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White CS, Hung CC, Lanka S, Maddox CW, Barri A, Sokale AO, Dilger RN. Dietary monoglyceride supplementation to support intestinal integrity and host defenses in health-challenged weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae105. [PMID: 38629856 PMCID: PMC11044705 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent incidence of postweaning enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea in the swine industry contributes to high mortality rates and associated economic losses. In this study, a combination of butyric, caprylic, and capric fatty acid monoglycerides was investigated to promote intestinal integrity and host defenses in weanling pigs infected with ETEC. A total of 160 pigs were allotted to treatment groups based on weight and sex. Throughout the 17-d study, three treatment groups were maintained: sham-inoculated pigs fed a control diet (uninfected control [UC], n = 40), ETEC-inoculated pigs fed the same control diet (infected control [IC], n = 60), and ETEC-inoculated pigs fed the control diet supplemented with monoglycerides included at 0.3% of the diet (infected supplemented [MG], n = 60). After a 7-d acclimation period, pigs were orally inoculated on each of three consecutive days with either 3 mL of a sham-control (saline) or live ETEC culture (3 × 109 colony-forming units/mL). The first day of inoculations was designated as 0 d postinoculation (DPI), and all study outcomes reference this time point. Fecal, tissue, and blood samples were collected from 48 individual pigs (UC, n = 12; IC, n = 18; MG, n = 18) on 5 and 10 DPI for analysis of dry matter (DM), bacterial enumeration, inflammatory markers, and intestinal permeability. ETEC-inoculated pigs in both the IC and MG groups exhibited clear signs of infection including lower (P < 0.05) gain:feed and fecal DM, indicative of excess water in the feces, and elevated (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures, total bacteria, total E. coli, and total F18 ETEC during the peak-infection period (5 DPI). Reduced (P < 0.05) expression of the occludin, tumor necrosis factor α, and vascular endothelial growth factor A genes was observed in both ETEC-inoculated groups at the 5 DPI time point. There were no meaningful differences between treatments for any of the outcomes measured at 10 DPI. Overall, all significant changes were the result of the ETEC infection, not monoglyceride supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carol W Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Anti-rotavirus Properties and Mechanisms of Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics on Polarized Human Colonic (HT-29) Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:107-128. [PMID: 35034323 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics have been investigated to improve the universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination as well as to ameliorate the RV infection. However, underlying mechanisms how probiotics mediate beneficial effects needs more investigation. Thus, in the present study, we used polarized HT-29 cells to assess the anti-RV properties of Gram-positive, (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis Bb12) and Gram negative, (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) probiotics and study their underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that pre-treatment of HT-29 cells for 4 h with probiotics, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) human RV replication and this effect was most pronounced for E. coli Nissle followed by L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus GG. Strikingly, only pre-treatment with live bacteria or their supernatants demonstrated anti-RV properties. Except Gram negative E. coli Nissle, the Gram-positive probiotics tested did not bind to RV. Ingenuity pathway analysis of tight junction (TJ)- and innate immune-associated genes indicated that E. coli Nissle or E. coli Nissle + RV treatments improved cell-cell adhesion and cell contact, while L. acidophilus or L. acidophilus + RV treatments also activated cell-cell contact but inhibited cell movement functions. RV alone inhibited migration of cells event. Additionally, E. coli Nissle activated pathways such as the innate immune and inflammatory responses via production of TNF, while RV infection activated NK cells and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, E. coli Nissle's ability to bind RV, modulate expression of TJ events, innate immune and inflammatory responses, via specific upstream regulators may explain superior anti-RV properties of E. coli Nissle. Therefore, prophylactic use of E. coli Nissle might help to reduce the RV disease burden in infants in endemic areas.
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The Combined Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Tryptophan Treatment Modulates Immune and Metabolome Responses to Human Rotavirus Infection in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota-Transplanted Malnourished Gnotobiotic Pig Model. mSphere 2022; 7:e0027022. [PMID: 36073800 PMCID: PMC9599269 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries where widespread malnutrition contributes to the decreased oral vaccine efficacy and increased prevalence of other enteric infections, which are major concerns for global health. Neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets closely resemble human infants in their anatomy, physiology, and outbred status, providing a unique model to investigate malnutrition, supplementations, and HRV infection. To understand the molecular signatures associated with immune enhancement and reduced diarrheal severity by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and tryptophan (TRP), immunological responses and global nontargeted metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were investigated on the plasma and fecal contents of malnourished pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota and infected with virulent (Vir) HRV. Overall, EcN + TRP combined (rather than individual supplement action) promoted greater and balanced immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory responses associated with greater protection against HRV infection and disease in malnourished humanized piglets. Moreover, EcN + TRP treatment upregulated the production of several metabolites with immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory properties: amino acids (N-acetylserotonin, methylacetoacetyl-CoA), lipids (gamma-butyrobetaine, eicosanoids, cholesterol-sulfate, sphinganine/phytosphingosine, leukotriene), organic compound (biliverdin), benzenoids (gentisic acid, aminobenzoic acid), and nucleotides (hypoxathine/inosine/xanthine, cytidine-5'-monophosphate). Additionally, the levels of several proinflammatory metabolites of organic compounds (adenosylhomocysteine, phenylacetylglycine, urobilinogen/coproporphyrinogen) and amino acid (phenylalanine) were reduced following EcN + TRP treatment. These results suggest that the EcN + TRP effects on reducing HRV diarrhea in neonatal Gn pigs were at least in part due to altered metabolites, those involved in lipid, amino acid, benzenoids, organic compounds, and nucleotide metabolism. Identification of these important mechanisms of EcN/TRP prevention of HRV diarrhea provides novel targets for therapeutics development. IMPORTANCE Human rotavirus (HRV) is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, especially in developing countries, where the efficacy of oral HRV vaccines is reduced. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis while tryptophan (TRP) is a biomarker of malnutrition, and its supplementation can alleviate intestinal inflammation and normalize intestinal microbiota in malnourished hosts. Supplementation of EcN + TRP to malnourished humanized gnotobiotic piglets enhanced immune responses and resulted in greater protection against HRV infection and diarrhea. Moreover, EcN + TRP supplementation increased the levels of immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory metabolites while decreasing the production of proinflammatory metabolites in plasma and fecal samples. Profiling of immunoregulatory and proinflammatory biomarkers associated with HRV perturbations will aid in the identification of treatments against HRV and other enteric diseases in malnourished children.
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Noh YH, Kim SC, Jeong CG, Lee SC, Lee DU, Yoon IJ, Kim WI. Pathological Evaluation of Porcine Circovirus 2d (PCV2d) Strain and Comparative Evaluation of PCV2d and PCV2b Inactivated Vaccines against PCV2d Infection in a Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Yucatan Miniature Pig Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091469. [PMID: 36146547 PMCID: PMC9501194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen that causes porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of specific pathogen-free Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) as an experimental model for PCV2d challenge and vaccine assessment because PCV2-negative pigs are extremely rare in conventional swine herds in Korea. In the first experiment, every three pigs were subjected to PCV2d field isolate or mock challenge. During three weeks of experiments, the PCV2d infection group exhibited clinical outcomes of PCVAD with high viral loads, lymphoid depletion, and detection of PCV2d antigens in lymphoid organs by immunohistochemistry. In the second experiment, three groups of pigs were challenged with PCV2d after immunization for three weeks: a nonvaccinated group (three pigs), a PCV2b-Vac group vaccinated with a commercial PCV2b-based inactivated vaccine SuiShot® Circo-ONE (five pigs), and a PCV2d-Vac group vaccinated with an experimental PCV2d-based inactivated vaccine (five pigs). During the three weeks of the challenge period, nonvaccinated pigs showed similar clinical outcomes to those observed in the PCV2d infection group from the first experiment. In contrast, both the PCV2b and PCV2d vaccinations produced good levels of protection against PCV2d challenge, as evidenced by reduced viral loads, improved growth performance, high virus-neutralizing antibody titers, and less development of PCV2-associated pathological lesions. Taken together, these data suggest that YMPs could be an alternative model for PCV2 challenge experiments, and these animals displayed typical clinical and pathological features and characteristics of protective immunity induced by the vaccines that were consistent with those resulting from PCV2 infections in conventional pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Noh
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Efficacy of Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010083. [PMID: 35062744 PMCID: PMC8779073 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Current oral vaccines perform poorly in developing countries where efficacious vaccines are needed the most. Therefore, an alternative affordable strategy to enhance efficacy of the current RV vaccines is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of colonization of neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs with Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotics on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of oral attenuated (Att) HRV vaccine. EcN-colonized pigs had reduced virulent HRV (VirHRV) shedding and decreased diarrhea severity compared with the LGG-colonized group. They also had enhanced HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and antibody secreting cell numbers in tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge, HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in intestinal contents, and B-cell subpopulations in tissues post VirHRV challenge. EcN colonization also enhanced T-cell immune response, promoted dendritic cells and NK cell function, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines/Toll like receptor (TLR), and increased production of immunoregulatory cytokines/TLR expression in various tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge. Thus, EcN probiotic adjuvant with AttHRV vaccine enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of AttHRV to a greater extent than LGG and it can be used as a safe and economical oral vaccine adjuvant.
