecules. Humoral and cellular immune responses were induced by immune simulation analyses. Eventually, based on in silico analysis, the universal mRNA multi-epitope vaccine candidate designed in this study may have a potential protection against MPXV, VARV, and VACV that will contribute to the advancement of prevention strategies for unpredictable pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Rcheulishvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiawei Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Dimitri Papukashvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Shunping Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Xidan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (N.R.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.)
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Sang Y, Zhang Z, Liu F, Lu H, Yu C, Sun H, Long J, Cao Y, Mai J, Miao Y, Wang X, Fang J, Wang Y, Huang W, Yang J, Wang S. Monkeypox virus quadrivalent mRNA vaccine induces immune response and protects against vaccinia virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:172. [PMID: 37117161 PMCID: PMC10144886 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox has been declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization. There is an urgent need for efficient and safe vaccines against the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in response to the rapidly spreading monkeypox epidemic. In the age of COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have been highly successful and emerged as platforms enabling rapid development and large-scale preparation. Here, we develop two MPXV quadrivalent mRNA vaccines, named mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP, based on two intracellular mature virus specific proteins (A29L and M1R) and two extracellular enveloped virus specific proteins (A35R and B6R). By administering mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP intramuscularly twice, mice induce MPXV specific IgG antibodies and potent vaccinia virus (VACV) specific neutralizing antibodies. Further, it elicits efficient MPXV specific Th-1 biased cellular immunity, as well as durable effector memory T and germinal center B cell responses in mice. In addition, two doses of mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP are protective against the VACV challenge in mice. And, the passive transfer of sera from mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP-immunized mice protects nude mice against the VACV challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP appear to be safe and effective vaccine candidates against monkeypox epidemics, as well as against outbreaks caused by other orthopoxviruses, including the smallpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Huisheng Sun
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Long
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Cao
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jierui Mai
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yiqi Miao
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Fang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650031, P. R. China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
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Santos-Júnior PFDS, Martins-Filho PR, Quintans-Júnior LJ, da Silva-Júnior EF. Letter to the Editor: Would Cannabidiol Be a Therapeutic Alternative to Treat Monkeypox Symptoms? Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:379-380. [PMID: 36472458 PMCID: PMC10061325 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Falendysz EA, Lopera JG, Rocke TE, Osorio JE. Monkeypox Virus in Animals: Current Knowledge of Viral Transmission and Pathogenesis in Wild Animal Reservoirs and Captive Animal Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040905. [PMID: 37112885 PMCID: PMC10142277 DOI: 10.3390/v15040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is now the most serious orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in humans. This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an increasing frequency of cases found in endemic areas, as well as an escalating frequency and size of epidemics outside of endemic areas in Africa. Currently, the largest known mpox epidemic is spreading throughout the world, with over 85,650 cases to date, mostly in Europe and North America. These increased endemic cases and epidemics are likely driven primarily by decreasing global immunity to OPXVs, along with other possible causes. The current unprecedented global outbreak of mpox has demonstrated higher numbers of human cases and greater human-to-human transmission than previously documented, necessitating an urgent need to better understand this disease in humans and animals. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in animals, both naturally occurring and experimental, have provided critical information about the routes of transmission; the viral pathogenicity factors; the methods of control, such as vaccination and antivirals; the disease ecology in reservoir host species; and the conservation impacts on wildlife species. This review briefly described the epidemiology and transmission of MPXV between animals and humans and summarizes past studies on the ecology of MPXV in wild animals and experimental studies in captive animal models, with a focus on how animal infections have informed knowledge concerning various aspects of this pathogen. Knowledge gaps were highlighted in areas where future research, both in captive and free-ranging animals, could inform efforts to understand and control this disease in both humans and animals.
