1
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Mihalić A, Železnjak J, Lisnić B, Jonjić S, Juranić Lisnić V, Brizić I. Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:959-981. [PMID: 39134803 PMCID: PMC11364667 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a representative member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses, is common in the human population, but immunocompetent individuals are generally asymptomatic when infected with this virus. However, in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns, CMV can cause a wide range of often long-lasting morbidities and even death. CMV is not only widespread throughout the population but it is also widespread in its hosts, infecting and establishing latency in nearly all tissues and organs. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of and immune responses to this virus is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Multiple arms of the immune system are engaged to contain the infection, and general concepts of immune control of CMV are now reasonably well understood. Nonetheless, in recent years, tissue-specific immune responses have emerged as an essential factor for resolving CMV infection. As tissues differ in biology and function, so do immune responses to CMV and pathological processes during infection. This review discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of the immune response to CMV infection in tissues, with particular emphasis on several well-studied and most commonly affected organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Železnjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Farrokhi A, Atre T, Salitra S, Aletaha M, Márquez AC, Gynn M, Fidanza M, Jo S, Rolf N, Simmons K, Duque-Afonso J, Cleary ML, Seif AE, Kollmann T, Gantt S, Reid GSD. Early-life infection depletes preleukemic cells in a mouse model of hyperdiploid B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2024; 144:809-821. [PMID: 38875504 PMCID: PMC11375503 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024025038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Epidemiological studies report opposing influences of infection on childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Although infections in the first year of life appear to exert the largest impact on leukemia risk, the effect of early pathogen exposure on the fetal preleukemia cells (PLC) that lead to B-ALL has yet to be reported. Using cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a model early-life infection, we show that virus exposure within 1 week of birth induces profound depletion of transplanted E2A-PBX1 and hyperdiploid B-ALL cells in wild-type recipients and in situ-generated PLC in Eμ-ret mice. The age-dependent depletion of PLC results from an elevated STAT4-mediated cytokine response in neonates, with high levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40-driven interferon (IFN)-γ production inducing PLC death. Similar PLC depletion can be achieved in adult mice by impairing viral clearance. These findings provide mechanistic support for potential inhibitory effects of early-life infection on B-ALL progression and could inform novel therapeutic or preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanmaya Atre
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Salitra
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Aletaha
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Gynn
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mario Fidanza
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sumin Jo
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Alix E Seif
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tobias Kollmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Department of Microbiology, Infection, and Immunology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregor S D Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Ma J, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Mouse cytomegalovirus lacking sgg1 shows reduced import into the salivary glands. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002013. [PMID: 39093048 PMCID: PMC11296724 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) transmit via chronic shedding from the salivary glands. How this relates to the broad cell tropism they exhibit in vitro is unclear. Human CMV (HCMV) infection presents only after salivary gland infection is established. Murine CMV (MCMV) is therefore useful to analyse early infection events. It reaches the salivary glands via infected myeloid cells. Three adjacent spliced genes designated as m131/129 (MCK-2), sgg1 and sgg1.1, positional homologues of the HCMV UL128/130/131 tropism determinants, are implicated. We show that a sgg1 null mutant is defective in infected myeloid cell entry into the salivary glands, a phenotype distinct from MCMV lacking MCK-2. These data point to a complex, multi-step process of salivary gland colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Byrne CM, Márquez AC, Cai B, Coombs D, Gantt S. Spatial kinetics and immune control of murine cytomegalovirus infection in the salivary glands. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011940. [PMID: 39150988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection. Several HCMV vaccines are in development, but none have yet been approved. An understanding of the kinetics of CMV replication and transmission may inform the rational design of vaccines to prevent this infection. The salivary glands (SG) are an important site of sustained CMV replication following primary infection and during viral reactivation from latency. As such, the strength of the immune response in the SG likely influences viral dissemination within and between hosts. To study the relationship between the immune response and viral replication in the SG, and viral dissemination from the SG to other tissues, mice were infected with low doses of murine CMV (MCMV). Following intra-SG inoculation, we characterized the viral and immunological dynamics in the SG, blood, and spleen, and identified organ-specific immune correlates of protection. Using these data, we constructed compartmental mathematical models of MCMV infection. Model fitting to data and analysis indicate the importance of cellular immune responses in different organs and point to a threshold of infection within the SG necessary for the establishment and spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Byrne
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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5
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:381-398. [PMID: 38097777 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Coplen CP, Jergovic M, Terner EL, Bradshaw CM, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich JŽ. Virological, innate, and adaptive immune profiles shaped by variation in route and age of host in murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0198623. [PMID: 38619272 PMCID: PMC11092346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01986-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous facultative pathogen, which establishes a characteristic latent and reactivating lifelong infection in immunocompetent hosts. Murine CMV (mCMV) infection is widely used as an experimental model of hCMV infection, employed to investigate the causal nature and extent of CMV's contribution to inflammatory, immunological, and health disturbances in humans. Therefore, mimicking natural human infection in mice would be advantageous to hCMV research. To assess the role of route and age at infection in modeling hCMV in mice, we infected prepubescent and young sexually mature C57BL/6 (B6) mice intranasally (i.n., a likely physiological route in humans) and intraperitoneally (i.p., a frequently used experimental route, possibly akin to transplant-mediated infection). In our hands, both routes led to comparable early viral loads and tissue spreads. However, they yielded differential profiles of innate and adaptive systemic immune activation. Specifically, the younger, prepubescent mice exhibited the strongest natural killer cell activation in the blood in response to i.p. infection. Further, the i.p. infected animals (particularly those infected at 12 weeks) exhibited larger anti-mCMV IgG and greater expansion of circulating CD8+ T cells specific for both acute (non-inflationary) and latent phase (inflationary) mCMV epitopes. By contrast, tissue immune responses were comparable between i.n. and i.p. groups. Our results illustrate a distinction in the bloodborne immune response profiles across infection routes and ages and are discussed in light of physiological parameters of interaction between CMV, immunity, inflammation, and health over the lifespan. IMPORTANCE The majority of experiments modeling human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection in mice have been carried out using intraperitoneal infection in sexually mature adult mice, which stands in contrast to the large number of humans being infected with human CMV at a young age, most likely via bodily fluids through the nasopharyngeal/oral route. This study examined the impact of the choice of age and route of infection in modeling CMV infection in mice. By comparing young, prepubescent to older sexually mature counterparts, infected either via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route, we discovered substantial differences in deployment and response intensity of different arms of the immune system in systemic control of the virus; tissue responses, by contrast, appeared similar between ages and infection routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mladen Jergovic
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elana L. Terner
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christine M. Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Janko Ž. Nikolich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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7
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Xie W, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Indirect CD4 + T cell protection against persistent MCMV infection by NK cells requires IFNγ. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38271001 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Host control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of MHCII- salivary gland acinar cells is mediated by CD4+ T cells, but how they protect is unclear. Here, we show CD4+ T cells control MCMV indirectly in the salivary gland, via IFNγ engagement with uninfected, but antigen+ MHCII+ APC and recruitment of NK cells to infected cell foci. This immune mechanism renders direct contact of CD4+ T cells with infected cells unnecessary and may represent a host strategy to overcome viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiaojie Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Eletreby M, Thiessen L, Prager A, Brizic I, Materljan J, Kubic L, Jäger K, Jurinović K, Jerak J, Krey K, Adler B. Dissecting the cytomegalovirus CC chemokine: Chemokine activity and gHgLchemokine-dependent cell tropism are independent players in CMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011793. [PMID: 38064525 PMCID: PMC10732436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all herpesviruses, cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) code for many immunomodulatory proteins including chemokines. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) CC chemokine pUL128 has a dual role in the infection cycle. On one hand, it forms the pentameric receptor-binding complex gHgLpUL(128,130,131A), which is crucial for the broad cell tropism of HCMV. On the other hand, it is an active chemokine that attracts leukocytes and shapes their activation. All animal CMVs studied so far have functionally homologous CC chemokines. In murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), the CC chemokine is encoded by the m131/m129 reading frames. The MCMV CC chemokine is called MCK2 and forms a trimeric gHgLMCK2 entry complex. Here, we have generated MCK2 mutant viruses either unable to form gHgLMCK2 complexes, lacking the chemokine function or lacking both functions. By using these viruses, we could demonstrate that gHgLMCK2-dependent entry and MCK2 chemokine activity are independent functions of MCK2 in vitro and in vivo. The gHgLMCK2 complex promotes the tropism for leukocytes like macrophages and dendritic cells and secures high titers in salivary glands in MCMV-infected mice independent of the chemokine activity of MCK2. In contrast, reduced early antiviral T cell responses in MCMV-infected mice are dependent on MCK2 being an active chemokine and do not require the formation of gHgLMCK2 complexes. High levels of CCL2 and IFN-γ in spleens of infected mice and MCMV virulence depend on both, the formation of gHgLMCK2 complexes and the MCK2 chemokine activity. Thus, independent and concerted functions of MCK2 serving as chemokine and part of a gHgL entry complex shape antiviral immunity and virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Eletreby
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Thiessen
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Prager
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Materljan
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lucie Kubic
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Jäger
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Križan Jurinović
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josipa Jerak
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Krey
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Cordsmeier A, Bednar C, Kübel S, Bauer L, Ensser A. Re-Analysis of the Widely Used Recombinant Murine Cytomegalovirus MCMV-m157luc Derived from the Bacmid pSM3fr Confirms Its Hybrid Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14102. [PMID: 37762404 PMCID: PMC10531225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), and, in particular, recombinant virus derived from MCMV-bacmid pSM3fr, is widely used as the small animal infection model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We sequenced the complete genomes of MCMV strains and recombinants for quality control. However, we noticed deviances from the deposited reference sequences of MCMV-bacmid pSM3fr. This prompted us to re-analyze pSM3fr and reannotate the reference sequence, as well as that for the commonly used MCMV-m157luc reporter virus. A correct reference sequence for this frequently used pSM3fr, containing a repaired version of m129 (MCK-2) and the luciferase gene instead of ORF m157, was constructed. The new reference also contains the original bacmid sequence, and it has a hybrid origin from MCMV strains Smith and K181.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.C.); (C.B.); (S.K.); (L.B.)