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Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Bomidi C, Robertson M, Coarfa C, Estes MK, Blutt SE. Single-cell sequencing of rotavirus-infected intestinal epithelium reveals cell-type specific epithelial repair and tuft cell infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2112814118. [PMID: 34732579 PMCID: PMC8609316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112814118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial damage is associated with most digestive diseases and results in detrimental effects on nutrient absorption and production of hormones and antimicrobial defense molecules. Thus, understanding epithelial repair and regeneration following damage is essential in developing therapeutics that assist in rapid healing and restoration of normal intestinal function. Here we used a well-characterized enteric virus (rotavirus) that damages the epithelium at the villus tip but does not directly damage the intestinal stem cell, to explore the regenerative transcriptional response of the intestinal epithelium at the single-cell level. We found that there are specific Lgr5+ cell subsets that exhibit increased cycling frequency associated with significant expansion of the epithelial crypt. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of immature enterocytes. Unexpectedly, we found rotavirus infects tuft cells. Transcriptional profiling indicates tuft cells respond to viral infection through interferon-related pathways. Together these data provide insights as to how the intestinal epithelium responds to insults by providing evidence of stimulation of a repair program driven by stem cells with involvement of tuft cells that results in the production of immature enterocytes that repair the damaged epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthew Robertson
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00074-21. [PMID: 33789939 PMCID: PMC8546683 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Broad-spectrum antibiotic-induced intestinal microbial imbalance and the ensuing immune-metabolic dysregulation contribute to the persistence of HRV diarrhea. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a Gram-negative probiotic, was shown to be a potent immunostimulant and alleviated HRV-induced diarrhea in monocolonized gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Our goal was to determine how EcN modulates immune responses in ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-treated Gn piglets colonized with a defined commensal microbiota (DM) and challenged with virulent HRV (VirHRV). Cipro given in therapeutic doses for a short term reduced serum and intestinal total and HRV-specific antibody titers, while EcN treatment alleviated this effect. Similarly, EcN treatment increased the numbers of total immunoglobulin-secreting cells, HRV-specific antibody-secreting cells, activated antibody-forming cells, resting/memory antibody-forming B cells, and naive antibody-forming B cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues. Decreased levels of proinflammatory but increased levels of immunoregulatory cytokines and increased frequencies of Toll-like receptor-expressing cells were evident in the EcN-treated VirHRV-challenged group. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of T helper and T cytotoxic cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues pre-VirHRV challenge and the frequencies of T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, effector T cells, and T regulatory cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues postchallenge. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of systemic and mucosal conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, and the frequencies of systemic natural killer cells. Our findings demonstrated that Cipro use altered immune responses of DM-colonized neonatal Gn pigs, while EcN supplementation rescued these immune parameters partially or completely. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) is a primary cause of malabsorptive diarrhea in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The use of antibiotics exacerbates intestinal microbial imbalance and results in the persistence of RV-induced diarrhea. Probiotics are now being used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis. We showed previously that probiotics partially protected gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets against human RV (HRV) infection and decreased the severity of diarrhea by modulating immune responses. However, the interactions between antibiotic and probiotic treatments and HRV infection in the context of an established gut microbiota are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a Gn pig model to study antibiotic-probiotic-HRV interactions in the context of a defined commensal microbiota (DM) that mimics aspects of the infant gut microbiota. Our results provide valuable information that will contribute to the treatment of antibiotic- and/or HRV-induced diarrhea and may be applicable to other enteric infections in children.
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Wang H, Li C, Peng M, Wang L, Zhao D, Wu T, Yi D, Hou Y, Wu G. N-Acetylcysteine improves intestinal function and attenuates intestinal autophagy in piglets challenged with β-conglycinin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1261. [PMID: 33441976 PMCID: PMC7807065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Conglycinin (β-CG), an anti-nutritional factor, is a major allergen in soybeans to induce intestinal dysfunction and diarrhea in neonatal animals, including piglets and human infants. This study with a piglet model determined the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal function and autophagy in response to β-CG challenge. Twenty-four 12-day-old piglets (3.44 ± 0.28 kg), which had been weaned at 7 days of age and adapted for 5 days after weaning, were randomly allocated to the control, β-CG, and β-CG + NAC groups. Piglets in the control group were fed a liquid diet containing 10% casein, whereas those in the β-CG and β-CG + NAC groups were fed the basal liquid diets containing 9.5% casein and 0.5% β-CG for 2 days. Thereafter, pigs in the β-CG + NAC group were orally administrated with 50 mg (kg BW)-1 NAC for 3 days, while pigs in the other two groups were orally administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. NAC numerically reduced diarrhea incidence (- 46.2%) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, but increased claudin-1 and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) protein abundances and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Although β-CG challenge decreased the villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mRNA levels of claudin-1 and occludin, no significant differences were observed in these indices between the control and β-CG + NAC groups, suggesting the positive effects of NAC supplementation on intestinal mucosal barrier function. Moreover, NAC increased the concentrations of citrulline and D-xylose in the plasma, as well as the expression of genes for aquaporin (AQP) 3, AQP4, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1), potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 13 (KCNJ13), and solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1) in the jejunum, demonstrating that NAC augmented intestinal metabolic activity and absorptive function. Remarkably, NAC decreased Atg5 protein abundance and the LC3II/LC3I ratio (an indicator of autophagy) in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Taken together, NAC supplementation improved intestinal function and attenuated intestinal autophagy in β-CG-challenged piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Meng Peng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Baicalin Is Curative Against Rotavirus Damp Heat Diarrhea by Tuning Colonic Mucosal Barrier and Lung Immune Function. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2234-2245. [PMID: 31802384 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that rotavirus (RV) is a causative factor for diarrhea and gastroenteritis in pediatric and neonatal settings. Baicalin has many functions, including antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and antihypertensive activities. However, the immunological mechanism of RV-induced diarrhea with heat-dampness syndrome (RV-DH) remains unclear. AIMS The aim of this study is to explore the role of baicalin in RV-DH diarrhea and its underlying mechanism. METHODS A mouse model of pediatric RV-DH diarrhea was established and treated with baicalin. The concentrations of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect the frequency of lymphocytes. RESULTS The concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, RVvb, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and colonic mucosa were significantly increased in the RV-DH group. Decreased expression of occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated loss of tight junction function and disturbances in intestinal mucosal permeability in the RV-DH group. Flow cytometry analysis showed a high rate of CD8+ lymphocytes and low amount of CD4+ lymphocytes in the RV-DH group. Treatment of RV-DH mice with baicalin significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea and ameliorated the symptoms and pathological and immunological changes. Furthermore, baicalin inhibited STAT1 and activated STAT3 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the curative and immunoregulatory properties of baicalin and have direct practical and clinical relevance for the treatment of RV-DH enteritis in humans.
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Chepngeno J, Takanashi S, Diaz A, Michael H, Paim FC, Rahe MC, Hayes JR, Baker C, Marthaler D, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Comparative Sequence Analysis of Historic and Current Porcine Rotavirus C Strains and Their Pathogenesis in 3-Day-Old and 3-Week-Old Piglets. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:780. [PMID: 32395116 PMCID: PMC7197332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of porcine group C rotavirus (PRVC) in suckling piglets and the emergence of new genetically distinct PRVC strains are concerning due to the associated significant economic losses they cause to the swine industry. We sequenced and analyzed two new PRVC strains, RV0104 (G3), and RV0143 (G6) and compared their pathogenesis with that of the historic strain Cowden (G1) in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. Near complete genome sequence analysis confirmed that these two strains were distinct from one another and the Cowden strain. VP1, VP2, VP6, NSP1-NSP3, and NSP5 genes were more similar between Cowden and RV0143, whereas VP3, VP7, and NSP4 shared higher nucleotide identity between Cowden and RV0104. Three-day-old and 3-week-old Gn piglets were inoculated with 105 FFU/piglet of Cowden, RV0104 or RV0143, or mock. All 3-day-old piglets developed severe diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy, with mean PRVC fecal shedding titers peaking and numerically higher in RV0104 and RV0143 piglets on post infection day (PID) 2. Histopathological examination of the small intestine revealed that the 3-day-old Cowden and RV0104 inoculated piglets were mildly affected, while significant destruction of small intestinal villi was observed in the RV0143 inoculated piglets. Consistent with the highest degree of pathological changes in the small intestines, the RV0143 inoculated piglets had numerically higher levels of serum IL-17 and IFN-α cytokines and numerically lower PRVC IgA geometric mean antibody titers. Milder pathological changes and overall higher titers of PRVC IgA antibodies were observed in 3-week-old vs. 3-day-old piglets. Additionally, diarrhea was only observed in RV0104 and RV0143 (but not Cowden) inoculated 3-week-old piglets, while levels of serum IL-10 and PRVC IgA antibodies were higher in Cowden inoculated pigs, consistent with the lack of diarrhea. Thus, we confirmed that these current, genetically heterogeneous PRVC strains possess distinct pathobiological characteristics that may contribute to the increased prevalence of PRVC diarrhea in neonatal suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annika Diaz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Hayes
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, The Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, United States
| | - Courtney Baker
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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12
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Michael H, Langel SN, Miyazaki A, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Malnutrition Decreases Antibody Secreting Cell Numbers Induced by an Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplanted Gnotobiotic Pig Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32117313 PMCID: PMC7033455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. Malnutrition is prevalent in these countries, which may contribute to the decreased oral vaccine efficacy, posing a concern for global health. Neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs closely resemble human infants in their anatomy, physiology, and outbred status and are a unique model to investigate malnutrition, oral live attenuated HRV (AttHRV) vaccination, and subsequent virulent HRV (VirHRV) challenge. We evaluated the impact of malnutrition on AttHRV vaccine efficacy and B cell immune responses in neonatal germfree (GF) or Gn pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM). Pigs were fed either deficient or sufficient bovine milk diets. Malnutrition did not significantly affect the serum and intestinal contents total or HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers pre VirHRV challenge. However, HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were reduced in blood or intestinal tissues following AttHRV vaccination and pre VirHRV challenge in deficient HIFM transplanted pigs. Furthermore, post-VirHRV challenge, deficient HIFM pigs had decreased total Ig and HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers in serum or intestinal contents, in addition to decreased HRV-specific IgG and IgA ASCs in blood and ileum, compared with sufficient HIFM pigs. Our results indicate that deficient diet impairs B cell mucosal, and systemic immune responses following HRV vaccination, and challenge. The impaired immune responses contributed to the decreased protective efficacy of the AttHRV vaccine, suggesting that malnutrition may significantly reduce the effectiveness of oral HRV vaccines in children in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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13
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Microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of intestinal expression of nutrient transporters in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19798. [PMID: 31875021 PMCID: PMC6930262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection can induce intestinal dysfunction, resulting in severe diarrhea and even death, but the mode of action underlying these viral effects remains unclear. This study determined the effects of PEDV infection on intestinal absorption and the expression of genes for nutrient transporters via biochemical tests and microarray analysis. Sixteen 7-day-old healthy piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated to one of two groups. After 5-day adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) were orally administrated with either sterile saline or PEDV (the strain from Yunnan province) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. All pigs were orally infused D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) on day 5 post PEDV or saline administration. One hour later, jugular vein blood samples as well as intestinal samples were collected for further analysis. In comparison with the control group, PEDV infection increased diarrhea incidence, blood diamine oxidase activity, and iFABP level, while reducing growth and plasma D-xylose concentration in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection altered plasma and jejunal amino acid profiles, and decreased the expression of aquaporins and amino acid transporters (L-type amino acid transporter 1, sodium-independent amino acid transporter, B(°,+)-type amino acid transport protein, sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 1, sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 3, and peptide transporter (1), lipid transport and metabolism-related genes (lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A4, apolipoprotein C2, solute carrier family 27 member 2, solute carrier family 27 member 4, fatty acid synthase, and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (3), and glucose transport genes (glucose transporter-2 and insulin receptor) in the jejunum. However, PEDV administration increased mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, argininosuccinate synthase 1, sodium/glucose co-transporter-1, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the jejunum. Collectively, these comprehensive results indicate that PEDV infection induces intestinal injury and inhibits the expression of genes encoding for nutrient transporters.
