1
|
Zhao X, Xu C, Ding Y, Yan N. The multifaceted functions of NFE2L1 in metabolism and associated disorders. Life Sci 2024; 352:122906. [PMID: 38992575 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as Nrf1) is a crucial member of the CNC-bZIP subfamily of transcription factors expressed ubiquitously throughout our body. Recent findings have revealed its association with various metabolic processes, encompassing glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. In the realm of glucose metabolism, NFE2L1 exerts regulatory control by modulating pancreatic β cells and insulin production. It also influences glucose metabolism in liver and the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue. Regarding lipid metabolism, NFE2L1 governs this process by influencing the expression of specific adipogenic and lipolysis genes in both liver and adipose tissue. Additionally, NFE2L1 regulates specific lipids, such as cholesterol. These involvements underlie various manifestations of NFE2L1 deficiency such as adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and steatohepatitis. In the realm of protein metabolism, NFE2L1 serves as a major transcription factor regulating the 26S proteasome genes expression, which dysfunction has been related with multiple diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, autoimmune conditions, etc. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the diverse roles that NFE2L1 plays in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, as well as its impact on diseases related to these metabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuye Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Queen Mary College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Queen Mary College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, China
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sekine H, Motohashi H. Unique and overlapping roles of NRF2 and NRF1 in transcriptional regulation. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:91-96. [PMID: 38510688 PMCID: PMC10948342 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription is regulated by specific transcription factors that mediate signaling in response to extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli such as nutrients, hormones, and oxidative stresses. Many transcription factors are grouped based on their highly conserved DNA binding domains. Consequently, transcription factors within the same family often exhibit functional redundancy and compensation. NRF2 (NFE2L2) and NRF1 (NFE2L1) belong to the CNC family transcription factors, which are responsible for various stress responses. Although their DNA binding properties are strikingly similar, NRF2 and NRF1 are recognized to play distinct roles in a cell by mediating responses to oxidative stress and proteotoxic stress, respectively. In this review, we here overview the distinct and shared roles of NRF2 and NRF1 in the transcriptional regulation of target genes, with a particular focus on the nuclear protein binding partners associated with each factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sekine
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Łuczyńska K, Zhang Z, Pietras T, Zhang Y, Taniguchi H. NFE2L1/Nrf1 serves as a potential therapeutical target for neurodegenerative diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103003. [PMID: 38150994 PMCID: PMC10788251 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of the proper protein turnover in the nervous system is mainly linked to a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, a better understanding of key protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is critical for effective prevention and treatment of those disorders. The proteasome expression is tightly regulated by a CNC (cap'n'collar) family of transcription factors, amongst which the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-like bZIP factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as Nrf1, with its long isoform TCF11 and short isoform LCR-F1) has been identified as an indispensable regulator of the transcriptional expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, much less is known about how the pivotal role of NFE2L1/Nrf1, as compared to its homologous NFE2L2 (also called Nrf2), is translated to its physiological and pathophysiological functions in the nervous system insomuch as to yield its proper cytoprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. The potential of NFE2L1 to fulfill its unique neuronal function to serve as a novel therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases is explored by evaluating the hitherto established preclinical and clinical studies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this review, we have also showcased a group of currently available activators of NFE2L1, along with an additional putative requirement of this CNC-bZIP factor for healthy longevity based on the experimental evidence obtained from its orthologous SKN1-A in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Łuczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552, Poland; The Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- The Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153, Łódź, Poland
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering & Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hatanaka A, Nakada S, Matsumoto G, Satoh K, Aketa I, Watanabe A, Hirakawa T, Tsujita T, Waku T, Kobayashi A. The transcription factor NRF1 (NFE2L1) activates aggrephagy by inducing p62 and GABARAPL1 after proteasome inhibition to maintain proteostasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14405. [PMID: 37658135 PMCID: PMC10474156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are the two primary cellular pathways of misfolded or damaged protein degradation that maintain cellular proteostasis. When the proteasome is dysfunctional, cells compensate for impaired protein clearance by activating aggrephagy, a type of selective autophagy, to eliminate ubiquitinated protein aggregates; however, the molecular mechanisms by which impaired proteasome function activates aggrephagy remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that activation of aggrephagy is transcriptionally induced by the transcription factor NRF1 (NFE2L1) in response to proteasome dysfunction. Although NRF1 has been previously shown to induce the expression of proteasome genes after proteasome inhibition (i.e., the proteasome bounce-back response), our genome-wide transcriptome analyses identified autophagy-related p62/SQSTM1 and GABARAPL1 as genes directly targeted by NRF1. Intriguingly, NRF1 was also found to be indispensable for the formation of p62-positive puncta and their colocalization with ULK1 and TBK1, which play roles in p62 activation via phosphorylation. Consistently, NRF1 knockdown substantially reduced the phosphorylation rate of Ser403 in p62. Finally, NRF1 selectively upregulated the expression of GABARAPL1, an ATG8 family gene, to induce the clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Our findings highlight the discovery of an activation mechanism underlying NRF1-mediated aggrephagy through gene regulation when proteasome activity is impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hatanaka
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sota Nakada
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Iori Aketa
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hirakawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Xu C, Xiao W, Yan N. Unravelling the role of NFE2L1 in stress responses and related diseases. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102819. [PMID: 37473701 PMCID: PMC10404558 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as Nrf1) is a highly conserved transcription factor that belongs to the CNC-bZIP subfamily. Its significance lies in its control over redox balance, proteasome activity, and organ integrity. Stress responses encompass a series of compensatory adaptations utilized by cells and organisms to cope with extracellular or intracellular stress initiated by stressful stimuli. Recently, extensive evidence has demonstrated that NFE2L1 plays a crucial role in cellular stress adaptation by 1) responding to oxidative stress through the induction of antioxidative responses, and 2) addressing proteotoxic stress or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), unfolded protein response (UPR), and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). It is worth noting that NFE2L1 serves as a core factor in proteotoxic stress adaptation, which has been extensively studied in cancer and neurodegeneration associated with enhanced proteasomal stress. In these contexts, utilization of NFE2L1 inhibitors to attenuate proteasome "bounce-back" response holds tremendous potential for enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors. Additionally, abnormal stress adaptations of NFE2L1 and disturbances in redox and protein homeostasis contribute to the pathophysiological complications of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of the molecular basis of NFE2L1 and NFE2L1-mediated diseases related to stress responses would not only facilitate the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also enable the identification of specific therapeutic targets for NFE2L1-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Liu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Xu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wanglong Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chandran A, Oliver HJ, Rochet JC. Role of NFE2L1 in the Regulation of Proteostasis: Implications for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1169. [PMID: 37759569 PMCID: PMC10525699 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of aging and neurodegenerative diseases is a disruption of proteome homeostasis ("proteostasis") that is caused to a considerable extent by a decrease in the efficiency of protein degradation systems. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the major cellular pathway involved in the clearance of small, short-lived proteins, including amyloidogenic proteins that form aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Age-dependent decreases in proteasome subunit expression coupled with the inhibition of proteasome function by aggregated UPS substrates result in a feedforward loop that accelerates disease progression. Nuclear factor erythroid 2- like 1 (NFE2L1) is a transcription factor primarily responsible for the proteasome inhibitor-induced "bounce-back effect" regulating the expression of proteasome subunits. NFE2L1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it is rapidly degraded under basal conditions by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Under conditions leading to proteasome impairment, NFE2L1 is cleaved and transported to the nucleus, where it binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter region of proteasome subunit genes, thereby stimulating their transcription. In this review, we summarize the role of UPS impairment in aging and neurodegenerative disease etiology and consider the potential benefit of enhancing NFE2L1 function as a strategy to upregulate proteasome function and alleviate pathology in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Chandran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haley Jane Oliver