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Zhang RR, Wang ZJ, Zhu YL, Tang W, Zhou C, Zhao SQ, Wu M, Ming T, Deng YQ, Chen Q, Jin NY, Ye Q, Li X, Qin CF. Rational development of multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates against mpox. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2192815. [PMID: 36947428 PMCID: PMC10071941 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2192815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The re-emerging mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV), a member of Orthopoxvirus genus together with variola virus (VARV) and vaccinia virus (VACV), has led to public health emergency of international concern since July, 2022. Inspired by the unprecedent success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines, the development of a safe and effective mRNA vaccine against MPXV is of high priority. Based on our established lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform, we rationally constructed and prepared a panel of multicomponent MPXV vaccine candidates encoding different combinations of viral antigens including M1R, E8L, A29L, A35R and B6R. In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated that two immunizations of all mRNA vaccine candidates elicit a robust antibody response as well as antigen specific Th1-biased cellular response in mice. Importantly, the penta- and tetra-component vaccine candidates AR-MPXV5 and AR-MPXV4a showed superior capability of inducing neutralizing antibodies as well as of protecting from VACV challenge in mice. Our study provides critical insights to understand the protection mechanism of MPXV infection and direct evidence supporting further clinical development of these multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zheng-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi-Long Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Suo-Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ning-Yi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Bhalla N, Payam AF. Addressing the Silent Spread of Monkeypox Disease with Advanced Analytical Tools. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206633. [PMID: 36517107 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox disease is caused by a virus which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus of the poxviridae family. This disease has recently spread out to several non-endemic countries. While some cases have been linked to travel from endemic regions, more recent infections are thought to have spread in the community without any travel links, raising the risks of a wider outbreak. This state of public health represents a highly unusual event which requires urgent surveillance. In this context, the opportunities and technological challenges of current bio/chemical sensors, nanomaterials, nanomaterial characterization instruments, and artificially intelligent biosystems collectively called "advanced analytical tools" are reviewed here, which will allow early detection, characterization, and inhibition of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the community and limit its expansion from endemic to pandemic. A summary of background information is also provided from biological and epidemiological perspective of monkeypox to support the scientific case for its holistic management using advanced analytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bhalla
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St., BT15 1ED Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, York St., BT15 1ED Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amir Farokh Payam
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St., BT15 1ED Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, York St., BT15 1ED Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Pei R, Chen X, Wang Y. Potential threat of human pathogenic orthopoxviruses to public health and control strategies. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2023; 5:1-7. [PMID: 36624850 PMCID: PMC9811937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) belong to a group of nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Human pathogenic OPXVs (hpOPXVs) include at least five viruses, among which smallpox virus and monkeypox virus are the most dangerous viral pathogens. Both viruses are classified as category-one human infectious pathogens in China. Although smallpox was globally eradicated in the 1980 s, it is still a top biosecurity threat owing to the possibility of either being leaked to the outside world from a laboratory or being weaponized by terrorists. Beginning in early May 2022, a sudden outbreak of monkeypox was concurrently reported in more than 100 disparate geographical areas, representing a public health emergency of international concern, as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this review, we present the reasons for hpOPXVs such as monkeypox virus presenting a potential threat to public health. We then systematically review the historical and recent development of vaccines and drugs against smallpox and monkeypox. In the final section, we highlight the importance of viromics studies as an integral part of a forward defense strategy to eliminate the potential threat to public health from emerging or re-emerging hpOPXVs and their variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China,Innovation Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 44 Hongshancelu Avenue, Wuhan 430071, China,Corresponding author
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Rampogu S, Kim Y, Kim SW, Lee KW. An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1076251. [PMID: 36844409 PMCID: PMC9950268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1076251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus is one of the most notorious genus amongst the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox (MP) is a zoonotic disease that has been spreading throughout Africa. The spread is global, and incidence rates are increasing daily. The spread of the virus is rapid due to human-to-human and animals-to-human transmission. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared monkeypox virus (MPV) as a global health emergency. Since treatment options are limited, it is essential to know the modes of transmission and symptoms to stop disease spread. The information from host-virus interactions revealed significantly expressed genes that are important for the progression of the MP infection. In this review, we highlighted the MP virus structure, transmission modes, and available therapeutic options. Furthermore, this review provides insights for the scientific community to extend their research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Ghaseminia M. Preventing monkeypox outbreaks: Focus on diagnosis, care, treatment, and vaccination. