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Cai M, Wei Z, Hu X, Ji Y, Li S, Huang J, Jin R, Liang Q, Zhang G, Zheng Z, Gong L, Li M. The evolution, complexity, and diversity of swine influenza viruses in China: A hidden public health threat. Virology 2024; 598:110167. [PMID: 39003988 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs), including H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2, have spread throughout the global pig population. Potential pandemics are a concern with the recent sporadic cross-species transmission of SIVs to humans. We collected 1421 samples from Guangdong, Fujian, Henan, Yunnan and Jiangxi provinces during 2017-2018 and isolated 29 viruses. These included 21H1N1, 5H1N2, and 3H3N2 strains. Genome analysis showed that the domestic epidemic genotypes of H1N1 were mainly G4 and G5 reassortant EA swine H1N1. These genotypes have a clear epidemic advantage. Two strains were Clade 6B.1 pdm/09H1N1, suggesting a possible pig-to-human transmission route. Notably, three new H1N2 genotypes were identified using the genomic backbones of G4 or G5 viruses for recombination. The identification of various subtypes and genotypes highlight the complexity and diversity of SIVs in China and need for continuous monitoring of SIV evolution to assess the risks and prepare for potential influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Cai
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Yikuan Ji
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Shaofang Li
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Junmei Huang
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Quanming Liang
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510462, China.
| | - Meidi Li
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China.
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Ge FF, Shen LP, Yang DQ, Yang XC, Li X, Shen HX, Wang J, Huang S. H3N2 canine influenza virus-like particle vaccine with great protection in beagle dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0044524. [PMID: 38874403 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00445-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2016, a distinct branch of H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged, which has mutations related to mammalian adaptation and has replaced previously prevalent strains. This branch poses a risk of zoonotic infection. To prevent and control H3N2 CIV, an H3N2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on the insect cell baculovirus expression system has been developed in the study. The H3N2 VLP vaccine induced high titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in nasal and muscular immunized beagle dogs. Meanwhile, the VLP vaccine provided effective protection against homologous virus challenge comparable to inactivated H3N2 canine influenza virus. In addition, the intranasal H3N2 VLP vaccine induced significantly higher Th1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses, respectively (p,0.05). Importantly, intramuscular injection of VLP and inactivated H3N2 virus has complete protective effects against homologous H3N2 virus attacks. Nasal immunization with H3N2 VLP can partially protect beagles from H3N2 influenza. IMPORTANCE A new antigenically and genetically distinct canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 clade possessing mutations associated with mammalian adaptation emerged in 2016 and substituted previously circulating strains. This clade poses a risk for zoonotic infection. In our study, intramuscular injection of the H3N2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine and inactivated H3N2 CIV confer completely sterilizing protection against homologous H3N2 canine influenza virus challenge. Our results provide further support for the possibility of developing VLP vaccines that can reliably induce immunity in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Ge
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Pin Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Cao Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xiao Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixin Huang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
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3
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Zhu M, Zeng H, He J, Zhu Y, Wang P, Guo J, Guo J, Zhou H, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Wei Z, Huang W, Chen Y. Reassortant H9N2 canine influenza viruses containing the pandemic H1N1/2009 ribonucleoprotein complex circulating in pigs acquired enhanced virulence in mice. Virology 2024; 589:109927. [PMID: 37951087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study generated 20 reassortant viruses with the introduction of H1N1/2009 internal genes from EA H1N1 virus into H9N2 virus. 12 of these recovered the replication capability both in the lungs and turbinate samples. 10 of 12 obtained PA gene segments from the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of the EA H1N1 virus, and 3 exhibited extreme virulence. Specially, the combination of PB2, PA and NP genes could overcome the species-specific restriction in human cells. Analysis of the polymerase activities found that introduction of the PA gene resulted in increased polymerase activity. These findings indicated that RNP complexes from EA H1N1 virus could confer an adaptation advantage and high compatibility to avian H9N2 virus. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jianqiao He
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yaohui Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jianing Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jinfan Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Huabo Zhou
- Huabo Pet Hospital, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Guangxi College and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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Yao XY, Lian CY, Lv ZH, Zhang XL, Shao JW. Emergence of a novel reassortant H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in farmed dogs in China. J Infect 2023; 87:e70-e72. [PMID: 37507094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Chun-Yang Lian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Lv
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Xue-Lian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jian-Wei Shao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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5
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Fu C, Zhu W, Cao N, Liu W, Lu Z, Wong Z, Guan K, Hu C, Han B, Zeng S, Fan S. Role of CIV NS1 Protein in Innate Immunity and Viral Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10056. [PMID: 37373204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune pathway serves as the first line of defense against viral infections and plays a crucial role in the host's immune response in clearing viruses. Prior research has indicated that the influenza A virus has developed various strategies to avoid host immune responses. Nevertheless, the role of the NS1 protein of the canine influenza virus (CIV) in the innate immune pathway remains unclear. In this study, eukaryotic plasmids of NS1, NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 were constructed, and it was found that these proteins interact with melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and antagonize the activation of IFN-β promoters by MDA5. We selected the NS1 protein for further study and found that NS1 does not affect the interaction between the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) subunit and MDA5, but that it downregulates the expression of the laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) receptors in the RIG-I pathway. Additionally, NS1 was found to inhibit the expression of several antiviral proteins and cytokines, including MX dynamin like GTPase 1 (MX1), 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT1), tripartite motif 25 (TRIM25), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN, IL-8, and IL-1β. To further investigate the role of NS1, a recombinant H3N2 virus strain (rH3N2) and an NS1-null virus (rH3N2ΔNS1) were rescued using reverse-genetic technology. The rH3N2ΔNS1 virus exhibited lower viral titers compared to rH3N2, but had a stronger activation effect on the receptors LGP2 and RIG-I. Furthermore, when compared to rH3N2, rH3N2ΔNS1 exhibited a more pronounced activation of antiviral proteins such as MX1, OAS, STAT1, and TRIM25, as well as antiviral cytokines such as IL-6, IFN-β, and IL-1β. These findings suggest a new mechanism by which NS1, a nonstructural protein of CIV, facilitates innate immune signaling and provides new avenues for the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhier Lu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ziyuan Wong
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Kaiting Guan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Baoting Han
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510000, China
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6
