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Xia Z, Wang H, Chen W, Wang A, Cao Z. Scorpion Venom Antimicrobial Peptide Derivative BmKn2-T5 Inhibits Enterovirus 71 in the Early Stages of the Viral Life Cycle In Vitro. Biomolecules 2024; 14:545. [PMID: 38785952 PMCID: PMC11117539 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a typical representative of unenveloped RNA viruses, is the main pathogenic factor responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants. This disease seriously threatens the health and lives of humans worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Numerous animal antimicrobial peptides have been found with protective functions against viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens, but there are few studies on the use of scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptides against unenveloped viruses. Here, we investigated the antiviral activities of scorpion venom antimicrobial peptide BmKn2 and five derivatives, finding that BmKn2 and its derivative BmKn2-T5 exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on EV71. Although both peptides exhibit characteristics typical of amphiphilic α-helices in terms of their secondary structure, BmKn2-T5 displayed lower cellular cytotoxicity than BmKn2. BmKn2-T5 was further found to inhibit EV71 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, time-of-drug-addition experiments showed that BmKn2-T5 mainly restricts EV71, but not its virion or replication, at the early stages of the viral cycle. Interestingly, BmKn2-T5 was also found to suppress the replication of the enveloped viruses DENV, ZIKV, and HSV-1 in the early stages of the viral cycle, which suggests they may share a common early infection step with EV71. Together, the results of our study identified that the scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptide BmKn2-T5 showed valuable antiviral properties against EV71 in vitro, but also against other enveloped viruses, making it a potential new candidate therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Weilie Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Aili Wang
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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2
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Xia Z, Long D, Hong X, Lan Y, Xie L. Tissue expression of porcine transient receptor potential mucolipin protein channels and their differential responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro. J Vet Res 2024; 68:45-53. [PMID: 38525220 PMCID: PMC10960329 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in a serious disease, posing a huge economic threat to the global swine industry. The transient receptor potential mucolipin proteins (TRPMLs) have been shown to be strongly associated with virus infection and other physiological processes in humans, but their tissue distribution and responses to PRRSV in pigs remain unknown. Material and Methods Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis was undertaken to determine the optimal primer for TRPML expression detection and for quantifying that expression individually in different pig tissue samples. Meat Animal Research Center 145 (MARC-145) monkey kidney cells and the TRPML-specific activator mucolipin synthetic agonist 1 (ML-SA1) were used to reveal the relationship between TRPML and PRRSV-2 infection. Results The best primers for each TRPML gene used in a fluorescence-based quantitative method were identified and TRPML1 was found to be highly expressed in the kidneys and liver of pigs, while TRPML2 and TRPML3 were observed to be primarily expressed in the kidney and spleen tissues. The expression of TRPML2 was upregulated with the rise in PRRSV-2 infection titre but not the expression of TRPML1 or TRPML3, and ML-SA1 inhibited PRRSV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Our research revealed the gene expression of TRPMLs in pigs and identified that TRPML channels may act as key host factors against PRRSV infection, which could lead to new targets for the prevention and treatment of pig infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian463000, China
- Zhumadian Huazhong Chia Tai Co., Ltd., Zhumadian463000, China
- Henan Topfond Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Zhumadian463000, China
| | - Denggao Long
- Sixteenth Middle School of Yiyang City, Yiyang413064, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinyi Hong
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian463000, China
| | - Ying Lan
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian463000, China
| | - Lixia Xie
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian463000, China
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Liu X, Zheng Y, Wang Q, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Wang H, Yang Y, Song N, Xiang J, Shen Y, Fan S. Artificially reprogrammed stem cells deliver transcytosable nanocomplexes for improved spinal cord repair. J Control Release 2023; 364:601-617. [PMID: 37926244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise for restoring function after spinal cord injury (SCI), but its therapeutic efficacy heavily depends on the innate capabilities of the cells and the microenvironment at the lesion site. Herein, a potent cell therapeutic (NCs@SCs) is engineered by artificially reprogramming bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with oxidation-responsive transcytosable gene-delivery nanocomplexes (NCs), which endows cells with robust oxidative stress resistance and improved cytokine secretion. NCs@SCs can accumulate in the injured spinal cord after intravenous administration via chemotaxis and boost successive transcytosis to deliver NCs to neurons, augmenting ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) production in both BMSCs and neurons in response to elevated ROS levels. Furthermore, NCs@SCs can actively sense and eliminate ROS and re-educate recruited M1-like macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via a paracrine pathway, ultimately reshaping the inflammatory microenvironment. Synergistically, NCs@SCs exhibit durable survival and provide neuroprotection against secondary damage, enabling significant locomotor function recovery in SCI rats. Transcriptome analysis reveals that regulation of the ROS/MAPK signaling pathway is involved in SCI therapy by NCs@SCs. This study presents a nanomaterial-mediated cell-reprogramming approach for developing live cell therapeutics, showing significant potential in the treatment of SCI and other neuro-injury disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yufei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Haoli Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Nan Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
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Gene expression of TRPMLs and its regulation by pathogen stimulation. Gene 2023; 864:147291. [PMID: 36813061 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) subfamily in mammalian has three members, namely TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3, who play key roles in regulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, endosomal pH, membrane trafficking and autophagy. Previous studies had shown that three TRPMLs are closely related to the occurrence of pathogen invasion and immune regulation in some immune tissues or cells, but the relationship between TRPMLs expression and pathogen invasion in lung tissue or cell remains elusive. Here, we investigated the expression distribution of three TRPML channels in mouse different tissues by qRT-PCR, and then found that all three TRPMLs were highly expressed in the mouse lung tissue, as well as mouse spleen and kidney tissues. The expression of TRPML1 or TRPML3 in all three mouse tissues had a significant down-regulation after the treatment of Salmonella or LPS, but TRPML2 expression showed a remarkable increase. Consistently, TRPML1 or TRPML3 but not TRPML2 in A549 cells also displayed a decreased expression induced by LPS stimulation, which shared a similar regulation pattern in the mouse lung tissue. Furthermore, the treatment of the TRPML1 or TRPML3 specific activator induced a dose-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, suggesting that TRPML1 and TRPML3 are likely to play an important role in immune and inflammatory regulation. Together, our study identified the gene expression of TRPMLs induced by pathogen stimulation in vivo and in vitro, which may provide novel targets for innate immunity or pathogen regulation.