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian Y, Liu X, Pei X, Gao H, Pan P, Yang Y. Mechanism of Mitochondrial Homeostasis Controlling Ovarian Physiology. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6828017. [PMID: 36378567 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cells, including oocytes, granulosa/cumulus cells, theca cells, and stromal cells, contain abundant mitochondria, which play indispensable roles in the processes of ovarian follicle development. Ovarian function is closely controlled by mitochondrial proteostasis and mitostasis. While mitochondrial proteostasis and mitostasis are disturbed by several factors, leading to dysfunction of ovarian function and initiating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and mitophagy to maintain or recover ovarian function and mitochondrial function, clear interactions between the 2 pathways in the ovary have not been fully elucidated. Here, we comprehensively summarize the molecular networks or regulatory mechanisms behind further mitochondrial research in the ovary. This review provides novel insights into the interactions between the UPRmt and mitophagy in ovarian functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiuying Pei
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Pengge Pan
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yanzhou Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han JJW, Nguyen CD, Thrasher JP, DeGuzman A, Chan JY. The Nrf1 transcription factor is induced by patulin and protects against patulin cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2022; 471:153173. [PMID: 35367319 PMCID: PMC9522914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds that is found in various food products. The adverse health effects associated with exposure to patulin has led to many investigations into the biological basis driving the toxicity of patulin. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which mammalian cells resists patulin-mediated toxicity is poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the Nrf1 transcription factor renders cells sensitive to the acute cytotoxic effects of patulin. Nrf1 deficiency leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and protein aggregates in response to patulin exposure. Nrf1 expression is induced by patulin, and activation of proteasome genes by patulin is Nrf1-dependent. These findings suggest the Nrf1 transcription factor plays a crucial role in modulating cellular stress response against patulin cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J W Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Carolyn D Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julianna P Thrasher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anna DeGuzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kapetanou M, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES. Transcriptional regulatory networks of the proteasome in mammalian systems. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:41-52. [PMID: 34958522 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tight regulation of proteostasis is essential for physiological cellular function. Mammalian cells possess a network of mechanisms that ensure proteome integrity under normal or stress conditions. The proteasome, being the major cellular proteolytic machinery, is central to proteostasis maintenance in response to distinct intracellular and extracellular conditions. The proteasomes are multisubunit protease complexes that selectively catalyze the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins and damaged peptides. Different forms of the proteasome complexes comprising of different subunits and attached regulators directly affect the substrate selectivity and degradation. Thus, the proteasome participates in the turnover of a multitude of factors that control key processes that affect the cellular state, such as adaptation to environmental cues, growth, development, metabolism, signaling, senescence, pluripotency, differentiation, and immunity. Aberrations on its function are related to normal processes like aging and pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration and cancer. The past few years of research have highlighted that proteasome abundance, activity, assembly, and localization are subject to a dynamic transcriptional control that secures the continuous adaptation of the proteasome to internal or external stimuli. This review focuses on the factors and signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of the mammalian proteasome at the transcriptional level. A comprehensive understanding of proteasome regulation has critical implications on disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kapetanou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Athanasopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Morgunova GV, Seliverstov AV, Ashapkin VV, Sorokina EV, Markov AV, Skulachev VP. A Crosstalk between the Biorhythms and Gatekeepers of Longevity: Dual Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:433-448. [PMID: 33941065 PMCID: PMC8033555 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses genetic and molecular pathways that link circadian timing with metabolism, resulting in the emergence of positive and negative regulatory feedback loops. The Nrf2 pathway is believed to be a component of the anti-aging program responsible for the healthspan and longevity. Nrf2 enables stress adaptation by activating cell antioxidant defense and other metabolic processes via control of expression of over 200 target genes in response to various types of stress. The GSK3 system represents a “regulating valve” that controls fine oscillations in the Nrf2 level, unlike Keap1, which prevents significant changes in the Nrf2 content in the absence of oxidative stress and which is inactivated by the oxidative stress. Furthermore, GSK3 modifies core circadian clock proteins (Bmal1, Clock, Per, Cry, and Rev-erbα). Phosphorylation by GSK3 leads to the inactivation and degradation of circadian rhythm-activating proteins (Bmal1 and Clock) and vice versa to the activation and nuclear translocation of proteins suppressing circadian rhythms (Per and Rev-erbα) with the exception of Cry protein, which is likely to be implicated in the fine tuning of biological clock. Functionally, GSK3 appears to be one of the hubs in the cross-regulation of circadian rhythms and antioxidant defense. Here, we present the data on the crosstalk between the most powerful cell antioxidant mechanism, the Nrf2 system, and the biorhythm-regulating system in mammals, including the impact of GSK3 overexpression and knockout on the Nrf2 signaling. Understanding the interactions between the regulatory cascades linking homeostasis maintenance and cell response to oxidative stress will help in elucidating molecular mechanisms that underlie aging and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Putyatina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Galina V Morgunova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander V Seliverstov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Vasily V Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Sorokina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander V Markov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Northrop A, Byers HA, Radhakrishnan SK. Regulation of NRF1, a master transcription factor of proteasome genes: implications for cancer and neurodegeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 31:2158-2163. [PMID: 32924844 PMCID: PMC7550695 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense proteasome insufficiency and respond by directing the transcriptional synthesis of de novo proteasomes is a trait that is conserved in evolution and is found in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. This homeostatic mechanism in mammalian cells is driven by the transcription factor NRF1. Interestingly, NRF1 is synthesized as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein and when cellular proteasome activity is sufficient, it is retrotranslocated into the cytosol and targeted for destruction by the ER-associated degradation pathway (ERAD). However, when proteasome capacity is diminished, retrotranslocated NRF1 escapes ERAD and is activated into a mature transcription factor that traverses to the nucleus to induce proteasome genes. In this Perspective, we track the journey of NRF1 from the ER to the nucleus, with a special focus on the various molecular regulators it encounters along its way. Also, using human pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as examples, we explore the notion that modulating the NRF1-proteasome axis could provide the basis for a viable therapeutic strategy in these cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Northrop
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Holly A Byers
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ren S, Bian Y, Hou Y, Wang Z, Zuo Z, Liu Z, Teng Y, Fu J, Wang H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Pi J. The roles of NFE2L1 in adipocytes: Structural and mechanistic insight from cell and mouse models. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102015. [PMID: 34058615 PMCID: PMC8170497 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes play pivotal roles in maintaining energy homeostasis by storing lipids in adipose tissue (AT), regulating the flux of lipids between AT and the circulation in response to the body's energy requirements and secreting a variety of hormones, cytokines and other factors. Proper AT development and function ensure overall metabolic health. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as NRF1) belongs to the CNC-bZIP family and plays critical roles in regulating a wide range of essential cellular functions and varies stress responses in many cells and tissues. Human and rodent Nfe2l1 genes can be transcribed into multiple splice variants resulting in various protein isoforms, which may be further modified by a variety of post-translational mechanisms. While the long isoforms of NFE2L1 have been established as master regulators of cellular adaptive antioxidant response and proteasome homeostasis, the exact tissue distribution and physiological function of NFE2L1 isoforms, the short isoforms in particular, are still under intense investigation. With regard to key roles of NFE2L1 in adipocytes, emerging data indicates that deficiency of Nfe2l1 results in aberrant adipogenesis and impaired AT functioning. Intriguingly, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human NFE2L1 gene is associated with obesity. In this review, we summarize the most significant findings regarding the specific roles of the multiple isoforms of NFE2L1 in AT formation and function. We highlight that NFE2L1 plays a fundamental regulatory role in the expression of multiple genes that are crucial to AT metabolism and function and thus could be an important target to improve disease states involving aberrant adipose plasticity and lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suping Ren