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Meng B, Li H, Feng C, Guo W, Feng Y, Zhu D, Chen H, Zhang Y. Emergence of a novel reassortant H3N6 canine influenza virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1186869. [PMID: 37250039 PMCID: PMC10210149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1186869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. Replication and evolution in intermedia mammalian hosts may facilitate AIV adaptation in humans. Because of their large population and intimacy with humans, dogs could act as such an intermedia host. To monitor the epidemiology of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Liaoning, China, we performed three surveillances in November 2018, March 2019, and April 2019. Five H3N2 and seven novel H3N6 CIVs had been isolated. Since the N6 neuraminidase (NA) genes were clustered with the H5N6 AIV, there is a high possibility that these H3N6 CIVs were generated from a H3N2 CIVs and H5N6 AIVs reassortment case. In addition, the H3N6 CIV showed increased mammalian adaptation ability compared to all the H3N2 strains in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Even though isolated 3 months later, the March 2019 isolated H3N2 viruses replicated more efficiently than the November 2018 isolated viruses. Our study indicated that H3 CIVs were undergoing an evolution process, through both genetic mutations and gene reassortment, at an incredible speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailing Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yali Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- Agricultural Development Service Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Gao S, Ren YS, Su CY, Zhu DH. High Levels of Multiple Phage WO Infections and Its Evolutionary Dynamics Associated With Wolbachia-Infected Butterflies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:865227. [PMID: 35531293 PMCID: PMC9070984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.865227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited bacterium that is widely distributed among arthropods, in which it manipulates the reproduction of its hosts. Phage WO is the only bacteriophage known to infect Wolbachia, and may provide benefit to its host or arthropods. We screened for the presence of phage WO in Wolbachia-infected butterfly species for the first time, to investigate their diversity and evolutionary dynamics. All Wolbachia-infected butterfly species, including members of the families Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae, were found to harbor phage WO. Interestingly, 84% of 19 butterfly species, which were infected with a single Wolbachia strain harbored high levels of multiple phage types (ranging from 3 to 17 types), another three species harbored one or two phage types. For Wolbachia strains (ST-41, ST-19, ST-125 and ST-374) shared among various butterfly species, their host insects all harbored multiple phage types, while two Wolbachia strains (ST-297 and ST-wPcau) were found to infect one butterfly species, whose insect hosts harbored a single phage type, suggesting that horizontal transfer of Wolbachia between insects increased the likelihood of exposure to phages, resulting in increased phage genetic diversity. Twelve horizontal transmission events of phage WO were found, which shared common phage WO types among different Wolbachia strains associated with butterflies. Most horizontal transfer events involved different Wolbachia supergroups (A and B). Horizontal acquisition of phage WO might also occur between eukaryotes without Wolbachia transfer. Furthermore, 22 putative recombination events were identified in 13 of 16 butterfly species which harbored multiple phage types. These results showed that horizontal transfer of Wolbachia caused it to be exposed to the phage gene pool, and that horizontal transmission of phage WO, as well as intragenic recombination were important dynamics for phage WO genome evolution, which effectively promoted the high level of phage WO diversity associated with butterflies.
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8
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Shaheen MNF. The concept of one health applied to the problem of zoonotic diseases. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2326. [PMID: 35060214 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are a burden on healthcare systems globally, particularly underdeveloped nations. Numerous vertebrate animals (e.g., birds, mammals and reptiles) serve as amplifier hosts or reservoirs for viral zoonoses. The spread of zoonotic disease is associated with environmental factors, climate change, animal health as well as other human activities including globalization, urbanization and travel. Diseases at the human-animal environment interface (e.g., zoonotic diseases, vector-borne diseases, food/water borne diseases) continue to pose risk to animals and humans with a great significant mortality and morbidity. It is estimated that of 1400 infectious diseases known to affect humans, 60% of them are of animal origin. In addition, 75% of the emerging infectious diseases have a zoonotic nature, worldwide. The one health concept plays an important role in the control and prevention of zoonoses by integrating animal, human, and environmental health through collaboration and communication among osteopaths, wildlife, physicians, veterinarians professionals, public health and environmental experts, nurses, dentists, physicists, biomedical engineers, plant pathologists, biochemists, and others. No one sector, organization, or person can address issues at the animal-human-ecosystem interface alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Encinas P, del Real G, Dutta J, Khan Z, van Bakel H, del Burgo MÁM, García-Sastre A, Nelson MI. Evolution of influenza A virus in intensive and free-range swine farms in Spain. Virus Evol 2022; 7:veab099. [PMID: 35039784 PMCID: PMC8754697 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine harbor genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) with the capacity to host-switch to humans, causing global pandemics. Spain is the largest swine producer in Europe and has a mixed production system that includes 'white coat' pigs raised intensively in modern buildings and free-range Iberian pigs that interface differently with humans, wildlife, and other swine. Through active longitudinal IAV surveillance in nine Spanish provinces during 2015-9, we generated forty-seven complete or near-complete genome sequences from IAVs collected from swine in both systems. Genetically diverse IAVs were identified in intensively raised white pigs and free-range Iberian pigs, including new H3N1 reassortants. Both systems are dynamic environments for IAV evolution, but driven by different processes. IAVs in white pigs were genetically related to viruses found in swine raised intensively in other European countries, reflecting high rates of viral introduction following European trade routes. In contrast, IAVs in Iberian pigs have a genetic makeup shaped by frequent introductions of human IAVs, reflecting rearing practices with high rates of human contact. Transmission between white and Iberian pigs also occurred. In conclusion, Iberian swine with high rates of human contact harbor genetically diverse IAVs and potentially serve as intermediary hosts between white pigs and humans, presenting an understudied zoonotic risk that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Encinas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Gustavo del Real
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zenab Khan
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Ángeles Martín del Burgo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Martha I Nelson
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Klivleyeva NG, Glebova TI, Shamenova MG, Saktaganov NT. Influenza A viruses circulating in dogs: A review of the scientific literature. Open Vet J 2022; 12:676-687. [PMID: 36589407 PMCID: PMC9789762 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause persistent epidemics and occasional human pandemics, leading to considerable economic losses. The ecology and epidemiology of IAV are very complex and the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges in the healthcare. IAV are characterized by genetic and antigenic variability resulting from a combination of high mutation rates and a segmented genome that provides the ability to rapidly change and adapt to new hosts. In this context, available scientific evidence is of great importance for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses. The present review summarizes original research papers and IAV infections reported in dogs all over the world. Reports of interspecies transmission of equine influenza viruses H3N2 from birds to dogs, as well as double and triple reassortant strains resulting from reassortment of avian, human, and canine strains have amplified the genetic variety of canine influenza viruses. A total of 146 articles were deemed acceptable by PubMed and the Google Scholar database and were therefore included in this review. The largest number of research articles (n = 68) were published in Asia, followed by the Americas (n = 44), Europe (n = 31), Africa (n = 2), and Australia (n = 1). Publications are conventionally divided into three categories. The first category (largest group) included modern articles published from 2011 to the present (n = 93). The second group consisted of publications from 2000 to 2010 (n = 46). Single papers of 1919, 1931, 1963, 1972, 1975, and 1992 were also used, which was necessary to emphasize the history of the study of the ecology and evolution of the IAV circulating among various mammalian species. The largest number of publications occurred in 2010 (n = 18) and 2015 (n = 11), which is associated with IAV outbreaks observed at that time in the dog population in America, Europe, and Asia. In general, these findings raise concerns that dogs may mediate the adaptation of IAVs to zoonotic transmission and therefore serve as alternative hosts for genetic reassortment of these viruses. The global concern and significant threat to public health from the present coronavirus diseases 2019 pandemic confirms the necessity for active surveillance of zoonotic viral diseases with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailya G. Klivleyeva
- Corresponding Author: Nailya G. Klivleyeva. The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.