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Gibbs KD, Wang L, Yang Z, Anderson CE, Bourgeois JS, Cao Y, Gaggioli MR, Biel M, Puertollano R, Chen CC, Ko DC. Human variation impacting MCOLN2 restricts Salmonella Typhi replication by magnesium deprivation. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100290. [PMID: 37228749 PMCID: PMC10203047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic diversity can reveal critical factors in host-pathogen interactions. This is especially useful for human-restricted pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever. One key defense during bacterial infection is nutritional immunity: host cells attempt to restrict bacterial replication by denying bacteria access to key nutrients or supplying toxic metabolites. Here, a cellular genome-wide association study of intracellular replication by S. Typhi in nearly a thousand cell lines from around the world-and extensive follow-up using intracellular S. Typhi transcriptomics and manipulation of magnesium availability-demonstrates that the divalent cation channel mucolipin-2 (MCOLN2 or TRPML2) restricts S. Typhi intracellular replication through magnesium deprivation. Mg2+ currents, conducted through MCOLN2 and out of endolysosomes, were measured directly using patch-clamping of the endolysosomal membrane. Our results reveal Mg2+ limitation as a key component of nutritional immunity against S. Typhi and as a source of variable host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline E. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yanlu Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Expression and functions of transient receptor potential channels in liver diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:445-459. [PMID: 36873177 PMCID: PMC9978971 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases constitute a major healthcare burden globally, including acute hepatic injury resulted from acetaminophen overdose, ischemia-reperfusion or hepatotropic viral infection and chronic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Attainable treatment strategies for most liver diseases remain inadequate, highlighting the importance of substantial pathogenesis. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels represent a versatile signalling mechanism regulating fundamental physiological processes in the liver. It is not surprising that liver diseases become a newly explored field to enrich our knowledge of TRP channels. Here, we discuss recent findings revealing TRP functions across the fundamental pathological course from early hepatocellular injury caused by various insults, to inflammation, subsequent fibrosis and hepatoma. We also explore expression levels of TRPs in liver tissues of ALD, NAFLD and HCC patients from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) or The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and survival analysis estimated by Kaplan-Meier Plotter. At last, we address the therapeutical potential and challenges by pharmacologically targeting TRPs to treat liver diseases. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the implications of TRP channels in liver diseases, contributing to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and efficient drugs.
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Kumar PS, Radhakrishnan A, Mukherjee T, Khamaru S, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. Understanding the role of Ca 2+ via transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in viral infection: Implications in developing future antiviral strategies. Virus Res 2023; 323:198992. [PMID: 36309316 PMCID: PMC10194134 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of cation-specific permeable channels primarily conducting Ca2+ions across various membranes of the cell. The perturbation of the Ca2+ homeostasis is the hallmark of viral infection. Viruses hijack the host cell Ca2+ signaling, employing tailored Ca2+ requirements via TRP channels to meet their own cellular demands. This review summarizes the importance of Ca2+ across diverse viruses based on the Baltimore classification and focuses on the associated role of Ca2+-conducting TRP channels in viral pathophysiology. More emphasis has been given to the role of the TRP channel in viral life-cycle events such as viral fusion, viral entry, viral replication, virion maturation, and egress. Additionally, this review highlights the TRP channel as a store-operated channel which has been discussed vividly. The TRP channels form an essential aspect of host-virus interaction by virtue of its Ca2+ permeability. These channels are directly involved in regulating the viral calcium dynamics in host cells and thereby affect the viral infection. Considering its immense potential in regulating viral infection, the TRP channels may act as a target for antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanjai Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India; Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Anukrishna Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Tathagata Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Somlata Khamaru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India.
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India.
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Rautenberg S, Keller M, Leser C, Chen CC, Bracher F, Grimm C. Expanding the Toolbox: Novel Modulators of Endolysosomal Cation Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:249-276. [PMID: 35902436 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterization of endolysosomal ion channels is challenging due to their intracellular location. With recent advances in endolysosomal patch clamp technology, it has become possible to directly measure ion channel currents across endolysosomal membranes. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family, namely the endolysosomal TRPML channels (TRPML1-3), also called mucolipins, as well as the distantly related two-pore channels (TPCs) have recently been characterized in more detail with endolysosomal patch clamp techniques. However, answers to many physiological questions require work in intact cells or animal models. One major obstacle thereby is that the known endogenous ligands of TRPMLs and TPCs are anionic in nature and thus impermeable for cell membranes. Microinjection, on the other hand, is technically demanding. There is also a risk of losing essential co-factors for channel activation or inhibition in isolated preparations. Therefore, lipophilic, membrane-permeable small-molecule activators and inhibitors for TRPMLs and TPCs are urgently needed. Here, we describe and discuss the currently available small-molecule modulators of TRPMLs and TPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rautenberg
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Yao Y, Liu ZJ, Zhang YK, Sun HJ. Mechanism and potential treatments for gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6811-6826. [PMID: 36632313 PMCID: PMC9827583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i48.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the biggest threats to the world since 2019. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are the main targets for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection for they highly express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease serine 2. In patients suffering from COVID-19, gastrointestinal symptoms have ranged from 12% to 61%. Anorexia, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are considered to be the main gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. It has been reported that the direct damage of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, malnutrition, and intestinal flora disorders are involved in COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, we reviewed and discussed the correlated mechanisms that cause gastrointestinal symptoms in order to help to develop the treatment strategy and build an appropriate guideline for medical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
- Ministry of Public Infrastructure, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Business Administration, Metropolitan College of Science and Technology, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
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Russell T, Gangotia D, Barry G. Assessing the potential of repurposing ion channel inhibitors to treat emerging viral diseases and the role of this host factor in virus replication. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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11
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Sun L, Li M, Yang J, Li J. Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Management of Infectious Diseases: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Kuo CY, Huang MC, Chang SY, Biel M. Endolysosomal cation channels point the way towards precision medicine of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112751. [PMID: 35240524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancer are among the key medical challenges that humankind is facing today. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of both groups of diseases. The development of advanced patch-clamp technologies has allowed us to directly characterize ion fluxes through endolysosomal ion channels in their native environments. Endolysosomes are essential organelles for intracellular transport, digestion and metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis. The endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system through four basic mechanisms: calcium release, control of membrane potential, pH change, and osmolarity regulation. In this review, we put particular emphasis on the endolysosomal cation channels, including TPC2 and TRPML2, which are particularly important in monocyte function. We discuss existing endogenous and synthetic ligands of these channels and summarize current knowledge of their impact on channel activity and function in different cell types. Moreover, we summarize recent findings on the importance of TPC2 and TRPML2 channels as potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of the emerging infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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13