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14
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Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Buckley A, Van Geelen A, Lager KM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Stage of Gestation at Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection of Pregnant Swine Impacts Maternal Immunity and Lactogenic Immune Protection of Neonatal Suckling Piglets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:727. [PMID: 31068924 PMCID: PMC6491507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune response changes dramatically over the course of gestation. This has implications for generation of lactogenic immunity and subsequent protection in suckling neonates against enteric viral infections. For example, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes acute diarrhea in neonatal piglets. Due to the high virulence of PEDV and the naïve, immature immune system of neonatal suckling piglets, passive lactogenic immunity to PEDV induced during pregnancy, via the gut-mammary gland (MG)-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, is critical for piglet protection. However, the anti-PEDV immune response during pregnancy and stage of gestation required to optimally stimulate the gut-MG-sIgA axis is undefined. We hypothesize that there is a gestational window in which non-lethal PEDV infection of pregnant gilts influences maximum lymphocyte mucosal trafficking to the MG, resulting in optimal passive lactogenic protection in suckling piglets. To understand how the stages of gestation affect maternal immune responses to PEDV, three groups of gilts were orally infected with PEDV in the first, second or third trimester. Control (mock) gilts were inoculated with medium in the third trimester. To determine if lactogenic immunity correlated with protection, all piglets were PEDV-challenged at 3–5 days postpartum. PEDV infection of gilts at different stages of gestation significantly affected multiple maternal systemic immune parameters prepartum, including cytokines, B cells, PEDV antibodies (Abs), and PEDV antibody secreting cells (ASCs). Pregnant second trimester gilts had significantly higher levels of circulating PEDV IgA and IgG Abs and ASCs and PEDV virus neutralizing (VN) Abs post PEDV infection. Coinciding with the significantly higher PEDV Ab responses in second trimester gilts, the survival rate of their PEDV-challenged piglets was 100%, compared with 87.2, 55.9, and 5.7% for first, third, and mock litters, respectively. Additionally, piglet survival positively correlated with PEDV IgA Abs and ASCs and VN Abs in milk and PEDV IgA and IgG Abs in piglet serum. Our findings have implications for gestational timing of oral attenuated PEDV maternal vaccines, whereby PEDV intestinal infection in the second trimester optimally stimulated the gut-MG-sIgA axis resulting in 100% lactogenic immune protection in suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra Buckley
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert Van Geelen
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M Lager
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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15
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Zhou Y, Qiao H, Yin N, Chen L, Xie Y, Wu J, Du J, Lin X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yi S, Zhang G, Sun M, He Z, Li H. Immune and cytokine/chemokine responses of PBMCs in rotavirus‐infected rhesus infants and their significance in viral pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1448-1469. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Hongtu Qiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Na Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yuping Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Jing Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Shan Yi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
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16
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:372. [PMID: 30406046 PMCID: PMC6205980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis among infants aged less than 5 years old. Human milk bioactive compounds have the ability to modulate the diarrheic process caused by several intestinal pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of a specific human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a mixture of the prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1 (GOS/FOS) and their combination (2′-FL+GOS/FOS) on RV-induced diarrhea in suckling rats. The nutritional intervention was performed from the second to the sixteenth day of life by oral gavage and on day 5 an RV strain was orally administered to induce infection. Fecal samples were scored daily to assess the clinical pattern of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea. Blood and tissues were obtained at day 8 and 16 in order to evaluate the effects on the epithelial barrier and the mucosal and systemic immune responses. In the assessment of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea, both 2′-FL and GOS/FOS displayed a beneficial effect in terms of amelioration. However, the mechanisms involved seemed to differ: 2′-FL displayed a direct ability to promote intestinal maturation and to enhance neonatal immune responses, while GOS/FOS induced an intestinal trophic effect and an RV-blocking action. The combination of 2′-FL and GOS/FOS showed additive effects in some variables. Therefore, it could be a good strategy to add these compounds in combination to infant formulas, to protect against human RV-induced diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Miyazaki A, Kandasamy S, Michael H, Langel SN, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Huang HC, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2018; 36:6270-6281. [PMID: 30219368 PMCID: PMC6180620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein deficiency impacted immunity and reduced human RV vaccine efficacy. Human infant fecal microbiota exacerbated the negative effects of protein deficiency. Immunological dysfunction could have been induced by altered tryptophan catabolism. Our findings provide an explanation for RV vaccine failures in malnourished children.
Background Low efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing African and Asian countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, remains a major concern and a challenge for global health. Methods To understand the effects of protein malnutrition on RV vaccine efficacy, we elucidated the innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) vaccine and virulent human RV (VirHRV) challenge in germ-free (GF) pigs or human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. We also analyzed serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), a predictor of malnutrition, and kynurenine (KYN). Results Protein-deficient pigs vaccinated with oral AttHRV vaccine had lower protection rates against diarrhea post-VirHRV challenge and significantly increased fecal virus shedding titers (HIFM transplanted but not GF pigs) compared with their protein-sufficient counterparts. Reduced vaccine efficacy in protein-deficient pigs coincided with altered serum IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ responses to oral AttHRV vaccine and the suppression of multiple innate immune parameters and HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cells post-challenge. In protein-deficient HIFM transplanted pigs, decreased serum KYN, but not TRP levels were observed throughout the experiment, suggesting an association between the altered TRP metabolism and immune responses. Conclusion Collectively, our findings confirm the negative effects of protein deficiency, which were exacerbated in the HIFM transplanted pigs, on innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to HRV and on vaccine efficacy, as well as on TRP-KYN metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA(1)
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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18
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Jung K, Miyazaki A, Saif LJ. Immunohistochemical detection of the vomiting-inducing monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin and enterochromaffin cells in the intestines of conventional or gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and serum cytokine responses of Gn pigs to acute PEDV infection. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:99-108. [PMID: 29909130 PMCID: PMC7111759 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a critical monoamine neurotransmitter molecule stored and released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells into the gut submucosa, transmitting the vomiting signal to the brain. We studied one mechanism by which vomiting is induced in pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by characterization of swine EC cells by immunohistochemistry. Conventional or gnotobiotic (Gn) 9-day-old pigs [PEDV-inoculated (n = 12); Mock (n = 14)] were inoculated orally (8.9-9.2 log10 genomic equivalents/pig) with PEDV PC21A strain or mock. This is the first identification of serotonin-positive EC cells in swine by immunohistochemistry and mainly in intestinal crypts, regardless of infection status. They were morphologically triangular-shaped or round cells with or without apical cytoplasmic extensions, respectively. At post-inoculation hour (PIH) 16 or 24, when vomiting was first or frequently observed, respectively, PEDV infection resulted in significantly reduced numbers of serotonin-positive EC cells in duodenum, mid-jejunum, ileum, or colon. However, two of three PEDV-inoculated Gn pigs that did not yet show vomiting at PIH 16 had numbers of serotonin-positive EC cells in duodenum, ileum and colon similar to those in the negative controls. These findings suggest that serotonin release from EC cells (increased serotonin levels) into the gut submucosa might occur early PEDV post-infection to stimulate the vagal afferent neurons, followed by vomiting. Serotonin might be involved in the mechanisms related to vomiting in PEDV-infected piglets. We also found that mid-jejunum was the primary site of acute PEDV infection, and that systemic innate and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were induced during the acute stage of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Division of Virology and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Acidic polypeptides A 1a, A 3 and A 4 of Gly m 6 (glycinin) are allergenic for piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:147-152. [PMID: 30078589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gly m 6 (glycinin) is one of the major antigenic proteins in soybeans responsible for transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in weaned piglets. The globulin is a hexamer consisting of subunits containing basic and acidic polypeptides. Multiple acidic polypeptides have long been demonstrated to be allergens for humans and play a key role in the overall allergenicity of Gly m 6. To date, knowledge on the allergenicity of the acidic polypeptides for piglets is very limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the acidic polypeptides that were allergenic for piglets and to characterize these acidic polypeptides by ELISA, western blot, skin prick and basophile histamine release test. The IgG and IgE antibody binding capacities of the acidic polypeptides of Gly m 6 were determined using ELISA and western blot analysis with sera from Gly m 6 sensitized piglets. Skin prick test and basophile histamine release test were conducted to measure the effector cell response to the polypeptides. Specific IgG and IgE antibodies against A1a, A3 and A4 of Gly m 6 were identified in the sera of Gly m 6 sensitized piglets. Meanwhile, positive skin prick test and specific histamine release responses were also induced by the acidic polypeptide A1a, A3 and A4 of Gly m 6 from the basophiles of Gly m 6 sensitized piglets. The results demonstrate that the acidic polypeptide A1a, A3 and A4 of Gly m 6 are allergenic for piglets.