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11
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Kuroda Y, Okada A, Shimoda H, Miwa Y, Watamori A, Ishida H, Murakami S, Takada A, Horimoto T, Maeda K. Influenza A virus infection in domestic ferrets. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:325-327. [PMID: 34853194 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferrets are animals that are known to be susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. To evaluate the risk of IAV transmission from diseased ferrets to humans, we performed a serosurvey to detect specific antibodies against the H1, H3, H5, and H7 subtypes of IAV. We found a high positive rate of the H1 (24.1%) and H3 (5.2%) subtypes in pet ferrets by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hemagglutinin proteins. The results were confirmed by the virus-neutralization test for representative antibody-positive serum samples. We also detected hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes in two ferrets showing acute respiratory illness and whose owner was diagnosed with IAV infection; a human H1N1pdm virus was isolated from one of these ferrets. Our findings suggest that attention should be paid for IAV infection from humans to ferrets, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Ai Okada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Miwa
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroho Ishida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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12
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Li Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wang T, Ge Y, Kong Y, Sun H, Xiang H, Zhou B, Fang S, Xia Q, Hu X, Sun W, Wang X, Meng K, Lv C, Li E, Xia X, He H, Gao Y, Jin N. Characterization of Canine Influenza Virus A (H3N2) Circulating in Dogs in China from 2016 to 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112279. [PMID: 34835084 PMCID: PMC8618230 DOI: 10.3390/v13112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian H3N2 influenza virus follows cross-host transmission and has spread among dogs in Asia since 2005. After 2015–2016, a new H3N2 subtype canine influenza epidemic occurred in dogs in North America and Asia. The disease prevalence was assessed by virological and serological surveillance in dogs in China. Herein, five H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) strains were isolated from 1185 Chinese canine respiratory disease samples in 2017–2018; these strains were on the evolutionary branch of the North American CIVs after 2016 and genetically far from the classical canine H3N2 strain discovered in China before 2016. Serological surveillance showed an HI antibody positive rate of 6.68%. H3N2 was prevalent in the coastal areas and northeastern regions of China. In 2018, it became the primary epidemic strain in the country. The QK01 strain of H3N2 showed high efficiency in transmission among dogs through respiratory droplets. Nevertheless, the virus only replicated in the upper respiratory tract and exhibited low pathogenicity in mice. Furthermore, highly efficient transmission by direct contact other than respiratory droplet transmission was found in a guinea pig model. The low-level replication in avian species other than ducks could not facilitate contact and airborne transmission in chickens. The current results indicated that a novel H3N2 virus has become a predominant epidemic strain in dogs in China since 2016 and acquired highly efficient transmissibility but could not be replicated in avian species. Thus, further monitoring is required for designing optimal immunoprophylactic tools for dogs and estimating the zoonotic risk of CIV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanguo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Ye Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Yunyi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Hongyu Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China;
| | - Haiyang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Shushan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Qing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Keyin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Chaoxiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Hongbin He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.F.); (T.W.); (Y.K.); (H.X.); (B.Z.); (S.F.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (W.S.); (X.W.); (K.M.); (C.L.); (E.L.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.G.); (N.J.)