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10
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Bošnjak B, Henze E, Lueder Y, Do KTH, Rezalotfi A, Čuvalo B, Ritter C, Schimrock A, Willenzon S, Georgiev H, Fritz L, Galla M, Wagner K, Messerle M, Förster R. MCK2-mediated MCMV infection of macrophages and virus dissemination to the salivary gland depends on MHC class I molecules. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112597. [PMID: 37289588 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of macrophages relies on MCMV-encoded chemokine 2 (MCK2), while infection of fibroblasts occurs independently of MCK2. Recently, MCMV infection of both cell types was found to be dependent on cell-expressed neuropilin 1. Using a CRISPR screen, we now identify that MCK2-dependent infection requires MHC class Ia/β-2-microglobulin (B2m) expression. Further analyses reveal that macrophages expressing MHC class Ia haplotypes H-2b and H-2d, but not H-2k, are susceptible to MCK2-dependent infection with MCMV. The importance of MHC class I expression for MCK2-dependent primary infection and viral dissemination is highlighted by experiments with B2m-deficient mice, which lack surface expression of MHC class I molecules. In those mice, intranasally administered MCK2-proficient MCMV mimics infection patterns of MCK2-deficient MCMV in wild-type mice: it does not infect alveolar macrophages and subsequently fails to disseminate into the salivary glands. Together, these data provide essential knowledge for understanding MCMV-induced pathogenesis, tissue targeting, and virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Elisa Henze
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim Thi Hoang Do
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alaleh Rezalotfi
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Čuvalo
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane Ritter
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Schimrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Willenzon
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lea Fritz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Bošnjak B, Lueder Y, Messerle M, Förster R. Imaging cytomegalovirus infection and ensuing immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102307. [PMID: 36996701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) possess exquisite mechanisms enabling colonization, replication, and release allowing spread to new hosts. Moreover, they developed ways to escape the control of the host immune responses and hide latently within the host cells. Here, we outline studies that visualized individual CMV-infected cells using reporter viruses. These investigations provided crucial insights into all steps of CMV infection and mechanisms the host's immune response struggles to control it. Uncovering complex viral and cellular interactions and underlying molecular as well as immunological mechanisms are a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for successful treatment of CMV-related pathologies in neonates and transplant patients.
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12
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Oh JH, Martinez AD, Cao H, George GW, Cobb JS, Sharma P, Fassero LA, Arole K, Carr MA, Lovell KM, Shukla J, Saed MA, Tandon R, Marquart ME, Moores LC, Green MJ. Radio Frequency Heating of Washable Conductive Textiles for Bacteria and Virus Inactivation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43732-43740. [PMID: 36121103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of single-use medical fabrics such as surgical masks, respirators, and other personal protective equipment (PPE), which have faced worldwide supply chain shortages. Reusable PPE is desirable in light of such shortages; however, the use of reusable PPE is largely restricted by the difficulty of rapid sterilization. In this work, we demonstrate successful bacterial and viral inactivation through remote and rapid radio frequency (RF) heating of conductive textiles. The RF heating behavior of conductive polymer-coated fabrics was measured for several different fabrics and coating compositions. Next, to determine the robustness and repeatability of this heating response, we investigated the textile's RF heating response after multiple detergent washes. Finally, we show a rapid reduction of bacteria and virus by RF heating our conductive fabric. 99.9% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was removed from our conductive fabrics after only 10 min of RF heating; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was completely sterilized after 5 min of RF heating. These results demonstrate that RF heating conductive polymer-coated fabrics offer new opportunities for applications of conductive textiles in the medical and/or electronic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Oh
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Aimee D Martinez
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Huaixuan Cao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Garrett W George
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi39180, United States
| | - Jared S Cobb
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi39180, United States
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - Lauren A Fassero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - Kailash Arole
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Mary A Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - K Michael Lovell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - Jayanti Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - Mohammad A Saed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409, United States
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi38655, United States
| | - Mary E Marquart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi39216, United States
| | - Lee C Moores
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi39180, United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
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Bruce K, Ma J, Lawler C, Xie W, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Recent Advancements in Understanding Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091934. [PMID: 36146741 PMCID: PMC9505653 DOI: 10.3390/v14091934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models that mimic human infections provide insights in virus–host interplay; knowledge that in vitro approaches cannot readily predict, nor easily reproduce. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are acquired asymptomatically, and primary infections are difficult to capture. The gap in our knowledge of the early events of HCMV colonization and spread limits rational design of HCMV antivirals and vaccines. Studies of natural infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) have demonstrated the olfactory epithelium as the site of natural colonization. Systemic spread from the olfactory epithelium is facilitated by infected dendritic cells (DC); tracking dissemination uncovered previously unappreciated DC trafficking pathways. The olfactory epithelium also provides a unique niche that supports efficient MCMV superinfection and virus recombination. In this review, we summarize recent advances to our understanding of MCMV infection and spread and the tissue-specific mechanisms utilized by MCMV to modulate DC trafficking. As these mechanisms are likely conserved with HCMV, they may inform new approaches for preventing HCMV infections in humans.
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14
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Abstract
SignificanceUsing CMV as a gene therapy vector we illustrated that CMV can be used therapeutically as a monthly inhaled or intraperitoneally delivered treatment for aging-associated decline. Exogenous telomerase reverse transcriptase or follistatin genes were safely and effectively delivered in a murine model. This treatment significantly improved biomarkers associated with healthy aging, and the mouse lifespan was increased up to 41% without an increased risk of cancer. The impact of this research on an aging population cannot be understated as the global aging-related noncommunicable disease burden quickly rises.
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15
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Becker S, Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NA. Mast Cells Meet Cytomegalovirus: A New Example of Protective Mast Cell Involvement in an Infectious Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091402. [PMID: 35563708 PMCID: PMC9101682 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) belong to the β-subfamily of herpesviruses. Their host-to-host transmission involves the airways. As primary infection of an immunocompetent host causes only mild feverish symptoms, human CMV (hCMV) is usually not considered in routine differential diagnostics of common airway infections. Medical relevance results from unrestricted tissue infection in an immunocompromised host. One risk group of concern are patients who receive hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for immune reconstitution following hematoablative therapy of hematopoietic malignancies. In HCT patients, interstitial pneumonia is a frequent cause of death from hCMV strains that have developed resistance against antiviral drugs. Prevention of CMV pneumonia requires efficient reconstitution of antiviral CD8 T cells that infiltrate lung tissue. A role for mast cells (MC) in the immune control of lung infection by a CMV was discovered only recently in a mouse model. MC were shown to be susceptible for productive infection and to secrete the chemokine CCL-5, which recruits antiviral CD8 T cells to the lungs and thereby improves the immune control of pulmonary infection. Here, we review recent data on the mechanism of MC-CMV interaction, a field of science that is new for CMV virologists as well as for immunologists who have specialized in MC.
