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Hausjell CS, Klausberger M, Ernst W, Grabherr R. Evaluation of an inducible knockout system in insect cells based on co-infection and CRISPR/Cas9. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289178. [PMID: 37498808 PMCID: PMC10374150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to comparably high product titers and low production costs, the baculovirus/insect cell expression system is considered a versatile production platform in the biopharmaceutical industry. Its excellence in producing complex multimeric protein assemblies, including virus-like particles (VLPs), which are considered promising vaccine candidates to counter emerging viral threats, made the system even more attractive. However, the co-formation of budded baculovirus during VLP production poses a severe challenge to downstream processing. In order to reduce the amount of budded baculovirus in the expression supernatant we developed an inducible knockout system based on CRISPR/Cas9 and co-infection with two baculoviral vectors: one bringing along the Cas9 nuclease and the other one having incorporated the sequence for sgRNA expression. With our set-up high titer viruses can be generated separately, as only when both viruses infect cells simultaneously a knockout can occur. When budding essential genes gp64 and vp80 were targeted for knockout, we measured a reduction in baculovirus titer by over 90%. However, as a consequence, we also determined lower overall eYFP fluorescence intensity showing reduced recombinant protein production, indicating that further improvements in engineering as well as purification are required in order to ultimately minimize costs and timeframes for vaccine production utilizing the baculovirus/insect cell expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sophie Hausjell
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Ernst
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Mwanza P, Dealtry G, Lee M, Moore S. Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Morphological Changes to Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus following Ultraviolet Irradiation. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040590. [PMID: 37111476 PMCID: PMC10144605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV), a double-stranded DNA virus (genus Betabaculovirus, family Baculoviridae), is highly infective to the citrus insect pest Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The South African isolate CrleGV-SA is formulated into a commercial biopesticide and registered for use in several countries. In South Africa, it is used as a biopesticide in a multi-faceted integrated pest management approach for citrus crops involving chemical and biological control methods. The virus nucleocapsid is surrounded and protected by an occlusion body (OB) composed of granulin protein in a crystalline matrix. Like all other baculoviruses, CrleGV is susceptible to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. This reduces its efficacy as a biopesticide in the field and necessitates frequent respraying. UV damage to baculovirus biopesticides is detected by means of functional bioassays. However, bioassays do not give an indication of whether any structural damage has occurred that may contribute to functional loss. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe damage to the OB and nucleocapsid (NC) of CrleGV-SA, following controlled UV irradiation in the laboratory to mimic field conditions. The resultant images were compared with images of non-irradiated CrleGV-SA virus. TEM images of irradiated CrleGV-SA samples revealed changes to the OB crystalline faceting, a reduction in the size of the OBs, and damage to the NC following UV exposure for 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mwanza
- Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa
| | - Gill Dealtry
- Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa
| | - Michael Lee
- Centre for HRTEM, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa
| | - Sean Moore
- Citrus Research International, Gqeberha 6070, South Africa
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
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Saxena A, Ravutla S, Upadhyay V, Jana S, Murhammer D, Giri L. Statistical modeling of cell-to-cell variability in viral infection during passaging in suspension cell culture: Application in Monte-Carlo simulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1483-1501. [PMID: 32017023 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Packaging during the passaging of viruses in cell cultures yields various phenotypes and is regulated by viral protein expression in infected cells. Although such a packaging mechanism has a profound effect in controlling the virus yield, little is known about the underlying statistical models followed by virus packaging and protein expression among cells infected with the virus. A predictive framework combining identification of the probability density function (PDF) based on log-likelihood and using the PDF for Monte-Carlo simulations is developed. The Birnbaum-Saunders distribution was found to be consistent with all three-virus packaging levels, including nucleocapsids/occlusion-derived virus (ODV), ODVs/polyhedra, and polyhedra/cell for both wild-type and genetically modified AcMNPV. Next, it was demonstrated that PDF fitting could be used to compare two viruses having distinctly different genetic configurations. Finally, the identified PDF can be incorporated in RNA synthesis parameters for baculovirus infection to predict the cell-to-cell variability in protein expression using Monte-Carlo simulations. The proposed tool can be used for the estimation of uncertainty in the kinetic parameter and prediction of cell-to-cell variability for other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Saxena
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suryateja Ravutla
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vikas Upadhyay
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Soumya Jana
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - David Murhammer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Baculoviruses are arthropod-specific, enveloped viruses with circular, supercoiled double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid genomes. While many viruses are studied to seek solutions for their adverse impact on human, veterinary, and plant health, the study of baculoviruses was stimulated initially by their potential utility to control insect pests. Later, the utility of baculovirus as gene expression vectors was evidenced leading to numerous applications. Several strategies are employed to obtain recombinant viruses that express large quantities of heterologous proteins. A major step forward was the development of bacmid technology (the construction of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing the genome of the baculovirus) which allows the manipulation of the baculovirus genome in bacteria. With this technology, foreign genes can be introduced into the bacmid by homologous and site-directed recombination or by transposition. Baculoviruses have been used to explore fundamental questions in molecular biology such as the nature of programmed cell-death. Moreover, the ability of baculoviruses to transduce mammalian cells led to the consideration of their use as gene-therapy and vaccine vectors. Strategies for genetic engineering of baculoviruses have been developed to meet the requirements of new application areas. Display of foreign proteins on the surface of virions or in nucleocapsid structures, the assembly of expressed proteins to form virus-like particles or protein complexes have been explored and validated as vaccines. The aim of this chapter is to update the areas of application of the baculoviruses in protein expression, alternative vaccine designs and gene therapy of infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Finally, we review the baculovirus-derived products on the market and in the pipeline for biomedical and veterinary use.
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Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Baculovirus by Single-Particle Tracking and Quantitative Electron Microscopic Analysis. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00033-19. [PMID: 30760565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00033-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The budded virus of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infects insect cells through mainly clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, the cell entry pathway of AcMNPV remains unclear. In this study, by using population-based analysis of single-virus tracking and electron microscopy, we investigated the internalization, fusion behavior, and endocytic trafficking of AcMNPV. AcMNPV internalization into host insect cells was facilitated by actin polymerization and dynamin. After incorporation into early endosomes, the AcMNPV envelope fused with the membranes of early endosome, allowing for nucleocapsid release into the cytoplasm. Microtubules were implicated in the bidirectional and long-range transport of virus-containing endosomes. In addition, microtubule depolymerization reduced the motility of virus-bearing early endosomes, impairing the progression of infection beyond enlarged early endosomes. These findings demonstrated that AcMNPV internalization was facilitated by actin polymerization in a dynamin-dependent manner, and nucleocapsid release occurred in early endosomes in a microtubule-dependent manner. This study provides mechanistic and kinetic insights into AcMNPV infection and enhance our understanding of the infection pathway of baculoviruses.IMPORTANCE Baculoviruses are used widely as environmentally benign pesticides, protein expression systems, and potential mammalian gene delivery vectors. Despite the significant application value, little is known about the cell entry and endocytic trafficking pathways of baculoviruses. In this study, we demonstrated that the alphabaculovirus AcMNPV exhibited actin- and microtubule-dependent transport for nucleocapsid release predominantly from within early endosomes. In contrast to AcMNPV transduction in mammalian cells, its infection in host insect cells is facilitated by actin polymerization for internalization and microtubules for endocytic trafficking within early endosomes, implying that AcMNPV exhibits cell type specificity in the requirement of the cytoskeleton network. In addition, experimental depolymerization of microtubules impaired the progression of infection beyond enlarged early endosomes. This is the first study that dissects the cell entry pathway of baculoviruses in host cells at the single-particle level, which advances our understanding of the early steps of baculovirus entry.