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Jung K, Miyazaki A, Hu H, Saif LJ. Susceptibility of porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells to infection with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and serum cytokine responses of gnotobiotic pigs to acute infection with IPEC-J2 cell culture-passaged PDCoV. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:49-58. [PMID: 29981708 PMCID: PMC7117386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IPEC-J2 cells were susceptible to porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection. PDCoV antigen was detected in the IPEC-J2 cells showing viral cytopathic effects (CPE). Most CPE- and PDCoV antigen-positive IPEC-J2 cells failed to show TUNEL-positive (apoptosis) signals. IPEC-J2 cell culture-passaged PDCoV induced systemic innate and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in gnotobiotic pigs. IPEC-J2 cells may be useful to characterize the interactions of enterocytes with PDCoV.
The porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2, is useful to characterize the interactions of enterocytes with enteric viruses in vitro. We investigated whether IPEC-J2 cells are susceptible to porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection. We conducted quantification of infectious virus or viral RNA, immunofluorescent (IF) staining for the detection of PDCoV antigens, and TUNEL assay in IPEC-J2 cells inoculated with the strain OH-FD22-P8 grown in LLC-PK cells, and supplemented with 10 μg/ml of trypsin in the cell culture medium. Cytopathic effects (CPE) that consisted of enlarged and rounded cells followed by cell shrinkage and detachment, were identified by the 3rd viral passage in the IPEC-J2 cells. PDCoV antigen was detected in the cells showing CPE. By double IF and TUNEL staining, most PDCoV antigen-positive IPEC-J2 cells failed to show TUNEL-positive signals, indicating that PDCoV-infected IPEC-J2 cells may not undergo apoptosis, but rather necrosis, similar to necrotic cell death of infected enterocytes in vivo. There was increased interleukin-6 in PDCoV-infected IPEC-J2 cell culture supernatants at post-inoculation hour (PIH) 48–96, as evaluated by ELISA, concurrent with increased titers of PDCoV at PIH 24–72. The susceptibility of IPEC-J2 cells to PDCoV infection supports their usefulness to characterize the interactions of enterocytes with PDCoV. We also demonstrated that IPEC-J2 cell culture-passaged PDCoV (OH-FD22-P8-I-P4) was enteropathogenic in 10-day-old gnotobiotic pigs, and induced systemic innate and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses during the acute PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Division of Virology and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hui Hu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Cui Q, Fu Q, Zhao X, Song X, Yu J, Yang Y, Sun K, Bai L, Tian Y, Chen S, Jia R, Zou Y, Li L, Liang X, He C, Yin L, Ye G, Lv C, Yue G, Yin Z. Protective effects and immunomodulation on piglets infected with rotavirus following resveratrol supplementation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192692. [PMID: 29466421 PMCID: PMC5821335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV), belonging to Reoviridae family, is the leading cause of acute severe viral diarrhea in children (under 5 years old) and infant animals worldwide. Although vaccines are commonly used to prevent infection, episodes of diarrhea caused by RV frequently occur. Thus, this study was conducted to determine whether resveratrol had protective effects against RV infection in piglets. Following pretreatment with resveratrol dry suspension through adding into the basal diet for 3 weeks, the piglets were orally challenged with RV. We found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. Resveratrol-treatment inhibited the TNF-α production, indicating that the anti-RV activity of resveratrol may be achieved by reducing the inflammatory response. The IFN-γ level was elevated in 10mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group and 30mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group after RV infection. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+ in resveratrol-treated groups were the same as that in mock infected group, suggesting that resveratrol could maintain the immune function in RV-infected piglets. It was found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. These results revealed that resveratrol dry suspension could be a new control measure for RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Cui
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuting Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankang Yu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufan Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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22
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Seo DJ, Jung D, Jung S, Ha SK, Ha SD, Choi IS, Myoung J, Choi C. Experimental miniature piglet model for the infection of human norovirus GII. J Med Virol 2017; 90:655-662. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Day Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology; NINDS; National Institute of Health (NIH); Bethesda Maryland
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju-si Jeollabuk-do South Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
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Chethan GE, Garkhal J, Sircar S, Malik YPS, Mukherjee R, Sahoo NR, Agarwal RK, De UK. Immunomodulatory potential of β-glucan as supportive treatment in porcine rotavirus enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:36-43. [PMID: 28895864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A non-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory potential of β-glucan (BG) in piglet diarrhoea associated with type A rotavirus infection. A total of 12 rotavirus-infected diarrheic piglets were randomly divided into two groups: wherein six rotavirus-infected piglets were treated with supportive treatment (ST) and other six rotavirus-infected piglets were treated with BG along with ST (ST-BG). Simultaneously, six healthy piglets were also included in the study which served as control. In rotavirus-infected piglets, marked increase of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein-2 (I-FABP2), nitric oxide (NOx), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) concentrations and decrease of immunoglobulin G (IgG) were noticed compared to healthy piglets. The faecal consistency and dehydration scores were significantly higher in rotavirus-infected piglets than healthy piglets. The ST-BG treatment progressively reduced the I-FABP2 and increased the IgG concentrations over the time in rotavirus-infected piglets compared to piglets received only ST. A pronounced enhancement of NOx and IFN-γ concentrations was observed initially on day 3 and thereafter the values reduced on day 5 in ST-BG treated piglets in comparison to piglets which received only ST. Additionally, ST-BG treatment significantly reduced faecal consistency and dehydration scores on day 3 compared to ST in rotavirus-infected piglets. These findings point that BG represents a potential additional therapeutic option to improve the health condition and reduce the piglet mortality from rotavirus associated diarrhoea where porcine rotavirus vaccine is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gollahalli Eregowda Chethan
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jugal Garkhal
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yash Pal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Mukherjee
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Agarwal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Gandhi GR, Santos VS, Denadai M, da Silva Calisto VK, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, de Oliveira e Silva AM, de Souza Araújo AA, Narain N, Cuevas LE, Júnior LJQ, Gurgel RQ. Cytokines in the management of rotavirus infection: A systematic review of in vivo studies. Cytokine 2017; 96:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Chen H, Hu H, Chen D, Tang J, Yu B, Luo J, He J, Luo Y, Yu J, Mao X. Dietary Pectic Oligosaccharide Administration Improves Growth Performance and Immunity in Weaned Pigs Infected by Rotavirus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2923-2929. [PMID: 28320203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is one of the main pathogenic causes of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in children and young animals. The present study aimed to determine whether dietary pectic oligosaccharide (POS) supplementation could improve the growth performance and immunity in weaned pigs infected by porcine rotavirus (PRV). Twenty-eight crossbred weaned galts were randomly divided into two groups fed basal diet with or without POS for 18 days. On the 15th day, PRV was orally infused to half of the pigs. ADFI, ADG, and F/G ratio were impaired by PRV infection in weaned pigs (P < 0.05). PRV challenge also induced diarrhea and enhanced serum levels of urea nitrogen (P < 0.05), MDA (P < 0.05), IgA (P < 0.05), and IgG (P = 0.08), rotavirus antibody levels in serum, jejunal, and ileal mucosa (P < 0.05), and IL-2 levels in the jejunal (P = 0.07) and ileal (P = 0.08) mucosa, but decreased digestive enzyme activities of the jejunal digesta (P < 0.05) and concentrations of sIgA, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the jejunal and ileal mucosa (P < 0.05) and serum T-AOC (P < 0.05) in the weaned pigs. POS administration could improve the growth performance of the weaned pigs (P < 0.05) and enhance the serum IgA level (P < 0.05), the lipase and tryptase activities of jejunal digesta (P < 0.05), and the sIgA, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels of jejunal and/or ileal mucosa (P < 0.05) in the weaned pigs. Furthermore, supplementing POS in diets could alleviate diarrhea and decreased growth performance in the weaned pigs orally infused by PRV (P < 0.05), increase serum, jejunal, and ileal rotavirus antibody levels (P < 0.05) and attenuate the effect of PRV challenge on serum T-AOC and concentrations of IgG and MDA (P < 0.05), lipase and tryptase activities in jejunal digesta (P < 0.05), and sIgA, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels in jejunal and/or ileal mucosa (P < 0.05) in the weaned pigs. These results suggest that dietary POS supplementation could improve growth performance, which was possibly because POS administration improved the immune function and the utilization of nutrients in the PRV-infected piglets. This offers a potential dietary intervention strategy against intestinal exposure to rotavirus in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Protein Malnutrition Modifies Innate Immunity and Gene Expression by Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Human Rotavirus Infection in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00046-17. [PMID: 28261667 PMCID: PMC5332602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00046-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. Malnutrition affects millions of children in developing countries, compromising immunity and contributing to increased rates of death from infectious diseases. Rotavirus is a major etiological agent of childhood diarrhea in developing countries, where malnutrition is prevalent. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. In this study, we used neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant (HIFM) and fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. Protein deficiency induced hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, stunting, and generalized edema in Gn pigs, as observed in protein-malnourished children. Irrespective of the diet, human rotavirus (HRV) infection early, at HIFM posttransplantation day 3 (PTD3), resulted in adverse health effects and higher mortality rates (45 to 75%) than later HRV infection (PTD10). Protein malnutrition exacerbated HRV infection and affected the morphology and function of the small intestinal epithelial barrier. In pigs infected with HRV at PTD10, there was a uniform decrease in the function and/or frequencies of natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD103+ and apoptotic mononuclear cells and altered gene expression profiles of intestinal epithelial cells (chromogranin A, mucin 2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, SRY-Box 9, and villin). Thus, we have established the first HIFM-transplanted neonatal pig model that recapitulates major aspects of protein malnutrition in children and can be used to evaluate physiologically relevant interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why nutrient-rich diets alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. IMPORTANCE Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children.