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Gunaratne GS, Marchant JS. The ins and outs of virus trafficking through acidic Ca 2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102528. [PMID: 35033909 PMCID: PMC8860173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses exploit host-cell Ca2+ signaling processes throughout their life cycle. This is especially relevant for viruses that translocate through the endolysosomal system, where cellular infection is keyed to the microenvironment of these acidic Ca2+ stores and Ca2+-dependent trafficking pathways. As regulators of the endolysosomal ionic milieu and trafficking dynamics, two families of endolysosomal Ca2+-permeable cation channels - two pore channels (TPCs) and transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs) - have emerged as important host-cell factors in viral entry. Here, we review: (i) current evidence implicating Ca2+ signaling in viral translocation through the endolysosomal system, (ii) the roles of these ion channels in supporting cellular infection by different viruses, and (iii) areas for future research that will help define the potential of TPC and TRPML ligands as progressible antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
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14
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Naik P, Naik MN, Mishra DK, Joseph J. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus modulates the transcriptome and disease pathology in a murine model of endophthalmitis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Murer L, Petkidis A, Vallet T, Vignuzzi M, Greber UF. Chemical Evolution of Rhinovirus Identifies Capsid-Destabilizing Mutations Driving Low-pH-Independent Genome Uncoating. J Virol 2022; 96:e0106021. [PMID: 34705560 PMCID: PMC8791267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause recurrent infections of the nasal and pulmonary tracts, life-threatening conditions in chronic respiratory illness patients, predisposition of children to asthmatic exacerbation, and large economic cost. RVs are difficult to treat. They rapidly evolve resistance and are genetically diverse. Here, we provide insight into RV drug resistance mechanisms against chemical compounds neutralizing low pH in endolysosomes. Serial passaging of RV-A16 in the presence of the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) or the endolysosomotropic agent ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) promoted the emergence of resistant virus populations. We found two reproducible point mutations in viral proteins 1 and 3 (VP1 and VP3), A2526G (serine 66 to asparagine [S66N]), and G2274U (cysteine 220 to phenylalanine [C220F]), respectively. Both mutations conferred cross-resistance to BafA1, NH4Cl, and the protonophore niclosamide, as identified by massive parallel sequencing and reverse genetics, but not the double mutation, which we could not rescue. Both VP1-S66 and VP3-C220 locate at the interprotomeric face, and their mutations increase the sensitivity of virions to low pH, elevated temperature, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptor. These results indicate that the ability of RV to uncoat at low endosomal pH confers virion resistance to extracellular stress. The data endorse endosomal acidification inhibitors as a viable strategy against RVs, especially if inhibitors are directly applied to the airways. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the predominant agents causing the common cold. Anti-RV drugs and vaccines are not available, largely due to rapid evolutionary adaptation of RVs giving rise to resistant mutants and an immense diversity of antigens in more than 160 different RV types. In this study, we obtained insight into the cell biology of RVs by harnessing the ability of RVs to evolve resistance against host-targeting small chemical compounds neutralizing endosomal pH, an important cue for uncoating of normal RVs. We show that RVs grown in cells treated with inhibitors of endolysosomal acidification evolved capsid mutations yielding reduced virion stability against elevated temperature, low pH, and incubation with recombinant soluble receptor fragments. This fitness cost makes it unlikely that RV mutants adapted to neutral pH become prevalent in nature. The data support the concept of host-directed drug development against respiratory viruses in general, notably at low risk of gain-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Spix B, Jeridi A, Ansari M, Yildirim AÖ, Schiller HB, Grimm C. Endolysosomal Cation Channels and Lung Disease. Cells 2022; 11:304. [PMID: 35053420 PMCID: PMC8773812 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endolysosomal cation channels are emerging as key players of endolysosomal function such as endolysosomal trafficking, fusion/fission, lysosomal pH regulation, autophagy, lysosomal exocytosis, and endocytosis. Diseases comprise lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, pigmentation defects, cancer, immune disorders, autophagy related diseases, infectious diseases and many more. Involvement in lung diseases has not been a focus of attention so far but recent developments in the field suggest critical functions in lung physiology and pathophysiology. Thus, loss of TRPML3 was discovered to exacerbate emphysema formation and cigarette smoke induced COPD due to dysregulated matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) levels in the extracellular matrix of the lung, a known risk factor for emphysema/COPD. While direct lung function measurements with the exception of TRPML3 are missing for other endolysosomal cation channels or channels expressed in lysosome related organelles (LRO) in the lung, links between those channels and important roles in lung physiology have been established such as the role of P2X4 in surfactant release from alveolar epithelial Type II cells. Other channels with demonstrated functions and disease relevance in the lung such as TRPM2, TRPV2, or TRPA1 may mediate their effects due to plasma membrane expression but evidence accumulates that these channels might also be expressed in endolysosomes, suggesting additional and/or dual roles of these channels in cell and intracellular membranes. We will discuss here the current knowledge on cation channels residing in endolysosomes or LROs with respect to their emerging roles in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spix
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; (A.J.); (M.A.); (A.Ö.Y.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; (A.J.); (M.A.); (A.Ö.Y.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; (A.J.); (M.A.); (A.Ö.Y.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Herbert B. Schiller
- Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; (A.J.); (M.A.); (A.Ö.Y.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany;
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17
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Berlansky S, Sallinger M, Grabmayr H, Humer C, Bernhard A, Fahrner M, Frischauf I. Calcium Signals during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Assessing the Potential of Emerging Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:253. [PMID: 35053369 PMCID: PMC8773957 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This respiratory illness was declared a pandemic by the world health organization (WHO) in March 2020, just a few weeks after being described for the first time. Since then, global research effort has considerably increased humanity's knowledge about both viruses and disease. It has also spawned several vaccines that have proven to be key tools in attenuating the spread of the pandemic and severity of COVID-19. However, with vaccine-related skepticism being on the rise, as well as breakthrough infections in the vaccinated population and the threat of a complete immune escape variant, alternative strategies in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently required. Calcium signals have long been known to play an essential role in infection with diverse viruses and thus constitute a promising avenue for further research on therapeutic strategies. In this review, we introduce the pivotal role of calcium signaling in viral infection cascades. Based on this, we discuss prospective calcium-related treatment targets and strategies for the cure of COVID-19 that exploit viral dependence on calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Fahrner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria; (S.B.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (C.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Irene Frischauf
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria; (S.B.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (C.H.); (A.B.)