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Rescue of Pentamer-Null Strains of Human Cytomegalovirus in Epithelial Cells by Use of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Reveals an Additional Postentry Function for the Pentamer Complex. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003122. [PMID: 35343807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tropism for epithelial cells is determined by the pentameric glycoprotein complex found on the viral envelope. Laboratory-adapted strains, such as AD169, typically develop loss-of-function mutations for the pentamer, thus losing the ability to efficiently initiate lytic replication in epithelial cells. Using our human salivary gland-derived epithelial (hSGE) cell model, we observed that 3 chemically distinct histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can rescue infection in hSGE cells using pentamer-null strains of HCMV. Additionally, infection in ARPE-19 epithelial cells was rescued in a similar manner. We isolated nuclei from AD169-infected cells, quantified viral genomes by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and discovered that while HDAC inhibitors increased immediate early (IE) gene expression, they did not increase the amount of viral DNA in the nucleus. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed that pentamer-null strains showed punctate patterning of pp71 in proximity to the nucleus of infected cells, while pp71 was localized to the nucleus after infection with pentamer-containing strains. Upon treatment with HDAC inhibitors, these punctae remained perinuclear, while more cells displayed entry into the lytic cycle, noted by increased IE-positive nuclei. Taken together, our data indicate that HCMV pentamer-null viruses are able to infect epithelial cells (albeit less efficiently than pentamer-positive viruses) and traffic to the nucleus but fail to initiate lytic gene expression once there. These studies reveal a novel postentry function of the pentamer in addition to the recognized role of pentamer in mediating entry. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus has a wide cellular tropism, which is driven by one of its glycoprotein complexes, the pentamer. Laboratory-adapted strains continuously passaged on fibroblasts readily lose pentamer function and thus lose their ability to infect diverse cell types such as epithelial cells. Pentamer has been attributed an entry function during infection, but mechanistic details as to how this is achieved have not been definitely demonstrated. In this study, we investigate how pharmacological rescue of pentamer-null strains during epithelial infection by histone deacetylase inhibitors implicates a novel role for the pentamer downstream of entry. This work expands on potential functions of the pentamer, will drive future studies to understand mechanistically how it affects tropism, and provides a new target for future therapeutics.
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17
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Abstract
CD4+ T cells are key to controlling cytomegalovirus infections. Salivary gland infection by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) provides a way to identify mechanisms. CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) disseminate MCMV to the salivary glands, where they transfer infection to acinar cells. Antiviral CD4+ T cells are often considered to be directly cytotoxic for cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). However, persistently infected salivary gland acinar cells are MHCII- and are presumably inaccessible to direct CD4 T cell recognition. Here, we show that CD4+ T cell depletion amplified infection of MHCII- acinar cells but not MHCII+ cells. MCMV-infected mice with disrupted MHCII on CD11c+ cells showed increased MHCII- acinar infection; antiviral CD4+ T cells were still primed, but their recruitment to the salivary glands was reduced, suggesting that engagement with local MHCII+ DC is important for antiviral protection. As MCMV downregulates MHCII on infected DC, the DC participating in CD4 protection may thus be uninfected. NK cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) may also contribute to CD4+ T cell-dependent virus control: CD4 T cell depletion reduced NK cell recruitment to the salivary glands, and both NK cell and IFN-γ depletion equalized infection between MHCII-disrupted and control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that CD4+ T cells protect indirectly against infected acinar cells in the salivary gland via DC engagement, requiring the recruitment of NK cells and the action of IFN-γ. Congruence of these results with an established CD4+ T cell/NK cell axis of gammaherpesvirus infection control suggests a common mode of defense against evasive viruses. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus infections commonly cause problems in immunocompromised patients and in pregnancy. We lack effective vaccines. CD4+ T cells play an important role in normal infection control, yet how they act has been unknown. Using murine cytomegalovirus as an accessible model, we show that CD4+ T cells are unlikely to recognize infected cells directly. We propose that CD4+ T cells interact with uninfected cells that present viral antigens and recruit other immune cells to attack infected targets. These data present a new outlook on understanding how CD4+ T cell-directed control protects against persistent cytomegalovirus infection.
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18
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Magold AI, Swartz MA. Pathogenic Exploitation of Lymphatic Vessels. Cells 2022; 11:979. [PMID: 35326430 PMCID: PMC8946894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide a critical line of communication between peripheral tissues and their draining lymph nodes, which is necessary for robust immune responses against infectious agents. At the same time, lymphatics help shape the nature and kinetics of immune responses to ensure resolution, limit tissue damage, and prevent autoimmune responses. A variety of pathogens have developed strategies to exploit these functions, from multicellular organisms like nematodes to bacteria, viruses, and prions. While lymphatic vessels serve as transport routes for the dissemination of many pathogens, their hypoxic and immune-suppressive environments can provide survival niches for others. Lymphatics can be exploited as perineural niches, for inter-organ distribution among highly motile carrier cells, as effective replicative niches, and as alternative routes in response to therapy. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of lymphatic involvement in pathogenic spread to include a wider range of pathogens, as well as new mechanisms of exploitation, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Magold
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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19
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The mouse cytomegalovirus G protein-coupled receptor homolog, M33, coordinates key features of in vivo infection via distinct components of its signalling repertoire. J Virol 2021; 96:e0186721. [PMID: 34878888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01867-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Common to all cytomegalovirus (CMV) genomes analysed to date is the presence of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Animal models of CMV provide insights into their role in viral fitness. The mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) GPCR, M33, facilitates dendritic cell (DC)-dependent viremia, the extravasation of blood-borne infected DC to the salivary gland and the frequency of reactivation events from latently-infected tissue explants. Constitutive G protein-coupled M33 signalling is required for these phenotypes, although the contribution of distinct biochemical pathways activated by M33 is unknown. M33 engages Gq/11 to constitutively activate phospholipase C β (PLCβ) and downstream cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (CREB) in vitro. Identification of a MCMV M33 mutant (M33ΔC38) for which CREB signalling was disabled, but PLCβ activation was preserved, provided the opportunity to investigate their relevance in vivo. Following intranasal infection with MCMV M33ΔC38, the absence of M33 CREB Gq/11-dependent signalling correlated with reduced mobilisation of lytically-infected DC to draining lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs) and reduced viremia compared with wild type MCMV. In contrast, M33ΔC38-infected DC within the vascular compartment extravasated to the salivary glands via a pertussis toxin-sensitive, Gi/o-dependent and CREB-independent mechanism. In the context of MCMV latency, spleen explants from M33ΔC38-infected mice were markedly attenuated for reactivation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that key features of the MCMV lifecycle are coordinated in diverse tissues by distinct pathways of the M33 signalling repertoire. IMPORTANCE G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as cell surface molecular "switches" which regulate the cellular response to environmental stimuli. All cytomegalovirus (CMV) genomes analysed to date possess GPCR homologs with phylogenetic evidence for independent gene capture events, signifying important in vivo roles. The mouse CMV (MCMV) GPCR homolog, designated M33, is important for cell-associated virus spread and for the establishment and/or reactivation of latent MCMV infection. The signalling repertoire of M33 is distinct from cellular GPCRs and little is known of the relevance of component signalling pathways for in vivo M33 function. In this report, we show temporal and tissue-specific M33 signalling is required facilitating in vivo infection. Understanding the relevance of the viral GPCR signalling profiles for in vivo function will provide opportunities for future targeted interventions.
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20
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Challenging the Conventional Interpretation of HCMV Seronegativity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112382. [PMID: 34835508 PMCID: PMC8626044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of adults in the world (around 83%) carry antibodies reactive with HCMV and are thought to retain inactive or latent infections lifelong. The virus is transmitted via saliva, so infection events are likely to be common. Indeed, it is hard to imagine a life without exposure to HCMV. From 45 seronegative individuals (13 renal transplant recipients, 32 healthy adults), we present seven cases who had detectable HCMV DNA in their blood and/or saliva, or a CMV-encoded homologue of IL-10 (vIL-10) in their plasma. One case displayed NK cells characteristic of CMV infection before her HCMV DNA became undetectable. In other cases, the infection may persist with seroconversion blocked by vIL-10. Future research should seek mechanisms that can prevent an individual from seroconverting despite a persistent HCMV infection, as HCMV vaccines may not work well in such people.