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13
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Li X, Liu J, Qiu Z, Liao Q, Peng Y, Chen Y, Shu Y. Host-Adaptive Signatures of H3N2 Influenza Virus in Canine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740472. [PMID: 34746280 PMCID: PMC8564371 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs), although a small number of viruses can spill over to mammals and circulate. The focus of IAV infection in mammals was largely limited to humans and swine variants, until the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs), which provides new perspective for interspecies transmission of the virus. In this study, we captured 54 canine-adaptive signatures in H3N2 CIVs through entropy computation, which were largely concentrated in the interaction region of polymerase proteins on ribonucleoprotein complex. The receiver operating characteristic curves of these sites showed >95% accuracy in distinguishing between the hosts. Nine of the 54 canine-adaptive signatures were shared in avian–human/equine or equine–canine (PB2-82; PB1-361; PA-277; HA-81, 111, 172, 196, 222, 489), suggesting their involvement in canine adaptation. Furthermore, we found that IAVs can establish persistent transmission in lower mammals with greater ease compared to higher mammals, and 25 common adaptation signatures of H3 IAVs were observed in diverse avian–mammals comparison. There were few human-like residues in H3N2 CIVs, which suggested a low risk of human infection. Our study highlights the necessity of identifying and monitoring the emerging adaptive mutations in companion animals by enhanced surveillance and provides a basis for mammal adaptation of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengzhao Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yani Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Frymus T, Belák S, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Truyen U, Tasker S, Möstl K, Hosie MJ. Influenza Virus Infections in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081435. [PMID: 34452300 PMCID: PMC8402716 DOI: 10.3390/v13081435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, cats were considered resistant to influenza. Today, we know that they are susceptible to some influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating in other species. Usually, the outcome is only subclinical infection or a mild fever. However, outbreaks of feline disease caused by canine H3N2 IAV with fever, tachypnoea, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and lethargy are occasionally noted in shelters. In one such outbreak, the morbidity rate was 100% and the mortality rate was 40%. Recently, avian H7N2 IAV infection occurred in cats in some shelters in the USA, inducing mostly mild respiratory disease. Furthermore, cats are susceptible to experimental infection with the human H3N2 IAV that caused the pandemic in 1968. Several studies indicated that cats worldwide could be infected by H1N1 IAV during the subsequent human pandemic in 2009. In one shelter, severe cases with fatalities were noted. Finally, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 IAV can induce a severe, fatal disease in cats, and can spread via cat-to-cat contact. In this review, the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, summarises current data regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics, and control of feline IAV infections, as well as the zoonotic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | | | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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15
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Guo F, Roy A, Wang R, Yang J, Zhang Z, Luo W, Shen X, Chen RA, Irwin DM, Shen Y. Host Adaptive Evolution of Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655228. [PMID: 34194404 PMCID: PMC8236823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first isolation in around 2007, the avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) has become established and continues to circulate in dog populations. This virus serves as a useful model for deciphering the complex evolutionary process of interspecies transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from one species to its subsequent circulation in another mammalian host. The present investigation is a comprehensive effort to identify and characterize genetic changes that accumulated in the avian-origin H3N2 CIV during its circulation in the dog. We revealed that H3N2 CIV experiences greater selection pressure with extremely high global non-synonymous to synonymous substitution ratios per codon (dN/dS ratio) for each gene compared to the avian reservoir viruses. A total of 54 amino acid substitutions were observed to have accumulated and become fixed in the H3N2 CIV population based on our comprehensive codon-based frequency diagram analysis. Of these substitutions, 11 sites also display high prevalence in H3N8 CIV, indicating that convergent evolution has occurred on different lineages of CIV. Notably, six substitutions, including HA-G146S, M1-V15I, NS1-E227K, PA-C241Y, PB2-K251R, and PB2-G590S, have been reported to play imperative roles in facilitating the transmission and spillover of IAVs across species barriers. Most of these substitutions were found to have become fixed in around 2015, which might have been a favorable factor that facilitating the spread of these CIV lineages from South Asia to North America and subsequent further circulation in these areas. We also detected 12 sites in six viral genes with evidence for positive selection by comparing the rates of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions at each site. Besides, our study reports trends of enhanced ongoing adaptation of H3N2 CIV to their respective host cellular systems, based on the codon adaptation index analysis, which points toward increasing fitness for efficient viral replication. In addition, a reduction in the abundance of the CpG motif, as evident from an analysis of relative dinucleotide abundance, may contribute to the successful evasion of host immune recognition. The present study provides key insights into the adaptive changes that have accumulated in the avian-origin H3N2 viral genomes during its establishment and circulation into dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ayan Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ruichen Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Sun H, Liu J, Xiao Y, Duan Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Pu J, Sun Y, Liu J, Sun H. Pathogenicity of novel reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs. Virology 2021; 561:28-35. [PMID: 34139638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus, possessing 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) and triple-reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes, namely G4 genotype, has replaced the G1 genotype EA H1N1 virus (all the genes were of EA origin) and become predominant in swine populations in China. Understanding the pathogenicity of G4 viruses in pigs is of great importance for disease control. Here, we conducted comprehensive analyses of replication and pathogenicity of G4 and G1 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs. G4 virus exhibited enhanced replication, increased duration of virus shedding, and caused more severe respiratory lesions in pigs compared with G1 virus. G4 virus, with viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex genes of pdm/09 origin, exhibited higher levels of nuclear accumulation and higher polymerase activity, which is essential for improved replication of G4 virus. These findings indicate that G4 virus poses a great threat to both swine industry and public health, and control measures should be urgently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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17
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Kovalenko G, Galat M, Ishchenko L, Halka I. Serological Evidence for Influenza A Viruses Among Domestic Dogs and Cats in Kyiv, Ukraine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:483-489. [PMID: 33877900 PMCID: PMC8252905 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are zoonotic pathogens that can cause significant illness in wild and domestic animals, and humans. IAV can infect a broad range of avian and mammalian species, depending on subtype, and avian IAV can be moved over relatively long distances by migratory birds. Although spillover infections from wildlife or domestic animals to humans are an important part of the transmission cycle that can drive outbreaks, the relevance of companion animals, specifically dogs and cats, is not fully understood. A novel pandemic H1N1 reassortant (H1N1pdm09) emerged from swine in 2009, infecting humans, and wild and domestic animals worldwide. During a 2016 human influenza outbreak in Kyiv, subtype H1N1pdm09 predominated and was associated with severe disease and deaths; however, H3N2 and influenza B viruses were also detected. No case of avian influenza in humans was detected. To investigate potential involvement of companion animals, animals in a veterinary hospital (116 cats and 88 dogs) were randomly selected, and sera were tested using a commercially available IAV nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twelve of 203 serum samples were positive for influenza antibodies (5.7% of dogs and 6.08% cats). These are the first data to demonstrate influenza A infection of pets in Ukraine, highlighting the potential risk of infection of companion animals from close contact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Maryna Galat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Ishchenko
- Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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18
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Wu M, Su R, Gu Y, Yu Y, Li S, Sun H, Pan L, Cui X, Zhu X, Yang Q, Liu Y, Xu F, Li M, Liu Y, Qu X, Wu J, Liao M, Sun H. Molecular Characteristics, Antigenicity, Pathogenicity, and Zoonotic Potential of a H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus Currently Circulating in South China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628979. [PMID: 33767679 PMCID: PMC7985081 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza viruses (CIVs) could be a source of influenza viruses which infect humans because canine are important companion pets. To assess the potential risk of H3N2 CIVs currently circulating in southern China to public health, biological characteristics of A/canine/Guangdong/DY1/2019 (CADY1/2019) were detected. CADY1/2019 bound to both avian-type and human-type receptors. CADY1/2019 had a similar pH value for HA protein fusion to human viruses, but its antigenicity was obviously different from those of current human H3N2 influenza viruses (IVs) or the vaccine strains recommended in the North hemisphere. CADY1/2019 effectively replicated in the respiratory tract and was transmitted by physical contact among guinea pigs. Compared to human H3N2 IV, CADY1/2019 exhibited higher replication in MDCK, A549, 3D4/21, ST, and PK15 cells. Sequence analysis indicated that CADY1/2019 is an avian-origin virus, and belongs to the novel clade and has acquired many adaptation mutations to infect other mammals, including human. Taken together, currently circulating H3N2 CIVs have a zoonotic potential, and there is a need for strengthening surveillance and monitoring of their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongsheng Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huapeng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangqi Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhou Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Wasik BR, Voorhees IE, Parrish CR. Canine and Feline Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038562. [PMID: 31871238 PMCID: PMC7778219 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections of carnivores-primarily in dogs and in large and small cats-have been repeatedly observed to be caused by a number of direct spillovers of avian viruses or in infections by human or swine viruses. In addition, there have also been prolonged epizootics of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in dogs starting around 1999, of an H3N2 avian influenza virus in domestic dog populations in Asia and in the United States that started around 2004, and an outbreak of an avian H7N2 influenza virus among cats in an animal shelter in the United States in 2016. The impact of influenza viruses in domesticated companion animals and their zoonotic or panzootic potential poses significant questions for veterinary and human health.