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18
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Antidepressant Sertraline Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Enteroviruses Targeting Viral Entry through Neutralization of Endolysosomal Acidification. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010109. [PMID: 35062313 PMCID: PMC8780434 DOI: 10.3390/v14010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an etiological agent of hand foot and mouth disease and can also cause neurological complications in young children. However, there are no approved drugs as of yet to treat EV71 infections. In this study, we conducted antiviral drug screening by using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library. We identified five drugs that showed dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication. Sertraline was further characterized because it exhibited the most potent antiviral activity with the highest selectivity index among the five hits. The antiviral activity of sertraline was noted for other EV serotypes. The drug’s antiviral effect is not likely associated with its approved indications as an antidepressant and its mode-of-action as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The time-of-addition assay revealed that sertraline inhibited an EV71 infection at the entry stage. We also showed that sertraline partitioned into acidic compartments, such as endolysosomes, to neutralize the low pH levels. In agreement with the findings, the antiviral effect of sertraline could be greatly relieved by exposing virus-infected cells to extracellular low-pH culture media. Ultimately, we have identified a use for an FDA-approved antidepressant in broad-spectrum EV inhibition by blocking viral entry through the alkalization of the endolysosomal route.
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19
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Wang H, Dong Y, Wan B, Ji Y, Xu Q. Identification and Characterization Analysis of Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin Protein of Laodelphax striatellus Fallén. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121107. [PMID: 34940195 PMCID: PMC8706664 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) protein in flies plays a pivotal role in Ca2+ ions release, resulting in membrane trafficking, autophagy and ion homeostasis. However, to date, the characterization of TRPML in agricultural pests remains unknown. Here, we firstly reported the TRPML of a destructive pest of gramineous crops, Laodelphax striatellus. The L. striatellus TRPML (Ls-TRPML) has a 1818 bp open reading frame, encoding 605 amino acid. TRPML in agricultural pests is evolutionarily conserved, and the expression of Ls-TRPML is predominately higher in the ovary than in other organs of L. striatellus at the transcript and protein level. The Bac-Bac system showed that Ls-TRPML localized in the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane and nucleus and co-localized with lysosome in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showed that Ls-TRPML localized in the cytoplasm and around the nuclei of the intestine cells or ovary follicular cells of L. striatellus. The results from the lipid-binding assay revealed that Ls-TRPML strongly bound to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, as compared with other phosphoinositides. Overall, our results helped is identify and characterize the TRPML protein of L. striatellus, shedding light on the function of TRPML in multiple cellular processes in agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-134-5181-6249 (H.W.); +86-133-2781-7381 (Q.X.)
| | - Yan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
| | - Baijie Wan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Coastal Area, Yancheng 224002, China;
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-134-5181-6249 (H.W.); +86-133-2781-7381 (Q.X.)
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20
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Kriegler K, Leser C, Mayer P, Bracher F. Effective chiral pool synthesis of both enantiomers of the TRPML inhibitor trans-ML-SI3. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100362. [PMID: 34738656 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two independent chiral pool syntheses of both enantiomers of the TRPML inhibitor, trans-ML-SI3, were developed, starting from commercially available (1S,2R)- and (1R,2S)-configured cis-2-aminocyclohexanols. Both routes lead to the target compounds in excellent enantiomeric purity and good overall yields. For the most attractive (-)-trans-enantiomer, the R,R-configuration was identified by these unambiguous syntheses, and the results were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. These effective synthetic approaches further allow flexible variation of prominent residues in ML-SI3 for future in-depth analysis of structure-activity relationships as both the piperazine and the N-sulfonyl residues are introduced into the molecule at late stages of the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kriegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Xia Z, Ren Y, Li S, Xu J, Wu Y, Cao Z. ML-SA1 and SN-2 inhibit endocytosed viruses through regulating TRPML channel expression and activity. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105193. [PMID: 34687820 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin 2 and 3 (TRPML2 and TRPML3), as key channels in the endosomal-lysosomal system, are associated with many different cellular processes, including ion release, membrane trafficking and autophagy. In particular, they can also facilitate viral entry into host cells and enhance viral infection. We previously identified that two selective TRPML agonists, ML-SA1 and SN-2, that showed antiviral activities against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in vitro, but their antiviral mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we reported that ML-SA1 could inhibit DENV2 replication by downregulating the expression of both TRPML2 and TRPML3, while the other TRPML activator, SN-2, suppressed DENV2 infection by reducing only TRPML3 expression. Consistently, the channel activities of both TRPML2 and TRPML3 were also found to be associated with the antiviral activity of ML-SA1 on DENV2 and ZIKV, but SN-2 relied only on TRPML3 channel activity. Further mechanistic experiments revealed that ML-SA1 and SN-2 decreased the expression of the late endosomal marker Rab7, dependent on TRPML2 and TRPML3, indicating that these two compounds likely inhibit viral infection by promoting vesicular trafficking from late endosomes to lysosomes and then accelerating lysosomal degradation of the virus. As expected, neither ML-SA1 nor SN-2 inhibited herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), whose entry is independent of the endolysosomal network. Together, our work reveals the antiviral mechanisms of ML-SA1 and SN-2 in targeting TRPML channels, possibly leading to the discovery of new drug candidates to inhibit endocytosed viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Yingying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Songryong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, North Korea
| | - Jiyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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22
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Cordero-Rivera CD, De Jesús-González LA, Osuna-Ramos JF, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Farfan-Morales CN, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Del Ángel RM. The importance of viral and cellular factors on flavivirus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:164-175. [PMID: 34171540 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than 70 viruses, and despite genomic and structural similarities, infections by different flaviviruses result in different clinical presentations. In the absence of a safe and effective vaccine against these infections, the search for new strategies to inhibit viral infection is necessary. The life cycle of arboviruses begins with the entry process composed of multiple steps: attachment, internalization, endosomal escape and capsid uncoating. This mini-review describes factors and mechanisms involved in the viral entry as events required to take over the cellular machinery and host factors and cellular pathways commonly used by flaviviruses as possible approaches for developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico.