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yiying Bian
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Zhendi Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yue Teng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Forth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yanyan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Road, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University. No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dominguez I, Cruz-Gamero JM, Corasolla V, Dacher N, Rangasamy S, Urbani A, Narayanan V, Rebholz H. Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome-linked CK2α variants have reduced kinase activity. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1077-1096. [PMID: 33944995 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome, or OCNDS, is a newly discovered rare neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems (hyperactivity, repetitive movements and social interaction deficits), hypotonia, epilepsy and language/verbalization deficits. OCNDS is linked to de novo mutations in CSNK2A1, that lead to missense or deletion/truncating variants in the encoded protein, the protein kinase CK2α. Eighteen different missense CK2α mutations have been identified to date; however, no biochemical or cell biological studies have yet been performed to clarify the functional impact of such mutations. Here, we show that 15 different missense CK2α mutations lead to varying degrees of loss of kinase activity as recombinant purified proteins and when mutants are ectopically expressed in mammalian cells. We further detect changes in the phosphoproteome of three patient-derived fibroblast lines and show that the subcellular localization of CK2α is altered for some of the OCNDS-linked variants and in patient-derived fibroblasts. Our data argue that reduced kinase activity and abnormal localization of CK2α may underlie the OCNDS phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - J M Cruz-Gamero
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - V Corasolla
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica, CERC-Fondazione S.Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - N Dacher
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Rangasamy
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - A Urbani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - V Narayanan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - H Rebholz
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy. .,GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France. .,Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sekine H, Motohashi H. Roles of CNC Transcription Factors NRF1 and NRF2 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030541. [PMID: 33535386 PMCID: PMC7867063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although NRF1 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1; NFE2L1) and NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2; NFE2L2) belong to the CNC (cap‘n’collar) transcription factor family and share DNA recognition elements, their functions in vivo are substantially different. In cancer cells, while NRF2 confers therapeutic resistance via increasing antioxidant capacity and modulating glucose and glutamine metabolism, NRF1 confers therapeutic resistance via triggering proteasome bounce back response. Proteasome inhibition activates NRF1, and NRF1, in turn, activates the proteasome by inducing the transcriptional activation of proteasome subunit genes. One of the oncometabolites, UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine), has been found to be a key to the NRF1-mediated proteasome bounce back response. In this review, we introduce the roles of NRF1 in the cancer malignancy in comparison with NRF2. Abstract Cancer cells exhibit unique metabolic features and take advantage of them to enhance their survival and proliferation. While the activation of NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2; NFE2L2), a CNC (cap‘n’collar) family transcription factor, is effective for the prevention and alleviation of various diseases, NRF2 contributes to cancer malignancy by promoting aggressive tumorigenesis and conferring therapeutic resistance. NRF2-mediated metabolic reprogramming and increased antioxidant capacity underlie the malignant behaviors of NRF2-activated cancer cells. Another member of the CNC family, NRF1, plays a key role in the therapeutic resistance of cancers. Since NRF1 maintains proteasome activity by inducing proteasome subunit genes in response to proteasome inhibitors, NRF1 protects cancer cells from proteotoxicity induced by anticancer proteasome inhibitors. An important metabolite that activates NRF1 is UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine), which is abundantly generated in many cancer cells from glucose and glutamine via the hexosamine pathway. Thus, the metabolic signatures of cancer cells are closely related to the oncogenic and tumor-promoting functions of CNC family members. In this review, we provide a brief overview of NRF2-mediated cancer malignancy and elaborate on NRF1-mediated drug resistance affected by an oncometabolite UDP-GlcNAc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sekine
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-8553; Fax: +81-22-717-8554
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trash Talk: Mammalian Proteasome Regulation at the Transcriptional Level. Trends Genet 2020; 37:160-173. [PMID: 32988635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The key to a healthy mammalian cell lies in properly functioning proteolytic machineries called proteasomes. The proteasomes are multisubunit complexes that catalyze the degradation of unwanted proteins and also control half-lives of key cellular regulatory factors. Aberrant proteasome activity is often associated with human diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration, and so an in-depth understanding of how it is regulated has implications for potential disease interventions. Transcriptional regulation of the proteasome can dictate its abundance and also influence its function, assembly, and location. This ensures proper proteasomal activity in response to developmental cues and to physiological conditions such as starvation and oxidative stress. In this review, we highlight and discuss the roles of the transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of the mammalian proteasome.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kobayashi A. Roles of NRF3 in the Hallmarks of Cancer: Proteasomal Inactivation of Tumor Suppressors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092681. [PMID: 32962187 PMCID: PMC7563620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of the NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-related transcription factor NRF3 in cancer. NRF3 confers cells with six so-called “hallmarks of cancer” through upregulating gene expression of specific target genes, leading to tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy. These driver gene-like functions of NRF3 in cancer are distinct from those of NRF2. Abstract The physiological roles of the NRF2-related transcription factor NRF3 (NFE2L3) have remained unknown for decades. The remarkable development of human cancer genome databases has led to strong suggestions that NRF3 has functional significance in cancer; specifically, high NRF3 mRNA levels are induced in many cancer types, such as colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and are associated with poor prognosis. On the basis of this information, the involvement of NRF3 in tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy has been recently proposed. NRF3 confers cancer cells with selective growth advantages by enhancing 20S proteasome assembly through induction of the chaperone gene proteasome maturation protein (POMP) and consequently promoting degradation of the tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) in a ubiquitin-independent manner. This new finding offers insight into the proteasomal but not the genetic inactivation mechanism of tumor suppressors. Moreover, NRF3 promotes cancer malignancy-related processes, including metastasis and angiogenesis. Finally, the molecular mechanisms underlying NRF3 activation have been elucidated, and this knowledge is expected to provide many insights that are useful for the development of anticancer drugs that attenuate NRF3 transcriptional activity. Collectively, the evidence indicates that NRF3 confers cells with six so-called “hallmarks of cancer”, implying that it exhibits cancer driver gene-like function. This review describes recent research advances regarding the newly discovered addiction of cancer cells to NRF3 compared to NRF2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-774-65-6273
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induction by Aberrant NRF2 Activation-Mediated Transcription Networks: Interaction of NRF2-KEAP1 Controls the Fate of Hepatocarcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155378. [PMID: 32751080 PMCID: PMC7432811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, a master regulator of redox homeostasis regulating a variety of genes for antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. NRF2 was, therefore, initially thought to protect the liver from oxidative stress. Recent studies, however, have revealed that mutations in NRF2 cause aberrant accumulation of NRF2 in the nucleus and exert the upregulation of NRF2 target genes. Moreover, among all molecular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), NRF2 activation has been revealed as a more prominent pathway contributing to the progression of precancerous lesions to malignancy. Nevertheless, how its activation leads to poor prognosis in HCC patients remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of how aberrant activation of NRF2 triggers HCC development. We also summarize the emerging roles of other NRF family members in liver cancer development.