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Spatial control of in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing via nanomagnets. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 3:126-136. [PMID: 30944431 PMCID: PMC6450418 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The potential of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based therapeutic genome editing is hampered by difficulties in the control of the in vivo activity of CRISPR-Cas9. To minimize any genotoxicity, precise activation of CRISPR-Cas9 in the target tissue is desirable. Here, we show that, by complexing magnetic nanoparticles with recombinant baculoviral vectors (MNP-BVs), CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing can be activated locally in vivo via a magnetic field. The baculoviral vector was chosen for in vivo gene delivery because of its large loading capacity and ability to locally overcome systemic inactivation by the complement system. We demonstrate that a locally applied magnetic field can enhance the cellular entry of MNP-BVs, thereby avoiding baculoviral vector inactivation and causing a transient transgene expression in the target tissue. Because baculoviral vectors are inactivated elsewhere, gene delivery and in vivo genome editing via MNP-BVs are tissue specific.
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Baculovirus as a Tool for Gene Delivery and Gene Therapy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090510. [PMID: 30235841 PMCID: PMC6164903 DOI: 10.3390/v10090510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its ability to express high levels of protein, baculovirus has been widely used for recombinant protein production in insect cells for more than thirty years with continued technical improvements. In addition, baculovirus has been successfully applied for foreign gene delivery into mammalian cells without any viral replication. However, several CpG motifs are present throughout baculoviral DNA and induce an antiviral response in mammalian cells, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon through a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent or -independent signaling pathway, and ultimately limiting the efficiency of transgene expression. On the other hand, by taking advantage of this strong adjuvant activity, recombinant baculoviruses encoding neutralization epitopes can elicit protective immunity in mice. Moreover, immunodeficient cells, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV)- or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells, are more susceptible to baculovirus infection than normal cells and are selectively eliminated by the apoptosis-inducible recombinant baculovirus. Here, we summarize the application of baculovirus as a gene expression vector and the mechanism of the host innate immune response induced by baculovirus in mammalian cells. We also discuss the future prospects of baculovirus vectors.
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Upgrading HepG2 cells with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes: application for drug hepatotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:137-148. [PMID: 27671376 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1238459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug attrition rates due to hepatotoxicity are an important safety issue considered in drug development. The HepG2 hepatoma cell line is currently being used for drug-induced hepatotoxicity evaluations, but its expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is poor compared with hepatocytes. Different approaches have been proposed to upgrade HepG2 cells for more reliable drug-induced liver injury predictions. Areas covered: We describe the advantages and limitations of HepG2 cells transduced with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes for safety risk assessments of bioactivable compounds. Adenoviral transduction facilitates efficient and controlled delivery of multiple drug-metabolizing activities to HepG2 cells at comparable levels to primary human hepatocytes by generating an 'artificial hepatocyte'. Furthermore, adenoviral transduction enables the design of tailored cells expressing particular metabolic capacities. Expert opinion: Upgraded HepG2 cells that recreate known inter-individual variations in hepatic CYP and conjugating activities due to both genetic (e.g., polymorphisms) or environmental (e.g., induction, inhibition) factors seems a suitable model to identify bioactivable drug and conduct hepatotoxicity risk assessments. This strategy should enable the generation of customized cells by reproducing human pheno- and genotypic CYP variability to represent a valuable human hepatic cell model to develop new safer drugs and to improve existing predictive toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Chang MO, Suzuki T, Kitajima M, Takaku H. Baculovirus Infection of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Restricts HIV-1 Replication. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1023-31. [PMID: 26178669 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is mainly caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and still poses a global threat for which we lack a protective or therapeutic vaccine. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in the onset of HIV infection, providing one of the primary sites of HIV replication, and also act as viral reservoirs in vivo. Previous studies have shown that baculovirus (BV) induces strong host immune responses against infections and malignancies. In this study, we infected human monocyte-derived DCs with recombinant BV (AcCAG-gag) and showed that AcCAG-gag-infected human DCs underwent maturation and produced interferon alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines accompanied by increases in the mRNA and protein expression levels of APOBEC3 (A3A, A3F, and A3G), proteins associated with the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Surprisingly, HIV-1 inhibition is also observed in human DCs infected with a wild-type BV, as determined by the production of inflammatory cytokines, the expression of A3, and a reduction in the p24 level. Our findings outline the mechanism underlying the inhibition of HIV-1 in BV-infected human DCs and pave the way for the use of BV as an effective tool for immunotherapy against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Oo Chang
- 1 High Technology Research Centre, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- 2 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kitajima
- 2 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
- 3 Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- 1 High Technology Research Centre, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
- 2 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
- 4 Research Institute, Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
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10
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Makkonen KE, Airenne K, Ylä-Herttulala S. Baculovirus-mediated gene delivery and RNAi applications. Viruses 2015; 7:2099-125. [PMID: 25912715 PMCID: PMC4411692 DOI: 10.3390/v7042099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are widely encountered in nature and a great deal of data is available about their safety and biology. Recently, these versatile, insect-specific viruses have demonstrated their usefulness in various biotechnological applications including protein production and gene transfer. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies exist and support their use as gene delivery vehicles in vertebrate cells. Recently, baculoviruses have also demonstrated high potential in RNAi applications in which several advantages of the virus make it a promising tool for RNA gene transfer with high safety and wide tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa-Emilia Makkonen
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
| | - Kari Airenne
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttulala
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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Suppression of proliferation, tumorigenicity and metastasis of lung cancer cells after their transduction by interferon-beta gene in baculovirus vector. Cytokine 2015; 71:318-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Pan Y, Wu H, Liu S, Zhou X, Yin H, Li B, Zhang Y. Potential Usefulness of Baculovirus-Mediated Sodium-Iodide Symporter Reporter Gene as Non-Invasively Gene Therapy Monitoring in Liver Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Evaluation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 13:139-48. [PMID: 23919394 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer has one of the highest mortality rates of all cancers, and the main current treatments have a poor prognosis. This study aims to examine the efficiency of baculovirus vectors for transducing target gene into liver cancer cells and to evaluate the feasibility of using baculovirus vectors to deliver the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene as a reporter gene through co-vector administration approach to monitor the expression of the target therapeutic gene in liver cancer gene therapy. We constructed (green fluorescent protein) GFP- and NIS-expressing baculovirus vectors (Bac-GFP and Bac-NIS), and measured the baculovirus transduction efficiency in HepG2 cells and other tumor cells (A549, SW1116 and 8505C), and it showed that the transduction efficiency and target gene expression level rose with increasing viral multiplicity of infection (MOI) in HepG2 cells, and HepG2 cells had a significantly higher transduction efficiency (60.8% at MOI = 200) than other tumor cells. Moreover, the baculovirus transduction was not cytotoxic to HepG2 cells at a higher MOI (MOI = 400). We also performed dynamic iodide uptake trials, and found that Bac-NIS-transduced HepG2 cells exhibited efficient iodide uptake which could be inhibited by sodium perchlorate (NaClO4). And we measured the correlation of fluorescent intensities and 125 I uptake amount in HepG2 cells after co-vector administration with Bac-NIS and Bac-GFP at different MOIs, and found a high correlation coefficient ( r2 = 0.8447), which provides a good basis for successfully evaluating the feasibility of baculovirus-mediated NIS reporter gene monitoring target gene expression in liver cancer therapy. Therefore, this study indicates that baculovirus vector is a potential vehicle for delivering therapeutic genes in studying liver cancer cells. And it is feasible to use a baculovirus vector to deliver NIS gene as a reporter gene to monitor the expression of target genes. It therefore provides an effective approach and a good basis for future baculovirus-mediated therapeutic gene delivering or therapeutic gene expression monitoring in liver cancer cells studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haifei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Liu Y, Joo KI, Lei Y, Wang P. Visualization of intracellular pathways of engineered baculovirus in mammalian cells. Virus Res 2014; 181:81-91. [PMID: 24457070 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are a promising gene delivery vector. They have the ability to express large transgenes in mammalian cells without displaying pathogenicity in humans; however, little is known about their transduction mechanisms in target cells. In this study, we use colocalization and live-cell imaging studies to elucidate the internalization and intracellular trafficking pathways of baculoviruses through direct visualization of VP39-GFP-labeled viral particles and various endocytic structures within target cells. Drug inhibition and confocal microscopy results suggested that baculoviruses enter the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a dynamin-dependent manner. Viral particles were shown to traffic through early endosomes, triggering a low-pH-dependent endosomal fusion process of viruses. Suppressed autophagy activity enhanced viral transduction and overexpression of autophagosomes reduced viral transduction, suggesting that autophagy is involved in degradation process of viral particles. Actin filaments were involved in the viral transduction, while microtubules negatively regulated viral transduction by facilitating the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes, where degradation of viral particles occurs. These results shed some light on the essential cellular factors limiting viral transduction, which can be used to improve the use of baculoviral vectors in cell and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kye-Il Joo