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23
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Jaffal SM, Abbas MA. TRP channels in COVID-19 disease: Potential targets for prevention and treatment. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109567. [PMID: 34166652 PMCID: PMC8217345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV2] that requires two proteins for entry: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] and -membrane protease serine 2 [TMPRSS2]. Many patients complain from pneumonia, cough, fever, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Notably, different TRP channels are expressed in various tissues infected by SARS-CoV-2. TRP channels are cation channels that show a common architecture with high permeability to calcium [Ca2+] in most sub-families. Literature review shed light on the possible role of TRP channels in COVID-19 disease. TRP channels may take part in inflammation, pain, fever, anosmia, ageusia, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI and neurological complications related to COVID-19. Also, TRP channels could be the targets for many active compounds that showed effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Desensitization or blocking TRP channels by antibodies, aptamers, small molecules or venoms can be an option for COVID-19 prevention and future treatment. This review provides insights into the involvement of TRP channels in different symptoms and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 , potential treatments targeting these channels and highlights missing gaps in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Jaffal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
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24
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Alharbi AF, Parrington J. Deciphering the Role of Endolysosomal Ca 2+ Channels in Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656965. [PMID: 33986747 PMCID: PMC8111081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling in immunity has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years. Here, we discuss evolving knowledge relating to the contribution of endolysosomal Ca2+ channels that include TPCs, TRPMLs, and P2X4R in physiological processes related to innate and adaptive immunity-including phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokine/chemokine release, dendritic, natural killer, and T cell activation and migration-and we underscore the paucity of clinical studies in this field. Emerging biomedical and translational data have led to important new insights into the critical roles of these channels in immune cell function and the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The evolving immunological significance of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling warrants further investigations to better characterize the roles of these channels in immunity in order to expand our knowledge about the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and develop endolysosomal Ca2+ channels as viable biomarkers and therapeutic and preventive targets for remodelling the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:e02410-20. [PMID: 33536179 PMCID: PMC8104092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02410-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes epidemics and sporadic pandemics resulting in morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. Influenza viruses require host genes to replicate. RNA interference (RNAi) screens can identify host genes coopted by influenza virus for replication. Targeting these proinfluenza genes can provide therapeutic strategies to reduce virus replication. Nineteen proinfluenza G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and 13 proinfluenza ion channel genes were identified in human lung (A549) cells by use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These proinfluenza genes were authenticated by testing influenza virus A/WSN/33-, A/CA/04/09-, and B/Yamagata/16/1988-infected A549 cells, resulting in the validation of 16 proinfluenza GPCR and 5 proinfluenza ion channel genes. These findings showed that several GPCR and ion channel genes are needed for the production of infectious influenza virus. These data provide potential targets for the development of host-directed therapeutic strategies to impede the influenza virus productive cycle so as to limit infection.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure. Antiviral measures are desirable particularly when vaccines fail. In this study, we used RNAi screening to identify several GPCR and ion channel genes needed for influenza virus replication. Understanding the host genes usurped by influenza virus during viral replication can help identify host genes that can be targeted for drug repurposing or for the development of antiviral drugs. The targeting of host genes is refractory to drug resistance generated by viral mutations, as well as providing a platform for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Goretzki B, Guhl C, Tebbe F, Harder JM, Hellmich UA. Unstructural Biology of TRP Ion Channels: The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Channel Function and Regulation. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166931. [PMID: 33741410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first genuine high-resolution single particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of a membrane protein determined was a transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel, TRPV1, in 2013. This methodical breakthrough opened up a whole new world for structural biology and ion channel aficionados alike. TRP channels capture the imagination due to the sheer endless number of tasks they carry out in all aspects of animal physiology. To date, structures of at least one representative member of each of the six mammalian TRP channel subfamilies as well as of a few non-mammalian families have been determined. These structures were instrumental for a better understanding of TRP channel function and regulation. However, all of the TRP channel structures solved so far are incomplete since they miss important information about highly flexible regions found mostly in the channel N- and C-termini. These intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) can represent between a quarter to almost half of the entire protein sequence and act as important recruitment hubs for lipids and regulatory proteins. Here, we analyze the currently available TRP channel structures with regard to the extent of these "missing" regions and compare these findings to disorder predictions. We discuss select examples of intra- and intermolecular crosstalk of TRP channel IDRs with proteins and lipids as well as the effect of splicing and post-translational modifications, to illuminate their importance for channel function and to complement the prevalently discussed structural biology of these versatile and fascinating proteins with their equally relevant 'unstructural' biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Goretzki
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; TransMED - Mainz Research School of Translational Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederike Tebbe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean-Martin Harder
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; TransMED - Mainz Research School of Translational Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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27
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McIntosh AT, Wei R, Ahn J, Aouizerat BE, Kassaye SG, Augenbraun MH, Price JC, French AL, Gange SJ, Anastos KM, Goldman R. A genomic variant of ALPK2 is associated with increased liver fibrosis risk in HIV/HCV coinfected women. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247277. [PMID: 33705408 PMCID: PMC7951908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV coinfection is associated with more rapid liver fibrosis progression in hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Recently, much work has been done to improve outcomes of liver disease and to identify targets for pharmacological intervention in coinfected patients. In this study, we analyzed clinical data of 1,858 participants from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) to characterize risk factors associated with changes in the APRI and FIB-4 surrogate measurements for advanced fibrosis. We assessed 887 non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNV) in a subset of 661 coinfected participants for genetic associations with changes in liver fibrosis risk. The variants utilized produced amino acid substitutions that either altered an N-linked glycosylation (NxS/T) sequon or mapped to a gene related to glycosylation processes. Seven variants were associated with an increased likelihood of liver fibrosis. The most common variant, ALPK2 rs3809973, was associated with liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfected patients; individuals homozygous for the rare C allele displayed elevated APRI (0.61, 95% CI, 0.334 to 0.875) and FIB-4 (0.74, 95% CI, 0.336 to 1.144) relative to those coinfected women without the variant. Although warranting replication, ALPK2 rs3809973 may show utility to detect individuals at increased risk for liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T. McIntosh
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Renhuizi Wei
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Brad E. Aouizerat
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seble G. Kassaye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Augenbraun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Price
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Audrey L. French
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Anastos