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Post J, Weesendorp E, Montoya M, Loeffen WL. Influence of Age and Dose of African Swine Fever Virus Infections on Clinical Outcome and Blood Parameters in Pigs. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:58-69. [PMID: 27875662 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease for domestic pigs, leading to serious economic losses in countries where ASF is endemic. Despite extensive research, efficient vaccines against ASF are lacking. Since peripheral blood cells are important mediators for vaccines, we study the impact of ASF on blood parameters in pigs with different ages and infected with different doses of ASF virus. Four different groups were studied: (1) 12 weeks of age/low virus dose; (2) 12 weeks of age/high virus dose; (3) 18 weeks of age/low virus dose; and (4) 18 weeks of age/high virus dose. By varying in age and/or ASFV inoculation dose, we monitor blood parameters during different degrees of disease. Thirty percent of the pigs survived the infection with a moderately virulent strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV). Animals that did survive infection were generally older, independent from the inoculation dose used. A firm reduction in many different cell types at 3-5 days postinfection (DPI) was accompanied by an increase in body temperature, followed by clinical signs and mortality from day 6 PI. While blood parameters generally normalized in survivors, γδ T cells and IL-10 levels could be related to mortality. These conclusions should be considered in new approaches for protection against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Post
- 1 Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Eefke Weesendorp
- 1 Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Montoya
- 2 Pirbright Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Willie L Loeffen
- 1 Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Sun Y, Gong X, Tan JY, Kang L, Li D, Vikash, Yang J, Du G. In vitro Antiviral Activity of Rubia cordifolia Aerial Part Extract against Rotavirus. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:308. [PMID: 27679574 PMCID: PMC5020101 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Rubia cordifolia has been used traditionally as a hemostatic agent, while the aerial part of the plant consisting of leaf and stem is known to exhibit anti-diarrheal properties and has been widely used as a remedy in many parts of China. As rotavirus is one of the most commonly associated diarrhea-causing pathogen, this study aims to investigate the anti-rotaviral effect of R. cordifolia aerial part (RCAP). The cytotoxicity of RCAP toward MA-104 cells was evaluated using the WST-8 assay. Colloidal gold method and real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay were used to confirm the findings of the antiviral assay. Then, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method was subsequently used to investigate the mode of death among the cells. And the representative components of aqueous extract were isolated and identified. It was shown that both the viability of MA-104 cells and the viral load were reduced with increasing concentration of the extract. DAPI staining showed that virus-induced apoptosis was the cause of the low cell viability and viral load, an effect which was accelerated with incubation in the aqueous herbal extract. The major compounds postulated to exhibit this activity were isolated from the aqueous herbal extract and identified to be compounds Xanthopurpurin and Vanillic Acid. This study showed that RCAP extract effectively inhibited rotavirus multiplication by promoting virus-induced apoptosis in MA-104 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Department of Pharmacy, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Xuepeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Y Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Vikash
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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Li JT, Wei J, Guo HX, Han JB, Ye N, He HY, Yu TT, Wu YZ. Development of a human rotavirus induced diarrhea model in Chinese mini-pigs. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7135-7145. [PMID: 27610023 PMCID: PMC4988310 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a new animal model for the research of human rotavirus (HRV) infection, its pathogenesis and immunity and evaluation of potential vaccines.
METHODS: 5-d, 30-d and 60-d-old Chinese mini-pigs, Guizhou and Bamma, were inoculated with a single oral dose of attenuated strain Wa, G1, G3 of HRV, and PBS (control), respectively, and fecal samples of pigs from 0 to 7 d post infection (DPI) were collected individually. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect HRV antigen in feces. The HRV was tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The sections of the intestinal tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe the morphologic variation by microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the HRV in intestinal tissue. HRV particles in cells of the ileum were observed by electron micrography.
RESULTS: When inoculated with HRV, mini-pigs younger than 30 d developed diarrhea in an age-dependent manner and shed HRV antigen of the same inoculum, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Histopathological changes were observed in HRV inoculated mini-pigs including small intestinal cell tumefaction and necrosis. HRV that was distributed in the small intestine was restricted to the top part of the villi on the internal wall of the ileum, which was observed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virus particles were observed in Golgi like follicles in HRV-infected neonatal mini-pigs. Guizhou mini-pigs were more sensitive to HRV than Bamma with respect to RV antigen shedding and clinical diarrhea.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that we have established a mini-pig model of HRV induced diarrhea. Our findings are useful for the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of HRV infection.
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Vlasova AN, Shao L, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Rauf A, Langel SN, Chattha KS, Kumar A, Huang HC, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2426-2437. [PMID: 27457183 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a gram-positive lactic acid bacterium, is one of the most widely used probiotics; while fewer gram-negative probiotics including Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are characterized. A mechanistic understanding of their individual and interactive effects on human rotavirus (HRV) and immunity is lacking. In this study, noncolonized, EcN-, LGG-, and EcN + LGG-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were challenged with HRV. EcN colonization is associated with a greater protection against HRV, and induces the highest frequencies of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), significantly increased NK-cell function and decreased frequencies of apoptotic and TLR4+ mononuclear cells (MNCs). Consistent with the highest NK-cell activity, splenic CD172+ MNCs (DC enriched fraction) of EcN-colonized pigs produced the highest levels of IL-12 in vitro. LGG colonization has little effect on the above parameters, which are intermediate in EcN + LGG-colonized pigs, suggesting that probiotics modulate each other's effects. Additionally, in vitro EcN-treated splenic or intestinal MNCs produce higher levels of innate, immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines, IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-10, compared to MNCs of pigs treated with LGG. These results indicate that the EcN-mediated greater protection against HRV is associated with potent stimulation of the innate immune system and activation of the DC-IL-12-NK immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Lulu Shao
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Agnihothram SS, Vermudez SA, Mullis L, Townsend TA, Manjanatha MG, Azevedo MP. Silicon Dioxide Impedes Antiviral Response and Causes Genotoxic Insult During Calicivirus Replication. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 16:7720-7730. [PMID: 27547159 PMCID: PMC4986603 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2016.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and replicate extensively in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Silica (also known as silicon dioxide, SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) used in processed foods, dairy products, and beverages also accumulate in the GI tract. We investigated the effect of silica NPs on NoV replication and host cell response during virus infection, using murine norovirus (MNV-1) infection of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Pretreatment with 10 μg/ml silica significantly reduced the viability of macrophages, but no cumulative effects on viability of macrophages were observed with MNV-1 infection. No difference was observed between exposure to control or silica NPs on either the quantity of viral genome copies or the production of infectious virus in macrophages infected with MNV-1. Silica NPs reduced the ability of macrophages to upregulate genes encoding bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), chemokine ligands and cytokines for which expression levels were otherwise found to be upregulated in response to MNV-1 infection. Furthermore, silica NPs reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages in response to MNV infection. Finally, silica NPs with MNV-1 infection produced a genotoxic insult to macrophages. Strikingly, this genotoxic insult was also found to occur as a synergistic effect of silica NPs and feline calicivirus infection in feline kidney epithelial cells. Taken together, our study suggests important safety considerations related to reducing exposure to silica NPs affecting the GI tract in individuals infected with NoVs and possibly other foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar S Agnihothram
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Microbiology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
| | - Sheryl Anne Vermudez
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Microbiology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA; Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
| | - Lisa Mullis
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Microbiology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
| | - Todd A Townsend
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
| | - Mugimane G Manjanatha
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
| | - Marli P Azevedo
- United States Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Division of Microbiology, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
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32
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Fischer S, Bauerfeind R, Czerny CP, Neumann S. Serum interleukin-6 as a prognostic marker in neonatal calf diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6563-6571. [PMID: 27209135 PMCID: PMC7126374 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhea is still one of the most important diseases in calf rearing, and severe diarrhea has a marked effect on animal welfare. Furthermore, significant economic losses can result from this disease due to high mortality rates, high medical costs, and low weight gain. To avoid a fatal outcome of the disease, it is crucial that vulnerable calves are identified as early as possible. Interleukin-6 is described as an early and reliable prognostic marker in several diseases. In this study, 20 scouring calves were tested by ELISA for their IL-6 serum concentrations. Samples were collected twice, at the beginning of diarrhea and 7 to 10 d later. Regarding the clinical outcome after 7 to 10 d, calves were classified as recovered or nonrecovered. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to determine the prognostic value of IL-6 for the progress of clinical symptoms. At the beginning of diarrhea, the IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in nonrecovering calves compared with those that recover 7 to 10 d after the onset of diarrhea. Interleukin-6 proved to be a useful additional parameter in the clinical examination. High initial IL-6 values can support the decision for closer monitoring and an adapted therapeutic strategy for the respective calves. This may help to prevent unnecessary animal suffering and reduce economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Fischer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Stephan Neumann
- Small Animal Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany.