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20
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Liu Y, Fu C, Lu G, Luo J, Ye S, Ou J, Wang X, Xu H, Huang J, Wu L, Zhang X, Wu P, Li S. Comparison of Pathogenicity of Different Infectious Doses of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580301. [PMID: 33282929 PMCID: PMC7691240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine influenza virus (CIV) outbreaks have raised concerns as they pose a threat to the health of dogs. The successful construction of a canine influenza (CI) infection model is essential to study the CIV. Here we investigated the pathogenicity of different infectious doses of H3N2 CIV in Beagle dogs. Thirty-seven healthy Beagle dogs were used in the experiment and were infected with 103, 104, 105, and 106 50% egg-infectious doses (EID50). Compared to the dogs in the other three groups, those in the 106 EID50 group presented with obvious clinical symptoms, high virus titer, and typical pathological changes. Considering the ensemble of clinical scores, body temperature, virus shedding, lung lesions, pathological section scores, and visceral virus titers, we determined that 106 EID50 is the minimum infectious dose for the Beagle infection model. The other three infectious doses had almost no clinical symptoms. These results indicate that 106 EID50 is the minimum infectious dose of H3N2 CIV that can cause obvious clinical manifestations and pathological changes associated with CI in Beagle dogs. The theoretical framework developed in this research will guide the establishment of an infection model of CIV for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Jurado-Tarifa E, Cano-Terriza D, Daly JM, Arenas A, García-Bocanegra I. Serosurvey of pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in dogs in Andalusia (southern Spain). Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:869-875. [PMID: 32772511 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In April 2009, a new influenza A virus (IAV) subtype (A(H1N1)pdm09) spread worldwide and triggered the first human influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Since then, exposure to the pandemic H1N1 IAV has been confirmed in different animal species. Serological evidence and clinical infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 have been reported in canines, but the information available about the role of dogs in the epidemiology of this IAV subtype is still very limited in Europe. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of A(H1N1)pdm09 in dogs in southern Spain, a region with endemic seasonal circulation in human. Sera from 750 companion dogs were collected during the period 2013-2016. Antibodies against pandemic H1N1 IAV were analysed using the haemagglutination inhibition test. Positive samples were also tested by single radial haemolysis assay. Seropositivity was only confirmed by both methods in one (0.13%; 95% CI: 0.00-0.38) adult animal sampled in 2013. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of A(H1N1)pdm09 exposure in dogs in Spain. The low seroprevalence obtained indicates a limited exposure history to A(H1N1)pdm09 IAV in dogs in this country and suggests a low risk of transmission of this zoonotic IAV subtype between humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Jurado-Tarifa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Antonio Arenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
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22
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Zhang Z, Li N, Hou C, Gao K, Tang X, Guo X. Analysis of reassortant and intragenic recombination in Cypovirus. Virol J 2020; 17:48. [PMID: 32248835 PMCID: PMC7132967 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypoviruses (CPVs) are RNA viruses with segmented double-stranded genome and major pathogens of various insects, including economic insects like silkworms and pest insects for agricultural crops and forests. Genome reassortment and recombination are common phenomenon for viruses as a mechanism to expand host range and increase virulence. In the present study, we analyzed the reassortant and recombination events for CPVs. The results showed that two genome segments (S1 and S4) of BmCPV1-YN shared higher nucleotide identity with the corresponding segment of BmCPV1-I while others were all more closely to BmCPV1-SZ, suggesting BmCPV1-YN was originated from reassortant events between BmCPV1-I and BmCPV1-SZ. Recombination analyses revealed that S6 of BmCPV1-YN was a recombinant segment derived from BmCPV1-I and BmCPV1-SZ, and S10 of DpCPV1 was a recombinant segment emerged from BmCPV1-I and LdCPV1. Our findings provide the evidence for the fact that CPVs could undergo reassortant and recombinant events and enrich the knowledge about etiology and molecular epidemiology of CPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shan Dong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Chengxiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China. .,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Martinez-Sobrido L, Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Fitzgerald T, Zhang H, Nguyen P, Anderson CS, Holden-Wiltse J, Bandyopadhyay S, Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Wasik BR, Miller BL, Henry C, Wilson PC, Sangster MY, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Byrd-Leotis L, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD, Luczo JM, Tompkins SM, Sakamoto K, Jones CA, Steel J, Lowen AC, Danzy S, Tao H, Fink AL, Klein SL, Wohlgemuth N, Fenstermacher KJ, el Najjar F, Pekosz A, Sauer L, Lewis MK, Shaw-Saliba K, Rothman RE, Liu ZY, Chen KF, Parrish CR, Voorhees IEH, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Chiba S, Fan S, Hatta M, Kong H, Zhong G, Wang G, Uccellini MB, García-Sastre A, Perez DR, Ferreri LM, Herfst S, Richard M, Fouchier R, Burke D, Pattinson D, Smith DJ, Meliopoulos V, Freiden P, Livingston B, Sharp B, Cherry S, Dib JC, Yang G, Russell CJ, Barman S, Webby RJ, Krauss S, Danner A, Woodard K, Peiris M, Perera RAPM, Chan MCW, Govorkova EA, Marathe BM, Pascua PNQ, Smith G, Li YT, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Characterizing Emerging Canine H3 Influenza Viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008409. [PMID: 32287326 PMCID: PMC7182277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a human public health risk. Since 1999, canine H3 influenza A viruses (CIVs) have caused many thousands or millions of respiratory infections in dogs in the United States. While no human infections with CIVs have been reported to date, these viruses could pose a zoonotic risk. In these studies, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network collaboratively demonstrated that CIVs replicated in some primary human cells and transmitted effectively in mammalian models. While people born after 1970 had little or no pre-existing humoral immunity against CIVs, the viruses were sensitive to existing antivirals and we identified a panel of H3 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that could have prophylactic and/or therapeutic value. Our data predict these CIVs posed a low risk to humans. Importantly, we showed that the CEIRS network could work together to provide basic research information important for characterizing emerging influenza viruses, although there were valuable lessons learned.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/veterinary
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Dog Diseases/transmission
- Dog Diseases/virology
- Dogs
- Ferrets
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- United States
- Zoonoses/transmission
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanyuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Anderson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Holden-Wiltse
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carole Henry
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Treanor
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasmina M. Luczo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Jones
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Fenstermacher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farah el Najjar
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren Sauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitra K. Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhen-Ying Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian E. H. Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Masato Hatta
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huihui Kong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Burke
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Pattinson