Collapse
|
18
|
NFE2L1 and NFE2L3 Complementarily Maintain Basal Proteasome Activity in Cancer Cells through CPEB3-Mediated Translational Repression. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00010-20. [PMID: 32366381 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00010-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are protease complexes essential for cellular homeostasis, and their activity is crucial for cancer cell growth. However, the mechanism of how proteasome activity is maintained in cancer cells has remained unclear. The CNC family transcription factor NFE2L1 induces the expression of almost all proteasome-related genes under proteasome inhibition. Both NFE2L1 and its phylogenetically closest homolog, NFE2L3, are highly expressed in several types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer. Here, we demonstrate that NFE2L1 and NFE2L3 complementarily maintain basal proteasome activity in cancer cells. Double knockdown of NFE2L1 and NFE2L3 impaired basal proteasome activity in cancer cells and cancer cell resistance to a proteasome inhibitor anticancer drug, bortezomib, by significantly reducing the basal expression of seven proteasome-related genes: PSMB3, PSMB7, PSMC2, PSMD3, PSMG2, PSMG3, and POMP Interestingly, the molecular basis behind these cellular consequences was that NFE2L3 repressed NFE2L1 translation by the induction of the gene encoding the translational regulator CPEB3, which binds to the NFE2L1 3' untranslated region and decreases polysome formation on NFE2L1 mRNA. Consistent results were obtained from clinical analysis, wherein patients with cancer having tumors expressing higher levels of CPEB3/NFE2L3 exhibit poor prognosis. These results provide the novel regulatory mechanism of basal proteasome activity in cancer cells through an NFE2L3-CPEB3-NFE2L1 translational repression axis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hamazaki J, Murata S. ER-Resident Transcription Factor Nrf1 Regulates Proteasome Expression and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103683. [PMID: 32456207 PMCID: PMC7279161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding is a substantively error prone process, especially when it occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The highly exquisite machinery in the ER controls secretory protein folding, recognizes aberrant folding states, and retrotranslocates permanently misfolded proteins from the ER back to the cytosol; these misfolded proteins are then degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system termed as the ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The 26S proteasome is a multisubunit protease complex that recognizes and degrades ubiquitinated proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. The complex structure of the 26S proteasome requires exquisite regulation at the transcription, translation, and molecular assembly levels. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1; NFE2L1), an ER-resident transcription factor, has recently been shown to be responsible for the coordinated expression of all the proteasome subunit genes upon proteasome impairment in mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the transcriptional regulation of the proteasome, as well as recent findings concerning the regulation of Nrf1 transcription activity in ER homeostasis and metabolic processes.
Collapse
|
20
|
NRF3-POMP-20S Proteasome Assembly Axis Promotes Cancer Development via Ubiquitin-Independent Proteolysis of p53 and Retinoblastoma Protein. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00597-19. [PMID: 32123008 PMCID: PMC7189095 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00597-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are essential protease complexes that maintain cellular homeostasis, and aberrant proteasomal activity supports cancer development. The regulatory mechanisms and biological function of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome have been studied extensively, while those of the ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome system remain obscure. Here, we show that the cap 'n' collar (CNC) family transcription factor NRF3 specifically enhances 20S proteasome assembly in cancer cells and that 20S proteasomes contribute to colorectal cancer development through ubiquitin-independent proteolysis of the tumor suppressor p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins. The NRF3 gene is highly expressed in many cancer tissues and cell lines and is important for cancer cell growth. In cancer cells, NRF3 upregulates the assembly of the 20S proteasome by directly inducing the gene expression of the 20S proteasome maturation protein POMP. Interestingly, NRF3 knockdown not only increases p53 and Rb protein levels but also increases p53 activities for tumor suppression, including cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, protein stability and cell viability assays using two distinct proteasome inhibitor anticancer drugs, the 20S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor TAK-243, show that the upregulation of the NRF3-POMP axis leads to ubiquitin-independent proteolysis of p53 and Rb and to impaired sensitivity to bortezomib but not TAK-243. More importantly, the NRF3-POMP axis supports tumorigenesis and metastasis, with higher NRF3/POMP expression levels correlating with poor prognoses in patients with colorectal or rectal adenocarcinoma. These results suggest that the NRF3-POMP-20S proteasome assembly axis is significant for cancer development via ubiquitin-independent proteolysis of tumor suppressor proteins.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kobayashi A, Waku T. New addiction to the NRF2-related factor NRF3 in cancer cells: Ubiquitin-independent proteolysis through the 20S proteasome. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:6-14. [PMID: 31742837 PMCID: PMC6942428 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that human cancers develop by sequentially mutating pivotal genes, including driver genes, and acquiring cancer hallmarks. For instance, cancer cells are addicted to the transcription factor NRF2 (NFE2L2), which is a driver gene that utilizes the cellular cytoprotection system against oxidative stress and metabolic pathway reprogramming for sustaining high growth. Our group has recently discovered a new addiction to the NRF2-related factor NRF3 (NFE2L3) in cancer. For many years, the physiological function of NRF3 remained obscure, in part because Nrf3-deficient mice do not show apparent abnormalities. Nevertheless, human cancer genome databases suggest critical roles of NRF3 in cancer because of high NRF3 mRNA induction in several cancer types, such as colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with a poor prognosis. We found that NRF3 promotes tumor growth and malignancy by activating ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome assembly through inducing the expression of the proteasome maturation protein (POMP) chaperone and thereby degrading the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb. The NRF3-POMP-20S proteasome axis has an entirely different effect on cancer than NRF2. In this review, we describe recent research advances regarding the new cancer effector NRF3, including unclarified ubiquitin-independent proteolysis by the NRF3-POMP-20S proteasome axis. The expected development of cancer therapeutic interventions for this axis is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic CodeGraduate School of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
- Department of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Department of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kors S, Geijtenbeek K, Reits E, Schipper-Krom S. Regulation of Proteasome Activity by (Post-)transcriptional Mechanisms. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 31380390 PMCID: PMC6646590 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein synthesis, folding, and degradation are tightly controlled processes to ensure proper protein homeostasis. The proteasome is responsible for the degradation of the majority of intracellular proteins, which are often targeted for degradation via polyubiquitination. However, the degradation rate of proteins is also affected by the capacity of proteasomes to recognize and degrade these substrate proteins. This capacity is regulated by a variety of proteasome modulations including (1) changes in complex composition, (2) post-translational modifications, and (3) altered transcription of proteasomal subunits and activators. Various diseases are linked to proteasome modulation and altered proteasome function. A better understanding of these modulations may offer new perspectives for therapeutic intervention. Here we present an overview of these three proteasome modulating mechanisms to give better insight into the diversity of proteasomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Kors
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijne Geijtenbeek
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schipper-Krom
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
β-Catenin/TCF4 Complex-Mediated Induction of the NRF3 ( NFE2L3) Gene in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133344. [PMID: 31288376 PMCID: PMC6651286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable upregulation of the NRF2 (NFE2L2)-related transcription factor NRF3 (NFE2L3) in several cancer tissues and its correlation with poor prognosis strongly suggest the physiological function of NRF3 in tumors. Indeed, we had recently uncovered the function of NRF3, which promotes cancer cell proliferation by p53 degradation via the 20S proteasome. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of NRF3 gene expression in cancer cells is highly elusive. We herein describe that NRF3 upregulation is induced by the β-catenin/TCF4 complex in colon cancer cells. We first confirmed high NRF3 mRNA expression in human colon cancer specimens. The genome database indicated that the human NRF3 gene possesses a species-conserved WRE sequence (TCF/LEF consensus element), implying that the β-catenin/TCF complex activates NRF3 expression in colon cancer. Consistently, we observed that the β-catenin/TCF4 complex mediates NRF3 expression by binding directly to the WRE site. Furthermore, inducing NRF3 activates cell proliferation and the expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1. The existence of the β-catenin/TCF4-NRF3 axis was also validated in the intestine and organoids of Apc-deficient mice. Finally, the positive correlation between NRF3 and β-catenin target gene expression strongly supports our conclusion. Our findings clearly demonstrate that NRF3 induction in cancer cells is controlled by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