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America,Clinical Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America,* E-mail:
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28
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Zhao Z, Qin P, Huang YW. Lysosomal ion channels involved in cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses: Implications for therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102360. [PMID: 33516131 PMCID: PMC7825922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are necessary for correct lysosomal function including degradation of cargoes originating from endocytosis. Almost all enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), enter host cells via endocytosis, and do not escape endosomal compartments into the cytoplasm (via fusion with the endolysosomal membrane) unless the virus-encoded envelope proteins are cleaved by lysosomal proteases. With the ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, endolysosomal two-pore channels represent an exciting and emerging target for antiviral therapies. This review focuses on the latest knowledge of the effects of lysosomal ion channels on the cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses, which may aid in development of novel therapies against emerging infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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29
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Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Butz ES, Li Y, Puertollano R, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Grimm C. TRPML2 is an osmo/mechanosensitive cation channel in endolysosomal organelles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabb5064. [PMID: 33177082 PMCID: PMC7673730 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosomes are dynamic, intracellular compartments, regulating their surface-to-volume ratios to counteract membrane swelling or shrinkage caused by osmotic challenges upon tubulation and vesiculation events. While osmosensitivity has been extensively described on the plasma membrane, the mechanisms underlying endolysosomal surface-to-volume ratio changes and identities of involved ion channels remain elusive. Endolysosomes mediate endocytosis, exocytosis, cargo transport, and sorting of material for recycling or degradation. We demonstrate the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 to be hypotonicity/mechanosensitive, a feature crucial to its involvement in fast-recycling processes of immune cells. We demonstrate that the phosphoinositide binding pocket is required for TRPML2 hypotonicity-sensitivity, as substitution of L314 completely abrogates hypotonicity-sensitivity. Last, the hypotonicity-insensitive TRPML2 mutant L314R slows down the fast recycling pathway, corroborating the functional importance of hypotonicity-sensitive TRPML2. Our results highlight TRPML2 as an accelerator of endolysosomal trafficking by virtue of its hypotonicity-sensitivity, with implications in immune cell surveillance and viral trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Sanjai Kumar P, Nayak TK, Mahish C, Sahoo SS, Radhakrishnan A, De S, Datey A, Sahu RP, Goswami C, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel regulates chikungunya virus infection in macrophages. Arch Virol 2020; 166:139-155. [PMID: 33125586 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a virus that induces pathogenic inflammatory host immune responses, is re-emerging worldwide, and there are currently no established antiviral control measures. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective Ca2+-permeable ion channel, has been found to regulate various host inflammatory responses including several viral infections. Immune responses to CHIKV infection in host macrophages have been reported recently. However, the possible involvement of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in host macrophages has not been studied. Here, we investigated the possible role of TRPV1 in CHIKV infection of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. It was found that CHIKV infection upregulates TRPV1 expression in macrophages. To confirm this observation, the TRPV1-specific modulators 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (5'-IRTX, a TRPV1 antagonist) and resiniferatoxin (RTX, a TRPV1 agonist) were used. Our results indicated that TRPV1 inhibition leads to a reduction in CHIKV infection, whereas TRPV1 activation significantly enhances CHIKV infection. Using a plaque assay and a time-of-addition assay, it was observed that functional modulation of TRPV1 affects the early stages of the viral lifecycle in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, CHIKV infection was found to induce of pNF-κB (p65) expression and nuclear localization. However, both activation and inhibition of TRPV1 were found to enhance the expression and nuclear localization of pNF-κB (p65) and production of pro-inflammatory TNF and IL-6 during CHIKV infection. In addition, it was demonstrated by Ca2+ imaging that TRPV1 regulates Ca2+ influx during CHIKV infection. Hence, the current findings highlight a potentially important regulatory role of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in macrophages. This study might also have broad implications in the context of other viral infections as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanjai Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Tapas K Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.,Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Chandan Mahish
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Subhransu S Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Anukrishna Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Saikat De
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Ram P Sahu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
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31
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Leser C, Keller M, Gerndt S, Urban N, Chen CC, Schaefer M, Grimm C, Bracher F. Chemical and pharmacological characterization of the TRPML calcium channel blockers ML-SI1 and ML-SI3. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112966. [PMID: 33187805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The members of the TRPML subfamily of non-selective cation channels (TRPML1-3) are involved in the regulation of important lysosomal and endosomal functions, and mutations in TRPML1 are associated with the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV. For in-depth investigation of functions and (patho)physiological roles of TRPMLs, membrane-permeable chemical tools are urgently needed. But hitherto only two TRPML inhibitors, ML-SI1 and ML-SI3, have been published, albeit without clear information about stereochemical details. In this investigation we developed total syntheses of both inhibitors. ML-SI1 was only obtained as a racemic mixture of inseparable diastereomers and showed activator-dependent inhibitory activity. The more promising tool is ML-SI3, hence ML-SI1 was not further investigated. For ML-SI3 we confirmed by stereoselective synthesis that the trans-isomer is significantly more active than the cis-isomer. Separation of the enantiomers of trans-ML-SI3 further revealed that the (-)-isomer is a potent inhibitor of TRPML1 and TRPML2 (IC50 values 1.6 and 2.3 μM) and a weak inhibitor (IC50 12.5 μM) of TRPML3, whereas the (+)-enantiomer is an inhibitor on TRPML1 (IC50 5.9 μM), but an activator on TRPML 2 and 3. This renders the pure (-)-trans-ML-SI3 more suitable as a chemical tool for the investigation of TRPML1 and 2 than the racemate. The analysis of 12 analogues of ML-SI3 gave first insights into structure-activity relationships in this chemotype, and showed that a broad variety of modifications in both the N-arylpiperazine and the sulfonamide moiety is tolerated. An aromatic analogue of ML-SI3 showed an interesting alternative selectivity profile (strong inhibitor of TRPML1 and strong activator of TRPML2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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32
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Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, Miao L, Cao Z. ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zou X, Hu Z, Huang C, Chang J. A Seven-Gene Signature with Close Immune Correlation Was Identified for Survival Prediction of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924269. [PMID: 32613949 PMCID: PMC7350533 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma is the most life-threatening malignancy with high incidence and poor long-term survival. The crucial role of tumor immunity reveals the significance of exploring immune-related prognostic predictors in lung adenocarcinoma. Material/Methods Immune-related genes were screened out applying the ESTIMATE algorithm. The Cancer Genome Atlas Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD) dataset was trained for the construction of Cox proportional hazard model. Univariate Cox and Lasso regression analysis was conducted to reduce the overfitting of model. Nomogram integrated the signature and clinicopathological characteristics was established for prognosis prediction of LUAD. The GSE30219, GSE41271, and GSE42127 datasets were analyzed for external validation. LUAD patients were separated into low-risk and high-risk subgroups based on the optimum cutoff threshold of calculated risk score. The predictive value of the signature was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Harrell’s C-index, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and calibration curve. Clinical- and immune-correlation of the signature was further performed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed for functional exploration. Results An immune-related signature containing 7 genes was identified. The signature exhibited reliable performance in the prediction of overall survival for LUAD with the C-index being 0.72. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the model in 1-year risk prediction were 0.781, 0.797, 0.659, and 0.822 for TCGA-LUAD, GSE30219, GSE41271, and GSE42127 datasets, respectively. In all datasets, the signature proved to an independent risk factor for LUAD. Correlation analyses and GSEA further revealed the close relationship between the predictive biomarker and tumor immunity. Conclusions A Cox proportional hazard model consisting of 7 genes was identified for prognostic prediction of LUAD. The signature was highly correlated with immunity and deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zou