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos Dib
- Tropical Health Foundation, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela Danner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karlie Woodard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - R. A. P. M. Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - M. C. W. Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Republic of China
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Philippe N. Q. Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gavin Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yao-Tsun Li
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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A Single Amino Acid at Position 431 of the PB2 Protein Determines the Virulence of H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01930-19. [PMID: 31996432 PMCID: PMC7108842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses. Genetic reassortments occurred continuously among multiple subtypes or genotypes of influenza viruses prevalent in pigs. Of note, some reassortant viruses bearing the internal genes of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (2009/H1N1) virus sporadically caused human infection, which highlights their potential threats to human public health. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in Liaoning Province, China. A total of 22 viruses, including 18 H1N1 and 4 H1N2 viruses, were isolated from 5,750 nasal swabs collected from pigs in slaughterhouses from 2014 to 2016. H1N1 viruses formed four genotypes, which included Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) and double/triple reassortant H1N1 derived from EA H1N1, 2009/H1N1, and triple reassortant H1N2 (TR H1N2) viruses. H1N1 SIVs with different genotypes and even those within the same genotypes represented different pathogenicities in mice. We further characterized two naturally isolated H1N1 SIVs that had similar viral genomes but differed substantially in their virulence in mice and found that a single amino acid at position 431 in the basic polymerase 2 (PB2) protein significantly affected the viral replication capacity and virulence of these two viruses. Taken together, our findings revealed the diverse genomic origins and virulence of the SIVs prevalent in Liaoning Province during 2014 to 2016, which highlights that continuous surveillance is essential to monitor the evolution of SIVs. We identified a naturally occurring amino acid mutation in the PB2 protein of H1N1 SIVs that impacts the viral replication and virulence in mice by altering the viral polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE The frequent reassortment among different influenza viruses in pigs adds complexity to the epidemiology of swine influenza. The diverse viral virulence phenotypes underline the need to investigate the possible genetic determinants for evaluating the pandemic potential to human public health. Here, we found that multiple genotypes of influenza viruses cocirculate in the swine population in Liaoning Province, China. Furthermore, we pinpointed a single amino acid at position 431 in the PB2 protein which plays a critical role in the virulence of H1N1 viruses in mice and found that the alteration of viral polymerase activities is the cause of the different virulence. Our study further indicated that the virulence of influenza virus is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residue in the PB2 provides important information for broadening knowledge on the genetic basis of viral virulence of influenza viruses.
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Borland S, Gracieux P, Jones M, Mallet F, Yugueros-Marcos J. Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the "One Health" Concept. Front Public Health 2020; 8:83. [PMID: 32266198 PMCID: PMC7098917 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Constantly evolving and crossing species barrier, the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. During the last decade, considerable attention has been paid to influenza virus infections in dogs, as two canine H3N8 and H3N2 subtypes caused several outbreaks through the United States and Southern Asia, becoming endemic. Cats, even though less documented in the literature, still appear to be susceptible to many avian influenza infections. While influenza epidemics pose a threat to canine and feline health, the risks to humans are largely unknown. Here, we review most recent knowledge of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses in dogs and cats, existing evidences for the abilities of these species to host, sustain intraspecific transmission, and generate novel flu A lineages through genomic reassortment. Such enhanced understanding suggests a need to reinforce surveillance of the role played by companion animals-human interface, in light of the “One Health” concept and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Borland
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Gracieux
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Jones
- BioFire Diagnostics LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Research Unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux S.A., Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Javier Yugueros-Marcos
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia S. Trovão
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martha I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Plata-Hipólito CB, Cedillo-Rosales S, Obregón-Macías N, Hernández-Luna CE, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Tamez-Guerra RS, Contreras-Cordero JF. Genetic and serologic surveillance of canine (CIV) and equine (EIV) influenza virus in Nuevo León State, México. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8239. [PMID: 31871842 PMCID: PMC6924343 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the uncontrolled distribution of the Influenza A virus through wild birds, the detection of canine influenza virus and equine influenza virus in Mexico was absent until now. Recently, outbreaks of equine and canine influenza have been reported around the world; the virus spreads quickly among animals and there is potential for zoonotic transmission. METHODS Amplification of the Influenza A virus matrix gene from necropsies, nasal and conjunctival swabs from trash service horses and pets/stray dogs was performed through RT-PCR. The seroprevalence was carried out through Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system using the M1 recombinant protein and polyclonal antibodies anti-M1. RESULTS The matrix gene was amplified from 13 (19.11%) nasal swabs, two (2.94%) conjunctival swabs and five (7.35%) lung necropsies, giving a total of 20 (29.41%) positive samples in a pet dog population. A total of six (75%) positive samples of equine nasal swab were amplified. Sequence analysis showed 96-99% identity with sequences of Influenza A virus matrix gene present in H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed higher identity with matrix gene sequences detected from zoonotic isolates of subtype H1N1/2009. The detection of anti-M1 antibodies in stray dogs showed a prevalence of 123 (100%) of the sampled population, whereas in horses, 114 (92.68%) positivity was obtained. CONCLUSION The results unveil the prevalence of Influenza A virus in the population of horses and dogs in the state of Nuevo Leon, which could indicate a possible outbreak of equine and Canine Influenza in Mexico. We suggest that the prevalence of Influenza virus in companion animals be monitored to investigate its epizootic and zoonotic potential, in addition to encouraging the regulation of vaccination in these animal species in order to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B. Plata-Hipólito
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Sibilina Cedillo-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Virología, Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - Nelson Obregón-Macías
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Grandes Especies, Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - Carlos E. Hernández-Luna
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Química, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Reyes S. Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Juan F. Contreras-Cordero
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