|
24
|
Buneeva OA, Medvedev AE. [Ubiquitin-independent protein degradation in proteasomes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:134-148. [PMID: 29723144 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186402134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes are large supramolecular protein complexes present in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, where they perform targeted degradation of intracellular proteins. Until recently, it was generally accepted that prior proteolytic degradation in proteasomes the proteins had to be targeted by ubiquitination: the ATP-dependent addition of (typically four sequential) residues of the low-molecular ubiquitin protein, involving the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and ubiquitin ligase. The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm proteins labeled in this way are then digested in 26S proteasomes. However, in recent years it has become increasingly clear that using this route the cell eliminates only a part of unwanted proteins. Many proteins can be cleaved by the 20S proteasome in an ATP-independent manner and without previous ubiquitination. Ubiquitin-independent protein degradation in proteasomes is a relatively new area of studies of the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, recent data obtained in this direction already correct existing concepts about proteasomal degradation of proteins and its regulation. Ubiquitin-independent proteasome degradation needs the main structural precondition in proteins: the presence of unstructured regions in the amino acid sequences that provide interaction with the proteasome. Taking into consideration that in humans almost half of all genes encode proteins that contain a certain proportion of intrinsically disordered regions, it appears that the list of proteins undergoing ubiquitin-independent degradation will demonstrate further increase. Since 26S of proteasomes account for only 30% of the total proteasome content in mammalian cells, most of the proteasomes exist in the form of 20S complexes. The latter suggests that ubiquitin-independent proteolysis performed by the 20S proteasome is a natural process of removing damaged proteins from the cell and maintaining a constant level of intrinsically disordered proteins. In this case, the functional overload of proteasomes in aging and/or other types of pathological processes, if it is not accompanied by triggering more radical mechanisms for the elimination of damaged proteins, organelles and whole cells, has the most serious consequences for the whole organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A Buneeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teeli AS, Leszczyński P, Krishnaswamy N, Ogawa H, Tsuchiya M, Śmiech M, Skarzynski D, Taniguchi H. Possible Mechanisms for Maintenance and Regression of Corpus Luteum Through the Ubiquitin-Proteasome and Autophagy System Regulated by Transcriptional Factors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:748. [PMID: 31803139 PMCID: PMC6877548 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is an important tissue of the female reproductive process which is established through ovulation of the mature follicle. Pulsatile release of prostaglandin F2α from the uterus leads to the regression of luteal cells and restarts the estrous cycle in most non-primate species. The rapid functional regression of the CL, which coincides with decrease of progesterone production, is followed by its structural regression. Although we now have a better understanding of how the CL is triggered to undergo programmed cell death, the precise mechanisms governing CL protein degradation in a very short period of luteolysis remains unknown. In this context, activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy are potential subcellular mechanisms involved. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) maintains tissue homeostasis in the face of both internal and external stressors. The UPP also controls physiological processes in many gonadal cells. Emerging evidence suggests that UPP dysfunction is involved in male and female reproductive tract dysfunction. Autophagy is activated when cells are exposed to different types of stressors such as hypoxia, starvation, and oxidative stress. While emerging evidence points to an important role for the UPP and autophagy in the CL, the key underlying transcriptional mechanisms have not been well-documented. In this review, we propose how CL regression may be governed by the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways. We will further consider potential transcription factors which may regulate these events in the CL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir S. Teeli
- Department of Experimental Embryology, The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Leszczyński
- Department of Experimental Embryology, The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | | | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Megumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Magdalena Śmiech
- Department of Experimental Embryology, The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Dariusz Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Department of Experimental Embryology, The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Taniguchi
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
O-GlcNAcylation Signal Mediates Proteasome Inhibitor Resistance in Cancer Cells by Stabilizing NRF1. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00252-18. [PMID: 29941490 PMCID: PMC6094050 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00252-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often heavily depend on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) for their growth and survival. Irrespective of their strong dependence on the proteasome activity, cancer cells, except for multiple myeloma, are mostly resistant to proteasome inhibitors. Cancer cells often heavily depend on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) for their growth and survival. Irrespective of their strong dependence on the proteasome activity, cancer cells, except for multiple myeloma, are mostly resistant to proteasome inhibitors. A major cause of this resistance is the proteasome bounce-back response mediated by NRF1, a transcription factor that coordinately activates proteasome subunit genes. To identify new targets for efficient suppression of UPS, we explored, using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, the possible existence of nuclear proteins that cooperate with NRF1 and identified O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and host cell factor C1 (HCF-1) as two proteins capable of forming a complex with NRF1. O-GlcNAcylation catalyzed by OGT was essential for NRF1 stabilization and consequent upregulation of proteasome subunit genes. Meta-analysis of breast and colorectal cancers revealed positive correlations in the relative protein abundance of OGT and proteasome subunits. OGT inhibition was effective at sensitizing cancer cells to a proteasome inhibitor both in culture cells and a xenograft mouse model. Since active O-GlcNAcylation is a feature of cancer metabolism, our study has clarified a novel linkage between cancer metabolism and UPS function and added a new regulatory axis to the regulation of the proteasome activity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Buneeva OA, Medvedev AE. Ubiquitin-Independent Degradation of Proteins in Proteasomes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750818030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
KOIZUMI S, HAMAZAKI J, MURATA S. Transcriptional regulation of the 26S proteasome by Nrf1. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:325-336. [PMID: 30305478 PMCID: PMC6275327 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a large protease complex that selectively degrades ubiquitinated proteins. It comprises 33 distinct subunits, each of which differ in function and structure, and which cannot be substituted by the other subunits. Owing to its complicated structure, the biogenesis of the 26S proteasome is elaborately regulated at the transcription, translation, and molecular assembly levels. Recent studies revealed that Nrf1 (NFE2L1) is a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of all the proteasome subunit genes in a concerted manner, especially during proteasome impairment in mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the transcriptional regulation of the proteasome and recent findings concerning the regulation of Nrf1 transcription activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun KOIZUMI
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun HAMAZAKI
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo MURATA
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: S. Murata, Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A partnership with the proteasome; the destructive nature of GSK3. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:77-92. [PMID: 29102676 PMCID: PMC5954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) was originally reported as a key enzyme of glucose homeostasis through regulation of the rate of glycogen synthesis. It has subsequently been found to influence most cellular processes, including growth, differentiation and death, as part of its role in modulating response to hormonal, nutritional and cellular stress stimuli. More than 100 protein targets for GSK3 have been proposed although only a small fraction of these have been convincingly validated in physiological cell systems. The effects of GSK3 phosphorylation on substrates include alteration of enzyme activity, protein localisation, protein:protein interaction and protein stability. This latter form of regulation of GSK3 substrates is the focus of this review. There is an ever-growing list of GSK3 substrates that upon phosphorylation are targeted to the beta-transducin repeat containing protein (β-TrCP), thereby allowing ubiquitination of bound protein by cullin-1 and so initiating destruction at the proteasome. We propose the existence of a GSK3-β-TrCP ‘destruction hit-list’ that allows co-ordinated removal (or stabilisation) of a set of proteins with a common physiological purpose, through control of GSK3. We identify 29 proteins where there is relatively strong evidence for regulation by a GSK3-β-TrCP axis and note common features of regulation and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we assess the potential of pre-phosphorylation (priming) of these targets (normally a prerequisite for GSK3 recognition) to provide a second layer of regulation delineated by the priming kinase that allows GSK3 to mark them for destruction. Finally, we discuss whether this knowledge improves options for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