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhihuang Hu
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Changjing Huang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jianhua Chang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Santoni M, Santoni A. Involvement of the TRPML Mucolipin Channels in Viral Infections and Anti-viral Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32425938 PMCID: PMC7212413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRPML channels (TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3), belonging to the mucolipin TRP subfamily, primary localize to a population of membrane-bonded vesicles along the endocytosis, and exocytosis pathways. Human viruses enter host cells by plasma membrane penetration or by receptor-mediated endocytosis. TRPML2 enhances the infectivity of a number of enveloped viruses by promoting virus vesicular trafficking and escape from endosomal compartment. TRPML2 expression is stimulated by interferon and by several toll like receptor (TLR) activators, suggesting a possible role in the activation of the innate immune response. Noteworthy, TRPML1 plays a major role in single strand RNA/DNA trafficking into lysosomes and the lack of TRPML1 impairs the TLR-7 and TLR-9 ligand transportation to lysosomes resulting in decreased dendritic cell maturation/activation and migration to the lymph nodes. TRPML channels are also expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of innate lymphocytes with an essential role during viral infections; recent findings have indicated a role of TRPML1-mediated modulation of secretory lysosomes in NK cells education. Moreover, as also NK cells express TLR recognizing viral pattern, an increased TLR-mediated activation of cytokine production can be envisaged, suggesting a dual role in the NK cell-mediated antiviral responses. Overall, TRPML channels might play a double-edged sword in resistance to viral infections: on one side they can promote virus cellular entry and infectivity; on the other side, by regulating TLR responses in the various immune cells, they contribute to enhance antiviral innate and possibly adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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35
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Chao YK, Chang SY, Grimm C. Endo-Lysosomal Cation Channels and Infectious Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 185:259-276. [PMID: 32748124 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, the most prevalent ones today are malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, dengue fever, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, and most recently Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2). Others with a rather devastating history and high fatality rates such as plague, cholera, or typhus seem less threatening today but have not been eradicated, and with a declining efficacy of current antibiotics they ought to be watched carefully. Another emerging issue in this context is health-care associated infection. About 100,000 hospitalized patients in the USA ( www.cdc.gov ) and 33,000 in Europe ( https://www.ecdc.europa.eu ) die each year as a direct consequence of an infection caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Among viral infections, influenza is responsible for about 3-5 million cases of severe illness, and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths annually ( www.who.int ). About 37 million people are currently living with HIV infection and about one million die from it each year. Coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, but in particular the recent outbreak of Covid-19 (caused by SARS-CoV2) have resulted in large numbers of infections worldwide with an estimated several hundred thousand deaths (anticipated fatality rate: <5%). With a comparatively low mortality rate dengue virus causes between 50 and 100 million infections every year, leading to 50,000 deaths. In contrast, Ebola virus is the causative agent for one of the deadliest viral diseases. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 is considered the largest outbreak in history with more than 11,000 deaths. Many of the deadliest pathogens such as Ebola virus, influenza virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, dengue virus, and cholera exploit the endo-lysosomal trafficking system of host cells for penetration into the cytosol and replication. Defects in endo-lysosomal maturation, trafficking, fusion, or pH homeostasis can efficiently reduce the cytotoxicity caused by these pathogens. Most of these functions critically depend on endo-lysosomal membrane proteins such as transporters and ion channels. In particular, cation channels such as the mucolipins (TRPMLs) or the two-pore channels (TPCs) are involved in all of these aspects of endo-lysosomal integrity. In this review we will discuss the correlations between pathogen toxicity and endo-lysosomal cation channel function, and their potential as drug targets for infectious disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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LYAR Suppresses Beta Interferon Induction by Targeting Phosphorylated Interferon Regulatory Factor 3. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00769-19. [PMID: 31413131 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00769-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is vital for host defense and must be tightly controlled, but the mechanisms responsible for its negative regulation are not fully understood. The cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein LYAR was found to promote replication of multiple viruses in our previous study. Here, we report that LYAR acts as a negative regulator of innate immune responses. We found that LYAR expression is induced by beta interferon (IFN-β) during virus infection. Further studies showed that LYAR interacts with phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to impede the DNA binding capacity of IRF3, thereby suppressing the transcription of IFN-β and downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, LYAR inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In summary, our study reveals the mechanism of LYAR in modulating IFN-β-mediated innate immune responses by targeting phosphorylated IRF3, which not only helps us to better understand the mechanisms of LYAR-regulated virus replication but also uncovers a novel role of LYAR in host innate immunity.IMPORTANCE Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays a critical role in the antiviral innate immune responses that protect the host against virus infection. The negative regulators of IFN-I are important not only for fine-tuning the antiviral responses to pathogens but also for preventing excessive inflammation. Identification of negative regulators and study of their modulation in innate immune responses will lead to new strategies for the control of both viral and inflammatory diseases. Here, we report for the first time that the cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein LYAR behaves as a repressor of host innate immune responses. We demonstrate that LYAR negatively regulates IFN-β-mediated immune responses by inhibiting the DNA binding ability of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Our study reveals a common mechanism of LYAR in promoting different virus replication events and improves our knowledge of host negative regulation of innate immune responses.
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Microbiome-Transcriptome Interactions Related to Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13824. [PMID: 31554845 PMCID: PMC6761288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. Although risk factors for RSV infection have been identified, the role of microbial species in the respiratory tract is only partially known. We aimed to understand the impact of interactions between the nasal microbiome and host transcriptome on the severity and clinical outcomes of RSV infection. We used 16 S rRNA sequencing to characterize the nasal microbiome of infants with RSV infection. We used RNA sequencing to interrogate the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells obtained from the same set of infants. After dimension reduction through principal component (PC) analysis, we performed an integrative analysis to identify significant co-variation between microbial clade and gene expression PCs. We then employed LIONESS (Linear Interpolation to Obtain Network Estimates for Single Samples) to estimate the clade-gene association patterns for each infant. Our network-based integrative analysis identified several clade-gene associations significantly related to the severity of RSV infection. The microbial taxa with the highest loadings in the implicated clade PCs included Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus. Interestingly, many of the genes with the highest loadings in the implicated gene PCs are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, while others are involved in the host immune response. This study on microbiome-transcriptome interactions provides insights into how the host immune system mounts a response against RSV and specific infectious agents in nasal microbiota.