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuning Lei
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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A novel third chromosomal locus controls susceptibility to Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3049-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Luz-Madrigal A, Asanov A, Camacho-Zarco AR, Sampieri A, Vaca L. A cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus domain in GP64 fusion protein facilitates anchoring of baculovirus to mammalian cells. J Virol 2013; 87:11894-907. [PMID: 23986592 PMCID: PMC3807332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01356-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviridae is a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses that selectively infect insects. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is the best-studied baculovirus from the family. Many studies over the last several years have shown that AcMNPV can enter a wide variety of mammalian cells and deliver genetic material for foreign gene expression. While most animal viruses studied so far have developed sophisticated mechanisms to selectively infect specific cells and tissues in an organism, AcMNPV can penetrate and deliver foreign genes into most cells studied to this date. The details about the mechanisms of internalization have been partially described. In the present study, we have identified a cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) domain present in the AcMNPV envelope fusion protein GP64. We demonstrated the association of a CRAC domain with cholesterol, which is important to facilitate the anchoring of the virus at the mammalian cell membrane. Furthermore, this initial anchoring favors AcMNPV endocytosis via a dynamin- and clathrin-dependent mechanism. Under these conditions, efficient baculovirus-driven gene expression is obtained. In contrast, when cholesterol is reduced from the plasma membrane, AcMNPV enters the cell via a dynamin- and clathrin-independent mechanism. The result of using this alternative internalization pathway is a reduced level of baculovirus-driven gene expression. This study is the first to document the importance of a novel CRAC domain in GP64 and its role in modulating gene delivery in AcMNPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Aldo R. Camacho-Zarco
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Protein Structure Determination, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alicia Sampieri
- Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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6-o- and N-sulfated syndecan-1 promotes baculovirus binding and entry into Mammalian cells. J Virol 2013; 87:11148-59. [PMID: 23926339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01919-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are insect-specific viruses commonly found in nature. They are not able to replicate in mammalian cells but can transduce them when equipped with an appropriate mammalian cell active expression cassette. Although the viruses have been studied in several types of mammalian cells from different origins, the receptor that baculovirus uses to enter or interact with mammalian cells has not yet been identified. Due to the wide tropism of the virus, the receptor has been suggested to be a generally found cell surface molecule. In this article, we investigated the interaction of baculovirus and mammalian cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in more detail. Our data show that baculovirus requires HSPG sulfation, particularly N- and 6-O-sulfation, to bind to and transduce mammalian cells. According to our results, baculovirus binds specifically to syndecan-1 (SDC-1) but does not interact with SDC-2 to SDC-4 or with glypicans. Competition experiments performed with SDC-1 antibody or recombinant SDC-1 protein inhibited baculovirus binding, and SDC-1 overexpression enhanced baculovirus-mediated transduction. In conclusion, we show that SDC-1, a commonly found cell surface HSPG molecule, has a role in the binding and entry of baculovirus in vertebrate cells. The results presented here reveal important aspects of baculovirus entry and can serve as a basis for next-generation baculovirus vector development for gene delivery.
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Au S, Wu W, Panté N. Baculovirus nuclear import: open, nuclear pore complex (NPC) sesame. Viruses 2013; 5:1885-900. [PMID: 23881277 PMCID: PMC3738967 DOI: 10.3390/v5071885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are one of the largest viruses that replicate in the nucleus of their host cells. During infection, the rod-shape, 250-nm long nucleocapsid delivers its genome into the nucleus. Electron microscopy evidence suggests that baculoviruses, specifically the Alphabaculoviruses (nucleopolyhedroviruses) and the Betabaculoviruses (granuloviruses), have evolved two very distinct modes for doing this. Here we review historical and current experimental results of baculovirus nuclear import studies, with an emphasis on electron microscopy studies employing the prototypical baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infecting cultured cells. We also discuss the implications of recent studies towards theories of nuclear transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nelly Panté
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-3369; Fax: +1-604-822-2416
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18
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Zhang F, Zheng Z, Liu SL, Lu W, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Long G, He Z, Pang DW, Hu Q, Wang H. Self-biotinylation and site-specific double labeling of baculovirus using quantum dots for single-virus in-situ tracking. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7506-18. [PMID: 23831187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-virus labeling and tracking represent a powerful tool to study virus-cell interactions. Using baculovirus as a model, here we developed a biochemical method for labeling both the viral envelope and the viral capsid of a virus. Viral envelope of the baculovirus AcMNPV was self-biotinylated and site-specifically conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) following one-step binding reaction, while the viral nucleocapsid was site-specifically labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) during viral replication. The established procedure of labeling did not affect viral infectivity, showing that the double-labeled virus retained functional structure and could be tracked for viral localization and movement in the host cells. The double-labeled virus also demonstrated the potential to be used for in-situ and real-time visualizing the internalization of a single viral particle into the host cells. Furthermore, the disassembly processes of the viral envelope and the viral nucleocapsid could be monitored for a long period of time (up to 2 h). Using the established method, several interaction details between the labeled baculoviruses and the host cells have been revealed. Given its advantages in high efficiency, high specificity, convenience and the maintenance of viral infectivity, the established approach provides a promising means for elucidating virus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Airenne KJ, Hu YC, Kost TA, Smith RH, Kotin RM, Ono C, Matsuura Y, Wang S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Baculovirus: an insect-derived vector for diverse gene transfer applications. Mol Ther 2013; 21:739-49. [PMID: 23439502 PMCID: PMC3616530 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived baculoviruses have emerged as versatile and safe workhorses of biotechnology. Baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) have been applied widely for crop and forest protection, as well as safe tools for recombinant protein production in insect cells. However, BEVs ability to efficiently transduce noninsect cells is still relatively poorly recognized despite the fact that efficient baculovirus-mediated in vitro and ex vivo gene delivery into dormant and dividing vertebrate cells of diverse origin has been described convincingly by many authors. Preliminary proof of therapeutic potential has also been established in preclinical studies. This review summarizes the advantages and current status of baculovirus-mediated gene delivery. Stem cell transduction, preclinical animal studies, tissue engineering, vaccination, cancer gene therapy, viral vector production, and drug discovery are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Airenne
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thomas A Kost
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard H Smith
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Kotin
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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O’Flynn NJ, Patel A, Kadlec J, Jones I. Improving promiscuous mammalian cell entry by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Biosci Rep 2012; 33:23-36. [PMID: 23035899 PMCID: PMC3522474 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect baculovirus AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) enters many mammalian cell lines, prompting its application as a general eukaryotic gene delivery agent, but the basis of entry is poorly understood. For adherent mammalian cells, we show that entry is favoured by low pH and by increasing the available cell-surface area through a transient release from the substratum. Low pH also stimulated baculovirus entry into mammalian cells grown in suspension which, optimally, could reach 90% of the transduced population. The basic loop, residues 268-281, of the viral surface glycoprotein gp64 was required for entry and a tetra mutant with increasing basicity increased entry into a range of mammalian cells. The same mutant failed to plaque in Sf9 cells, instead showing individual cell entry and minimal cell-to-cell spread, consistent with an altered fusion phenotype. Viruses grown in different insect cells showed different mammalian cell entry efficiencies, suggesting that additional factors also govern entry.