30
|
Borgo C, Franchin C, Scalco S, Bosello-Travain V, Donella-Deana A, Arrigoni G, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Generation and quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α' (-/-) cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42409. [PMID: 28209983 PMCID: PMC5314375 DOI: 10.1038/srep42409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous, constitutively active, highly pleiotropic, acidophilic Ser/Thr protein kinase whose holoenzyme is composed of two catalytic (α and/or α’) subunits and a dimer of a non-catalytic β subunit. Abnormally high CK2 level/activity is often associated with malignancy and a variety of cancer cells have been shown to rely on it to escape apoptosis. To gain information about the actual “druggability” of CK2 and to dissect CK2 dependent cellular processes that are instrumental to the establishment and progression of neoplasia we have exploited the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate viable clones of C2C12 myoblasts devoid of either both the CK2 catalytic subunits or its regulatory β-subunit. Suppression of both CK2 catalytic subunits promotes the disappearance of the β-subunit as well, through its accelerated proteasomal degradation. A quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α’(−/−) versus wild type cells shows that knocking out both CK2 catalytic subunits causes a rearrangement of the proteomics profile, with substantially altered level ( > 50%) of 240 proteins, 126 of which are up-regulated, while the other are down-regulated. A functional analysis reveals that up- and down-regulated proteins tend to be segregated into distinct sub-cellular compartments and play different biological roles, consistent with a global rewiring underwent by the cell to cope with the lack of CK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Scalco
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A Homeostatic Shift Facilitates Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis through Transcriptional Integration of Proteostatic Stress Response Pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00439-16. [PMID: 27920251 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00439-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells maintain protein homeostasis through the activity of multiple basal and inducible systems, which function in concert to allow cells to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. Although the transcriptional programs regulating individual pathways have been studied in detail, it is not known how the different pathways are transcriptionally integrated such that a deficiency in one pathway can be compensated by a change in an auxiliary response. One such pathway that plays an essential role in many proteostasis responses is the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which functions to degrade damaged, unfolded, or short half-life proteins. Transcriptional regulation of the proteasome is mediated by the transcription factor Nrf1. Using a conditional knockout mouse model, we found that Nrf1 regulates protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through transcriptional regulation of the ER stress sensor ATF6. In Nrf1 conditional-knockout mice, a reduction in proteasome activity is accompanied by an ATF6-dependent downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation machinery, which reduces the substrate burden on the proteasome. This indicates that Nrf1 regulates a homeostatic shift through which proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm are coregulated based on a cell's ability to degrade proteins.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ottaviani D, Marin O, Arrigoni G, Franchin C, Vilardell J, Sandre M, Li W, Parfitt DA, Pinna LA, Cheetham ME, Ruzzene M. Protein kinase CK2 modulates HSJ1 function through phosphorylation of the UIM2 domain. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:611-623. [PMID: 28031292 PMCID: PMC5409130 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HSJ1 (DNAJB2), a member of the DNAJ family of molecular chaperones, is a key player in neuronal proteostasis maintenance. It binds ubiquitylated proteins through its Ubiquitin Interacting Motifs (UIMs) and facilitates their delivery to the proteasome for degradation. Mutations in the DNAJB2 gene lead to inherited neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type-2, distal hereditary motor neuropathies, spinal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism and the later stages can resemble amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. HSJ1 overexpression can reduce aggregation of neurodegeneration-associated proteins in vitro and in vivo; however, the regulation of HSJ1 function is little understood. Here we show that CK2, a ubiquitous and constitutively active protein kinase, phosphorylates HSJ1 within its second UIM, at the dominant site Ser250 and the hierarchical site Ser247. A phospho-HSJ1 specific antibody confirmed phosphorylation of endogenous HSJ1a and HSJ1b. A tandem approach of phospho-site mutation and treatment with CK2 specific inhibitors demonstrated that phosphorylation at these sites is accompanied by a reduced ability of HSJ1 to bind ubiquitylated clients and to exert its chaperone activity. Our results disclose a novel interplay between ubiquitin- and phosphorylation-dependent signalling, and represent the first report of a regulatory mechanism for UIM-dependent function. They also suggest that CK2 inhibitors could release the full neuroprotective potential of HSJ1, and deserve future interest as therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ottaviani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Jordi Vilardell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Wenwen Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David A. Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
CK2-An Emerging Target for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010007. [PMID: 28067771 PMCID: PMC5374411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has received a surge of attention in recent years due to the evidence of its overexpression in a variety of solid tumors and multiple myelomas as well as its participation in cell survival pathways. CK2 is also upregulated in the most prevalent and aggressive cancer of brain tissue, glioblastoma multiforme, and in preclinical models, pharmacological inhibition of the kinase has proven successful in reducing tumor size and animal mortality. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and has many bona fide substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and signaling processes across synapses. Full and conditional CK2 knockout mice have further elucidated the importance of CK2 in brain development, neuronal activity, and behavior. This review will discuss recent advances in the field that point to CK2 as a regulator of neuronal functions and as a potential novel target to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
34
|
Molecular and cellular basis for the unique functioning of Nrf1, an indispensable transcription factor for maintaining cell homoeostasis and organ integrity. Biochem J 2016; 473:961-1000. [PMID: 27060105 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The consensuscis-regulatory AP-1 (activator protein-1)-like AREs (antioxidant-response elements) and/or EpREs (electrophile-response elements) allow for differential recruitment of Nrf1 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2)-related factor 1], Nrf2 and Nrf3, together with each of their heterodimeric partners (e.g. sMaf, c-Jun, JunD or c-Fos), to regulate different sets of cognate genes. Among them, NF-E2 p45 and Nrf3 are subject to tissue-specific expression in haemopoietic and placental cell lineages respectively. By contrast, Nrf1 and Nrf2 are two important transcription factors expressed ubiquitously in various vertebrate tissues and hence may elicit putative combinational or competitive functions. Nevertheless, they have de facto distinct biological activities because knockout of their genes in mice leads to distinguishable phenotypes. Of note, Nrf2 is dispensable during development and growth, albeit it is accepted as a master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective genes against cellular stress. Relative to the water-soluble Nrf2, less attention has hitherto been drawn to the membrane-bound Nrf1, even though it has been shown to be indispensable for embryonic development and organ integrity. The biological discrepancy between Nrf1 and Nrf2 is determined by differences in both their primary structures and topovectorial subcellular locations, in which they are subjected to distinct post-translational processing so as to mediate differential expression of ARE-driven cytoprotective genes. In the present review, we focus on the molecular and cellular basis for Nrf1 and its isoforms, which together exert its essential functions for maintaining cellular homoeostasis, normal organ development and growth during life processes. Conversely, dysfunction of Nrf1 results in spontaneous development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatoma, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases in animal models.