1
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Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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2
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Baljon JJ, Wilson JT. Bioinspired vaccines to enhance MHC class-I antigen cross-presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102215. [PMID: 35667222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation of exogenous antigen on MHC class-I is a crucial process for generating a CD8+ T cell response, and is therefore an important design consideration in the development of T-cell-engaging vaccines against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancers. Here, we briefly summarize known cross-presentation pathways and highlight how synthetic vaccines can be engineered to enhance MHC-I presentation of exogenous peptide and protein antigens by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, we summarize how molecular engineering and nanotechnology are being harnessed to enhance antigen delivery to lymph nodes and to cross-presenting dendritic cells, to bypass endosomal trafficking of exogenous antigen to promote delivery of antigen to the cytosol of APCs, and to coordinate the delivery of antigen with immune-stimulating adjuvants that can act synergistically to augment antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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3
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Lockhart A, Mucida D, Parsa R. Immunity to enteric viruses. Immunity 2022; 55:800-818. [PMID: 35545029 PMCID: PMC9257994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children in developing countries. The host response to enteric viruses occurs primarily within the mucosa, where the intestinal immune system must balance protection against pathogens with tissue protection and tolerance to harmless commensal bacteria and food. Here, we summarize current knowledge in natural immunity to enteric viruses, highlighting specialized features of the intestinal immune system. We further discuss how knowledge of intestinal anti-viral mechanisms can be translated into vaccine development with particular focus on immunization in the oral route. Research reveals that the intestine is a complex interface between enteric viruses and the host where environmental factors influence susceptibility and immunity to infection, while viral infections can have lasting implications for host health. A deeper mechanistic understanding of enteric anti-viral immunity with this broader context can ultimately lead to better vaccines for existing and emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Middlebrook EA, Romero AT, Bett B, Nthiwa D, Oyola SO, Fair JM, Bartlow AW. Identification and distribution of pathogens coinfecting with Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus in humans, livestock and wildlife. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:175-194. [PMID: 35034427 PMCID: PMC9303618 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever (RVF) caused by Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and RVF virus, respectively, can have devastating effects on human, livestock, and wildlife health and cause economic hardship due to morbidity and mortality in livestock. Coinfection with multiple pathogens can lead to more severe disease outcomes and altered transmission dynamics. These three pathogens can alter host immune responses likely leading to increased morbidity, mortality and pathogen transmission during coinfection. Developing countries, such as those commonly afflicted by outbreaks of brucellosis, Q fever and RVF, have high disease burden and thus common coinfections. A literature survey provided information on case reports and studies investigating coinfections involving the three focal diseases. Fifty five studies were collected demonstrating coinfections of Brucella spp., C. burnetii or RVFV with 50 different pathogens, of which 64% were zoonotic. While the literature search criteria involved ‘coinfection’, only 24/55 studies showed coinfections with direct pathogen detection methods (microbiology, PCR and antigen test), while the rest only reported detection of antibodies against multiple pathogens, which only indicate a history of co‐exposure, not concurrent infection. These studies lack the ability to test whether coinfection leads to changes in morbidity, mortality or transmission dynamics. We describe considerations and methods for identifying ongoing coinfections to address this critical blind spot in disease risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl A Middlebrook
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alicia T Romero
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Samuel O Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Andrew W Bartlow
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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5
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses cause lifelong infections by establishing latency in neurons and undergo sporadic reactivations that promote recurrent disease and new infections. The success of HSVs in persisting in infected individuals is likely due to their multiple molecular determinants involved in escaping the host antiviral and immune responses. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), key immune cells that are involved in establishing effective and balanced immunity against viruses. Here, we review and discuss several molecular and cellular processes modulated by HSVs in DCs, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and the unfolded protein response. Given the central role of DCs in establishing optimal antiviral immunity, particular emphasis should be given to the outcome of the interactions occurring between HSVs and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farías Ma
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Duarte Lf
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tognarelli Ei
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González Pa
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Rosenbaum P, Tchitchek N, Joly C, Rodriguez Pozo A, Stimmer L, Langlois S, Hocini H, Gosse L, Pejoski D, Cosma A, Beignon AS, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Levy Y, Le Grand R, Martinon F. Vaccine Inoculation Route Modulates Early Immunity and Consequently Antigen-Specific Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645210. [PMID: 33959127 PMCID: PMC8093451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most efficient public healthcare measures to fight infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the immune mechanisms induced in vivo by vaccination are still unclear. The route of administration, an important vaccination parameter, can substantially modify the quality of the response. How the route of administration affects the generation and profile of immune responses is of major interest. Here, we aimed to extensively characterize the profiles of the innate and adaptive response to vaccination induced after intradermal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara model vaccine in non-human primates. The adaptive response following subcutaneous immunization was clearly different from that following intradermal or intramuscular immunization. The subcutaneous route induced a higher level of neutralizing antibodies than the intradermal and intramuscular vaccination routes. In contrast, polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses were preferentially induced after intradermal or intramuscular injection. We observed the same dichotomy when analyzing the early molecular and cellular immune events, highlighting the recruitment of cell populations, such as CD8+ T lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressive cells, and the activation of key immunomodulatory gene pathways. These results demonstrate that the quality of the vaccine response induced by an attenuated vaccine is shaped by early and subtle modifications of the innate immune response. In this immunization context, the route of administration must be tailored to the desired type of protective immune response. This will be achieved through systems vaccinology and mathematical modeling, which will be critical for predicting the efficacy of the vaccination route for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rosenbaum
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Candie Joly
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - André Rodriguez Pozo
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Lev Stimmer
- INSERM, U1169, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA – INSERM, MIRCen, UMS27, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
- INSERM, U955, Team 16, Clinical and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Henri Mondor, University of Paris East, Créteil, France
| | - Leslie Gosse
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - David Pejoski
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
- INSERM, U955, Team 16, Clinical and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Henri Mondor, University of Paris East, Créteil, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- UMR1184 IMVA-HB, IDMIT Department, Université Paris-Saclay – INSERM U1184 – CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
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7
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Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. S. Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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O’Connell AK, Douam F. Humanized Mice for Live-Attenuated Vaccine Research: From Unmet Potential to New Promises. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E36. [PMID: 31973073 PMCID: PMC7157703 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent one of the most important medical innovations in human history. In the past three centuries, LAV have saved hundreds of millions of lives, and will continue to do so for many decades to come. Interestingly, the most successful LAVs, such as the smallpox vaccine, the measles vaccine, and the yellow fever vaccine, have been isolated and/or developed in a purely empirical manner without any understanding of the immunological mechanisms they trigger. Today, the mechanisms governing potent LAV immunogenicity and long-term induced protective immunity continue to be elusive, and therefore hamper the rational design of innovative vaccine strategies. A serious roadblock to understanding LAV-induced immunity has been the lack of suitable and cost-effective animal models that can accurately mimic human immune responses. In the last two decades, human-immune system mice (HIS mice), i.e., mice engrafted with components of the human immune system, have been instrumental in investigating the life-cycle and immune responses to multiple human-tropic pathogens. However, their use in LAV research has remained limited. Here, we discuss the strong potential of LAVs as tools to enhance our understanding of human immunity and review the past, current and future contributions of HIS mice to this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
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9
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Heinimäki S, Hankaniemi MM, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Combination of three virus-derived nanoparticles as a vaccine against enteric pathogens; enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus. Vaccine 2019; 37:7509-7518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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HCV p7 as a novel vaccine-target inducing multifunctional CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells targeting liver cells expressing the viral antigen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14085. [PMID: 31575882 PMCID: PMC6773770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent treatment advances for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a vaccine is urgently needed for global control of this important liver pathogen. The lack of robust immunocompetent HCV infection models makes it challenging to identify correlates of protection and test vaccine efficacy. However, vigorous CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses are detected in patients that spontaneously resolve acute infection, whereas dysfunctional T-cell responses are a hallmark of chronic infection. The HCV p7 protein, forming ion-channels essential for viral assembly and release, has not previously been pursued as a vaccine antigen. Herein, we demonstrated that HCV p7 derived from genotype 1a and 1b sequences are highly immunogenic in mice when employed as overlapping peptides formulated as nanoparticles with the cross-priming adjuvant, CAF09. This approach induced multifunctional cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells targeting regions of p7 that are subject to immune pressure during HCV infection in chimpanzees and humans. Employing a surrogate in vivo challenge model of liver cells co-expressing HCV-p7 and GFP, we found that vaccinated mice cleared transgene expressing cells. This study affirms the potential of a T-cell inducing nanoparticle vaccine platform to target the liver and introduces HCV p7 as a potential target for HCV vaccine explorations.