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33
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Annamalai T, Saif LJ, Lu Z, Jung K. Age-dependent variation in innate immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling versus weaned pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:193-202. [PMID: 26433606 PMCID: PMC7112776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an enteric coronaviral infection that causes severe morbidity and mortality in suckling pigs, but less severe disease in older pigs. Consequently, it causes significant economic losses to the pork industry. There are limited studies on the innate immune responses to PED virus (PEDV) in pigs. The aims of our study were to investigate differences in innate immune responses to PEDV infection in suckling and weaned pigs and to examine if disease severity coincides with reduced innate immune responses. Weaned 26-day-old pigs (n=20) and 9-day-old nursing pigs (n=20) were assigned to PEDV inoculated or uninoculated control groups. The pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, virus shedding and were euthanized at post-inoculation days (PIDs) 1 and 5 to assay immune responses. Blood samples were collected at PIDs 1, 3 and 5. The natural killer (NK) cell frequencies, NK cell activities (lysis of target K562 tumor cells in vitro), CD3+CD4+ T cell and CD3+CD8+ T cell frequencies were measured in blood and ileum at PIDs 1 and 5. The PEDV infected suckling pigs showed severe diarrhea and vomiting at PID 1, whereas the PEDV infected weaned pigs showed milder clinical signs starting at PID 3. PEDV infected suckling pigs had significantly higher diarrhea scores, earlier fecal PEDV RNA shedding and significantly higher viremia (viral RNA in serum) compared to weaned pigs. There was no mortality in either infected suckling or infected weaned pigs. The control pigs not inoculated with PEDV did not show any clinical signs and no detectable fecal or serum PEDV RNA. Strikingly, PEDV infected suckling pigs had significantly lower NK cell frequencies, undetectable NK cell activity and lower IFNγ producing NK cells in blood and ileum compared to PEDV infected weaned pigs. Pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles of PEDV infected suckling pigs differed from those of PEDV infected weaned pigs and coincided with onset of fecal PEDV RNA shedding and serum PEDV RNA titers. The infected suckling pigs have higher and earlier increases in serum IFNα, but lower serum IL-8 and TNFα levels compared to infected weaned pigs. CD3+CD4+ T cell frequencies were significantly higher in ileum of suckling pigs than in weaned pigs, whereas there was no difference in CD3+CD8+ T cell frequencies. In conclusion, the observations of impaired lytic activity and IFN-γ production by NK cells in suckling pigs coincided with the increased severity of PEDV infection in the suckling pigs compared with the weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamathi Annamalai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Xie L, Yan M, Wang X, Ye J, Mi K, Yan S, Niu X, Li H, Sun M. Immunogenicity and efficacy in mice of an adenovirus-based bicistronic rotavirus vaccine expressing NSP4 and VP7. Virus Res 2015; 210:298-307. [PMID: 26368053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NSP4 and VP7 are important functional proteins of rotavirus. Proper combination of viral gene expression is favorable to improving the protection effect of subunit vaccine. In the present study, We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of the bicistronic recombinant adenovirus (rAd-NSP4-VP7) and two single-gene expressing adenoviruses (rAd-NSP4, rAd-VP7). The three adenovirus vaccines were used to immunize mice by intramuscular or intranasal administration. The data showed significant increases in serum antibodies, T lymphocyte subpopulations proliferation, and cytokine secretions of splenocyte in all immunized groups. However, the serum IgA and neutralizing antibody levels of the rAd-NSP4-VP7 or rAd-VP7 groups were significantly higher than those of the rAd-NSP4, while the splenocyte numbers of IFN-γ secretion in the rAd-NSP4-VP7 or rAd-NSP4 groups was greater than that of the rAd-VP7. Furthermore, the efficacy evaluation in a suckling mice model indicated that only rAd-NSP4-VP7 conferred significant protection against rotavirus shedding challenge. These results suggest that the co-expression of NSP4 and VP7 in an adenovirus vector induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses efficiently, and provide potential efficacy for protection against rotavirus disease. It is possible to represent an efficacious subunits vaccine strategy for control of rotavirus infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China; Kunming University, School of Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Min Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Kai Mi
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Xianglian Niu
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
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Hodgins DC, Chattha K, Vlasova A, Parreño V, Corbeil LB, Renukaradhya GJ, Saif LJ. Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149859 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:639-51. [PMID: 25483333 PMCID: PMC4615723 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells play a key role in generation of protective immunity against rotavirus infection, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children. Current RV vaccines are less effective in developing countries compared to developed countries. Commensals/probiotics influence mucosal immunity, but the role of early gut colonizing bacteria in modulating intestinal B cell responses to RV vaccines is largely unknown. We co-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the only animal model susceptible to HRV diarrhea, with 2 dominant bacterial species present in the gut of breastfed infants, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis Bb12 to evaluate their impact on B cell responses to an attenuated (Att) human rotavirus (HRV) Wa strain vaccine. Following HRV challenge, probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated piglets had significantly lower fecal scores and reduced HRV shedding titers compared to uncolonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs. The reduction in HRV diarrhea was significantly correlated with higher intestinal IgA HRV antibody titers and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cell (ASC) numbers in probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs compared to uncolonized, vaccinated pigs. The significantly higher small intestinal HRV IgA antibody responses coincided with higher IL-6, IL-10 and APRIL responses of ileal mononuclear cells (MNCs) and the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics genomic DNA on TGF-β and IL-10 responses. However, serum RV IgG antibody titers and total IgG titers were significantly lower in probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs compared to uncolonized, vaccinated pigs, both pre- and post-challenge. In summary, LGG and Bb12 beneficially modulated intestinal B cell responses to HRV vaccine.
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Key Words
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- ASC, antibody secreting cell
- AUC, area under the curve
- AttHRV, attenuated human rotavirus
- B cell responses
- Bb12, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
- FFU, fluorescent foci forming unit
- Gn, gnotobiotic
- HRV, human rotavirus
- LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG
- MNCs, mononuclear cells
- PBCD, post bacterial colonization day.
- PCD, postchallenge day
- PID, postinoculation day
- RAM, rat anti-mouse
- RV, rotavirus
- Vac+Pro, vaccinated probiotic colonized group
- Vac, 3XAttHRV Wa vaccinated only group
- VirHRV, virulent human rotavirus
- human rotavirus
- neonatal diarrhea
- probiotics
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA,Correspondence to: Linda J Saif;
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Abstract
Enteric viral infections in domestic animals cause significant economic losses. The recent emergence of virulent enteric coronaviruses [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)] in North America and Asia, for which no vaccines are available, remains a challenge for the global swine industry. Vaccination strategies against rotavirus and coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) infections are reviewed. These vaccination principles are applicable against emerging enteric infections such as PEDV. Maternal vaccines to induce lactogenic immunity, and their transmission to suckling neonates via colostrum and milk, are critical for early passive protection. Subsequently, in weaned animals, oral vaccines incorporating novel mucosal adjuvants (e.g., vitamin A, probiotics) may provide active protection when maternal immunity wanes. Understanding intestinal and systemic immune responses to experimental rotavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccines and infection in pigs provides a basis and model for the development of safe and effective vaccines for young animals and children against established and emerging enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Chattha
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta T1H 6P7, Canada;
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Alterations in oxidant/antioxidant balance, high-mobility group box 1 protein and acute phase response in cross-bred suckling piglets suffering from rotaviral enteritis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1127-33. [PMID: 24848720 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviral enteritis has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in piglets during their post-natal life. The present study was carried out to examine high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, acute phase response and oxidative stress indices in the serum of suckling piglets suffering from enteritis with or without association of porcine group A rotavirus infection. The present investigation utilized 23 clinical cases with signs of acute enteritis and 12 more healthy piglets of a similar age group as control animals. Out of 23 enteritis cases, 12 cases were found to be positive for porcine group A rotavirus infection as confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers for group A rotavirus, and the rest were found negative. The acute enteritis cases in piglets were associated with an elevated level of HMGB1 protein and serum haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin suggestive of an acute phase response. Among the oxidative stress indices, the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum were significantly increased. A pronounced drop of total antioxidant capacity and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase in the serum of piglets suffering from acute enteritis compared to healthy ones were also noticed. The alterations in HMGB1 protein, acute phase response and oxidative stress indices were more pronounced in cases with the involvement of porcine rotavirus as compared to rotavirus-negative cases. It is concluded that HMGB1 protein, markers of oxidative stress and acute phase proteins might play an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of porcine diarrhoea caused by rotavirus and might be true markers in diagnosing the conditions leading to the extension of the prompt and effective therapeutic care.