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fukagai K, Waku T, Chowdhury AMMA, Kubo K, Matsumoto M, Kato H, Natsume T, Tsuruta F, Chiba T, Taniguchi H, Kobayashi A. USP15 stabilizes the transcription factor Nrf1 in the nucleus, promoting the proteasome gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:363-370. [PMID: 27416755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor Nrf1 (NF-E2-related factor 1) sustains protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by regulating the expression of proteasome genes. Under physiological conditions, the transcriptional activity of Nrf1 is repressed by its sequestration into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and furthermore by two independent ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, comprising Hrd1 and β-TrCP in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Nrf1 activation remain unclear. Here, we report that USP15 (Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 15) activates Nrf1 in the nucleus by stabilizing it through deubiquitination. We first identified USP15 as an Nrf1-associated factor through proteome analysis. USP15 physically interacts with Nrf1, and it markedly stabilizes Nrf1 by removing its ubiquitin moieties. USP15 activates the Nrf1-mediated expression of a proteasome gene luciferase reporter and endogenous proteasome activity. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of USP15 diminishes the Nrf1-induced proteasome gene expression in response to proteasome inhibition. These results uncover a new regulatory mechanism that USP15 activates Nrf1 against the β-TrCP inhibition to maintain proteostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Fukagai
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A M Masudul Azad Chowdhury
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubo
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Biological Information Research Center (JBIRC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim HM, Han JW, Chan JY. Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Like 1 (NFE2L1): Structure, function and regulation. Gene 2016; 584:17-25. [PMID: 26947393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nrf1 (also referred to as NFE2L1) is a member of the CNC-bZIP family of transcription factors that are characterized by a highly conserved CNC-domain, and a basic-leucine zipper domain required for dimerization and DNA binding. Nrf1 is ubiquitously expressed across tissue and cell types as various isoforms, and is induced by stress signals from a broad spectrum of stimuli. Evidence indicates that Nrf1 plays an important role in regulating a range of cellular functions including oxidative stress response, differentiation, inflammatory response, metabolism, and maintaining proteostasis. Thus, Nrf1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disease processes including cancer development, and degenerative and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current understanding of Nrf1 and the molecular mechanism underlying its regulation and action in different cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cui T, Lai Y, Janicki JS, Wang X. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated protein quality control in cardiomyocytes. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:192-202. [PMID: 26709769 DOI: 10.2741/4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) acts to minimize the level and toxicity of malfolded proteins in the cell. It is performed by an elaborate network of molecular chaperones and targeted protein degradation pathways. PQC monitors and maintains protein homeostasis or proteostasis in the cells. Whilst chaperones may actively promote refolding of malfolded proteins, the malfolded proteins which cannot be correctly refolded are degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagic-lysosome pathway (ALP). The UPS degrades individual misfolded protein molecules, whereas the ALP removes large and less soluble protein aggregates and organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulated and inadequate PQC play an important role in the pathogenesis of not only classic conformational disease but more common forms of cardiac pathology such as cardiac pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master transcription factor of cellular defense, appears to regulate the USP and the ALP by directly controlling the expression of UPS- and ALP- related genes. This article highlights an emerging role of Nrf2 in the regulation of intracellular PQC as well as its potential involvement in cardiac pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jospeh S Janicki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA.,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang Y, Li S, Xiang Y, Qiu L, Zhao H, Hayes JD. The selective post-translational processing of transcription factor Nrf1 yields distinct isoforms that dictate its ability to differentially regulate gene expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12983. [PMID: 26268886 PMCID: PMC4534795 DOI: 10.1038/srep12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon translation, the N-terminal homology box 1 (NHB1) signal anchor sequence of Nrf1 integrates it within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whilst its transactivation domains [TADs, including acidic domain 1 (AD1), the flanking Asn/Ser/Thr-rich (NST) domain and AD2] are transiently translocated into the ER lumen, whereupon the NST domain is glycosylated to yield an inactive 120-kDa glycoprotein. Subsequently, these TADs are retrotranslocated into extra-luminal subcellular compartments, where Nrf1 is deglycosylated to yield an active 95-kDa isoform. Herein, we report that AD1 and AD2 are required for the stability of the 120-kDa Nrf1 glycoprotein, but not that of the non-glycosylated/de-glycosylated 95-kDa isoform. Degrons within AD1 do not promote proteolytic degradation of the 120-kDa Nrf1 glycoprotein. However, repositioning of AD2-adjoining degrons (i.e. DSGLS-containing SDS1 and PEST2 sequences) into the cyto/nucleoplasm enables selective topovectorial processing of Nrf1 by the proteasome and/or calpains to generate a cleaved active 85-kDa Nrf1 or a dominant-negative 36-kDa Nrf1γ. Production of Nrf1γ is abolished by removal of SDS1 or PEST2 degrons, whereas production of the cleaved 85-kDa Nrf1 is blocked by deletion of the ER luminal-anchoring NHB2 sequence (aa 81–106). Importantly, Nrf1 activity is positively and/or negatively regulated by distinct doses of proteasome and calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Zhang
- 1] The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China [2] Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrott Drive, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Shaojun Li
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yuancai Xiang
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrott Drive, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Changing gears in Nrf1 research, from mechanisms of regulation to its role in disease and prevention. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1260-76. [PMID: 26254094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The "cap'n'collar" bZIP transcription factor Nrf1 heterodimerizes with small Maf proteins to bind to the Antioxidant Response Element/Electrophile Response Element to transactivate antioxidant enzyme, phase 2 detoxification enzyme and proteasome subunit gene expression. Nrf1 specifically regulates pathways in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, proteasomal degradation, the citric acid cycle, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nrf1 is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in an inactive glycosylated state. Activation involves retrotranslocation from the ER lumen to the cytoplasm, deglycosylation and partial proteolytic processing to generate the active forms of Nrf1. Recent evidence has revealed how this factor is regulated and its involvement in various metabolic diseases. This review outlines Nrf1 structure, function, regulation and its links to insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. The glycosylation/deglycosylation of Nrf1 is controlled by glucose levels. Nrf1 glycosylation affects its control of glucose transport, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
40
|
Transcription factor Nrf1 is negatively regulated by its O-GlcNAcylation status. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2347-58. [PMID: 26231763 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
O-Linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) was identified as an Nrf1-interacting protein. Herein, we show that Nrf1 enables interaction with OGT and their co-immunoprecipitates are O-GlcNAcylated by the enzyme. The putative O-GlcNAcylation negatively regulates Nrf1/TCF11 to reduce both its protein stability and transactivation activity of target gene expression. The turnover of Nrf1 is enhanced upon overexpression of OGT, which promotes ubiquitination of the CNC-bZIP protein. Furthermore, the serine/theorine-rich sequence of PEST2 degron within Nrf1 is identified to be involved in the protein O-GlcNAcylation by OGT. Overall, Nrf1 is negatively regulated by its O-GlcNAcylation status that depends on the glucose concentrations.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tsujita T, Baird L, Furusawa Y, Katsuoka F, Hou Y, Gotoh S, Kawaguchi SI, Yamamoto M. Discovery of an NRF1-specific inducer from a large-scale chemical library using a direct NRF1-protein monitoring system. Genes Cells 2015; 20:563-77. [PMID: 25940588 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NRF1 (NF-E2-p45-related factor 1) plays an important role in the regulation of genes encoding proteasome subunits, a cystine transporter, and lipid-metabolizing enzymes. Global and tissue-specific disruptions of the Nrf1 gene in mice result in embryonic lethality and spontaneous development of severe tissue defects, respectively, suggesting NRF1 plays a critical role in vivo. Mechanistically, the continuous degradation of the NRF1 protein by the proteasome is regarded as a major regulatory nexus of NRF1 activity. To develop NRF1-specific inducers that act to overcome the phenotypes related to the lack of NRF1 activity, we constructed a novel NRF1ΔC-Luc fusion protein reporter and developed cell lines that stably express the reporter in Hepa1c1c7 cells for use in high-throughput screening. In screening of a chemical library with this reporter system, we identified two hit compounds that significantly induced luciferase activity. Through an examination of a series of derivatives of one of the hit compounds, we identified T1-20, which induced a 70-fold increase in luciferase activity. T1-20 significantly increased the level of NRF1 protein in the mouse liver, indicating that the compound is also functional in vivo. Thus, these results show the successful identification of the first small chemical compounds which specifically and significantly induce NRF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Tsujita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Liam Baird