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11
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Sanchez-Martinez A, Perdomo-Celis F, Acevedo-Saenz L, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Cytotoxic CD4 + T-cells during HIV infection: Targets or weapons? J Clin Virol 2019; 119:17-23. [PMID: 31445411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, CD4+ T-cells have been referred as cytokine-producing cells and important players in immune responses by providing soluble factors that potentiate several effector immune functions. However, it is now evident that CD4+ T-cells can also elaborate cytotoxic responses, inducing apoptosis of target cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), exhibit cytolytic functions that resemble those of CD8+ T-cells; in fact, there is evidence suggesting that they may have a role in the control of viral infections. In this article, we discuss the role of CD4+ CTLs during HIV infection, where CD4+ CTLs have been associated with viral control and slow disease progression. In addition, we address the implication of CD4+ CTLs in the context of antiretroviral therapy and the partial reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Saenz
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Enfermería-CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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12
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Mohanty MC, Madkaikar MR, Desai M, Aluri J, Varose SY, Taur P, Sharma DK, Nalavade UP, Rane SV, Gupta M, Shabarish S, Dalvi A, Deshpande JM. Natural Clearance of Prolonged VDPV Infection in a Child With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1567. [PMID: 31396204 PMCID: PMC6663979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPV) from children with primary immunodeficiency disorders poses a threat to the eradication program. Herein, we report a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), identified as a prolonged serotype 3 iVDPV (iVDPV3) excreter with 13 VDPV3 isolates and a maximum of 10.33% nucleotide divergence, who abruptly cleared infection after a period of 2 years. Occurrence of an episode of norovirus diarrhea associated with increased activated oligoclonal cytotoxic T cells, inverse CD4:CD8 ratio, significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent clearance of the poliovirus suggests a possible link between inflammatory diarrheal illness and clearance of iVDPV. Our findings suggest that in the absence of B cells and sufficiently activated T/NK cells, macrophages and other T cells may produce auto-inflammatory conditions by TLR/RLR ligands expressed by previous/ongoing bacterial or viral infections to clear VDPV infection. The study highlights the need to screen all the patients with combined immunodeficiency for poliovirus excretion and intermittent follow-up of their immune parameters if found positive, in order to manage the risk of iVDPV excretion in the polio eradication endgame strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chhanda Mohanty
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Ranjan Madkaikar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Bai Jer Bai Wadia Childrens Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jahnavi Aluri
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Swapnil Yashwant Varose
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Bai Jer Bai Wadia Childrens Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepa Kailash Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Uma Prajwal Nalavade
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Vijay Rane
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Snehal Shabarish
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jagadish Mohanrao Deshpande
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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13
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Andersen NSB, Larsen SM, Nissen SK, Jørgensen SE, Mardahl M, Christiansen M, Kay L, Mogensen TH. Host Genetics, Innate Immune Responses, and Cellular Death Pathways in Poliomyelitis Patients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1495. [PMID: 31354645 PMCID: PMC6629967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Poliovirus (PV) is one of the most studied viruses. Despite efforts to understand PV infection within the host, fundamental questions remain unanswered. These include the mechanisms determining the progression to viremia, the pathogenesis of neuronal infection and paralysis in only a minority of patients. Because of the rare disease phenotype of paralytic poliomyelitis (PPM), we hypothesize that a genetic etiology may contribute to the disease course and outcome. Methods We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to investigate the genetic profile of 18 patients with PPM. Functional analyses were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MdMs). Results We identified rare variants in host genes involved in interferon signaling, viral replication, apoptosis, and autophagy. Upon PV infection of MdMs, we observed a tendency toward increased viral burden in patients compared to controls, suggesting reduced control of PV infection. In MdMs from patients, the IFNβ response correlated with the viral burden. Conclusion We suggest that genetic variants in innate immune defenses and cell death pathways contribute to the clinical presentation of PV infection. Importantly, this study is the first to uncover the genetic profile in patients with PPM combined with investigations of immune responses and viral burden in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna-Sophie B Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon M Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sara K Nissen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofie E Jørgensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maibritt Mardahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise Kay
- Specialized Hospital for Polio- and Accident Patients, Rødovre, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Giri S, Kumar N, Dhanapal P, Venkatesan J, Kasirajan A, Iturriza-Gomara M, John J, Abraham AM, Grassly NC, Kang G. Quantity of Vaccine Poliovirus Shed Determines the Titer of the Serum Neutralizing Antibody Response in Indian Children Who Received Oral Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1395-1398. [PMID: 29300947 PMCID: PMC5894085 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the intestine (ie, vaccine take) is associated with seroconversion and protection against poliomyelitis. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to measure vaccine shedding in 300 seronegative infants aged 6–11 months and in 218 children aged 1–4 years 7 days after administration of monovalent or bivalent OPV. We found that the quantity of shedding correlated with the magnitude of the serum neutralizing antibody response measured 21 or 28 days after vaccination. This suggests that the immune response to OPV is on a continuum, rather than an all-or-nothing phenomenon, that depends on efficient vaccine virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Pavithra Dhanapal
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Anand Kasirajan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Jacob John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Asha Mary Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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15
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 342:175-263. [PMID: 30635091 PMCID: PMC7104940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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16
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Luk ADW, Ni K, Wu Y, Lam KT, Chan KW, Lee PP, Tu W, Mao H, Lau YL. Type I and III Interferon Productions Are Impaired in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patients Toward Poliovirus but Not Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1826. [PMID: 30147693 PMCID: PMC6095995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutation. Patients are susceptible to severe enterovirus infections. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. BTK is involved in toll-like receptors pathway, which initiates antiviral responses including interferon (IFN) productions. Objective To demonstrate type I and III IFN productions in dendritic cells of XLA patients is decreased in response to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) but not H1N1 virus. Methods Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were derived from nine XLA patients aged 22-32 years old and 23 buffy coats from Hong Kong Red Cross blood donors. LFM-A13 was used to inhibit BTK. OPV Sabin type 1 and H1N1 influenza virus were used to stimulate MoDCs with RPMI as mock stimulation. The antiviral cytokine productions and phenotypic maturation of MoDCs were determined 24 h post-stimulation. OPV RNA was determined at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-stimulation. Results Upon OPV stimulation, IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions in MoDCs from XLA patients and BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly lower than that from healthy controls. Whereas upon H1N1 stimulation, the IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions were similar in MoDCs from XLA patients, BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls and healthy controls. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs from XLA patients in response to OPV was similar to that in response to mock stimulation, while the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II were significantly higher in response to H1N1 stimulation than that in response to mock stimulation. Whereas, the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly higher in response to both OPV and H1N1 stimulation compared to that in response to mock stimulation. Conclusion Production of type I and III IFN in response to OPV was deficient in MoDCs from XLA patients, but was normal in response to H1N1 due to deficient BTK function. Moreover, phenotypic maturation of MoDCs from XLA patients was impaired in response to OPV but not to H1N1. These selective impairments may account for the unique susceptibility of XLA patients toward severe enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dik Wai Luk