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Ouyang K, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. An innovative approach to induce cross-protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs through adjuvanted nanotechnology-based vaccination. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1519-35. [PMID: 24711701 PMCID: PMC3969340 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating respiratory disease of pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), an Arterivirus which is a highly mutating RNA virus. Widely used modified live PRRSV vaccines have failed to prevent PRRS outbreaks and reinfections; moreover, safety of the live virus vaccines is questionable. Though poorly immunogenic, inactivated PRRSV vaccine is safe. The PRRSV infects primarily the lung macrophages. Therefore, we attempted to strengthen the immunogenicity of inactivated/killed PRRSV vaccine antigens (KAg), especially in the pig respiratory system, through: 1) entrapping the KAg in biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NP-KAg); 2) coupling the NP-KAg with a potent mucosal adjuvant, whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb WCL); and 3) delivering the vaccine formulation twice intranasally to growing pigs. We have previously shown that a single dose of NP-KAg partially cleared the challenged heterologous PRRSV. Recently, we reported that NP-KAg coupled with unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared the viremia of challenged heterologous PRRSV. Since PRRSV is primarily a lung disease, our goal in this study was to investigate lung viral load and various immune correlates of protection at the lung mucosal surfaces and its parenchyma in vaccinated heterologous PRRSV-challenged pigs. Our results indicated that out of five different vaccine-adjuvant formulations, the combination of NP-KAg and unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared detectable replicating infective PRRSV with a tenfold reduction in viral RNA load in the lungs, associated with substantially reduced gross and microscopic lung pathology. Immunologically, strong humoral (enhanced virus neutralization titers by high avidity antibodies) and cell-mediated immune responses (augmented population of interferon-γ secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and reduced secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines) in the lungs were observed. In conclusion, combination of NP-KAg and soluble M. tb WCL elicits broadly cross-protective anti-PRRSV immunity in the pig respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Zheng S, Qin G, Tian H, Sun Z. Role of soybean β-conglycinin subunits as potential dietary allergens in piglets. Vet J 2014; 199:434-8. [PMID: 24508322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Conglycinin, a major seed-storage protein in soybeans, is one of the primary antigenic proteins responsible for soybean-meal hypersensitivity in weaned piglets. The protein is a heterotrimer composed of subunits α, α' and β. It is currently unknown which of the β-conglycinin subunits are allergenic for piglets. The aim of this study was to identify potential allergenic subunits of β-conglycinin for soybean sensitive piglets and to characterise these subunits by immunoglobulin (Ig) G and E immunoblotting, ELISA, 'skin prick' and whole blood histamine-release testing. The IgG and IgE binding capabilities of the purified α, α' and β subunits of β-conglycinin were determined by immunoblot analysis and ELISA with sera from β-conglycinin sensitised piglets. Skin prick testing and whole blood histamine release testing were also performed to detect the activated effector cell response to specific allergens. Specific IgG and E antibodies were identified that recognised all three subunits of β-conglycinin in the sera of β-conglycinin sensitised piglets. All three subunits of β-conglycinin elicited positive skin test and specific histamine release responses from the whole blood of β-conglycinin sensitised piglets. These results suggest that all three β-conglycinin subunits are potential allergens for piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - He Tian
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Zewei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
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Human milk oligosaccharides shorten rotavirus-induced diarrhea and modulate piglet mucosal immunity and colonic microbiota. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:1609-20. [PMID: 24522264 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impact of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) on mucosal immunity, gut microbiota and response to rotavirus (RV) infection was investigated in the piglet model. Newborn piglets were fed with formula alone (FF) or formula supplemented with 4 g l(-1) HMO (HMO) or a prebiotic mixture of 9:1 short-chain galactooligosaccharides (3.6 g l(-1)) and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (0.4 g l(-1)) (PRE) (n=19-21 per group) for 15 days. Piglets (n=7-8) in each dietary group were orally infected with porcine rotavirus (RV) OSU strain on d10, and stool consistency was assessed daily. Blood, small intestine and colonic contents were collected at day 15. Serum RV-specific antibody concentrations, intestinal histomorphology, RV non-structural protein-4 (NSP4) and cytokine mRNA expression were assessed. Colonic content pH, dry matter (DM) and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were measured. Ascending colonic microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene v1-3 region pyrosequencing. HMO- and PRE-fed groups had shorter duration of diarrhea than FF piglets. Infection changed intestinal histomorphology, increased serum RV-specific antibody response and intestinal RV NSP4 expression, and modulated ileal cytokine expression. HMO enhanced T helper type 1 (interferon-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10) cytokines in the ileum, while prebiotics promoted RV-specific immunoglobulin M response to the infection. RV infection and HMO supplementation altered intraluminal environment and gut microbiota. HMO increased pH and lowered DM of colonic contents and enhanced the abundance of unclassified Lachnospiraceae, which contains numerous butyrate-producing bacteria. In conclusion, HMO and prebiotics did not prevent the onset of RV infection but reduced the duration of RV-induced diarrhea in piglets, in part, by modulating colonic microbiota and immune response to RV infection.
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Supplementation transgenic cow's milk containing recombinant human lactoferrin enhances systematic and intestinal immune responses in piglets. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2119-28. [PMID: 24420858 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) plays an important role in the body's immune system. However, the immunomodulatory effects of supplementation transgenic cow's milk containing recombinant human LF (rhLF) on the systemic and intestinal immune systems in infants remain unclear. Our laboratory has used genetic engineer to produce transgenic cow secreted rhLF. To assess the immune responses we took piglets as an animal model for infants. Eighteen piglets at 7 days of age were fed ordinary milk, 1:1 mix of ordinary and rhLF milk, or rhLF milk (LFM) for 30 days. The incidence of diarrhea in piglets in natural condition was observed. The protein abundances of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, IgE, histamine, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 interferon, tumor necrosis factor in the plasma, spleen or intestine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal structure was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. The mRNA levels of immune and allergy-related genes were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that LFM-fed significantly reduced incidence of diarrhea, enhanced humoral immunity, T helper (Th) 1, and Th2 cell responses, improved the structure of the intestinal mucosal and did not induce food allergy. LFM increased mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 2 and nuclear factor-κB p65 and decreased that of FCεRI β. In conclusion, rhLF-enriched formula could improve systematic and intestinal immune responses and did not elicit food allergies in neonatal piglets.
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Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Prenatal vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq®) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2013; 32:816-24. [PMID: 24380684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is associated with increased childhood mortality and morbidity in impoverished Asian and African countries, but the impact of VAD on rotavirus (RV) vaccine or infection is poorly understood. We assessed effects of gestational and dietary induced pre- and post-natal VAD and vitamin A supplementation on immune responses to a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq(®) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine efficacy was assessed against virulent G1P[8] human rotavirus (HRV) challenge. VAD and vitamin A sufficient (VAS) piglets were derived from dietary VAD and VAS sows, respectively. VAD piglets had significantly lower levels of hepatic vitamin A compared to that of VAS piglets. RotaTeq(®)-vaccinated VAD piglets had 350-fold higher fecal virus shedding titers compared to vaccinated VAS piglets post-challenge. Only 25% of vaccinated non-vitamin A supplemented VAD piglets were protected against diarrhea compared with 100% protection rate in vaccinated non-supplemented VAS piglets post-challenge. Intestinal HRV specific immune responses were compromised in VAD piglets. Vaccinated VAD piglets had significantly lower ileal HRV IgG antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses (pre-challenge) and duodenal HRV IgA ASC responses (post-challenge) compared to vaccinated VAS piglets. Also, intestinal HRV IgA antibody titers were 11-fold lower in vaccinated VAD compared to vaccinated VAS piglets post-challenge. Persistently elevated levels of IL-8, a pro-inflammatory mediator, and lower IL-10 responses (anti-inflammatory) in vaccinated VAD compared to VAS piglets suggest more severe inflammatory responses in VAD piglets post-challenge. Moreover higher IFN-γ responses pre-challenge were observed in VAD compared to VAS piglets. The impaired vaccine-specific intestinal antibody responses and decreased immunoregulatory cytokine responses coincided with reduced protective efficacy of the RV vaccine against virulent HRV challenge in VAD piglets. In conclusion, VAD impaired antibody responses to RotaTeq(®) and vaccine efficacy. Oral supplementation of 100,000 IU vitamin A concurrent with RV vaccine failed to increase the vaccine efficacy in VAD piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the effect of continued Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain (LGG) feeding on rotavirus gastroenteritis in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of virulent human rotavirus (HRV) infection. METHODS Gn pigs were assigned to treatment groups: mock control, LGG only, HRV only, or LGG plus HRV. Nine days before HRV inoculation (3 days of age), pigs were fed LGG with a daily dose increase of 10-fold from 10³ to 10¹² colony-forming units (CFU). The 10¹² CFU/dose of LGG feeding continued until post-HRV inoculation day (PID) 6. Clinical sign (diarrhea), rotavirus fecal shedding, histopathology of the ileum, adherent junction and tight junction protein expression in the ileal epithelial cells, mucin production in the large and small intestinal contents, and serum cytokine responses from PID 2 to 6 were examined and compared among the treatment groups. RESULTS Clinically, the percentage of pigs developing diarrhea, the mean duration of diarrhea, and the mean cumulative fecal scores were lower in the LGG fed pigs compared to the nonfed pigs after HRV inoculation. LGG partially protected ileal epithelium against HRV-induced compensatory increases of the adherent junction protein α-catenin and β-catenin, tight junction protein occludin, claudin-3 and claudin-4, and leak protein claudin-2. LGG promoted mucin production because the mucin levels in the large intestinal contents of the LGG+HRV pigs were significantly higher than the HRV-only pigs on PID 2. Additionally, LGG maintained the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β level in serum after HRV infection. CONCLUSIONS LGG is moderately effective for ameliorating rotavirus diarrhea by partially preventing injuries to the epithelium.