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Furusawa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Bioscience for Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshika Hou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satomi Gotoh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Bioscience for Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kann M, Ettou S, Jung YL, Lenz MO, Taglienti ME, Park PJ, Schermer B, Benzing T, Kreidberg JA. Genome-Wide Analysis of Wilms' Tumor 1-Controlled Gene Expression in Podocytes Reveals Key Regulatory Mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2097-104. [PMID: 25636411 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (WT1) is key to podocyte development and viability; however, WT1 transcriptional networks in podocytes remain elusive. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the genome-wide WT1 transcriptional network in podocytes in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIPseq) and RNA sequencing techniques. Our data show a specific role for WT1 in regulating the podocyte-specific transcriptome through binding to both promoters and enhancers of target genes. Furthermore, we inferred a podocyte transcription factor network consisting of WT1, LMX1B, TCF21, Fox-class and TEAD family transcription factors, and MAFB that uses tissue-specific enhancers to control podocyte gene expression. In addition to previously described WT1-dependent target genes, ChIPseq identified novel WT1-dependent signaling systems. These targets included components of the Hippo signaling system, underscoring the power of genome-wide transcriptional-network analyses. Together, our data elucidate a comprehensive gene regulatory network in podocytes suggesting that WT1 gene regulatory function and podocyte cell-type specification can best be understood in the context of transcription factor-regulatory element network interplay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and
| | | | - Youngsook L Jung
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maximilian O Lenz
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and
| | | | - Peter J Park
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany; and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany; and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
| | - Jordan A Kreidberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The C-terminal domain of Nrf1 negatively regulates the full-length CNC-bZIP factor and its shorter isoform LCR-F1/Nrf1β; both are also inhibited by the small dominant-negative Nrf1γ/δ isoforms that down-regulate ARE-battery gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109159. [PMID: 25290918 PMCID: PMC4188613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain (CTD, aa 686–741) of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 1 (Nrf1) shares 53% amino acid sequence identity with the equivalent Neh3 domain of Nrf2, a homologous transcription factor. The Neh3 positively regulates Nrf2, but whether the Neh3-like (Neh3L) CTD of Nrf1 has a similar role in regulating Nrf1-target gene expression is unknown. Herein, we report that CTD negatively regulates the full-length Nrf1 (i.e. 120-kDa glycoprotein and 95-kDa deglycoprotein) and its shorter isoform LCR-F1/Nrf1β (55-kDa). Attachment of its CTD-adjoining 112-aa to the C-terminus of Nrf2 yields the chimaeric Nrf2-C112Nrf1 factor with a markedly decreased activity. Live-cell imaging of GFP-CTD reveals that the extra-nuclear portion of the fusion protein is allowed to associate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane through the amphipathic Neh3L region of Nrf1 and its basic c-tail. Thus removal of either the entire CTD or the essential Neh3L portion within CTD from Nrf1, LCR-F1/Nrf1β and Nrf2-C112Nrf1, results in an increase in their transcriptional ability to regulate antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven reporter genes. Further examinations unravel that two smaller isoforms, 36-kDa Nrf1γ and 25-kDa Nrf1δ, act as dominant-negative inhibitors to compete against Nrf1, LCR-F1/Nrf1β and Nrf2. Relative to Nrf1, LCR-F1/Nrf1β is a weak activator, that is positively regulated by its Asn/Ser/Thr-rich (NST) domain and acidic domain 2 (AD2). Like AD1 of Nrf1, both AD2 and NST domain of LCR-F1/Nrf1β fused within two different chimaeric contexts to yield Gal4D:Nrf1β607 and Nrf1β:C270Nrf2, positively regulate their transactivation activity of cognate Gal4- and Nrf2-target reporter genes. More importantly, differential expression of endogenous ARE-battery genes is attributable to up-regulation by Nrf1 and LCR-F1/Nrf1β and down-regulation by Nrf1γ and Nrf1δ.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ben-Nissan G, Sharon M. Regulating the 20S proteasome ubiquitin-independent degradation pathway. Biomolecules 2014; 4:862-84. [PMID: 25250704 PMCID: PMC4192676 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation pathway was considered the primary route for proteasomal degradation. However, it is now becoming clear that proteins can also be targeted for degradation by the core 20S proteasome itself. Degradation by the 20S proteasome does not require ubiquitin tagging or the presence of the 19S regulatory particle; rather, it relies on the inherent structural disorder of the protein being degraded. Thus, proteins that contain unstructured regions due to oxidation, mutation, or aging, as well as naturally, intrinsically unfolded proteins, are susceptible to 20S degradation. Unlike the extensive knowledge acquired over the years concerning degradation by the 26S proteasome, relatively little is known about the means by which 20S-mediated proteolysis is controlled. Here, we describe our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate 20S proteasome-mediated degradation, and highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be bridged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gili Ben-Nissan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Transcription factor Nrf1 negatively regulates the cystine/glutamate transporter and lipid-metabolizing enzymes. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3800-16. [PMID: 25092871 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00110-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-specific Nrf1 (NF-E2-p45-related factor 1) knockout mice develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. To identify postnatal mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, we generated an inducible liver-specific Nrf1 knockout mouse line using animals harboring an Nrf1(flox) allele and a rat CYP1A1-Cre transgene (Nrf1(flox/flox)::CYP1A1-Cre mice). Administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to these mice (Nrf1(flox/flox)::CYP1A1-Cre+3MC mice) resulted in loss of hepatic Nrf1 expression. The livers of mice lacking Nrf1 accumulated lipid, and the hepatic fatty acid (FA) composition in such animals differed significantly from that in the Nrf1(flox/flox)::CYP1A1-Cre control. This change was provoked by upregulation of several FA metabolism genes. Unexpectedly, we also found that the level of glutathione was increased dramatically in livers of Nrf1(flox/flox)::CYP1A1-Cre+3MC mice. While expression of glutathione biosynthetic enzymes was unchanged, xCT, a component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-), was significantly upregulated in livers of Nrf1(flox/flox)::CYP1A1-Cre+3MC mice, suggesting that Nrf1 normally suppresses xCT. Thus, stress-inducible expression of xCT is a two-step process: under homeostatic conditions, Nrf1 effectively suppresses nonspecific transactivation of xCT, but when cells encounter severe oxidative/electrophilic stress, Nrf1 is displaced from an antioxidant response element (ARE) in the gene promoter while Nrf2 is recruited to the ARE. Thus, Nrf1 controls both the FA and the cystine/cysteine content of hepatocytes by participating in an elaborate regulatory network.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The term 'casein kinase' has been widely used for decades to denote protein kinases sharing the ability to readily phosphorylate casein in vitro. These fall into three main classes: two of them, later renamed as protein kinases CK1 (casein kinase 1, also known as CKI) and CK2 (also known as CKII), are pleiotropic members of the kinome functionally unrelated to casein, whereas G-CK, or genuine casein kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of casein in the Golgi apparatus of the lactating mammary gland, has only been identified recently with Fam20C [family with sequence similarity 20C; also known as DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein-4)], a member of the four-jointed family of atypical protein kinases, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many secreted proteins. In hindsight, therefore, the term 'casein kinase' is misleading in every instance; in the case of CK1 and CK2, it is because casein is not a physiological substrate, and in the case of G-CK/Fam20C/DMP-4, it is because casein is just one out of a plethora of its targets, and a rather marginal one at that. Strikingly, casein kinases altogether, albeit representing a minimal proportion of the whole kinome, appear to be responsible for the generation of up to 40-50% of non-redundant phosphosites currently retrieved in human phosphopeptides database. In the present review, a short historical explanation will be provided accounting for the usage of the same misnomer to denote three unrelated classes of protein kinases, together with an update of our current knowledge of these pleiotropic enzymes, sharing the same misnomer while playing very distinct biological roles.
Collapse
|