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuet Wu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Upfill-Brown A, Taniuchi M, Platts-Mills JA, Kirkpatrick B, Burgess SL, Oberste MS, Weldon W, Houpt E, Haque R, Zaman K, Petri WA. Nonspecific Effects of Oral Polio Vaccine on Diarrheal Burden and Etiology Among Bangladeshi Infants. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:414-419. [PMID: 28444240 PMCID: PMC5848225 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. As the global polio eradication initiative prepares to cease use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 2020, there is increasing interest in understanding if oral vaccination provides non-specific immunity to other infections so that the consequences of this transition can be effectively planned for and mitigated. Methods. Data were collected from infants in an urban slum in Bangladesh (Mirpur, Dhaka) as part of the performance of rotavirus and oral polio vaccines in developing countries (PROVIDE) study. Following vaccination with trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, infants were randomly assigned to receive tOPV (n = 315) or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) (n = 299) at 39 weeks. Episodes of diarrhea were documented through clinic visits and twice-weekly house visits through 52 weeks. In sum, 14 pathogens associated with diarrhea were analyzed with TaqMan Array Cards. Results. Although the proportion of children experiencing diarrhea was not different between the tOPV and IPV groups (P = .18), the number of days with diarrhea (P = .0037) and the number of separate diarrheal episodes (P = .054) trended lower in the OPV arm. Etiological analysis revealed that male tOPV recipients were less likely to have diarrhea of bacterial etiology (P = .0099) compared to male IPV recipients but equally likely to experience diarrhea due to viruses (P = .57) or protozoa (P = .14). Among the 6 bacterial enteric pathogens tested, only Campylobacter jejuni/coli detection was significantly reduced in the OPV arm (P = .0048). Conclusions. Our results suggest that OPV may cause nonspecific reductions in mortality, as has been studied elsewhere, by reducing etiology-specific diarrheal burden. This is likely driven by reductions in bacterial diarrhea. Further study of nonspecific OPV effects before global cessation is supported. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01375647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Upfill-Brown
- Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Beth Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Stacey L Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - William Weldon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Center for Vaccine Science and Parasitology Lab, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - K Zaman
- Center for Vaccine Science and Parasitology Lab, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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18
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Yee PTI, Poh CL. T Cell Immunity To Enterovirus 71 Infection In Humans And Implications For Vaccine Development. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1143-1152. [PMID: 30123051 PMCID: PMC6097258 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Some strains can lead to neurological disease and fatality in children. Up to date, there is no FDA-approved vaccine to prevent severe HFMD and mortality. Although the inactivated vaccine has advanced to production in China, lack of long-term protection and the requirement of multiple boosters have necessitated the development of other types of vaccines. Recent studies indicate that cellular and not humoral immunity determines the clinical outcome of EV-A71 infections. High levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ tend to correlate with clinical severity in patients with pulmonary edema and encephalitis. The live attenuated vaccine may serve as the preferred choice as it can induce excellent humoral and cellular immunity as well as live-long immunity. Expression of certain HLA alleles such as TNF-α promoter type II (-308 allele), HLA-A33 and HLA-DR17 responses have been linked to severe HFMD. However, the high variability of MHC genes could restrict T cell recognition and be a major obstacle in the design of peptide vaccines. Hence, the development of a T cell universal vaccine (incorporating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes) that induces broad, multifunctional and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses maybe desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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19
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Aghamohammadi A, Abolhassani H, Kutukculer N, Wassilak SG, Pallansch MA, Kluglein S, Quinn J, Sutter RW, Wang X, Sanal O, Latysheva T, Ikinciogullari A, Bernatowska E, Tuzankina IA, Costa-Carvalho BT, Franco JL, Somech R, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Singh S, Bezrodnik L, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Shcherbina A, Lau YL, Nonoyama S, Modell F, Modell V, Barbouche MR, McKinlay MA. Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies Are a Reservoir of Poliovirus and a Risk to Polio Eradication. Front Immunol 2017; 8:685. [PMID: 28952612 PMCID: PMC5468416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) have been isolated from primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients exposed to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Patients may excrete poliovirus strains for months or years; the excreted viruses are frequently highly divergent from the parental OPV and have been shown to be as neurovirulent as wild virus. Thus, these patients represent a potential reservoir for transmission of neurovirulent polioviruses in the post-eradication era. In support of WHO recommendations to better estimate the prevalence of poliovirus excreters among PIDs and characterize genetic evolution of these strains, 635 patients including 570 with primary antibody deficiencies and 65 combined immunodeficiencies were studied from 13 OPV-using countries. Two stool samples were collected over 4 days, tested for enterovirus, and the poliovirus positive samples were sequenced. Thirteen patients (2%) excreted polioviruses, most for less than 2 months following identification of infection. Five (0.8%) were classified as iVDPVs (only in combined immunodeficiencies and mostly poliovirus serotype 2). Non-polio enteroviruses were detected in 30 patients (4.7%). Patients with combined immunodeficiencies had increased risk of delayed poliovirus clearance compared to primary antibody deficiencies. Usually, iVDPV was detected in subjects with combined immunodeficiencies in a short period of time after OPV exposure, most for less than 6 months. Surveillance for poliovirus excretion among PID patients should be reinforced until polio eradication is certified and the use of OPV is stopped. Survival rates among PID patients are improving in lower and middle income countries, and iVDPV excreters are identified more frequently. Antivirals or enhanced immunotherapies presently in development represent the only potential means to manage the treatment of prolonged excreters and the risk they present to the polio endgame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Necil Kutukculer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Steve G Wassilak
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mark A Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha Kluglein
- Center for Vaccine Equity, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Quinn
- Jeffrey Modell Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roland W Sutter
- Research and Product Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ozden Sanal
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tatiana Latysheva
- Department of Allergology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydan Ikinciogullari
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ewa Bernatowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irina A Tuzankina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Jose Luis Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Surjit Singh
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Hong Kong University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fred Modell