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e60. [PMID: 37008622 PMCID: PMC10052442 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first human case of monkeypox virus (Mpox) was reported in 1970. In the years after 1970, human infection with Mpox and human-to-human transmission was not widely observed, and more cases were seen in endemic areas. In that year, Mpox spread was confirmed through the export of infected animals to other parts of the world. Every few years, sporadic infections were reported in different parts of the world from human contamination and human-to-human transmission. In recent years, with the slow decline of the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of Mpox was observed in many countries of the world. To deal with the spread of this viral infection, we need to know the ways to diagnose the infection, treat the infection, care for the patients, and implement a wide program of vaccination. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for this virus, but according to previous studies related to smallpox, drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir, which were used for smallpox and other orthopoxviruses in the past, can be considered to deal with Mpox. Also, some vaccines such as JYNNEOS, IMVAMUNE, and MoVIHvax that have been used against smallpox can be useful to some extent in preventing Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Ghaseminia
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Waqas M, Aziz S, Liò P, Khan Y, Ali A, Iqbal A, Khan F, Almajhdi FN. Immunoinformatics design of multivalent epitope vaccine against monkeypox virus and its variants using membrane-bound, enveloped, and extracellular proteins as targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091941. [PMID: 36776835 PMCID: PMC9908764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current monkeypox (MPX) outbreak, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has turned into a global concern, with over 59,000 infection cases and 23 deaths worldwide. Objectives Herein, we aimed to exploit robust immunoinformatics approach, targeting membrane-bound, enveloped, and extracellular proteins of MPXV to formulate a chimeric antigen. Such a strategy could similarly be applied for identifying immunodominant epitopes and designing multi-epitope vaccine ensembles in other pathogens responsible for chronic pathologies that are difficult to intervene against. Methods A reverse vaccinology pipeline was used to select 11 potential vaccine candidates, which were screened and mapped to predict immunodominant B-cell and T-cell epitopes. The finalized epitopes were merged with the aid of suitable linkers, an adjuvant (Resuscitation-promoting factor), a PADRE sequence (13 aa), and an HIV TAT sequence (11 aa) to formulate a multivalent epitope vaccine. Bioinformatics tools were employed to carry out codon adaptation and computational cloning. The tertiary structure of the chimeric vaccine construct was modeled via I-TASSER, and its interaction with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was evaluated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. C-ImmSim server was implemented to examine the immune response against the designed multi-epitope antigen. Results and discussion The designed chimeric vaccine construct included 21 immunodominant epitopes (six B-cell, eight cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and seven helper T-lymphocyte) and is predicted non-allergen, antigenic, soluble, with suitable physicochemical features, that can promote cross-protection among the MPXV strains. The selected epitopes indicated a wide global population coverage (93.62%). Most finalized epitopes have 70%-100% sequence similarity with the experimentally validated immune epitopes of the vaccinia virus, which can be helpful in the speedy progression of vaccine design. Lastly, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation computed stable and energetically favourable interaction between the putative antigen and TLR4. Conclusion Our results show that the multi-epitope vaccine might elicit cellular and humoral immune responses and could be a potential vaccine candidate against the MPXV infection. Further experimental testing of the proposed vaccine is warranted to validate its safety and efficacy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Shahkaar Aziz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Pietro Liò
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yumna Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Faizullah Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Nasser Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Diatta KLES, Faye O, Sall AA, Faye O, Faye M. Useful public health countermeasures to control the current multicountry outbreak of Monkeypox disease. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1060678. [PMID: 36711326 PMCID: PMC9878340 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral disease endemic to some countries in Central and Western Africa. However, sporadic human cases have also been reported outside of Africa. The first human case was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Very similar to the eradicated smallpox regarding its clinical representation, the Monkeypox disease is most common in children aged between 5 and 9 years with a fatality rate ranging from 1 to 11% in Africa. During the past decade, the number of countries that reported human cases of the disease grew significantly, while experts still sought knowledge on the characteristics of the virus. The recent increase in Monkeypox cases in many countries raises the concern about a possible global health threat. There is a need to subsequently provide insights into the incidence of Monkeypox disease and come up with mechanisms to prevent its emergence and contain its spread. Furthermore, it is crucial to have a better view of the global diagnostic capacity of the Monkeypox virus. This review aims to assess useful public health countermeasures to control the current multicountry outbreak of Monkeypox disease. Articles were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases on 30 June 2022, using selected keywords, without language and date restriction. A total of 44 scientific records were published between 1 January 1962 and 30 June 2022. Herein, we discuss the epidemiological and public health situation at a global scale, provide an updated overview and data of utility for a better understanding of knowledge and research gaps in the epidemiology of the Monkeypox disease, and give useful measures for controlling the current multicountry outbreak.
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Adadi P, Mensah EO, Abdul-Razak S. The outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) in Ghana. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28171. [PMID: 36151593 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emmanuel O Mensah
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Salim Abdul-Razak
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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