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21
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Bianchi A, Coviello C, Leonardi V, Luzzati M, Chiti S, Ermini D, Miele V, Fainardi E, Dani C, Scola E. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging evidence of olfactory bulbs changes in a newborn with congenital Citomegalovirus: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:227. [PMID: 34784934 PMCID: PMC8594161 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citomegalovirus (CMV) infects approximately 1% of live newborns. About 10% of the infants affected by congenital CMV infection are symptomatic at birth and up to 60% of these infants will develop permanent neurological disabilities. Depending on gestational age (GA) at the time of infection, the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to malformations of cortical development, calcifications, periventricular white matter lesions and cysts, ventriculomegaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. CASE PRESENTATION We report the MRI findings in a Caucasian female born at 32 weeks of post-menstrual age with post-birth diagnosis of congenital CMV infection showing an unusual and peculiar marked T2 hyperintensity of the inner part of olfactory bulbs in addition to the CMV related diffuse brain involvement. Despite the known extensively described fetal and neonatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings in CMV infected fetuses and newborns, any in vivo MRI depiction of olfactory system damage have never been reported so far. Nevertheless, in murine studies CMV is known to infect the placenta during pregnancy showing particular tropism for neural stem cells of the olfactory system and previous neuropathologic study on CMV infected human fetal brains from 23 to 28 weeks of GA reported damage in the olfactory bulbs (OB) consisting in disseminated cytomegalic cells, inflammation, necrosis and neuronal and radial glial cell loss. Therefore, we assume an OB involvement and damage in congenital CMV infection. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first in vivo MRI evidence of OB damage in a newborn with congenital CMV infection that may give new insights on CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bianchi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Coviello
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Leonardi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Luzzati
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Chiti
- Department Health Professions, U.O. Research and Development, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Ermini
- Department Health Professions, U.O. Research and Development, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Department of Emergency Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.,Department of Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali E Cliniche, Neuroradiology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Dani
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.
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22
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Olfactory Entry Promotes Herpesvirus Recombination. J Virol 2021; 95:e0155521. [PMID: 34523965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01555-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus genomes show abundant evidence of past recombination. Its functional importance is unknown. A key question is whether recombinant viruses can outpace the immunity induced by their parents to reach higher loads. We tested this by coinfecting mice with attenuated mutants of murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4). Infection by the natural olfactory route routinely allowed mutant viruses to reconstitute wild-type genotypes and reach normal viral loads. Lung coinfections rescued much less well. Attenuated murine cytomegalovirus mutants similarly showed recombinational rescue via the nose but not the lungs. These infections spread similarly, so route-specific rescue implied that recombination occurred close to the olfactory entry site. Rescue of replication-deficient MuHV-4 confirmed this, showing that coinfection occurred in the first encountered olfactory cells. This worked even with asynchronous inoculation, implying that a defective virus can wait here for later rescue. Virions entering the nose get caught on respiratory mucus, which the respiratory epithelial cilia push back toward the olfactory surface. Early infection was correspondingly focused on the anterior olfactory edge. Thus, by concentrating incoming infection into a small area, olfactory entry seems to promote functionally significant recombination. IMPORTANCE All organisms depend on genetic diversity to cope with environmental change. Small viruses rely on frequent point mutations. This is harder for herpesviruses because they have larger genomes. Recombination provides another means of genetic optimization. Human herpesviruses often coinfect, and they show evidence of past recombination, but whether this is rare and incidental or functionally important is unknown. We showed that herpesviruses entering mice via the natural olfactory route meet reliably enough for recombination routinely to repair crippling mutations and restore normal viral loads. It appeared to occur in the first encountered olfactory cells and reflected a concentration of infection at the anterior olfactory edge. Thus, natural host entry incorporates a significant capacity for herpesvirus recombination.
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23
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Characterization of M116.1p, a murine cytomegalovirus protein required for efficient infection of mononuclear phagocytes. J Virol 2021; 96:e0087621. [PMID: 34705561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00876-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad tissue tropism of cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) is facilitated by different glycoprotein entry complexes, which are conserved between human CMV (HCMV) and murine CMV (MCMV). Among the wide array of cell types susceptible to the infection, mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) play a unique role in the pathogenesis of the infection as they contribute both to the virus spread and immune control. CMVs have dedicated numerous genes for the efficient infection and evasion of macrophages and dendritic cells. In this study, we have characterized the properties and function of M116, a previously poorly described but highly transcribed MCMV gene region which encodes M116.1p, a novel protein necessary for the efficient infection of MNPs and viral spread in vivo. Our study further revealed that M116.1p shares similarities with its positional homologs in HCMV and RCMV, UL116 and R116, respectively, such as late kinetics of expression, N-glycosylation, localization to the virion assembly compartment, and interaction with gH - a member of the CMVs fusion complex. This study, therefore, expands our knowledge about virally encoded glycoproteins that play important roles in viral infectivity and tropism. Importance Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a species-specific herpesvirus that causes severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature neonates. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is biologically similar to HCMV, and it serves as a widely used model for studying the infection, pathogenesis, and immune responses to HCMV. In our previous work, we have identified the M116 ORF as one of the most extensively transcribed regions of the MCMV genome without an assigned function. This study shows that the M116 locus codes for a novel protein, M116.1p, which shares similarities with UL116 and R116 in HCMV and RCMV, respectively, and is required for the efficient infection of mononuclear phagocytes and virus spread in vivo. Furthermore, this study establishes the α-M116 monoclonal antibody and MCMV mutants lacking M116, generated in this work, as valuable tools for studying the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in limiting CMV infection following different MCMV administration routes.
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A Live Olfactory Mouse Cytomegalovirus Vaccine, Attenuated for Systemic Spread, Protects against Superinfection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0126421. [PMID: 34431701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01264-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against the betaherpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a public health goal. However, HCMV has proved difficult to vaccinate against. Vaccination against single HCMV determinants has not worked, suggesting that immunity to a wider antigenic profile may be required. Live attenuated vaccines provide the best prospects for protection, but the question remains as to how to balance vaccine virulence with safety. Animal models of HCMV infection provide insights into identifying targets for virus attenuation and understanding how host immunity blocks natural, mucosal infection. Here, we evaluated the vaccine potential of a mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine deleted of a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), designated M33, that renders it attenuated for systemic spread. A single noninvasive olfactory ΔM33 MCMV vaccine replicated locally, but as a result of the loss of the M33 GPCR, it failed to spread systemically and was attenuated for latent infection. Vaccination did not prevent host entry of a superinfecting MCMV but spread from the mucosa was blocked. This approach to vaccine design may provide a viable alternative for a safe and effective betaherpesvirus vaccine. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection for which a vaccine is not yet available. Subunit vaccine candidates have failed to achieve licensure. A live HCMV vaccine may prove more efficacious, but it faces safety hurdles which include its propensity to persist and to establish latency. Understanding how pathogens infect guide rational vaccine design. However, HCMV infections are asymptomatic and thus difficult to capture. Animal models of experimental infection provide insight. Here, we investigated the vaccine potential of a mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) attenuated for systemic spread and latency. We used olfactory vaccination and virus challenge to mimic its natural acquisition. We provide proof of concept that a single olfactory MCMV that is deficient in systemic spread can protect against wild-type MCMV superinfection and dissemination. This approach of deleting functional counterpart genes in HCMV may provide safe and effective vaccination against congenital HCMV disease.
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Murine Cytomegalovirus MCK-2 Facilitates In Vivo Infection Transfer from Dendritic Cells to Salivary Gland Acinar Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069321. [PMID: 34132572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00693-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) spread systemically via myeloid cells and demonstrate broad tissue tropism. Human CMV (HCMV) UL128 encodes a component of the virion pentameric complex (PC) that is important for entry into epithelial cells and cell-cell spread in vitro. It possesses N-terminal amino acid sequences similar to those of CC chemokines. While the species specificity of HCMV precludes confirmation of UL128 function in vivo, UL128-like counterparts in experimental animals have demonstrated a role in salivary gland infection. How they achieve this has not been defined, although effects on monocyte tropism and immune evasion have been proposed. By tracking infected cells following lung infection, we show that although the UL128-like protein in mouse CMV (MCMV) (designated MCK-2) facilitated entry into lung macrophages, it was dispensable for subsequent viremia mediated by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and extravasation to the salivary glands. Notably, MCK-2 was important for the transfer of MCMV infection from DCs to salivary gland acinar epithelial cells. Acinar cell infection of MCMVs deleted of MCK-2 was not rescued by T-cell depletion, arguing against an immune evasion mechanism for MCK-2 in the salivary glands. In contrast to lung infection, peritoneal MCMV inoculation yields mixed monocyte/DC viremia. In this setting, MCK-2 again promoted DC-dependent infection of salivary gland acinar cells, but it was not required for monocyte-dependent spread to the lung. Thus, the action of MCK-2 in MCMV spread was specific to DC-acinar cell interactions. IMPORTANCE Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish myeloid cell-associated viremias and persistent shedding from the salivary glands. In vitro studies with human CMV (HCMV) have implicated HCMV UL128 in epithelial tropism, but its role in vivo is unknown. Here, we analyzed how a murine CMV (MCMV) protein with similar physical properties, designated MCK-2, contributes to host colonization. We demonstrate that MCK-2 is dispensable for initial systemic spread from primary infection sites but within the salivary gland facilitates the transfer of infection from dendritic cells (DCs) to epithelial acinar cells. Virus transfer from extravasated monocytes to the lungs did not require MCK-2, indicating a tissue-specific effect. These results provide new information about how persistent viral tropism determinants operate in vivo.