- Jeffrey Modell Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vicki Modell
- Jeffrey Modell Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mark A McKinlay
- Center for Vaccine Equity, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
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20
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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21
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Michel JJ, Griffin P, Vallejo AN. Functionally Diverse NK-Like T Cells Are Effectors and Predictors of Successful Aging. Front Immunol 2016; 7:530. [PMID: 27933066 PMCID: PMC5121286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental challenge of aging and long-term survivorship is maintenance of functional independence and compression of morbidity despite a life history of disease. Inasmuch as immunity is a determinant of individual health and fitness, unraveling novel mechanisms of immune homeostasis in late life is of paramount interest. Comparative studies of young and old persons have documented age-related atrophy of the thymus, the contraction of diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and the intrinsic inefficiency of classical TCR signaling in aged T cells. However, the elderly have highly heterogeneous health phenotypes. Studies of defined populations of persons aged 75 and older have led to the recognition of successful aging, a distinct physiologic construct characterized by high physical and cognitive functioning without measurable disability. Significantly, successful agers have a unique T cell repertoire; namely, the dominance of highly oligoclonal αβT cells expressing a diverse array of receptors normally expressed by NK cells. Despite their properties of cell senescence, these unusual NK-like T cells are functionally active effectors that do not require engagement of their clonotypic TCR. Thus, NK-like T cells represent a beneficial remodeling of the immune repertoire with advancing age, consistent with the concept of immune plasticity. Significantly, certain subsets are predictors of physical/cognitive performance among older adults. Further understanding of the roles of these NK-like T cells to host defense, and how they integrate with other physiologic domains of function are new frontiers for investigation in Aging Biology. Such pursuits will require a research paradigm shift from the usual young-versus-old comparison to the analysis of defined elderly populations. These endeavors may also pave way to age-appropriate, group-targeted immune interventions for the growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Michel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Munier CML, van Bockel D, Bailey M, Ip S, Xu Y, Alcantara S, Liu SM, Denyer G, Kaplan W, Suzuki K, Croft N, Purcell A, Tscharke D, Cooper DA, Kent SJ, Zaunders JJ, Kelleher AD. The primary immune response to Vaccinia virus vaccination includes cells with a distinct cytotoxic effector CD4 T-cell phenotype. Vaccine 2016; 34:5251-5261. [PMID: 27639281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smallpox was eradicated by a global program of inoculation with Vaccinia virus (VV). Robust VV-specific CD4 T-cell responses during primary infection are likely essential to controlling VV replication. Although there is increasing interest in cytolytic CD4 T-cells across many viral infections, the importance of these cells during acute VV infection is unclear. METHODS We undertook a detailed functional and genetic characterization of CD4 T-cells during acute VV-infection of humans. VV-specific T-cells were identified by up-regulation of activation markers directly ex vivo and through cytokine and co-stimulatory molecule expression. At day-13-post primary inoculation with VV, CD38highCD45RO+ CD4 T-cells were purified by cell sorting, RNA isolated and analysed by microarray. Differential expression of up-regulated genes in activated CD4 T-cells was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels. We compared analyses of VV-specific CD4 T-cells to studies on 12 subjects with primary HIV infection (PHI). VV-specific T-cells lines were established from PBMCs collected post vaccination and checked for cytotoxicity potential. RESULTS A median 11.9% CD4 T-cells were CD38highCD45RO+ at day-13 post-VV inoculation, compared to 3.0% prior and 10.4% during PHI. Activated CD4 T-cells had an up-regulation of genes related to cytolytic function, including granzymes K and A, perforin, granulysin, TIA-1, and Rab27a. No difference was seen between CD4 T-cell expression of perforin or TIA-1 to VV and PHI, however granzyme k was more dominant in the VV response. At 25:1 effector to target ratio, two VV-specific T-cell lines exhibited 62% and 30% cytotoxicity respectively and CD107a degranulation. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that CD4 CTL are prominent in the early response to VV. Understanding the role of CD4 CTL in the generation of an effective anti-viral memory may help develop more effective vaccines for diseases such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David van Bockel
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Bailey
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susanna Ip
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue Min Liu
- The Garvan Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Kazuo Suzuki
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Croft
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David A Cooper
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Fuertes Marraco SA, Soneson C, Cagnon L, Gannon PO, Allard M, Abed Maillard S, Montandon N, Rufer N, Waldvogel S, Delorenzi M, Speiser DE. Long-lasting stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells with a naïve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:282ra48. [PMID: 25855494 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and persisting immune memory is essential for long-term protection from infectious and malignant diseases. The yellow fever (YF) vaccine is a live attenuated virus that mediates lifelong protection, with recent studies showing that the CD8(+) T cell response is particularly robust. Yet, limited data exist regarding the long-term CD8(+) T cell response, with no studies beyond 5 years after vaccination. We investigated 41 vaccinees, spanning 0.27 to 35 years after vaccination. YF-specific CD8(+) T cells were readily detected in almost all donors (38 of 41), with frequencies decreasing with time. As previously described, effector cells dominated the response early after vaccination. We detected a population of naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells that was stably maintained for more than 25 years and was capable of self-renewal ex vivo. In-depth analyses of markers and genome-wide mRNA profiling showed that naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells in vaccinees (i) were distinct from genuine naïve cells in unvaccinated donors, (ii) resembled the recently described stem cell-like memory subset (Tscm), and (iii) among all differentiated subsets, had profiles closest to naïve cells. Our findings reveal that CD8(+) Tscm are efficiently induced by a vaccine in humans, persist for decades, and preserve a naïveness-like profile. These data support YF vaccination as an optimal mechanistic model for the study of long-lasting memory CD8(+) T cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed Maillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Montandon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel
- Service Vaudois de Transfusion Sanguine de la Croix Rouge, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
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Baj A, Colombo M, Headley JL, McFarlane JR, Liethof MA, Toniolo A. Post-poliomyelitis syndrome as a possible viral disease. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 35:107-16. [PMID: 25939306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current concepts on post-polio syndrome (PPS), a condition that may arise in polio survivors after partial or complete functional recovery followed by a prolonged interval of stable neurological function. PPS affects 15-20 million people worldwide. Epidemiological data are reported, together with the pathogenic pathways that possibly lead to the progressive degeneration and loss of neuromuscular motor units. As a consequence of PPS, polio survivors experience new weakness, generalized fatigue, atrophy of previously unaffected muscles, and a physical decline that may culminate in the loss of independent life. Emphasis is given to the possible pathogenic role of persistent poliovirus infection and chronic inflammation. These factors could contribute to the neurological and physical decline in polio survivors. A perspective is then given on novel anti-poliovirus compounds and monoclonal antibodies that have been developed to contribute to the final phases of polio eradication. These agents could also be useful for the treatment or prevention of PPS. Some of these compounds/antibodies are in early clinical development. Finally, current clinical trials for PPS are reported. In this area, the intravenous infusion of normal human immunoglobulins appears both feasible and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Baj