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Key Words
- baculovirus
- fusion
- gene transduction
- gp64
- mammalian cell
- virus entry
- acmnpv, autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- atcp, amorphous tricalcium phosphate
- cf, carboxyfluorescein
- cho, chinese-hamster ovary
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- hek-293t, hek-293 cells expressing the large t-antigen of sv40 (simian virus 40)
- ie1, immediate early 1
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- npv, nucleopolyhedrosis virus
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pbs-t, pbs containing 0.1% tween 20
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- popc, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- popg, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- rmsd, root mean square deviation
- vsv g, vesicular-stomatitis virus glycoprotein g
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. J. O’Flynn
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Avnish Patel
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Jan Kadlec
- †European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BP 181, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ian M. Jones
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
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Westenberg M, Soedling HM, Hirani N, Nicholson LJ, Mann DA, Dolphin CT. Seamless replacement of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus gp64 with each of five novel type II alphabaculovirus fusion sequences generates pseudotyped virus that fails to transduce mammalian cells. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1583-1590. [PMID: 22492915 PMCID: PMC3542734 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.041921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a member of the type I alphabaculoviruses, is able to transduce and deliver a functional gene to a range of non-host cells, including many mammalian lines and primary cells, a property mediated by the envelope fusion protein GP64. AcMNPV is non-cytopathic and inherently replication deficient in non-host cells. As such, AcMNPV represents a possible new class of gene therapy vector with potential future clinical utility. Whilst not a problem for in vitro gene delivery, the broad tropism displayed for non-host cells is less desirable in a gene therapy vector. The fusion protein F of type II alphabaculoviruses can substitute functionally for GP64, and such pseudotyped viruses display a severely impaired capacity for non-host-cell transduction. Thus, surface decoration of such an F-pseudotyped AcMNPV with cell-binding ligands may restore transduction competence and generate vectors with desirable cell-targeting characteristics. By seamlessly swapping the native gp64 coding sequence with each of five sequences encoding different F proteins, a set of F-pseudotyped AcMNPV was generated. This report details their relative abilities both to functionally replace GP64 in viral growth and to transduce human Saos-2 and HeLa cells. All five supported viable infections in insect cell cultures and one, the Mamestra configurata NPV (MacoNPV) F pseudotype, could be amplified to titres close to those of native AcMNPV. In contrast, none was able to transduce the Saos-2 and HeLa cell lines. The robust support provided by MacoNPV F in virus production makes the corresponding pseudotype a viable scaffold to display surface ligands to direct selective mammalian cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Westenberg
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Helen M Soedling
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nisha Hirani
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Linda J Nicholson
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor, Catherine Cookson Building Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Colin T Dolphin
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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22
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Kataoka C, Kaname Y, Taguwa S, Abe T, Fukuhara T, Tani H, Moriishi K, Matsuura Y. Baculovirus GP64-mediated entry into mammalian cells. J Virol 2012; 86:2610-20. [PMID: 22190715 PMCID: PMC3302255 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06704-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) serves as an efficient viral vector, not only for abundant gene expression in insect cells, but also for gene delivery into mammalian cells. Lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with the baculovirus envelope glycoprotein GP64 have been shown to acquire more potent gene transduction than those with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) envelope glycoprotein G. However, there are conflicting hypotheses about the molecular mechanisms of the entry of AcMNPV. Moreover, the mechanisms of the entry of pseudotyped viruses bearing GP64 into mammalian cells are not well characterized. Determination of the entry mechanisms of AcMNPV and the pseudotyped viruses bearing GP64 is important for future development of viral vectors that can deliver genes into mammalian cells with greater efficiency and specificity. In this study, we generated three pseudotyped VSVs, NPVpv, VSVpv, and MLVpv, bearing envelope proteins of AcMNPV, VSV, and murine leukemia virus, respectively. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which removes cholesterol from cellular membranes, inhibited GP64-mediated internalization in a dose-dependent manner but did not inhibit attachment to the cell surface. Treatment of cells with inhibitors or the expression of dominant-negative mutants for dynamin- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis abrogated the internalization of AcMNPV and NPVpv into mammalian cells, whereas inhibition of caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not. Furthermore, inhibition of macropinocytosis reduced GP64-mediated internalization. These results suggest that cholesterol in the plasma membrane, dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and macropinocytosis play crucial roles in the entry of viruses bearing baculovirus GP64 into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kataoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Yuuki Kaname
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
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23
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Abstract
Virus is identified as one of the obligate intracellular parasites, which only amplify in cells of specific living things. Viral vectors, which are developed by utilizing these properties, are available in the various fields such as basic research of medical biology or application of gene therapy. Our research group has studied development of viral vectors using properties of baculovirus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Due to the development of new baculoviral vectors for mammalian cells, it is possible to be more efficient transduction of foreign gene in mammalian cells and animals. Furthermore, pseudotype or recombinant VSV possessing the envelope proteins of hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus or baculovirus were constructed, and characteristics of the envelope proteins or entry mechanisms of these viruses were analyzed.