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26
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Chan B, Arapović M, Masters LL, Rwandamuiye F, Jonjić S, Smith LM, Redwood AJ. The m15 Locus of Murine Cytomegalovirus Modulates Natural Killer Cell Responses to Promote Dissemination to the Salivary Glands and Viral Shedding. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070866. [PMID: 34358016 PMCID: PMC8308470 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest herpesviruses, the 230 kb genomes of cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have increased our understanding of host immunity and viral escape mechanisms, although many of the annotated genes remain as yet uncharacterised. Here we identify the m15 locus of murine CMV (MCMV) as a viral modulator of natural killer (NK) cell immunity. We show that, rather than discrete transcripts from the m14, m15 and m16 genes as annotated, there are five 3′-coterminal transcripts expressed over this region, all utilising a consensus polyA tail at the end of the m16 gene. Functional inactivation of any one of these genes had no measurable impact on viral replication. However, disruption of all five transcripts led to significantly attenuated dissemination to, and replication in, the salivary glands of multiple strains of mice, but normal growth during acute infection. Disruption of the m15 locus was associated with heightened NK cell responses, including enhanced proliferation and IFNγ production. Depletion of NK cells, but not T cells, rescued salivary gland replication and viral shedding. These data demonstrate the identification of multiple transcripts expressed by a single locus which modulate, perhaps in a concerted fashion, the function of anti-viral NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baca Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
- Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maja Arapović
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Laura L. Masters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Francois Rwandamuiye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Lee M. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Alec J. Redwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
- Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6151-0895
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Lee JC, Nallani R, Cass L, Bhalla V, Chiu AG, Villwock JA. A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:323-333. [PMID: 32915650 PMCID: PMC10404900 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a common cause of both short- and long-term smell alteration. The coronavirus pandemic further highlights the importance of post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Currently, a comprehensive review of the neural mechanism underpinning post-viral olfactory dysfunction is lacking. OBJECTIVES To synthesize the existing primary literature related to olfactory dysfunction secondary to viral infection, detail the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlight relevance for the current COVID-19 pandemic, and identify high impact areas of future research. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies reporting primary scientific data on post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Results were supplemented by manual searches. Studies were categorized into animal and human studies for final analysis and summary. RESULTS A total of 38 animal studies and 7 human studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was significant variability in study design, experimental model, and outcome measured. Viral effects on the olfactory system varies significantly based on viral substrain but generally include damage or alteration in components of the olfactory epithelium and/or the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of post-viral olfactory dysfunction is highly complex, virus-dependent, and involves a combination of insults at multiple levels of the olfactory pathway. This will have important implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic developments for patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vidur Bhalla
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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28
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Zhang S, Springer LE, Rao HZ, Espinosa Trethewy RG, Bishop LM, Hancock MH, Grey F, Snyder CM. Hematopoietic cell-mediated dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus is regulated by NK cells and immune evasion. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009255. [PMID: 33508041 PMCID: PMC7872266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes clinically important diseases in immune compromised and immune immature individuals. Based largely on work in the mouse model of murine (M)CMV, there is a consensus that myeloid cells are important for disseminating CMV from the site of infection. In theory, such dissemination should expose CMV to cell-mediated immunity and thus necessitate evasion of T cells and NK cells. However, this hypothesis remains untested. We constructed a recombinant MCMV encoding target sites for the hematopoietic specific miRNA miR-142-3p in the essential viral gene IE3. This virus disseminated poorly to the salivary gland following intranasal or footpad infections but not following intraperitoneal infection in C57BL/6 mice, demonstrating that dissemination by hematopoietic cells is essential for specific routes of infection. Remarkably, depletion of NK cells or T cells restored dissemination of this virus in C57BL/6 mice after intranasal infection, while dissemination occurred normally in BALB/c mice, which lack strong NK cell control of MCMV. These data show that cell-mediated immunity is responsible for restricting MCMV to hematopoietic cell-mediated dissemination. Infected hematopoietic cells avoided cell-mediated immunity via three immune evasion genes that modulate class I MHC and NKG2D ligands (m04, m06 and m152). MCMV lacking these 3 genes spread poorly to the salivary gland unless NK cells were depleted, but also failed to replicate persistently in either the nasal mucosa or salivary gland unless CD8+ T cells were depleted. Surprisingly, CD8+ T cells primed after intranasal infection required CD4+ T cell help to expand and become functional. Together, our data suggest that MCMV can use both hematopoietic cell-dependent and -independent means of dissemination after intranasal infection and that cell mediated immune responses restrict dissemination to infected hematopoietic cells, which are protected from NK cells during dissemination by viral immune evasion. In contrast, viral replication within mucosal tissues depends on evasion of T cells. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common cause of disease in immune compromised individuals as well as a common cause of congenital infections leading to disease in newborns. The virus is thought to enter primarily via mucosal barrier tissues, such as the oral and nasal mucosa. However, it is not clear how the virus escapes these barrier tissues to reach distant sites. In this study, we used a mouse model of CMV infection. Our data illustrate a complex balance between the immune system and viral infection of “myeloid cells”, which are most commonly thought to carry the virus around the body after infection. In particular, our data suggest that robust immune responses at the site of infection force the virus to rely on myeloid cells to escape the site of infection. Moreover, viral genes designed to evade these immune responses were needed to protect the virus during and after its spread to distant sites. Together, this work sheds light on the mechanisms of immune control and viral survival during CMV infection of mucosal tissues and spread to distant sites of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Springer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Han-Zhi Rao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Renee G. Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Bishop
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FG); (CMS)
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FG); (CMS)
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29
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Fisher MA, Lloyd ML. A Review of Murine Cytomegalovirus as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Disease-Do Mice Lie? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010214. [PMID: 33379272 PMCID: PMC7795257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was first described in 1954, it has been used to model human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) diseases. MCMV is a natural pathogen of mice that is present in wild mice populations and has been associated with diseases such as myocarditis. The species-specific nature of HCMV restricts most research to cell culture-based studies or to the investigation of non-invasive clinical samples, which may not be ideal for the study of disseminated disease. Initial MCMV research used a salivary gland-propagated virus administered via different routes of inoculation into a variety of mouse strains. This revealed that the genetic background of the laboratory mice affected the severity of disease and altered the extent of subsequent pathology. The advent of genetically modified mice and viruses has allowed new aspects of disease to be modeled and the opportunistic nature of HCMV infection to be confirmed. This review describes the different ways that MCMV has been used to model HCMV diseases and explores the continuing difficulty faced by researchers attempting to model HCMV congenital cytomegalovirus disease using the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Fisher
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Megan L. Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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30
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Samson LD, van den Berg SP, Engelfriet P, Boots AM, Hendriks M, de Rond LG, de Zeeuw-Brouwer ML, Verschuren WM, Borghans JA, Buisman AM, van Baarle D. Limited effect of duration of CMV infection on adaptive immunity and frailty: insights from a 27-year-long longitudinal study. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1193. [PMID: 33133599 PMCID: PMC7586993 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cytomegalovirus infection is thought to affect the immune system and to impact general health during ageing. Higher CMV‐specific antibody levels in the elderly are generally assumed to reflect experienced viral reactivation during life. Furthermore, high levels of terminally differentiated and CMV‐specific T cells are hallmarks of CMV infection, which are thought to expand over time, a process also referred to as memory inflation. Methods We studied CMV‐specific antibody levels over ~ 27 years in 268 individuals (aged 60–89 years at study endpoint), and to link duration of CMV infection to T‐cell numbers, CMV‐specific T‐cell functions, frailty and cardiovascular disease at study endpoint. Results In our study, 136/268 individuals were long‐term CMV seropositive and 19 seroconverted during follow‐up (seroconversion rate: 0.56%/year). CMV‐specific antibody levels increased slightly over time. However, we did not find an association between duration of CMV infection and CMV‐specific antibody levels at study endpoint. No clear association between duration of CMV infection and the size and function of the memory T‐cell pool was observed. Elevated CMV‐specific antibody levels were associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease but not with frailty. Age at CMV seroconversion was positively associated with CMV‐specific antibody levels, memory CD4+ T‐cell numbers and frailty. Conclusion Cytomegalovirus‐specific memory T cells develop shortly after CMV seroconversion but do not seem to further increase over time. Age‐related effects other than duration of CMV infection seem to contribute to CMV‐induced changes in the immune system. Although CMV‐specific immunity is not evidently linked to frailty, it tends to associate with higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Daniël Samson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sara Ph van den Berg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Peter Engelfriet