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Colombo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Joan L Headley
- Post-Polio Health International, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Mary-Ann Liethof
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy; Polio Australia Incorporated, Kew, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University of Insubria Medical School, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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25
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Volle R, Archimbaud C, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Mirand A, Pereira B, Henquell C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bailly JL. Differential permissivity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells to enterovirus infection and specificities of serotype EV-A71 in crossing an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1682-95. [PMID: 25711966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) form a steady polarized barrier when cultured in vitro on a permeable membrane. Their susceptibility to enterovirus (EV) strains was analysed to investigate how these viruses may cross the blood-brain barrier. A sample of 88 virus strains was selected on phylogenetic features amongst 43 epidemiologically relevant types of the four EV species A-D. The EV-A71 genome was replicated at substantial rates, whilst the infectious virus was released at extremely low but sustained rates at both barrier sides for at least 4 days. EV-A71 antigens were detected in a limited number of cells. The properties of the endothelial barrier (structure and permeability) remained intact throughout infection. The chronic EV-A71 infection was in sharp contrast to the productive infection of cytolytic EVs (e.g. echoviruses E-6 and E-30). The hCMEC/D3 barriers infected with the latter EVs exhibited elevated proportions of apoptotic and necrotic cells, which resulted in major injuries to the endothelial barriers with a dramatic increase of paracellular permeability and virus crossing to the abluminal side. The following intracellular rearrangements were also seen: early destruction of the actin cytoskeleton, remodelling of intracellular membranes and reorganization of the mitochondrion network in a small cluster near the perinuclear space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Ignacio A Romero
- 5Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Audrey Mirand
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- 3CHU Clermont-Ferrand, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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26
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Broderick MP, Oberste MS, Moore D, Romero-Steiner S, Hansen CJ, Faix DJ. Effect of multiple, simultaneous vaccines on polio seroresponse and associated health outcomes. Vaccine 2014; 33:2842-8. [PMID: 25131729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of multiple simultaneous vaccines to infants, children, and military recruits is not uncommon. However, little research exists to examine associated serological and health effects, especially in adults. METHOD We retrospectively examined 416 paired serum specimens from U.S. military subjects who had received the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) alone or in combination with either 1 other vaccine (<3 group) or 4 other vaccines (>4 group). Each of the 2 groups was subdivided into 2 subgroups in which Tdap was present or absent. RESULTS The >4 group was associated with a higher proportion of polio seroconversions than the <3 group (95% vs. 58%, respectively, p<0.01). Analysis of the <3 subgroup that excluded Tdap vs. the >4 subgroup that excluded Tdap showed no difference between them (p>0.1). However, the >4 subgroup that included Tdap had significantly more seroconversions than either the <3 subgroup that excluded Tdap or the >4 subgroup that excluded Tdap (p<0.01). Overall, at least 98% of subjects were at or above the putative level of seroprotection both pre- and post-vaccination, yet at least 81% of subjects seroconverted. In an analysis of 400 of the subjects in which clinic in- and outpatient encounters were counted over the course of 1 year following vaccinations, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (p>0.1). CONCLUSION A combination of >4 vaccines including IPV appeared to have an immunopotentiation effect on polio seroconversion, and Tdap in particular was a strong candidate for an important role. The dose of IPV we studied in our subjects, who already had a high level of seroprotection, acted as a booster. In addition, there appear to be no negative health consequences from receiving few versus more multiple simultaneous vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Broderick
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, McClelland & Patterson Roads, Gate 4 / Bldg 315, San Diego, CA 92106 USA.
| | - M Steven Oberste
- PPLB/DVD/NCIRD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Deborah Moore
- PPLB/DVD/NCIRD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Sandra Romero-Steiner
- PPLB/DVD/NCIRD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Christian J Hansen
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, McClelland & Patterson Roads, Gate 4 / Bldg 315, San Diego, CA 92106 USA
| | - Dennis J Faix
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, McClelland & Patterson Roads, Gate 4 / Bldg 315, San Diego, CA 92106 USA
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27
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Parainfluenza virus type 1 induces epithelial IL-8 production via p38-MAPK signalling. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:515984. [PMID: 25013817 PMCID: PMC4072021 DOI: 10.1155/2014/515984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) is the most common cause of croup in infants. The aim of this study was to describe molecular mechanisms associated with IL-8 production during HPIV-1 infection and the role of viral replication in MAPK synthesis and activation. An in vitro model of HPIV-1 infection in the HEp-2 and A549 cell lines was used; a kinetic-based ELISA for IL-8 detection was also used, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was identified by Western blot analysis, and specific inhibitors for each kinase were used to identify which MAPK was involved. Inactivated viruses were used to assess whether viral replication is required for IL-8 production. Results revealed a gradual increase in IL-8 production at different selected times, when phosphorylation of MAPK was detected. The secretion of IL-8 in the two cell lines infected with the HPIV-1 is related to the phosphorylation of the MAPK as well as viral replication. Inhibition of p38 suppressed the secretion of IL-8 in the HEp-2 cells. No kinase activation was observed when viruses were inactivated.
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28
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Eriksen HB, Lund N, Biering-Sørensen S, Correia C, Barbosa A, Andersen A, Aaby P, Jeppesen DL, Benn CS. Does oral polio vaccine at birth affect the size of the thymus? Observations within a randomized trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:3293-9. [PMID: 24726247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that vaccines have an effect on general mortality which goes beyond specific disease protection. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is widely used in low-income countries, but in observational studies in Guinea-Bissau we observed that not receiving OPV at birth was associated with reduced overall male infant mortality and enhanced immune response to BCG vaccine. We therefore initiated a randomized trial to test the overall effect of OPV at birth (OPV0). OBJECTIVE A small thymic gland is a predictor of mortality in high-mortality settings. Within the trial we aimed to test whether no-OPV0 was associated with increased thymic size. METHODS In 511 normal birth weight infants who were randomized to receive or not receive OPV0, thymic index and thymus/weight index were measured before randomization and after 2 weeks (N=49), 4 weeks (N=308) or 6 weeks (N=27). The association between OPV0 and the log transformed thymic size indicators were analyzed in ANCOVA models with thymic size at follow-up as the outcome and adjusting for thymic size at enrollment and age at follow-up. Estimates were reported as geometric mean ratios (GMR) with 95% confidence intervals, comparing no-OPV0 to OPV0. RESULTS No-OPV0 was not associated with thymic index after 2 weeks (GMR: 1.14 (0.99-1.30)), after 4 weeks (GMR: 0.98 (0.93-1.05)) or after 6 weeks (GMR: 1.00 (0.81-1.23)). However, no-OPV0 was associated with increased thymus/weight index after 2 weeks (GMR: 1.22 (1.06-1.40)), but the effect was not seen after 4 weeks (GMR: 0.97 (0.92-1.03)) and 6 weeks (GMR: 0.99 (0.82-1.19)). There were no strong sex-differences. DISCUSSION Overall there was no effect on thymic size of OPV0 when administered with BCG. The results could indicate that if an effect occurs, it is only within the first weeks after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Brander Eriksen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegårds Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Najaaraq Lund
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark.