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24
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Birks SM, Danquah JO, King L, Vlasak R, Gorecki DC, Pilkington GJ. Targeting the GD3 acetylation pathway selectively induces apoptosis in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:950-60. [PMID: 21807667 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of ganglioside GD3, which plays crucial roles in normal brain development, decreases in adults but is upregulated in neoplastic cells, where it regulates tumor invasion and survival. Normally a buildup of GD3 induces apoptosis, but this does not occur in gliomas due to formation of 9-O-acetyl GD3 by the addition of an acetyl group to the terminal sialic acid of GD3; this renders GD3 unable to induce apoptosis. Using human biopsy-derived glioblastoma cell cultures, we have carried out a series of molecular manipulations targeting GD3 acetylation pathways. Using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, western blotting, and transwell assays, we have shown the existence of a critical ratio between GD3 and 9-O-acetyl GD3, which promotes tumor survival. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time in primary glioblastoma that cleaving the acetyl group restores GD3, resulting in a reduction in tumor cell viability while normal astrocytes remain unaffected. Additionally, we have shown that glioblastoma viability is reduced due to the induction of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis and that this occurs after mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Three methods of cleaving the acetyl group using hemagglutinin esterase were investigated, and we have shown that the baculovirus vector transduces glioma cells as well as normal astroctyes with a relatively high efficacy. A recombinant baculovirus containing hemagglutinin esterase could be developed for the clinic as an adjuvant therapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Birks
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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25
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Chen CY, Lin CY, Chen GY, Hu YC. Baculovirus as a gene delivery vector: recent understandings of molecular alterations in transduced cells and latest applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:618-31. [PMID: 21550393 PMCID: PMC7126054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus infects insects in nature and is non-pathogenic to humans, but can transduce a broad range of mammalian and avian cells. Thanks to the biosafety, large cloning capacity, low cytotoxicity and non-replication nature in the transduced cells as well as the ease of manipulation and production, baculovirus has gained explosive popularity as a gene delivery vector for a wide variety of applications. This article extensively reviews the recent understandings of the molecular mechanisms pertinent to baculovirus entry and cellular responses, and covers the latest advances in the vector improvements and applications, with special emphasis on antiviral therapy, cancer therapy, regenerative medicine and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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26
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Chen HZ, Wu CP, Chao YC, Liu CYY. Membrane penetrating peptides greatly enhance baculovirus transduction efficiency into mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:297-302. [PMID: 21219863 PMCID: PMC7092845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus group of insect viruses is widely used for foreign gene introduction into mammalian cells for gene expression and protein production; however, the efficiency of baculovirus entry into mammalian cells is in general still low. In this study, two recombinant baculoviruses were engineered and their ability to improve viral entry was examined: (1) cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) was fused with baculovirus envelope protein, GP64, to produce a cytoplasmic membrane penetrating baculovirus (vE-CTP); and (2) the protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV TAT protein was fused with the baculovirus capsid protein VP39 to form a nuclear membrane penetrating baculovirus (vE-PTD). Transduction experiments showed that both viruses had better transduction efficiency than vE, a control virus that only expresses EGFP in mammalian cells. Interestingly, vE-CTP and vE-PTD were also able to improve the transduction efficiency of a co-transduced baculovirus, resulting in higher levels of gene expression. Our results have described new routes to further enhance the development of baculovirus as a tool for gene delivery into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhang Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Abstract
Viral vector is the most effective means of gene transfer to modify specific cell type or tissue and can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes. Several virus types are currently being investigated for use to deliver genes to cells to provide either transient or permanent transgene expression. These include adenoviruses (Ads), retroviruses (γ-retroviruses and lentiviruses), poxviruses, adeno-associated viruses, baculoviruses, and herpes simplex viruses. The choice of virus for routine clinical use will depend on the efficiency of transgene expression, ease of production, safety, toxicity, and stability. This chapter provides an introductory overview of the general characteristics of viral vectors commonly used in gene transfer and their advantages and disadvantages for gene therapy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Warnock
- School of Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Paul A, Prakash S. Baculovirus reveals a new pH-dependent direct cell-fusion pathway for cell entry and transgene delivery. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Dong S, Wang M, Qiu Z et al.: AcMNPV efficiently infects Sf9 cells and transduces mammalian cells via direct fusion with the plasma membrane at low pH. J. Virol. 84(10), 5351–5359 (2010). The article evaluated unravels the existence of an alternative infection pathway of baculoviruses, such as Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus, for infection of insect cells by altering pH conditions. The authors have demonstrated that lowering the pH within an insect cell can induce baculovirus cell entry through an alternative direct cell membrane fusion pathway independent of the normal endocytosis pathway. They explain that this mode of cell entry and the corridor to the nucleus is dependent on myosin-like proteins and not on microtubules. The article also reports, for the first time, that baculovirus can also efficiently transduce mammalian cells using a direct fusion pathway induced by a short pH trigger, which can be further enhanced by completely blocking the probable endocytosis pathway. These findings by Dong et al. provide us with a further step in understanding the different routes by which baculovirus can enter insect and mammalian cells. In fact, this study gives us an insight to the development of a novel pH-dependent baculovirus-mediated therapeutic strategy for efficient transgene delivery to mammalian cells and also for an advanced insect cell-based protein production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Paul
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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29
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Kamiya K, Kobayashi J, Yoshimura T, Tsumoto K. Confocal microscopic observation of fusion between baculovirus budded virus envelopes and single giant unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1625-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Endocytosis of murine norovirus 1 into murine macrophages is dependent on dynamin II and cholesterol. J Virol 2010; 84:6163-76. [PMID: 20375172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00331-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although noroviruses cause the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, little is known about their life cycle, including viral entry. Murine norovirus (MNV) is the only norovirus to date that efficiently infects cells in culture. To elucidate the productive route of infection for MNV-1 into murine macrophages, we used a neutral red (NR) infectious center assay and pharmacological inhibitors in combination with dominant-negative (DN) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) constructs to show that clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not play a role in entry. In addition, we showed that phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, flotillin-1, and GRAF1 are not required for the major route of MNV-1 uptake. However, MNV-1 genome release occurred within 1 h, and endocytosis was significantly inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drugs nystatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, the dynamin-specific inhibitor dynasore, and the dominant-negative dynamin II mutant K44A. Therefore, we conclude that the productive route of MNV-1 entry into murine macrophages is rapid and requires host cholesterol and dynamin II.
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31
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Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus efficiently infects Sf9 cells and transduces mammalian cells via direct fusion with the plasma membrane at low pH. J Virol 2010; 84:5351-9. [PMID: 20219938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02517-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The budded virus (BV) of the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infects insect cells and transduces mammalian cells mainly through the endocytosis pathway. However, this study revealed that the treatment of the virus bound to Sf9 cells at low pH could efficiently rescue the infectivity of AcMNPV in the presence of endocytosis pathway inhibitors. A colocalization assay of the major capsid protein VP39 with the early endosome marker EEA1 showed that at low pH, AcMNPV entered Sf9 cells via an endosome-independent pathway. Using a fluorescent probe (R18), we showed that at low pH, the viral nucleocapsid entered Sf9 cells via direct fusion at the cell surface. By using the myosin-specific inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) and the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, the low pH-triggered direct fusion was demonstrated to be dependent on myosin-like proteins and independent of microtubules. The reverse transcription-PCR of the IE1 gene as a marker for viral entry showed that the kinetics of AcMNPV in cells triggered by low pH was similar to that of the normal entry via endocytosis. The low pH-mediated infection assay and VP39 and EEA1 colocalization assay also demonstrated that AcMNPV could efficiently transduce mammalian cells via direct membrane fusion at the cell surface. More importantly, we found that a low-pH trigger could significantly improve the transduction efficiency of AcMNPV in mammalian cells, leading to the potential application of this method when using baculovirus as a vector for heterologous gene expression and for gene therapy.
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Mähönen AJ, Makkonen KE, Laakkonen JP, Ihalainen TO, Kukkonen SP, Kaikkonen MU, Vihinen-Ranta M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ. Culture medium induced vimentin reorganization associates with enhanced baculovirus-mediated gene delivery. J Biotechnol 2009; 145:111-9. [PMID: 19903502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses can express transgenes under mammalian promoters in a wide range of vertebrate cells. However, the success of transgene expression is dependent on both the appropriate cell type and culture conditions. We studied the mechanism behind the substantial effect of the cell culture medium on efficiency of the baculovirus transduction in different cell lines. We tested six cell culture mediums; the highest transduction efficiency was detected in the presence of RPMI 1640 medium. Vimentin, a major component of type III intermediate filaments, was reorganized in the optimized medium, which associated with enhanced nuclear entry of baculoviruses. Accordingly, the phosphorylation pattern of vimentin was changed in the studied cell lines. These results suggest that vimentin has an important role in baculovirus entry into vertebrate cells. Enhanced gene delivery in the optimized medium was observed also with adenoviruses and lentiviruses. The results highlight the general importance of the culture medium in the assembly of the cytoskeleton network and in viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi J Mähönen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kuopio Kuopio, Finland.