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Viet KK, Wagner A, Schwickert K, Hellwig N, Brennich M, Bader N, Schirmeister T, Morgner N, Schindelin H, Hellmich UA. Structure of the Human TRPML2 Ion Channel Extracytosolic/Lumenal Domain. Structure 2019; 27:1246-1257.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In the absence of an intact interferon (IFN) response, mammals may be susceptible to lethal viral infection. IFNs are secreted cytokines that activate a signal transduction cascade leading to the induction of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Remarkably, approximately 10% of the genes in the human genome have the potential to be regulated by IFNs. What do all of these genes do? It is a complex question without a simple answer. From decades of research, we know that many of the protein products encoded by these ISGs work alone or in concert to achieve one or more cellular outcomes, including antiviral defense, antiproliferative activities, and stimulation of adaptive immunity. The focus of this review is the antiviral activities of the IFN/ISG system. This includes general paradigms of ISG function, supported by specific examples in the literature, as well as methodologies to identify and characterize ISG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The flaviviridae family comprises single-stranded RNA viruses that enter cells via clathrin-mediated pH-dependent endocytosis. Although the initial events of the virus entry have been already identified, data regarding intracellular virus trafficking and delivery to the replication site are limited. The purpose of this study was to map the transport route of Zika virus and to identify the fusion site within the endosomal compartment. METHODS Tracking of viral particles in the cell was carried out with confocal microscopy. Immunostaining of two structural proteins of Zika virus enabled precise mapping of the route of the ribonucleocapsid and the envelope and, consequently, mapping the fusion site in the endosomal compartment. The results were verified using RNAi silencing and chemical inhibitors. RESULTS After endocytic internalization, Zika virus is trafficked through the endosomal compartment to fuse in late endosomes. Inhibition of endosome acidification using bafilomycin A1 hampers the infection, as the fusion is inhibited; instead, the virus is transported to late compartments where it undergoes proteolytic degradation. The degradation products are ejected from the cell via slow recycling vesicles. Surprisingly, NH4Cl, which is also believed to block endosome acidification, shows a very different mode of action. In the presence of this basic compound, the endocytic hub is reprogrammed. Zika virus-containing vesicles never reach the late stage, but are rapidly trafficked to the plasma membrane via a fast recycling pathway after the clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Further, we also noted that, similarly as other members of the flaviviridae family, Zika virus undergoes furin- or furin-like-dependent activation during late steps of infection, while serine or cysteine proteases are not required for Zika virus maturation or entry. CONCLUSIONS Zika virus fusion occurs in late endosomes and is pH-dependent. These results broaden our understanding of Zika virus intracellular trafficking and may in future allow for development of novel treatment strategies. Further, we identified a novel mode of action for agents commonly used in studies of virus entry. Schematic representation of differences in ZIKV trafficking in the presence of Baf A1 and NH4Cl.
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Rinkenberger N, Schoggins JW. Comparative analysis of viral entry for Asian and African lineages of Zika virus. Virology 2019; 533:59-67. [PMID: 31112915 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen with global health and economic impacts. ZIKV circulates as two major lineages, Asian or African. The Asian lineage has recently been associated with significant disease in humans. Numerous studies have revealed differences between African and Asian ZIKV strains with respect to cellular infectivity, pathogenesis, and immune activation. Less is known about the mechanism of ZIKV entry and whether viral entry differs between strains. Here, we characterized ZIKV entry with two Asian and two African strains. All viruses exhibited a requirement for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Rab5a function. Additionally, all ZIKV strains tested were sensitive to pH in the range of 6.5-6.1 and were reliant on endosomal acidification for infection. Finally, we provide direct evidence that ZIKV primarily fuses with late endosomes. These findings contribute new insight into the ZIKV entry process and suggest that divergent ZIKV strains enter cells in a highly conserved manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rinkenberger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Plesch E, Chen CC, Butz E, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Yinan H, Bartel K, Keller M, Robaa D, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Vollmar AM, Sippl W, Puertollano R, Medina D, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Grimm C. Selective agonist of TRPML2 reveals direct role in chemokine release from innate immune cells. eLife 2018; 7:39720. [PMID: 30479274 PMCID: PMC6257821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are produced and secreted by a broad range of immune cells including macrophages. Remarkably, little is known about how these inflammatory mediators are released from the various immune cells. Here, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 is shown to play a direct role in chemokine trafficking and secretion from murine macrophages. To demonstrate acute and direct involvement of TRPML2 in these processes, the first isoform-selective TRPML2 channel agonist was generated, ML2-SA1. ML2-SA1 was not only found to directly stimulate release of the chemokine CCL2 from macrophages but also to stimulate macrophage migration, thus mimicking CCL2 function. Endogenous TRPML2 is expressed in early/recycling endosomes as demonstrated by endolysosomal patch-clamp experimentation and ML2-SA1 promotes trafficking through early/recycling endosomes, suggesting CCL2 being transported and secreted via this pathway. These data provide a direct link between TRPML2 activation, CCL2 release and stimulation of macrophage migration in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hua Yinan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Diego Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mar KB, Rinkenberger NR, Boys IN, Eitson JL, McDougal MB, Richardson RB, Schoggins JW. LY6E mediates an evolutionarily conserved enhancement of virus infection by targeting a late entry step. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3603. [PMID: 30190477 PMCID: PMC6127192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) contribute to cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity by inducing hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In a screen to identify antiviral ISGs, we unexpectedly found that LY6E, a member of the LY6/uPAR family, enhanced viral infection. Here, we show that viral enhancement by ectopically expressed LY6E extends to several cellular backgrounds and affects multiple RNA viruses. LY6E does not impair IFN antiviral activity or signaling, but rather promotes viral entry. Using influenza A virus as a model, we narrow the enhancing effect of LY6E to uncoating after endosomal escape. Diverse mammalian orthologs of LY6E also enhance viral infectivity, indicating evolutionary conservation of function. By structure-function analyses, we identify a single amino acid in a predicted loop region that is essential for viral enhancement. Our study suggests that LY6E belongs to a class of IFN-inducible host factors that enhance viral infectivity without suppressing IFN antiviral activity. The interferon-induced gene LY6E increases virus infection, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, Mar et al. show that LY6E enhances uncoating of influenza A virus after endosomal escape and that viral enhancement by LY6E is conserved across evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rinkenberger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Ian N Boys
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Eitson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B McDougal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - R Blake Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA.
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