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Mh Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Lia Gh de Rond
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Mary-Lène de Zeeuw-Brouwer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Wm Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - José Am Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
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31
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Osterholm EA, Schleiss MR. Impact of breast milk-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in premature infants: Pathogenesis, prevention, and clinical consequences? Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:1-11. [PMID: 32662174 PMCID: PMC8173712 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) represents the most common infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental disability in children. Congenital CMV (cCMV) infection is associated with microcephaly, seizure disorders, cognitive disability, developmental delay, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Of these disabilities, SNHL is the most common, affecting approximately 10% of infants with cCMV. Although the sequelae of cCMV are well recognized, it is much less clear what long-term morbidities may occur in neonates that acquire post-natal CMV infection. Post-natal CMV (pCMV) infection is most commonly transmitted by breast-feeding, and in full-term infants is of little consequence. However, in preterm, very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g), pCMV can result in a severe sepsis-like syndrome, with wide-ranging end-organ disease manifestations. Although such short-term complications are well recognized among clinicians caring for premature infants, the long-term risks with respect to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes remain controversial. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical manifestations of breast milk-acquired pCMV infection. In particular, we summarize studies that have examined-sometimes with conflicting conclusions-the risks of long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in VLBW infants that acquire pCMV from breast milk. We highlight proposed preventive strategies and antiviral interventions, and offer recommendations for high-priority areas for future basic science and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Osterholm
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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32
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Wong E, Montoya B, Stotesbury C, Ferez M, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. Langerhans Cells Orchestrate the Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response in the Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3047-3059.e3. [PMID: 31801072 PMCID: PMC6927544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During disseminating viral infections, a swift innate immune response (IIR) in the draining lymph node (dLN) that restricts systemic viral spread is critical for optimal resistance to disease. However, it is unclear how this IIR is orchestrated. We show that after footpad infection of mice with ectromelia virus, dendritic cells (DCs) highly expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class IIhi DCs), including CD207+ epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP-DCs), and CD103−CD207− double-negative dermal DCs (DN-DCs) migrate to the dLN from the skin carrying virus. MHC class IIhi DCs, predominantly LCs and DP-DCs, are the first cells upregulating IIR cytokines in the dLN. Preventing MHC class IIhi DC migration or depletion of LCs, but not DP-DC deficiency, suppresses the IIR in the dLN and results in high viral lethality. Therefore, LCs are the architects of an early IIR in the dLN that is critical for optimal resistance to a disseminating viral infection. Wong et al. show that by producing chemokines that recruit monocytes and by upregulating NKG2D ligands that activate ILCs, Langerhans cells are responsible for the innate immune cascade in the lymph node that is critical for survival of infection with a disseminating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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33
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Human Nasal Turbinate Tissues in Organ Culture as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection at the Mucosal Entry Site. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01258-20. [PMID: 32727881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01258-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial events of viral infection at the primary mucosal entry site following horizontal person-to-person transmission have remained ill defined. Our limited understanding is further underscored by the absence of animal models in the case of human-restricted viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a leading cause of congenital infection and a major pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we established a novel ex vivo model of HCMV infection in native human nasal turbinate tissues. Nasal turbinate tissue viability and physiological functionality were preserved for at least 7 days in culture. We found that nasal mucosal tissues were susceptible to HCMV infection, with predominant infection of ciliated respiratory epithelial cells. A limited viral spread was demonstrated, involving mainly stromal and vascular endothelial cells within the tissue. Importantly, functional antiviral and proleukocyte chemotactic signaling pathways were significantly upregulated in the nasal mucosa in response to infection. Conversely, HCMV downregulated the expression of nasal epithelial cell-related genes. We further revealed tissue-specific innate immune response patterns to HCMV, comparing infected human nasal mucosal and placental tissues, representing the viral entry and the maternal-to-fetal transmission sites, respectively. Taken together, our studies provide insights into the earliest stages of HCMV infection. Studies in this model could help evaluate new interventions against the horizontal transmission of HCMV.IMPORTANCE HCMV is a ubiquitous human pathogen causing neurodevelopmental disabilities in congenitally infected children and severe disease in immunocompromised patients. The earliest stages of HCMV infection in the human host have remained elusive in the absence of a model for the viral entry site. Here, we describe the establishment and use of a novel nasal turbinate organ culture to study the initial steps of viral infection and the consequent innate immune responses within the natural complexity and the full cellular repertoire of human nasal mucosal tissues. This model can be applied to examine new antiviral interventions against the horizontal transmission of HCMV and potentially that of other viruses.
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34
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Lee CH, Grey F. Systems Virology and Human Cytomegalovirus: Using High Throughput Approaches to Identify Novel Host-Virus Interactions During Lytic Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:280. [PMID: 32587832 PMCID: PMC7298070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus, persistently infecting between 30 and 100% of the population, depending on socio-economic status (Fields et al., 2013). HCMV remains an important clinical pathogen accounting for more than 60% of complications associated with solid organ transplant patients (Kotton, 2013; Kowalsky et al., 2013; Bruminhent and Razonable, 2014). It is also the leading cause of infectious congenital birth defects and has been linked to chronic inflammation and immune aging (Ballard et al., 1979; Griffith et al., 2016; Jergovic et al., 2019). There is currently no effective vaccine and HCMV antivirals have significant side effects. As current antivirals target viral genes, the virus can develop resistance, reducing drug efficacy. There is therefore an urgent need for new antiviral agents that are effective against HCMV, have better toxicity profiles and are less vulnerable to the emergence of resistant strains. Targeting of host factors that are critical to virus replication is a potential strategy for the development of novel antivirals that circumvent the development of viral resistance. Systematic high throughput approaches provide powerful methods for the identification of novel host-virus interactions. As well as contributing to our basic understanding of virus and cell biology, such studies provide potential targets for the development of novel antiviral agents. High-throughput studies, such as RNA sequencing, proteomics, and RNA interference screens, are useful tools to identify HCMV-induced global changes in host mRNA and protein expression levels and host factors important for virus replication. Here, we summarize new findings on HCMV lytic infection from high-throughput studies since 2014 and how screening approaches have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuin Lee
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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35
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Where do we Stand after Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050685. [PMID: 32397070 PMCID: PMC7284540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a linear double-stranded DNA betaherpesvirus belonging to the family of Herpesviridae, is characterized by widespread seroprevalence, ranging between 56% and 94%, strictly dependent on the socioeconomic background of the country being considered. Typically, HCMV causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, while in immunocompromised individuals or when transmitted vertically from the mother to the fetus it leads to systemic disease with severe complications and high mortality rate. Following primary infection, HCMV establishes a state of latency primarily in myeloid cells, from which it can be reactivated by various inflammatory stimuli. Several studies have shown that HCMV, despite being a DNA virus, is highly prone to genetic variability that strongly influences its replication and dissemination rates as well as cellular tropism. In this scenario, the few currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV infections are characterized by high toxicity, poor oral bioavailability, and emerging resistance. Here, we review past and current literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of the biology and genetics of HCMV, stressing the urgent need for innovative and safe anti-HCMV therapies and effective vaccines to treat and prevent HCMV infections, particularly in vulnerable populations.