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Yu IL, Lin YC, Robinson JH, Lung O. Transduction of vertebrate cells with Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus F protein-pseudotyped gp64-null Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2282-7. [PMID: 19474242 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Budded virions of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) can enter a variety of non-host cells. The capacity of GP64, AcMNPV's endogenous envelope fusion protein, and SeF, the fusion protein from a gp64(-) baculovirus, to mediate baculovirus entry into vertebrate cells was examined by comparing the transduction efficiencies of engineered AcMNPV variants with either of the two envelope proteins into 17 vertebrate cell lines. At an m.o.i. of 500, GP64-expressing viruses transduced all cell lines with varying efficiencies. Transduction efficiencies of SeF-pseudotyped gp64-null AcMNPV into all cell lines were lower than those of GP64-expressing viruses, and were undetectable in seven cell lines. At an m.o.i. of 50, transduction of all mammalian cell lines transducible by the SeF-pseudotyped gp64-null AcMNPV at an m.o.i. of 500 was no longer detectable. An amplifiable SeF-pseudotyped gp64-null AcMNPV vector with greatly reduced tropism for vertebrate cells may have applications in engineering AcMNPV for targeted transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian-Ling Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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(Strept)avidin-displaying lentiviruses as versatile tools for targeting and dual imaging of gene delivery. Gene Ther 2009; 16:894-904. [PMID: 19440224 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviruses have shown great promise for human gene therapy. However, no optimal strategies are yet available for noninvasive imaging of virus biodistribution and subsequent transduction in vivo. We have developed a dual-imaging strategy based on avidin-biotin system allowing easy exchange of the surface ligand on HIV-derived lentivirus envelope. This was achieved by displaying avidin or streptavidin fused to the transmembrane anchor of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein on gp64-pseudotyped envelopes. Avidin and streptavidin were efficiently incorporated on virus particles, which consequently showed binding to biotin in ELISA. These vectors, conjugated to biotinylated radionuclides and engineered to express a ferritin transgene, enabled for the first-time dual imaging of virus biodistribution and transduction pattern by single-photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging after stereotactic injection into rat brain. In addition, vector retargeting to cancer cells overexpressing CD46, epidermal growth factor and transferrin receptors using biotinylated ligands and antibodies was demonstrated in vitro. In conclusion, we have generated novel lentivirus vectors for noninvasive imaging and targeting of lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. This study suggests that these novel vectors could be applicable for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and cancer.
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Clathrin-independent entry of baculovirus triggers uptake of E. coli in non-phagocytic human cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5093. [PMID: 19352496 PMCID: PMC2662421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototype baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, an insect pathogen, holds great potential as a gene therapy vector. To develop transductional targeting and gene delivery by baculovirus, we focused on characterizing the nature and regulation of its uptake in human cancer cells. Baculovirus entered the cells along fluid-phase markers from the raft areas into smooth-surfaced vesicles devoid of clathrin. Notably, regulators associated with macropinocytosis, namely EIPA, Pak1, Rab34, and Rac1, had no significant effect on viral transduction, and the virus did not induce fluid-phase uptake. The internalization and nuclear uptake was, however, affected by mutants of RhoA, and of Arf6, a regulator of clathrin-independent entry. Furthermore, the entry of baculovirus induced ruffle formation and triggered the uptake of fluorescent E. coli bioparticles. To conclude, baculovirus enters human cells via a clathrin-independent pathway, which is able to trigger bacterial uptake. This study increases our understanding of virus entry strategies and gives new insight into baculovirus-mediated gene delivery in human cells.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus utilizes an actin polymerization-dependent macropinocytic pathway to enter human dermal microvascular endothelial and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Virol 2009; 83:4895-911. [PMID: 19279100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02498-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) utilizes clathrin-mediated endocytosis for its infectious entry into human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells (S. M. Akula, P. P. Naranatt, N.-S. Walia, F.-Z. Wang, B. Fegley, and B. Chandran, J. Virol. 77:7978-7990, 2003). Here, we characterized KSHV entry into primary human microvascular dermal endothelial (HMVEC-d) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Similar to the results for HMVEC-d cells, KSHV infection of HUVEC cells also resulted in an initial high level and subsequent decline in the expression of the lytic switch gene, ORF50, while latent gene expression persisted. Internalized virus particles enclosed in irregular vesicles were observed by electron microscopy of infected HMVEC-d cells. At an early time of infection, colocalization of KSHV capsid with envelope was observed by immunofluorescence analysis, thus demonstrating endocytosis of intact enveloped virus particles. Chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and filipin (C(35)H(58)O(11)), a caveolar endocytosis inhibitor, did not have any effect on KSHV binding, entry (DNA internalization), or gene expression in HMVEC-d and HUVEC cells. In contrast to the results for HFF cells, virus entry and gene expression in both types of endothelial cells were significantly blocked by macropinocytosis inhibitors (EIPA [5-N-ethyl-N-isoproamiloride] and rottlerin [C(30)H(28)O(8)]) and by cytochalasin D, which affects actin polymerization. Inhibition of lipid raft blocked viral gene expression in HMVEC-d cells but not in HUVEC or HFF cells. In HMVEC-d and HUVEC cells, KSHV induced the actin polymerization and formation of lamellipodial extensions that are essential for macropinocytosis. Inhibition of macropinocytosis resulted in the distribution of viral capsids at the HMVEC-d cell periphery, and capsids did not associate with microtubules involved in the nuclear delivery of viral DNA. Internalized KSHV in HMVEC-d and HUVEC cells colocalized with the macropinocytosis marker dextran and not with the clathrin pathway marker transferrin or with caveolin. Dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin, did not block viral entry into endothelial cells but did inhibit entry into HFF cells. KSHV was not associated with the early endosome marker EEA-1 in HMVEC-d cells, but rather with the late endosome marker LAMP1, as well as with Rab34 GTPase that is known to regulate macropinocytosis. Silencing Rab34 with small interfering RNA dramatically inhibited KSHV gene expression. Bafilomycin-mediated disruption of endosomal acidification inhibited viral gene expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that KSHV utilizes the actin polymerization-dependent, dynamin-independent macropinocytic pathway that involves a Rab34 GTPase-dependent late endosome and low-pH environment for its infectious entry into HMVEC-d and HUVEC cells. These studies also demonstrate that KSHV utilizes different modes of endocytic entry in fibroblast and endothelial cells.