| | - Sofie Biering-Sørensen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Cizete Correia
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Amarildo Barbosa
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark.
| | - Peter Aaby
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Dorthe L Jeppesen
- Pediatric Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegårds Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau; OPEN, University of Southern Denmark, Windsløwparken 19, 3., 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Grassly NC. Immunogenicity and effectiveness of routine immunization with 1 or 2 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2014; 210 Suppl 1:S439-46. [PMID: 24634499 PMCID: PMC4197908 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The World Health Organization has recommended that all 124 countries currently using only oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) introduce at least 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) before the global withdrawal of serotype 2 OPV in 2016. A 1- or 2-dose schedule, potentially administered intradermally with reduced antigen content, may make this affordable. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies documenting seroconversion after 1 or 2, full or fractional (1/5) doses of enhanced-potency IPV was performed. Studies reporting the clinical efficacy of IPV were also reviewed. Results. Twenty study arms from 12 published articles were included in the analysis of seroconversion. One full dose of intramuscular IPV seroconverted 33%, 41%, and 47% of infants against serotypes 1, 2, and 3 on average, whereas 2 full doses seroconverted 79%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Seroconversion increased with age at administration. Limited data from case-control studies indicate clinical efficacy equivalent to the proportion seroconverting. One fractional dose of intradermal IPV gave lower seroconversion (10%–40%), but after 2 doses seroconversion was comparable to that with full-dose IPV. Conclusions. Routine immunization with 2 full or fractional doses of IPV given after 10 weeks of age is likely to protect >80% of recipients against poliomyelitis if poliovirus reemerges after withdrawal of OPV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Zehn D, Roepke S, Weakly K, Bevan MJ, Prlic M. Inflammation and TCR signal strength determine the breadth of the T cell response in a bim-dependent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:200-5. [PMID: 24273000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Generating a diverse T cell memory population through vaccination is a promising strategy to overcome pathogen epitope variability and tolerance to tumor Ags. The effector and memory pool becomes broad in TCR diversity by recruiting high- and low-affinity T cells. We wanted to determine which factors dictate whether a memory T cell pool has a broad versus focused repertoire. We find that inflammation increases the magnitude of low- and high-affinity T cell responses equally well, arguing against a synergistic effect of TCR and inflammatory signals on T cell expansion. We dissect the differential effects of TCR signal strength and inflammation and demonstrate that they control effector T cell survival in a bim-dependent manner. Importantly, bim-dependent cell death is overcome with a high Ag dose in the context of an inflammatory environment. Our data define the framework for the generation of a broad T cell memory pool to inform future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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32
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Dotzauer A, Kraemer L. Innate and adaptive immune responses against picornaviruses and their counteractions: An overview. World J Virol 2012; 1:91-107. [PMID: 24175214 PMCID: PMC3782268 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i3.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the best-studied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dotzauer
- Andreas Dotzauer, Leena Kraemer, Department of Virology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Rauf A, Khatri M, Murgia MV, Saif YM. Fas/FasL and perforin-granzyme pathways mediated T cell cytotoxic responses in infectious bursal disease virus infected chickens. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:112-9. [PMID: 24371574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious disease of chickens which leads to immunosuppression. In our previous study it was demonstrated that, possibly, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may employ perforin and granzyme-A pathway for the clearance of IBDV-infected bursal cells. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic T cell responses involving two independently functioning but complementary mechanisms: Fas-Fas ligand and perforin-granzyme pathways in IBDV-infected chickens. As demonstrated previously, infection of chickens with IBDV was accompanied by influx of CD8(+) T cells in the bursa and spleen. There was an upregulation in the gene expression of cytolytic molecules: Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), perforin (PFN) and granzyme-A (Gzm-A) in bursal and in the splenic tissues of IBDV inoculated chickens. Additionally, for the first time, we detected Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase-3 and PFN producing CD8(+) T cells in the bursa and spleen of IBDV-infected chickens. The infiltration and activation of CD8(+) T cells was substantiated by the detection of Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ. These data suggest that T cells may be involved in the clearance of virus from the target organ bursa and peripheral tissues such as spleen. The findings of these studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of IBD and provide mechanistic evidence that the cytotoxic T cells may act through both Fas-FasL and perforin-granzyme pathways in mediating the clearance of virus-infected cells.
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Key Words
- Bursa of Fabricius, BF
- Classical Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, cIBDV
- Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, CTLs
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Fas Ligand, FasL
- Fas–FasL
- Gamma Interferon, IFN-γ
- Granzyme
- Granzyme, Gzm
- IBDV
- Perforin
- Perforin, PFN
- Post Inoculation Days, PIDs
- Quantitative RT-PCR, qRT-PCR
- Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF
- Virus clearance
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Maria V Murgia
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yehia M Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hird TR, Grassly NC. Systematic review of mucosal immunity induced by oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines against virus shedding following oral poliovirus challenge. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002599. [PMID: 22532797 PMCID: PMC3330118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) may be used in mass vaccination campaigns during the final stages of polio eradication. It is also likely to be adopted by many countries following the coordinated global cessation of vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) after eradication. The success of IPV in the control of poliomyelitis outbreaks will depend on the degree of nasopharyngeal and intestinal mucosal immunity induced against poliovirus infection. We performed a systematic review of studies published through May 2011 that recorded the prevalence of poliovirus shedding in stool samples or nasopharyngeal secretions collected 5-30 days after a "challenge" dose of OPV. Studies were combined in a meta-analysis of the odds of shedding among children vaccinated according to IPV, OPV, and combination schedules. We identified 31 studies of shedding in stool and four in nasopharyngeal samples that met the inclusion criteria. Individuals vaccinated with OPV were protected against infection and shedding of poliovirus in stool samples collected after challenge compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary odds ratio [OR] for shedding 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.24)). In contrast, IPV provided no protection against shedding compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.59-1.11]) or when given in addition to OPV, compared with individuals given OPV alone (summary OR 1.14 [95% CI 0.82-1.58]). There were insufficient studies of nasopharyngeal shedding to draw a conclusion. IPV does not induce sufficient intestinal mucosal immunity to reduce the prevalence of fecal poliovirus shedding after challenge, although there was some evidence that it can reduce the quantity of virus shed. The impact of IPV on poliovirus transmission in countries where fecal-oral spread is common is unknown but is likely to be limited compared with OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas C. Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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Vaccination with coxsackievirus B3 virus-like particles elicits humoral immune response and protects mice against myocarditis. Vaccine 2012; 30:2301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in antiviral immunity. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:954602. [PMID: 22174559 PMCID: PMC3228492 DOI: 10.1155/2011/954602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 cytotoxic T cells are able to recognize antigenic determinants unique from those recognized by the parallel CD8 cytotoxic T cells, they can potentially contribute additional immune surveillance and direct effector function by lysing infected or malignant cells. Here, we briefly review much of what is known about the generation of cytotoxic CD4 T cells and describe our current understanding of their role in antiviral immunity. Furthering our understanding of the many roles of CD4 T cells during an anti-viral response is important for developing effective vaccine strategies that promote long-lasting protective immunity.