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36
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Schleiss MR. Breast Milk-Acquired Cytomegalovirus in Premature Infants: Uncertain Consequences and Unsolved Biological Questions. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:121-123. [PMID: 31790538 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
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37
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Lawler C, Stevenson PG. Limited protection against γ-herpesvirus infection by replication-deficient virus particles. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:420-425. [PMID: 31985394 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses have proved hard to vaccination against, with no convincing protection against long-term latent infection by recombinant viral subunits. In experimental settings, whole-virus vaccines have proved more effective, even when the vaccine virus itself establishes latent infection poorly. The main alternative is replication-deficient virus particles. Here high-dose, replication-deficient murid herpesvirus-4 only protected mice partially against wild-type infection. By contrast, latency-deficient but replication-competent vaccine protected mice strongly, even when delivered non-invasively to the olfactory epithelium. Thus, this approach seems to provide the best chance of a safe and effective γ-herpesvirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lawler
- Present address: School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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38
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Farrell HE, Bruce K, Redwood AJ, Stevenson PG. Murine cytomegalovirus disseminates independently of CX3CR1, CCL2 or its m131/m129 chemokine homologue. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1695-1700. [PMID: 31609196 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) use myeloid cells to move within their hosts. Murine CMV (MCMV) colonizes the salivary glands for long-term shedding, and reaches them via CD11c+ infected cells. A need to recruit patrolling monocytes for systemic spread has been proposed, based on poor salivary gland infection in fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-deficient mice. We found no significant CX3CR1 dependence of salivary gland infection. CCL2 and the viral m131/m129 chemokine homologue were also redundant for acute MCMV spread, arguing against a need for inflammation or infection to recruit additional monocytes to the entry site. M131/m129 promoted salivary gland infection, but only after the initial seeding of infected cells to this site. Our data support the idea that MCMV disseminates by infecting and mobilizing tissue-resident dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alec J Redwood
- The Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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39
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Pneumonitis: Cell Tropism, Inflammation, and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163865. [PMID: 31398860 PMCID: PMC6719013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen causing disease mainly in immunocompromised patients or after congenital infection. HCMV infection of the respiratory tract leads to pneumonitis in the immunocompromised host, which is often associated with a bad clinical course. The related mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) likewise exhibits a distinct tropism for the lung and thus provides an elegant model to study host-pathogen interaction. Accordingly, fundamental features of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis have been discovered in mice that correlate with clinical data obtained from humans. Recent studies have provided insight into MCMV cell tropism and localized inflammation after infection of the respiratory tract. Accordingly, the nodular inflammatory focus (NIF) has been identified as the anatomical correlate of immune control in lungs. Several hematopoietic cells involved in antiviral immunity reside in NIFs and their key effector molecules have been deciphered. Here, we review what has been learned from the mouse model with focus on the microanatomy of infection sites and antiviral immunity in MCMV pneumonitis.
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Jergović M, Contreras NA, Nikolich-Žugich J. Impact of CMV upon immune aging: facts and fiction. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:263-269. [PMID: 31004198 PMCID: PMC6635032 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by significant defects in immunity and compromised responses to new, previously unencountered microbial pathogens. Most humans carry several persistent or latent viruses as they age, interacting with the host immune systems for years. In that context maybe the most studied persistent virus is Cytomegalovirus, infamous for its ability to recruit very large T cell responses which increase with age and to simultaneously evade elimination by the immune system. Here we will address how lifelong CMV infection and the immunological burden of its control might affect immune reactivity and health of the host over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Nico A Contreras
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, 1501 N Campbell Ave, P.O. Box 221245, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Murine Cytomegalovirus Spread Depends on the Infected Myeloid Cell Type. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00540-19. [PMID: 31092580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00540-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) colonize blood-borne myeloid cells. Murine CMV (MCMV) spreads from the lungs via infected CD11c+ cells, consistent with an important role for dendritic cells (DC). We show here that MCMV entering via the olfactory epithelium, a natural transmission portal, also spreads via infected DC. They reached lymph nodes, entered the blood via high endothelial venules, and then entered the salivary glands, driven by constitutive signaling of the viral M33 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Intraperitoneal infection also delivered MCMV to the salivary glands via DC. However, it also seeded F4/80+ infected macrophages to the blood; they did not enter the salivary glands or require M33 for extravasation. Instead, they seeded infection to a range of other sites, including brown adipose tissue (BAT). Peritoneal cells infected ex vivo then adoptively transferred showed similar cell type-dependent differences in distribution, with abundant F4/80+ cells in BAT and CD11c+ cells in the salivary glands. BAT colonization by CMV-infected cells was insensitive to pertussis toxin inhibition of the GPCR signaling through Gi/o substrate, whereas salivary gland colonization was sensitive. Since salivary gland infection required both M33 and Gi/o-coupled signaling, whereas BAT infection required neither, these migrations were mechanistically distinct. MCMV spread from the lungs or nose depended on DC, controlled by M33. Infecting other monocyte populations resulted in unpredictable new infections.IMPORTANCE Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) spread through the blood by infecting monocytes, and this can lead to disease. With murine CMV (MCMV) we can track infected myeloid cells and so understand how CMVs spread. Previous experiments have injected MCMV into the peritoneal cavity. MCMV normally enters mice via the olfactory epithelium. We show that olfactory infection spreads via dendritic cells, which MCMV directs to the salivary glands. Peritoneal infection similarly reached the salivary glands via dendritic cells. However, it also infected other monocyte types, and they spread infection to other tissues. Thus, infecting the "wrong" monocytes altered virus spread, with potential to cause disease. These results provide a basis for understanding how the monocyte types infected by human CMV might promote different infection outcomes.
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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OR14I1 is a receptor for the human cytomegalovirus pentameric complex and defines viral epithelial cell tropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7043-7052. [PMID: 30894498 PMCID: PMC6452726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814850116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pentameric glycoprotein complex (PC), gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A, is necessary for viral infection of clinically relevant cell types, including epithelial cells, which are important for interhost transmission and disease. We performed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens of different cell types in parallel to identify host genes specifically required for HCMV infection of epithelial cells. This effort identified a multipass membrane protein, OR14I1, as a receptor for HCMV infection. This olfactory receptor family member is required for HCMV attachment, entry, and infection of epithelial cells and is dependent on the presence of viral PC. OR14I1 is required for AKT activation and mediates endocytosis entry of HCMV. We further found that HCMV infection of epithelial cells is blocked by a synthetic OR14I1 peptide and inhibitors of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Identification of OR14I1 as a PC-dependent HCMV host receptor associated with epithelial tropism and the role of the adenylate cyclase/PKA/AKT-mediated signaling pathway in HCMV infection reveal previously unappreciated targets for the development of vaccines and antiviral therapies.