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Kim YK, Choi JY, Jiang HL, Arote R, Jere D, Cho MH, Je YH, Cho CS. Hybrid of baculovirus and galactosylated PEI for efficient gene carrier. Virology 2009; 387:89-97. [PMID: 19272627 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus, containing an appropriate eukaryotic promoter, is considered an attractive approach for an efficient and safe gene delivery vehicle. However, the drawbacks of baculovirus, such as the lack of specificity and the inactivation of baculovirus by the complement system in human serum, negatively affect efficient gene delivery. Therefore, a hybrid system utilizing the positive aspects of both viral and non-viral vector systems would be useful to overcome the obstacles of either system alone. In this study, we constructed a hybrid system composed of baculovirus (B) and galactosylated polyethylenimine (GP)/DNA complexes through electrostatic interaction. The resulting GP/B hybrid had suitable physicochemical properties and low cytotoxicity for use in gene therapy. Furthermore, the GP/B significantly enhanced transduction efficiency and showed good cell-specificity compared to either viral or non-viral vector systems. These results suggest that the GP/B hybrid system can be used in gene therapy to enhance transduction efficiency and hepatocyte specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
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Mäkelä AR, Enbäck J, Laakkonen JP, Vihinen-Ranta M, Laakkonen P, Oker-Blom C. Tumor targeting of baculovirus displaying a lymphatic homing peptide. J Gene Med 2009; 10:1019-31. [PMID: 18655234 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated cells and vasculature express attractive molecular markers for site-specific vector targeting. To attain tumor-selective tropism, we recently developed a baculovirus vector displaying the lymphatic homing peptide LyP-1, originally identified by ex vivo/in vivo screening of phage display libraries, on the viral envelope by fusion to the transmembrane anchor of vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein. METHODS In the present study, we explored the specificity and kinetics of viral binding and internalization as well as in vivo tumor homing of the LyP-1 displaying virus to elucidate the applicability of baculovirus for targeted therapies. RESULTS We demonstrated that the LyP-1 peptide contributes to saturable binding of baculovirus in human MDA-MB-435 and HepG2 carcinoma cells and escalates the kinetics of viral internalization leading to earlier nuclear accumulation and enhanced transgene expression. The LyP-1 displaying virus also showed stronger competitiveness against transduction with wild-type baculovirus, suggesting involvement of a specific receptor in cellular attachment and entry. Following intravenous injections, the modified virus accumulated within the human MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 carcinoma xenografts in mice with higher specificity and efficiency than the control virus. Targeting of the modified virus was more specific in the MDA-MB-435 than in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts as demonstrated by higher tumor accumulation and lower distribution in nontarget organs. No apparent cytotoxicity was associated with the surface modification. CONCLUSIONS This first demonstration of in vivo tumor targeting of a systemically administered, tropism-modified baculoviral vector highlights the potential of baculovirus-mediated targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Mäkelä
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Huang W, Tian XL, Wu YL, Zhong J, Yu LF, Hu SP, Li B. Suppression of gastric cancer growth by baculovirus vector-mediated transfer of normal epithelial cell specific-1 gene. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5810-5. [PMID: 18855978 PMCID: PMC2751889 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the inhibitory effect of baculovirus-mediated normal epithelial cell specific-1 (NES1) gene therapy on gastric cancer (GC) in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS: We first constructed recombinant baculovirus vectors and then transfected them into gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901). Efficiency of the baculovirus for gene transfer into SGC-7901 cells and cell growth curves were detected by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in vitro, respectively. The therapeutic effect of this gene therapy on GC was confirmed in xenografted nude mice. Tumor growth was determined by tumor volume, and expression of NES1 in tumor was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Baculovirus vectors were successfully transfected into SGC-7901 cells. SGC-7901 cells transfected with the NES1 gene inhibited cell growth. In the Bac-NES1 treated group, tumor growth was significantly reduced with a high level of NES1 expression
CONCLUSION: Baculovirus-mediated NES1 gene can be used in gene therapy for GC.
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40
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Mäkelä AR, Närvänen A, Oker-Blom C. Peptide-mediated interference with baculovirus transduction. J Biotechnol 2008; 134:20-32. [PMID: 18294718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus represents a multifunctional platform with potential for biomedical applications including disease therapies. The importance of F3, a tumor-homing peptide, in baculovirus transduction was previously recognized by the ability of F3 to augment viral binding and gene delivery to human cancer cells following display on the viral envelope. Here, F3 was utilized as a molecular tool to expand understanding of the poorly characterized baculovirus-mammalian cell interactions. Baculovirus-mediated transduction of HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells was strongly inhibited by coincubating the virus with synthetic F3 or following incorporation of F3 into viral nucleocapsid by genetic engineering, the former suggesting direct interaction of the soluble peptide with the virus particles. Since internalization and nuclear accumulation of the virus were significantly inhibited or delayed, but the kinetics of viral binding, initial uptake, and endosomal release were unaffected, F3 likely interferes with cytoplasmic trafficking and subsequent nuclear transport of the virus. A polyclonal antibody raised against nucleolin, the internalizing receptor of F3, failed to inhibit cellular binding, but considerably reduced viral transduction efficiency, proposing the involvement of nucleolin in baculovirus entry. Together, these results render the F3 peptide a tool for elucidating the mechanism and molecular details conferring to baculovirus-mediated gene transduction in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Mäkelä
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Tani H, Abe T, Matsunaga TM, Moriishi K, Matsuura Y. Baculovirus vector for gene delivery and vaccine development. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus has been widely used not only to acheive a high level of foreign gene expression in insect cells, but also for efficient gene transduction into mammalian cells. Recombinant and pseudotyped baculoviruses possessing chimeric or foreign ligands have been constructed to improve the efficiency of gene transduction and to confer specificity for gene delivery into mammalian cells, respectively. Baculoviral DNA CpG motifs induce proinflammatory cytokines through a Toll-like receptor (TLR9)/MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Other baculovirus components produce type I interferons via a TLR-independent pathway. Baculovirus exhibits a strong adjuvant property and recombinant baculoviruses encoding microbial antigens elicit antibodies to the antigens and provide protective immunity in mice. This review deals with recent progress in the application of baculovirus vectors to gene delivery and vaccine development, and discusses the future prospects of baculovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Osaka University, Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Osaka University, Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko M Matsunaga
- Osaka University, Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Osaka University, Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Osaka University, Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU, Ronkainen PHA, Ihalainen TO, Niskanen EA, Häkkinen M, Salminen M, Kulomaa MS, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ, Vihinen-Ranta M. Baculovirus-mediated immediate-early gene expression and nuclear reorganization in human cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:667-81. [PMID: 18042259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), has the ability to transduce mammalian cell lines without replication. The general objective of this study was to detect the transcription and expression of viral immediate-early genes in human cells and to examine the interactions between viral components and subnuclear structures. Viral capsids were seen in large, discrete foci in nuclei of both dividing and non-dividing human cells. Concurrently, the transcription of viral immediate-early transregulator genes (ie-1, ie-2) and translation of IE-2 protein were detected. Quantitative microscopy imaging and analysis showed that virus transduction altered the size of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies, which are suggested to be involved in replication and transcription of various viruses. Furthermore, altered distribution of the chromatin marker Draq5 and histone core protein (H2B) in transduced cells indicated that the virus was able to induce remodelling of the host cell chromatin. To conclude, this study shows that the non-replicative insect virus, baculovirus and its proteins can induce multiple changes in the cellular machinery of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna P Laakkonen