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Rauf A, Khatri M, Murgia MV, Saif YM. Expression of perforin-granzyme pathway genes in the bursa of infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:620-627. [PMID: 21241730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important immunosuppressive disease of chickens. The IBD virus (IBDV) actively replicates in B cells and causes severe bursal damage. Generally, T cells are refractory to infection with IBDV but are known to promote virus clearance. However, the mechanisms of T cell mediated viral clearance are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell responses in the pathogenesis of IBD in chickens. Infection of chickens with IBDV was accompanied by the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the bursa. There was an upregulation in the gene expression of important cytolytic molecules; perforin (PFN), granzyme-A (Gzm-A), DNA repair and apoptotic proteins; high mobility proteins group (HMG) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) whereas expression of NK (natural killer) lysin was downregulated. Importantly, PFN producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were also detected in the bursa of IBDV-infected chickens by immunohistochemistry. The Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-γ expression was also strongly upregulated, suggesting the activation of T cells. The findings of this study highlight the mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis and the role of cytotoxic T cells in the clearance of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
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38
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Amanna IJ, Slifka MK. Contributions of humoral and cellular immunity to vaccine-induced protection in humans. Virology 2011; 411:206-15. [PMID: 21216425 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines play a vital role in protecting the host against infectious disease. The most effective licensed vaccines elicit long-term antigen-specific antibody responses by plasma cells in addition to the development of persisting T cell and B cell memory. The relative contributions of these different immune cell subsets are context-dependent and vary depending on the attributes of the vaccine (i.e., live/attenuated, inactivated, and subunit) as well as the biology of the pathogen in question. For relatively simple vaccines against bacterial antigens (e.g., tetanus toxin) or invariant viruses, the immunological correlates of protection are well-characterized. For more complex vaccines against viruses, especially those that mutate or cause latent infections, it is more difficult to define the specific correlates of immunity. This often requires observational/natural history studies, clinical trials, or experimental evaluation in relevant animal models in order for immunological correlates to be determined or extrapolated. In this review, we will discuss the relative contributions of virus-specific T cell and B cell responses to vaccine-mediated protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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39
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Induction of a cross-reactive CD8(+) T cell response following foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination. J Virol 2010; 84:12375-84. [PMID: 20861264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. Current inactivated FMDV vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific protection, mainly through neutralizing antibody. An improved understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity would aid design of more effective vaccines. We have previously reported the presence of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in FMDV-vaccinated and -infected cattle. In the current study, we aimed to identify CD8(+) T cell epitopes in FMDV recognized by cattle vaccinated with inactivated FMDV serotype O. Analysis of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8(+) T cells responding to stimulation with FMDV-derived peptides revealed one putative CD8(+) T cell epitope present within the structural protein P1D, comprising residues 795 to 803 of FMDV serotype O UKG/2001. The restricting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele was N*02201, expressed by the A31 haplotype. This epitope induced IFN-γ release, proliferation, and target cell killing by αβ CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells. A protein alignment of representative samples from each of the 7 FMDV serotypes showed that the putative epitope is highly conserved. CD8(+) T cells from FMDV serotype O-vaccinated A31(+) cattle recognized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) loaded with peptides derived from all 7 FMDV serotypes, suggesting that CD8(+) T cells recognizing the defined epitope are cross-reactive to equivalent peptides derived from all of the other FMDV serotypes.
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40
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Kemball CC, Alirezaei M, Whitton JL. Type B coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1329-47. [PMID: 20860480 PMCID: PMC3045535 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses are important human pathogens, and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems are of particular interest. Many viruses evade some aspects of the innate response, but coxsackieviruses go a step further by actively inducing, and then exploiting, some features of the host cell response. Furthermore, while most viruses encode proteins that hinder the effector functions of adaptive immunity, coxsackieviruses and their cousins demonstrate a unique capacity to almost completely evade the attention of naive CD8(+) T cells. In this artcle, we discuss the above phenomena, describe the current status of research in the field, and present several testable hypotheses regarding possible links between virus infection, innate immune sensing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Kemball
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Walker JM, Slifka MK. Longevity of T-cell memory following acute viral infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:96-107. [PMID: 20795543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of T-cell-mediated immunity following acute viral infection represents an area of research with broad implications for both fundamental immunology research as well as vaccine development. Here, we review techniques that are used to assess T-cell memory including limiting dilution analysis, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS) and peptide-MHC Class I tetramer staining. The durability of T-cell memory is explored in the context of several acute viral infections including vaccinia virus (VV), measles virus (MV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Following acute infection, different virus-specific T-cell subpopulations exhibit distinct cytokine profiles and these profiles change over the course of infection. Differential regulation of the cytotoxic proteins, granzyme A, granzyme B and perforin are also observed in virus-specific T cells following infection. As a result of this work, we have gained a broader understanding of the kinetics and magnitude of antiviral T-cell immunity as well as new insight into the patterns of immunodominance and differential regulation of cytokines and cytotoxicity-associated molecules. This information may eventually lead to the generation of more effective vaccines that elicit T-cell memory with the optimal combination of functional characteristics required for providing protective immunity against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Walker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Sciences University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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42
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Gag- and Nef-specific CD4+ T cells recognize and inhibit SIV replication in infected macrophages early after infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9791-6. [PMID: 19478057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise immunological role played by CD4(+) T cells in retroviral infections is poorly defined. Here, we describe a new function of these cells, the elimination of retrovirus-infected macrophages. After experimental CD8(+) cell depletion, elite controlling macaques with set-point viral loads < or = 500 viral RNA copies/mL mounted robust Gag- and Nef-specific CD4(+) T cell responses during reestablishment of control with > or = 54% of all virus-specific CD4(+) T cells targeting these 2 proteins. Ex vivo, these simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD4(+) T cells neither recognized nor suppressed viral replication in SIV-infected CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, they recognized SIV-infected macrophages as early as 2 h postinfection because of presentation of epitopes derived from virion-associated Gag and Nef proteins. Furthermore, virus-specific CD4(+) T cells displayed direct effector function and eliminated SIV-infected macrophages. These results suggest that retrovirus-specific CD4(+) T cells may contribute directly to elite control by inhibiting viral replication in macrophages.