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Zhang S, Caldeira-Dantas S, Smith CJ, Snyder CM. Persistent viral replication and the development of T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:457-468. [PMID: 30848361 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been difficult to observe. However, recent work using the mouse model of murine (M)CMV demonstrated that MCMV initially infects the nasal mucosa after transmission from mothers to pups. We found that intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of C57BL/6J mice resulted in reliable recovery of replicating virus from the nasal mucosa as assessed by plaque assay. After i.n. inoculation, CD8+ T-cell priming occurred in the mandibular, deep-cervical, and mediastinal lymph nodes within 3 days of infection. Although i.n. infection induced "memory inflation" of T cells specific for the M38316-323 epitope, there were no detectable CD8+ T-cell responses against the late-appearing IE3416-423 epitope, which contrasts with intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. MCMV-specific T cells migrated into the nasal mucosa where they developed a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype and this could occur independently of local virus infection or antigen. Strikingly however, virus replication was poorly controlled in the nasal mucosa and MCMV was detectable by plaque assay for at least 4 months after primary infection, making the nasal mucosa a second site for MCMV persistence. Unlike in the salivary glands, the persistence of MCMV in the nasal mucosa was not modulated by IL-10. Taken together, our data characterize the development of local and systemic T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV and define the nasal mucosa, a natural site of viral entry, as a novel site of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,PT Government Associate Laboratory, ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Reuter S, Lemmermann NAW, Maxeiner J, Podlech J, Beckert H, Freitag K, Teschner D, Ries F, Taube C, Buhl R, Reddehase MJ, Holtappels R. Coincident airway exposure to low-potency allergen and cytomegalovirus sensitizes for allergic airway disease by viral activation of migratory dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007595. [PMID: 30845208 PMCID: PMC6405056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a broad cell-type tropism, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an evidentially pulmonary pathogen. Predilection for the lungs is of medical relevance in immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation, in whom interstitial CMV pneumonia is a frequent and, if left untreated, fatal clinical manifestation of human CMV infection. A conceivable contribution of CMV to airway diseases of other etiology is an issue that so far attracted little medical attention. As the route of primary CMV infection upon host-to-host transmission in early childhood involves airway mucosa, coincidence of CMV airway infection and exposure to airborne environmental antigens is almost unavoidable. For investigating possible consequences of such a coincidence, we established a mouse model of airway co-exposure to CMV and ovalbumin (OVA) representing a protein antigen of an inherently low allergenic potential. Accordingly, intratracheal OVA exposure alone failed to sensitize for allergic airway disease (AAD) upon OVA aerosol challenge. In contrast, airway infection at the time of OVA sensitization predisposed for AAD that was characterized by airway inflammation, IgE secretion, thickening of airway epithelia, and goblet cell hyperplasia. This AAD histopathology was associated with a T helper type 2 (Th2) transcription profile in the lungs, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-25, known inducers of Th2-driven AAD. These symptoms were all prevented by a pre-challenge depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not of CD8+ T cells. As to the underlying mechanism, murine CMV activated migratory CD11b+ as well as CD103+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which have been associated with Th2 cytokine-driven AAD and with antigen cross-presentation, respectively. This resulted in an enhanced OVA uptake and recruitment of the OVA-laden cDCs selectively to the draining tracheal lymph nodes for antigen presentation. We thus propose that CMV, through activation of migratory cDCs in the airway mucosa, can enhance the allergenic potential of otherwise poorly allergenic environmental protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Maxeiner
- Asthma Core Facility and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederic Ries
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Buhl
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, complex pathogens that persistently and systemically colonize most mammals. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital harm, and has proved hard to control. One problem is that key vaccine targets - virus entry and spread in naive hosts - remain ill-defined. As CMVs predate human speciation, those of other mammals can provide new insight. Murine CMV (MCMV) enters new hosts via olfactory neurons. Like HCMV it binds to heparan, which is lacking from most differentiated apical epithelia but is displayed on olfactory neuronal cilia. It then spreads via infected dendritic cells (DCs), which migrate to draining lymph nodes (LNs), rejoin the circulation by entering high endothelial venules (HEVs), and extravasate into other tissues. This migration depends quantitatively on M33, a constitutively active viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The homologous US28 GPCR of HCMV can substitute for M33 in allowing MCMV-infected DCs to leave LNs via HEVs, so HCMV could potentially use the same route. The capacity of DCs to seed MCMV to tissues, and for other DCs to collect it for redistribution, suggest that DC recirculation chronically maintains and links diverse CMV reservoirs through lytic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Murine Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Promotes Epithelial Cell Infection In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01378-18. [PMID: 30404805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01378-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish systemic infections across diverse cell types. Glycoproteins that alter tropism can potentially guide their spread. Glycoprotein O (gO) is a nonessential fusion complex component of both human CMV (HCMV) and murine CMV (MCMV). We tested its contribution to MCMV spread from the respiratory tract. In vitro, MCMV lacking gO poorly infected fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Cell binding was intact, but penetration was delayed. In contrast, myeloid infection was preserved, and in the lungs, where myeloid and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are the main viral targets, MCMV lacking gO showed a marked preference for myeloid infection. Its poor epithelial cell infection was associated with poor primary virus production and reduced virulence. Systemic spread, which proceeds via infected CD11c+ myeloid cells, was initially intact but then diminished, because less epithelial infection led ultimately to less myeloid infection. Thus, the tight linkage between peripheral and systemic MCMV infections gave gO-dependent infection a central role in host colonization.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus is a leading cause of congenital disease. This reflects its capacity for systemic spread. A vaccine is needed, but the best viral targets are unclear. Attention has focused on the virion membrane fusion complex. It has 2 forms, so we need to know what each contributes to host colonization. One includes the virion glycoprotein O. We used murine cytomegalovirus, which has equivalent fusion complexes, to determine the importance of glycoprotein O after mucosal infection. We show that it drives local virus replication in epithelial cells. It was not required to infect myeloid cells, which establish systemic infection, but poor local replication reduced systemic spread as a secondary effect. Therefore, targeting glycoprotein O of human cytomegalovirus has the potential to reduce both local and systemic infections.
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Pathogen at the Gates: Human Cytomegalovirus Entry and Cell Tropism. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120704. [PMID: 30544948 PMCID: PMC6316194 DOI: 10.3390/v10120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years have brought substantial progress toward understanding how human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) enters the remarkably wide spectrum of cell types and tissues that it infects. Neuropilin-2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) were identified as receptors, respectively, for the trimeric and pentameric glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL) complexes that in large part govern HCMV cell tropism, while CD90 and CD147 were also found to play roles during entry. X-ray crystal structures for the proximal viral fusogen, glycoprotein B (gB), and for the pentameric gH/gL complex (pentamer) have been solved. A novel virion gH complex consisting of gH bound to UL116 instead of gL was described, and findings supporting the existence of a stable complex between gH/gL and gB were reported. Additional work indicates that the pentamer promotes a mode of cell-associated spread that resists antibody neutralization, as opposed to the trimeric gH/gL complex (trimer), which appears to be broadly required for the infectivity of cell-free virions. Finally, viral factors such as UL148 and US16 were identified that can influence the incorporation of the alternative gH/gL complexes into virions. We will review these advances and their implications for understanding HCMV entry and cell tropism.
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Glauser DL, Milho R, Lawler C, Stevenson PG. Antibody arrests γ-herpesvirus olfactory super-infection independently of neutralization. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:246-258. [PMID: 30526737 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting against persistent viruses is an unsolved challenge. The clearest example for a gamma-herpesvirus is resistance to super-infection by Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). Most experimental infections have delivered MuHV-4 into the lungs. A more likely natural entry site is the olfactory epithelium. Its protection remains unexplored. Here, prior exposure to olfactory MuHV-4 gave good protection against super-infection. The protection was upstream of B cell infection, which occurs in lymph nodes, and showed redundancy between antibody and T cells. Adding antibody to virions that blocked heparan binding strongly reduced olfactory host entry - unlike in the lungs, opsonized virions did not reach IgG Fc receptor+ myeloid cells. However, the nasal antibody response to primary infection was too low to reduce host entry. Instead, the antibody acted downstream, reducing viral replication in the olfactory epithelium. This depended on IgG Fc receptor engagement rather than virion neutralization. Thus antibody can protect against natural γ-herpesvirus infection before it reaches B cells and independently of neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Glauser
- 1Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, UK
- ‡Present address: Suisselab AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Milho
- 1Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, UK
- §Present address: Costello Medical, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clara Lawler
- 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- 3Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- 1Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, UK
- 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia
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Ntumvi NF, Mbala Kingebeni P, Tamoufe U, Kumakamba C, Ndze V, Ngay Lukusa I, LeBreton M, Atibu Losoma J, Le Doux Diffo J, N'Kawa F, Takuo JM, Mulembakani P, Nwobegahay J, Makuwa M, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Gillis A, Harris S, Rimoin AW, Hoff NA, Fair JM, Monagin C, Ayukekbong J, Rubin EM, Wolfe ND, Lange CE. High Herpesvirus Diversity in Wild Rodent and Shrew Species in Central Africa. Intervirology 2018; 61:155-165. [PMID: 30448834 DOI: 10.1159/000493796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herpesviruses belong to a diverse order of large DNA viruses that can cause diseases in humans and animals. With the goal of gathering information about the distribution and diversity of herpesviruses in wild rodent and shrew species in central Africa, animals in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo were sampled and tested by PCR for the presence of herpesvirus DNA. METHODS A broad range PCRs targeting either the Polymerase or the terminase gene were used for virus detection. Amplified products from PCR were sequenced and isolates analysed for phylogenetic placement. RESULTS Overall, samples of 1,004 animals of various rodent and shrew species were tested and 24 were found to be positive for herpesvirus DNA. Six of these samples contained strains of known viruses, while the other positive samples revealed DNA sequences putatively belonging to 11 previously undescribed herpesviruses. The new isolates are beta- and gammaherpesviruses and the shrew isolates appear to form a separate cluster within the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. CONCLUSION The diversity of viruses detected is higher than in similar studies in Europe and Asia. The high diversity of rodent and shrew species occurring in central Africa may be the reason for a higher diversity in herpesviruses in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean J Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Anne W Rimoin
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph M Fair
- Metabiota, San Francisco, California, USA.,VIRION, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- Metabiota, San Francisco, California, USA.,One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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