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Ames RS, Kost TA, Condreay JP. BacMam technology and its application to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1669-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.12.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shen HC, Lee HP, Lo WH, Yang DG, Hu YC. Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer is attenuated by sodium bicarbonate. J Gene Med 2007; 9:470-8. [PMID: 17431924 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baculovirus transduction of cultured mammalian cells is typically performed by incubating the cells with virus using culture medium (e.g. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)) as the surrounding solution. However, we previously uncovered that DMEM hinders the baculovirus-mediated gene transfer. METHODS In this study, we systematically explored the influences of promoter and medium constituents on the transduction efficiency by using different recombinant viruses and surrounding solutions for transduction, followed by flow cytometric analyses. Whether the key medium component impeded baculovirus binding to the cells and subsequent virus entry was investigated by immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). RESULTS We demonstrated that the poorer transduction by using DMEM as the surrounding solution is independent of the promoter. Examination of the medium constituents group by group revealed that the balanced salt solution suppresses the baculovirus transduction. By omitting individual salt species in the balanced salt solution, we surprisingly uncovered that NaHCO(3), a common buffering agent, exerts the inhibitory effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Intriguingly, NaHCO(3) did not debilitate the baculovirus, nor did it inhibit virus binding to the cells. Instead, NaHCO(3) inhibited baculovirus transduction by reducing the intracellular virus number. CONCLUSIONS To our best knowledge, this is the first report unraveling the significance of NaHCO(3) in gene transfer. Our finding suggests that baculovirus-mediated gene transfer can be readily enhanced by omitting NaHCO(3) from the medium during the transduction period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chun Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Tsai CT, Chan ZR, Lu JT, Yang DG, Lo WH, Hu YC. Factors influencing the production and storage of baculovirus for gene delivery: An alternative perspective from the transducing titer assay. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang DG, Chung YC, Lai YK, Lai CW, Liu HJ, Hu YC. Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin display on baculovirus envelope: cytoplasmic domain affects virus properties and vaccine potential. Mol Ther 2007; 15:989-96. [PMID: 17375072 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major immunogen on the envelope of avian influenza virus (AIV). Therefore we constructed two recombinant baculoviruses: Bac-HA, expressing histidine-tagged HA with the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) derived from HA, and Bac-HA64, expressing histidine-tagged HA with the CTD derived from baculovirus envelope protein gp64. After infection, HA with either CTD was expressed and anchored on the plasma membrane of Sf-9 cells, as revealed by confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that both Bac-HA and Bac-HA64 displayed HA on the viral surface. However, analyses of purified viruses revealed that significantly more HA was incorporated into Bac-HA64 than into Bac-HA. In comparison with Bac-HA, Bac-HA64 significantly improved the gene delivery and transgene expression in mammalian cells, as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Bac-HA64 elicited significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition titers in mouse models than Bac-HA and the negative controls. These data collectively confirmed that the gp64 CTD, in comparison with HA CTD, resulted in more efficient HA incorporation into baculovirus, more efficient transgene delivery and expression, and elevated immunogenicity. This is the first report demonstrating the potential of HA-pseudotyped baculovirus as an avian influenza vaccine and that the choice of CTD tremendously affects baculovirus properties and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Gang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua, University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer and recombinant protein expression do not interfere with insulin dependent phosphorylation of PKB/Akt in human SHSY-5Y and C3A cells. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:6. [PMID: 17309805 PMCID: PMC1808450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adenovirus vectors and transfection agents comprising cationic lipids are widely used as gene delivery vehicles for functional expression in cultured cells. Consequently, these tools are utilized to investigate the effects of functional over-expression of proteins on insulin mediated events. However, we have previously reported that cationic lipid reagents cause a state of insulin unresponsiveness in cell cultures. In addition, we have found that cultured cells often do not respond to insulin stimulation following adenovirus treatment. Infection with adenovirus compromises vital functions of the host cell leading to the activation of protein kinases central to insulin signalling, such as protein kinase B/Akt. Therefore, we investigated the effect of adenovirus infection on insulin unresponsiveness by means of Akt activation in cultured cells. Moreover, we investigated the use of baculovirus as a heterologous viral gene delivery vehicle to circumvent these phenomena. Since the finding that baculovirus can efficiently transduce mammalian cells, the applications of this viral system in gene delivery has greatly expanded and one advantage is the virtual absence of cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. RESULTS We show that infection of human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y and liver C3A cells with recombinant adenovirus results in the activation of Akt in a dose dependent manner. In addition, this activation makes treated cells unresponsive to insulin stimulation as determined by an apparent lack of differential phosphorylation of Akt on serine-473. Our data further indicate that the use of recombinant baculovirus does not increase the phosphorylation of Akt in SHSY-5Y and C3A cells. Moreover, following infection with baculovirus, SHSY-5Y and C3A cells respond to insulin by means of phosphorylation of Akt on serine-473 in the same manner as uninfected cells. CONCLUSION Widely-used adenovirus vectors for gene delivery cause a state of insulin unresponsiveness in human SHSY-5Y and C3A cells in culture due to the activation of central protein kinases of the insulin signalling pathway. This phenomenon can be avoided when studying insulin signalling by using recombinant baculovirus as a heterologous viral expression system. In addition, our data may contribute to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying baculovirus infection of human cells.
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Strauss R, Hüser A, Ni S, Tuve S, Kiviat N, Sow PS, Hofmann C, Lieber A. Baculovirus-based Vaccination Vectors Allow for Efficient Induction of Immune Responses Against Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein. Mol Ther 2007; 15:193-202. [PMID: 17164791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus vectors are able to transduce a large variety of mammalian cell types and express transgenes placed under the control of heterologous promoters. In this study, we evaluated the potential of baculovirus vectors for malaria vaccination. To induce efficient CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, we produced a series of vectors that display the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein in the virion envelope and/or allow for CS expression upon transduction of mammalian cells. We found that baculovirus vectors can transduce professional antigen-presenting cells and trigger their maturation, which is a prerequisite for efficient antigen presentation. Upon intramuscular injection into mice, the vector that both displayed and expressed CS induced higher anti-CS antibody titers (of the immunoglobulin (IgG)1 and IgG2a type) and a higher frequency of interferon-gamma-producing T cells specific to CS, than the vectors which either only displayed or only expressed CS. The baculovirus CS display/expression vector was also superior in inducing CS-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naive donors. This, together with the absence of pre-existing immunity to baculoviruses in humans, the absence of viral gene expression in mammalian cells, and the relative low immunogenicity of baculovirus virions, makes these vectors promising tools for vaccination. Furthermore, the ability to produce large amounts in serum-free medium at a low cost adds a further advantage to this vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Strauss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lee HP, Ho YC, Hwang SM, Sung LY, Shen HC, Liu HJ, Hu YC. Variation of baculovirus-harbored transgene transcription among mesenchymal stem cell-derived progenitors leads to varied expression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:649-55. [PMID: 17115444 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that baculovirus can efficiently transduce human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSCs-derived adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic progenitors without compromising the differentiation capacity. Remarkably, the transgene expression level and duration varied widely with the differentiation states at which the progenitors were transduced. However, whether the variation was a general phenomenon and what caused the variation were unclear. Here we demonstrated that transduction of the MSCs and MSC-derived progenitors using baculoviruses carrying egfp driven by CMV, EF-1alpha or CAG promoter resulted in a general trend of varied expression, that is, the chondrogenic progenitors allowed for the poorest expression while the adipogenic progenitors conferred the best expression. Quantification of the nuclear and cytoplasmic egfp gene copy numbers by quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the varied expression did not arise from the discrepancies in gene delivery efficiency nor was it due to the disparities in nuclear transport efficiency. In contrast, the transcription levels paralleled the overall expression levels. These data suggested that although the egfp genes could be efficiently delivered into the nuclei of chondrogenic progenitors, they were not transcribed as well as they were in the adipogenic progenitors. In conclusion, the rapidly altering cellular transcription machinery in the course of differentiation progression predominantly led to the varied expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ping Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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