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43
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Hörer S, Burdak-Rothkamm S, Allers K, Schneider T, Duchmann R. Oral Polio vaccination leads to oligoclonal expansion of TCRBV16+ and TCRBV13+ T cells in the colon of rhesus macaques. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 85:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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44
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Using IFN-γ as a Biomarker for Detecting Exposure to Viral Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2007; 56:84-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Delmas S, Brousset P, Clément D, Le Roy E, Davignon JL. Anti-IE1 CD4+ T-cell clones kill peptide-pulsed, but not human cytomegalovirus-infected, target cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2441-2449. [PMID: 17698653 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity plays a major role in the control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. CD4(+) T lymphocytes have been shown to contribute to this function but their precise role is a matter of debate. Although CD4(+) T cells have been shown to kill target cells through the perforin/granzyme pathway, whether HCMV-specific CD4(+) T cells are capable of killing HCMV-infected targets has not yet been documented. In the present paper, we have taken advantage of well established cellular reagents to address this issue. Human CD4(+) T-cell clones specific for the major immediate-early protein IE1 were shown to perform perforin-based cytotoxicity against peptide-pulsed targets. However, when tested on infected anitgen presenting cell targets, cytotoxicity was not detectable, although gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production was significant. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against peptide-pulsed targets was inhibited by HCMV infection, whereas IFN-gamma production was not modified, suggesting that antigen processing was not altered. Remarkably, degranulation of CD4(+) T cells in the presence of infected targets was significant. Together, our data suggest that impaired cytotoxicity is not due to failure to recognize infected targets but rather to a mechanism specifically related to cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Delmas
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Danièle Clément
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Roy
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
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46
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Mitra-Kaushik S, Cruz J, Stern LJ, Ennis FA, Terajima M. Human cytotoxic CD4+ T cells recognize HLA-DR1-restricted epitopes on vaccinia virus proteins A24R and D1R conserved among poxviruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1303-12. [PMID: 17617623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vaccinia virus (VV)-specific CD4(+) cytolytic T cells can persist for >50 years after immunization against smallpox in the absence of re-exposure to VV. Nevertheless, there have been few studies focusing on CD4(+) T cell responses to smallpox vaccination. To ensure successful vaccination, a candidate vaccine should contain immunodominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes as well as CD8(+) T and B cell epitopes. In the present study, we established cytotoxic CD4(+) T cell lines from VV-immune donors, which recognize epitopes in VV proteins D1R and A24R in association with HLA-DR1 Ags. Comparisons of sequences between different members of the poxvirus family show that both epitopes are completely conserved among VV, variola viruses, and most mammalian poxviruses, including monkeypox, cowpox, and ectromelia. The CD4(+) T cell lines lysed VV-infected, Ag- and peptide-pulsed targets, and the lysis was inhibited by concanamycin A. We also detected these peptide-specific cytolytic and IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells in short-term bulk cultures of PBMC from each of the three VV-immune donors tested. These are the first VV-specific CD4(+) T cell epitopes identified in humans restricted by one of the most common MHC class II molecules, HLA-DR1, and this information may be useful in analyzing CD4(+) T cell responses to pre-existing or new generation VV vaccines against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mitra-Kaushik
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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47
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Tuuminen T, Kekäläinen E, Mäkelä S, Ala-Houhala I, Ennis FA, Hedman K, Mustonen J, Vaheri A, Arstila TP. Human CD8+ T cell memory generation in Puumala hantavirus infection occurs after the acute phase and is associated with boosting of EBV-specific CD8+ memory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1988-95. [PMID: 17641066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction and maintenance of T cell memory is incompletely understood, especially in humans. We have studied the T cell response and the generation of memory during acute infection by the Puumala virus (PUUV), a hantavirus endemic to Europe. It causes a self-limiting infection with no viral persistence, manifesting as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. HLA tetramer staining of PBMC showed that the CD8(+) T cell response peaked at the onset of the clinical disease and decreased within the next 3 wk. Expression of activation markers on the tetramer-positive T cells was also highest during the acute phase, suggesting that the peak population consisted largely of effector cells. Despite the presence of tetramer-positive T cells expressing cytoplasmic IFN-gamma, PUUV-specific cells producing IFN-gamma in vitro were rare during the acute phase. Their frequency, as well as the expression of IL-7R alpha mRNA and surface protein, increased during a follow-up period of 6 wk and probably reflected the induction of memory T cells. Simultaneously with the PUUV-specific response, we also noted in seven of nine patients an increase in EBV-specific T cells and the transient presence of EBV DNA in three patients, indicative of viral reactivation. Our results show that in a natural human infection CD8(+) memory T cells are rare during the peak response, gradually emerging during the first weeks of convalescence. They also suggest that the boosting of unrelated memory T cells may be a common occurrence in human viral infections, which may have significant implications for the homeostasis of the memory T cell compartment.
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48
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Human autoimmune diseases are specific antigen-driven T-cell diseases: identification of the antigens. Immunol Res 2007; 38:359-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Baj A, Monaco S, Zanusso G, Dall’ora E, Bertolasi L, Toniolo A. Virology of the post-polio syndrome. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The three poliovirus serotypes (PVs) cause acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Decades after being hit by polio, survivors may develop a condition known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). PPS is characterized by extreme fatigue, progressing muscular weakness and chronic pain. The pathogenesis is unclear and, thus, empirical therapies are employed. PVs are known to be able to persist in infected host cells both in vitro and in vivo. The understanding of PV genomes has made it possible to set up sensitive and specific molecular tests capable of detecting minute amounts of virus in samples from PPS patients. Current data indicate that complete PV genomes (or genomic fragments) remain present, decades after acute paralysis, in the CNS of these patients. Virus persistence is hypothesized to bring about chronic inflammation, immune-mediated injury and decreased expression of neurotrophic factors. Establishing a pathogenetic link between PV persistence and PPS would be extremely relevant to the development of an etiologic therapy aimed at virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Baj
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Dall’ora
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bertolasi
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- University of Insubria Medical School, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
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50
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Kallinteris NL, Lu X, Blackwell CE, von Hofe E, Humphreys RE, Xu M. Ii-Key/MHC class II epitope hybrids: a strategy that enhances MHC class II epitope loading to create more potent peptide vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:1311-21. [PMID: 17223739 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.12.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening diseases, such as cancer and pandemic influenza, demand new efforts towards effective vaccine design. Peptides represent a simple, safe and adaptable basis for vaccine development; however, the potency of peptide vaccines is insufficient in most cases for significant therapeutic efficacy. Several methods, such as Ligand Epitope Antigen Presentation System and ISCOMATRIX, have been developed to enhance the potency of peptide vaccines. One way of increasing the loading of MHC class II peptides occurs through the use of Ii-Key technology. Ii-Key (LRMK), a portion of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), facilitates the direct loading of epitopes to the MHC class II molecule groove. Linking the Ii-Key moiety via a simple polymethylene bridge to an MHC class II epitope, to generate an Ii-Key/MHC class II epitope hybrid, greatly enhances the vaccine potency of the tethered epitope. The combination of such Ii-Key/MHC class II epitope hybrids with MHC class I epitope-containing peptides might generate a potent peptide vaccine for malignancies and infectious diseases. The Ii-Key hybrid technology is compared with other methods that enhance the potency of a peptide vaccine.
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