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Wang G, Dos Anjos Borges LG, Stadlbauer D, Ramos I, Bermúdez González MC, He J, Ding Y, Wei Z, Ouyang K, Huang W, Simon V, Fernandez-Sesma A, Krammer F, Nelson MI, Chen Y, García-Sastre A. Characterization of swine-origin H1N1 canine influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1017-1026. [PMID: 31287780 PMCID: PMC7011970 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1637284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Host switch events of influenza A viruses (IAVs) continuously pose a zoonotic threat to humans. In 2013, swine-origin H1N1 IAVs emerged in dogs soon after they were detected in swine in the Guangxi province of China. This host switch was followed by multiple reassortment events between these H1N1 and previously circulating H3N2 canine IAVs (IAVs-C) in dogs. To evaluate the phenotype of these newly identified viruses, we characterized three swine-origin H1N1 IAVs-C and one reassortant H1N1 IAV-C. We found that H1N1 IAVs-C predominantly bound to human-type receptors, efficiently transmitted via direct contact in guinea pigs and replicated in human lung cells. Moreover, the swine-origin H1N1 IAVs-C were lethal in mice and were transmissible by respiratory droplets in guinea pigs. Importantly, sporadic human infections with these viruses have been detected, and preexisting immunity in humans might not be sufficient to prevent infections with these new viruses. Our results show the potential of H1N1 IAVs-C to infect and transmit in humans, suggesting that these viruses should be closely monitored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Wang
- a The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences , Inner Mongolia University , Hohhot , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,c Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Luiz Gustavo Dos Anjos Borges
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,c Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Irene Ramos
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Maria C Bermúdez González
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,c Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Jianqiao He
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Yangbao Ding
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Huang
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Viviana Simon
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,c Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,e Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,e Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
| | - Martha I Nelson
- f Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , USA
| | - Ying Chen
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning , People's Republic of China
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,c Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,e Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA.,g The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA
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He W, Li G, Wang R, Shi W, Li K, Wang S, Lai A, Su S. Host-range shift of H3N8 canine influenza virus: a phylodynamic analysis of its origin and adaptation from equine to canine host. Vet Res 2019; 50:87. [PMID: 31666126 PMCID: PMC6822366 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) and the latest avian-origin H3N2 CIV, there was no evidence of a circulating canine-specific influenza virus. Molecular and epidemiological evidence suggest that H3N8 CIV emerged from H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV). This host-range shift of EIV from equine to canine hosts and its subsequent establishment as an enzootic CIV is unique because this host-range shift was from one mammalian host to another. To further understand this host-range shift, we conducted a comprehensive phylodynamic analysis using all the available whole-genome sequences of H3N8 CIV. We found that (1) the emergence of H3N8 CIV from H3N8 EIV occurred in approximately 2002; (2) this interspecies transmission was by a reassortant virus of the circulating Florida-1 clade H3N8 EIV; (3) once in the canine species, H3N8 CIV spread efficiently and remained an enzootic virus; (4) H3N8 CIV evolved and diverged into multiple clades or sublineages, with intra and inter-lineage reassortment. Our results provide a framework to understand the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and that dogs are potential “mixing vessels” for the establishment of novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting He
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Kemang Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alexander Lai
- College of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA.
| | - Shuo Su
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Kamiki H, Matsugo H, Ishida H, Kobayashi-Kitamura T, Sekine W, Takenaka-Uema A, Murakami S, Horimoto T. Adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza virus to feline cell culture. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223507. [PMID: 31600274 PMCID: PMC6786582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
H3N2 canine influenza viruses are prevalent in Asian and North American countries. During circulation of the viruses in dogs, these viruses are occasionally transmitted to cats. If this canine virus causes an epidemic in cats too, sporadic infections may occur in humans because of the close contact between these companion animals and humans, possibly triggering an emergence of mutant viruses with a pandemic potential. In this study, we aimed to gain an insight into the mutations responsible for inter-species transmission of H3N2 virus from dogs to cats. We found that feline CRFK cell-adapted viruses acquired several mutations in multiple genome segments. Among them, HA1-K299R, HA2-T107I, NA-L35R, and M2-W41C mutations individually increased virus growth in CRFK cells. With a combination of these mutations, virus growth further increased not only in CRFK cells but also in other feline fcwf-4 cells. Both HA1-K299R and HA2-T107I mutations increased thermal resistance of the viruses. In addition, HA2-T107I increased the pH requirement for membrane fusion. These findings suggest that the mutations, especially the two HA mutations, identified in this study, might be responsible for adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza viruses in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kamiki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Matsugo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroho Ishida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kobayashi-Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sekine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Borkenhagen LK, Salman MD, Ma MJ, Gray GC. Animal influenza virus infections in humans: A commentary. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88:113-119. [PMID: 31401200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review evidence for influenza A viruses (IAVs) moving from swine, avian, feline, equine, and canine species to infect humans. We review case reports, sero-epidemiological, archeo-epidemiological, environmental, and historical studies and consider trends in livestock farming. Although this focused review is not systematic, the aggregated data point to industrialized swine farming as the most likely source of future pandemic viruses, yet IAV surveillance on such farms is remarkably sparse. We recommend increased biosafety and biosecurity training for farm administrators and swine workers with One Health-oriented virus surveillance throughout industrialized farming and meat production lines. Collaborative partnerships with human medical researchers could aid in efforts to mitigate emerging virus threats by offering new surveillance and diagnostic technologies to livestock farming industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Borkenhagen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, & Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, & Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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Cao Z, Zeng W, Hao X, Huang J, Cai M, Zhou P, Zhang G. Continuous evolution of influenza A viruses of swine from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217607. [PMID: 31323023 PMCID: PMC6641472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern China is considered an important source of influenza virus pandemics because of the large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. To examine the trend in influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S), an active surveillance program has been conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the external genes of the isolates were assigned to the Eurasian avian-like swine (EA) H1N1 and/or human-like H3N2 lineages with multiple substitutions, indicating a notable genetic shift. Moreover, the internal genes derived from different origins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP: pdm/09 (pandemic influenza virus 2009)-origin, M: pdm/09- or EA-origin, NS: North American Triple Reassortant (TR)-origin have become the dominant backbone of IAV-S in southern China. According to the origins of the eight gene segments, the isolates can be categorized into five genotypes. The results of mice experiment showed that the YJ4 (genotype 1) and DG2 (genotype 4) are the most pathogenic to mice, and the viruses are observed in kidneys and brains, indicating the systemic infection. The alterations of the IAV-S gene composition supported the continued implementation of the intensive surveillance of IAV-S and the greater attention focused on potential shifts toward transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