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Vlasova AN, Chattha KS, Kandasamy S, Liu Z, Esseili M, Shao L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria promote immune homeostasis by modulating innate immune responses to human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76962. [PMID: 24098572 PMCID: PMC3788735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of co-colonization with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) on 3-dose vaccination with attenuated HRV and challenge with virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) were assessed in 4 groups of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs: Pro+Vac (probiotic-colonized/vaccinated), Vac (vaccinated), Pro (probiotic-colonized, non-vaccinated) and Control (non-colonized, non-vaccinated). Subsets of pigs were euthanized pre- [post-challenge day (PCD) 0] and post (PCD7)-VirHRV challenge to assess diarrhea, fecal HRV shedding and dendritic cell/innate immune responses. Post-challenge, Pro+Vac and Vac groups were completely protected from diarrhea; protection rates against HRV shedding were 100% and 83%, respectively. Diarrhea and HRV shedding were reduced in Pro compared to Control pigs following VirHRV challenge. Diarrhea scores and virus shedding were significantly higher in Controls, compared to all other groups, coincident with significantly higher serum interferon-alpha levels post-challenge. LGG+Bb12 colonization ±vaccine promoted immunomaturation as reflected by increased frequencies of CD4, SWC3a, CD11R1, MHCII expressing mononuclear cells (MNCs) and conventional dendritic cells in intestinal tissues and blood post-challenge. Colonization decreased frequencies of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expressing MNCs from vaccinated pigs (Pro+Vac) pre-challenge and increased frequencies of TLR3 expressing MNCs from Pro pigs post-challenge, suggesting that probiotics likely exert anti-inflammatory (TLR2 and 4 down-regulation) and antiviral (TLR3 up-regulation by HRV dsRNA) actions via TLR signaling. Probiotic colonization alone (Pro) increased frequencies of intestinal and systemic apoptotic MNCs pre-challenge, thereby regulating immune hyperreactivity and tolerance. However, these frequencies were decreased in intestinal and systemic tissues post-challenge, moderating HRV-induced apoptosis. Additionally, post-challenge, Pro+Vac and Pro groups had significantly decreased MNC proliferation, suggesting that probiotics control excessive lymphoproliferative reactions upon VirHRV challenge. We conclude that in the neonatal Gn pig disease model, selected probiotics contribute to immunomaturation, regulate immune homeostasis and modulate vaccine and virulent HRV effects, thereby moderating HRV diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N. Vlasova
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
| | - Kuldeep S. Chattha
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Malak Esseili
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lulu Shao
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
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Rotavirus NSP4 Triggers Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Macrophages via Toll-Like Receptor 2. J Virol 2013; 87:11160-7. [PMID: 23926349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03099-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4), encoded by rotavirus, exhibits various properties linked to viral pathogenesis, including enterotoxic activity. A recent study (O. V. Kavanagh et al., Vaccine 28:3106-3111, 2010) indicated that NSP4 also has adjuvant properties, suggesting a possible role in the innate immune response to rotavirus infection. We report here that NSP4 purified from the medium of rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophage-like THP-1 cells and nitric oxide from murine RAW 264.7 cells. Secretion is accompanied by the stimulation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor NF-κB. NSP4 triggered the secretion of cytokines from murine macrophages derived from wild-type but not MyD88(-/-) or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2(-/-)) mice and induced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from human embryonic kidney cells transfected with TLR2 but not TLR4. Our studies identify NSP4 as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) encoded by rotavirus and provide a mechanism for the production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the clinical symptoms of infection in humans and animals.
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Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Divergent immunomodulating effects of probiotics on T cell responses to oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus infection in a neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2446-56. [PMID: 23918983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a leading cause of childhood diarrhea. Current oral vaccines are not effective in impoverished countries where the vaccine is needed most. Therefore, alternative affordable strategies are urgently needed. Probiotics can alleviate diarrhea in children and enhance specific systemic and mucosal Ab responses, but the T cell responses are undefined. In this study, we elucidated the T cell and cytokine responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) and virulent human RV (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs colonized with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [LGG] and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 [Bb12]), mimicking gut commensals in breastfed infants. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs are the only animal model susceptible to HRV diarrhea. Probiotic colonized and nonvaccinated (Probiotic) pigs had lower diarrhea and reduced virus shedding postchallenge compared with noncolonized and nonvaccinated pigs (Control). Higher protection in the Probiotic group coincided with higher ileal T regulatory cells (Tregs) before and after challenge, and higher serum TGF-β and lower serum and biliary proinflammatory cytokines postchallenge. Probiotic colonization in vaccinated pigs enhanced innate serum IFN-α, splenic and circulatory IFN-γ-producing T cells, and serum Th1 cytokines, but reduced serum Th2 cytokines compared with noncolonized vaccinated pigs (Vac). Thus, LGG+Bb12 induced systemic Th1 immunostimulatory effects on oral AttHRV vaccine that coincided with lower diarrhea severity and reduced virus shedding postchallenge in Vac+Pro compared with Vac pigs. Previously unreported intestinal CD8 Tregs were induced in vaccinated groups postchallenge. Thus, probiotics LGG+Bb12 exert divergent immunomodulating effects, with enhanced Th1 responses to oral AttHRV vaccine, whereas inducing Treg responses to virulent HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Weh J, Antoni C, Weiß C, Findeisen P, Ebert M, Böcker U. Discriminatory potential of C-reactive protein, cytokines, and fecal markers in infectious gastroenteritis in adults. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:79-84. [PMID: 23773676 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates potential markers in blood and stools for their ability to distinguish bacterial from viral gastroenteritis. A total of 108 patients were prospectively recruited, of which 27 showed bacterial, 30 viral, and 51 no detectable pathogen, respectively. Cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells as well as the 2 fecal markers lactoferrin and calprotectin were determined. Statistics comprised Kruskal-Wallis test and U test in addition to an assessment of receiver operating characteristic. Interferon γ (IFNγ) levels were significantly increased in the viral group compared to the bacterial and nonspecific group. For the bacterial group, both fecal markers lactoferrin and calprotectin as well as CRP were significantly higher in comparison to the other 2 groups. To differentiate between bacterial and viral gastroenteritis, CRP, serum IFNγ, and the fecal proteins lactoferrin and calprotectin may be useful. A corresponding algorithm should be evaluated prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weh
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Girard A, Roques E, St-Louis MC, Massie B, Archambault D. Expression of human rotavirus chimeric fusion proteins from replicating but non disseminating adenovectors and elicitation of rotavirus-specific immune responses in mice. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:1010-20. [PMID: 23430460 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of replicating but non disseminating adenovirus vectors (AdVs) as vaccine vector using human rotavirus (HRV) as a model pathogen. HRV VP7, VP4, or VP4Δ (N-terminal 336 amino acids of VP4) structural proteins as well as the VP4Δ::VP7 chimeric fusion protein were expressed in mammalian cells when delivered with the AdVs. A preliminary experiment demonstrated that VP4Δ was able to induce a HRV-specific IgG response in BALB/c mice inoculated intramuscularly with AdVs expressing the rotaviral protein. Moreover, an AdV-prime/plasmid DNA-boost regimen of vectors resulted in VP4Δ-specific antibody (Ab) titers ~4 times higher than those obtained from mice immunized with AdVs alone. Subsequently, the various HRV protein-encoding AdVs were compared using the AdV-prime/plasmid DNA-boost regimen. Higher IgG and IgA responses to HRV were obtained when VP4Δ::VP7 fusion protein was used as an immunogen as compared to VP7 or VP4 alone or to a mix of both proteins delivered independently by AdVs. A synergetic effect in terms of Ab was obtained with VP4Δ::VP7. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time the suitability of using replicating but non disseminating AdVs as vaccine vector and the VP4Δ::VP7 fusion protein as an immunogen for vaccination against HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Esseili MA, Siegismund C, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Probiotics and colostrum/milk differentially affect neonatal humoral immune responses to oral rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:1916-23. [PMID: 23453730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk (colostrum [col]/milk) components and gut commensals play important roles in neonatal immune maturation, establishment of gut homeostasis and immune responses to enteric pathogens and oral vaccines. We investigated the impact of colonization by probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) with/without col/milk (mimicking breast/formula fed infants) on B lymphocyte responses to an attenuated (Att) human rotavirus (HRV) Wa strain vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Col/milk did not affect probiotic colonization in AttHRV vaccinated pigs. However, unvaccinated pigs fed col/milk shed higher numbers of probiotic bacteria in feces than non-col/milk fed colonized controls. In AttHRV vaccinated pigs, col/milk feeding with probiotic treatment resulted in higher mean serum IgA HRV antibody titers and intestinal IgA antibody secreting cell (ASC) numbers compared to col/milk fed, non-colonized vaccinated pigs. In vaccinated pigs without col/milk, probiotic colonization did not affect IgA HRV antibody titers, but serum IgG HRV antibody titers and gut IgG ASC numbers were lower, suggesting that certain probiotics differentially impact HRV vaccine responses. Our findings suggest that col/milk components (soluble mediators) affect initial probiotic colonization, and together, they modulate neonatal antibody responses to oral AttHRV vaccine in complex ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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