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Subbarao K. The Critical Interspecies Transmission Barrier at the Animal⁻Human Interface. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E72. [PMID: 31027299 PMCID: PMC6630566 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect humans and a wide range of animal species in nature, and waterfowl and shorebirds are their reservoir hosts. Of the 18 haemagglutinin (HA) and 11 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of IAV, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes infect aquatic birds. However, among the diverse pool of IAVs in nature, only a limited number of animal IAVs cross the species barrier to infect humans and a small subset of those have spread efficiently from person to person to cause an influenza pandemic. The ability to infect a different species, replicate in the new host and transmit are three distinct steps in this process. Viral and host factors that are critical determinants of the ability of an avian IAV to infect and spread in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Su W, Kinoshita R, Gray J, Ji Y, Yu D, Peiris JSM, Yen HL. Seroprevalence of dogs in Hong Kong to human and canine influenza viruses. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000327. [PMID: 31205726 PMCID: PMC6541102 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a unique mammalian host for influenza A viruses, dogs support the transmission of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) of H3N8 and H3N2 subtypes and are susceptible to infection by avian and human influenza viruses. A cross-sectional serological study was performed to assess the exposure history of dogs in Hong Kong to CIV and human influenza viruses. Among 555 companion dogs sampled in 2015-2017, 1.3 per cent and 9.5 per cent showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titre to CIV of H3N8 or H3N2 subtypes and to A(H1N1)pdm09 human influenza viruses, respectively. Among 182 shelter dogs sampled in 2017-2018, none showed HI titre to CIV and 1.1 per cent reacted to H3N2 human influenza virus. There was a poor correlation between ELISA and HI test results. The higher seropositive rates to human influenza viruses suggests that the contact dynamics of dogs under urban settings may affect the exposure risk to human influenza viruses and CIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jane Gray
- Hong Kong Veterinary Association, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Ji
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan Yu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph Sriyal Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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35
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Parrish CR, Voorhees IEH. H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses: Understanding These New Viruses in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:643-649. [PMID: 30956002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two different influenza A viruses have infected and spread among dogs since 2000, and both have been widespread in dogs in North America. The H3N8 canine influenza virus arose in the United States as a variant of equine influenza virus. The H3N2 canine influenza virus arose in Asia by transfer of an avian influenza virus to dogs. Both viruses cause mild respiratory disease and are associated with outbreaks in densely housed dogs or those with frequent connections to other dogs. The 2 canine influenza viruses each caused widespread epidemics over at least several years that were associated with localized outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ross Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ian Eugene Huber Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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36
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Zhou P, Luo A, Xiao X, Hu X, Shen D, Li J, Wu X, Xian X, Wei C, Fu C, Zhang G, Sun L, Li S. Serological evidence of H3N2 canine influenza virus infection among horses with dog exposure. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:915-920. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Aijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Dan Shen
- Guangzhou Animal Health Supervision Institute; Guangzhou China
| | - Jiarong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xushun Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xintong Xian
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Cong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Lingshuang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center for Pets; Guangzhou Guangdong China
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37
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Zhang D, Lou X, Yan H, Pan J, Mao H, Tang H, Shu Y, Zhao Y, Liu L, Li J, Chen J, Zhang Y, Ma X. Metagenomic analysis of viral nucleic acid extraction methods in respiratory clinical samples. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:773. [PMID: 30359242 PMCID: PMC6202819 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous protocols for viral enrichment and genome amplification have been created. However, the direct identification of viral genomes from clinical specimens using next-generation sequencing (NGS) still has its challenges. As a selected viral nucleic acid extraction method may determine the sensitivity and reliability of NGS, it is still valuable to evaluate the extraction efficiency of different extraction kits using clinical specimens directly. RESULTS In this study, we performed qRT-PCR and viral metagenomic analysis of the extraction efficiency of four commonly used Qiagen extraction kits: QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (VRMK), QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin Kit (MVSK), RNeasy Mini Kit (RMK), and RNeasy Plus Micro Kit (RPMK), using a mixed respiratory clinical sample without any pre-treatment. This sample contained an adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus A (Flu A), human parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3), human coronavirus OC43 (OC43), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). The quantity and quality of the viral extracts were significantly different among these kits. The highest threshold cycle(Ct)values for ADV and OC43 were obtained by using the RPMK. The MVSK had the lowest Ct values for ADV and PIV3. The RMK revealed the lowest detectability for HMPV and PIV3. The most effective rate of NGS data at 67.47% was observed with the RPMK. The other three kits ranged between 12.1-26.79% effectiveness rates for the NGS data. Most importantly, compared to the other three kits the highest proportion of non-host reads was obtained by the RPMK. The MVSK performed best with the lowest Ct value of 20.5 in the extraction of ADV, while the RMK revealed the best extraction efficiency by NGS analysis. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of viral nucleic acid extraction efficiency is different between NGS and qRT-PCR analysis. The RPMK was most applicable for the metagenomic analysis of viral RNA and enabled more sensitive identification of the RNA virus genome in respiratory clinical samples. In addition, viral RNA extraction kits were also applicable for metagenomic analysis of the DNA virus. Our results highlighted the importance of nucleic acid extraction kit selection, which has a major impact on the yield and number of viral reads by NGS analysis. Therefore, the choice of extraction method for a given viral pathogen needs to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Junhang Pan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- College Of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xuejun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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