1
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Embryotoxicity evaluation of Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic added to human embryo culture medium, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Toxicology 2023; 483:153386. [PMID: 36460222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Infertility gives rise to a lot of social and psychological problems. At present, assisted reproductive technology (ART) is an important way to solve infertility. However, the live birth rate of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is less than 50 %. Medium is essential for the culture of embryos in vitro. Therefore, we want to explore whether the composition of the culture medium affects the survival rate of embryos. Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. It is widely used in IVF medium, but it is not known whether it has a toxicity effect on embryonic development. Here, we used zebrafish embryos to investigate the embryotoxicity of GM which is an ingredient in culture medium. Our results found that there was no significant effect on the zebrafish embryo development, including survival rate, malformation rate and developmental time course, while zebrafish embryos were treated with GM at the culture medium concentration (10 mg/L, 17.8 μM) compared with the control group. To research the potential embryotoxicity of GM, we treated zebrafish embryos with GM with high concentration (range from 17.8 μM to 3000 μM). The results showed that the lethal concentration of 50 % (LC50) at 48-h post-fertilization (hpf) value of zebrafish embryos for GM was 1150 μM; the survival rate and malformation rate of zebrafish embryos were significantly changed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, transcriptomics, metabolomics and epigenomics (m6A-MeRIP-seq) were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of embryotoxicity, and results showed cell cycle, dorso-ventral axis formation and collecting duct acid secretion pathway were altered significantly in treated embryos. In conclusion, there are no adverse effects on embryonic development with the working concentration of GM in human culture medium, suggesting that GM is safe for embryo culture at working concentration.
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2
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Yu B, Wang F, Wang Y. Advances in the Structural and Physiological Functions of SHARPIN. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858505. [PMID: 35547743 PMCID: PMC9084887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN was initially found as a SHANK-associated protein. SHARPIN can be used as an important component to form the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) with HOIL-1L, HOIP to produce a linear ubiquitin chain connected N-terminal Met1, playing a critical role in various cellular processes including NF-κB signaling, inflammation, embryogenesis and apoptosis. SHARPIN alone can also participate in many critical physiological activities and cause various disorders such as chronic dermatitis, tumor, and Alzheimer’s disease. Mice with spontaneous autosomal recessive mutations in the SHARPIN protein mainly exhibit chronic dermatitis and immunodeficiency with elevated IgM. Additionally, SHARPIN alone also plays a key role in various cellular events, such as B cells activation and platelet aggregation. Structural studies of the SHARPIN or LUBAC have been reported continuously, advancing our understanding of it at the molecular level. However, the full-length structure of the SHARPIN or LUBAC was lagging, and the molecular mechanism underlying these physiological processes is also unclear. Herein, we summarized the currently resolved structure of SHARPIN as well as the emerging physiological role of SHARPIN alone or in LUBAC. Further structural and functional study of SHARPIN will provide insight into the role and underlying mechanism of SHARPIN in disease, as well as its potential application in therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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3
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Krishnan D, Menon RN, Gopala S. SHARPIN: Role in Finding NEMO and in Amyloid-Beta Clearance and Degradation (ABCD) Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1267-1281. [PMID: 33400084 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SHANK- associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is a multifunctional protein associated with numerous physiological functions and many diseases. The primary role of the protein as a LUBAC-dependent component in regulating the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB accounts to its role in inflammation and antiapoptosis. Hence, an alteration of SHARPIN expression or genetic mutations or polymorphisms leads to the alteration of the above-mentioned primary physiological functions contributing to inflammation-associated diseases and cancer, respectively. However, there are complications of targeting SHARPIN as a therapeutic approach, which arises from the wide-range of LUBAC-independent functions and yet unknown roles of SHARPIN including neuronal functions. The identification of SHARPIN as a postsynaptic protein and the emerging studies indicating its role in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease suggests a strong role of SHARPIN in neuronal functioning. This review summarizes the functional roles of SHARPIN in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis and strongly suggests a need for concentrating more studies on identifying the unknown neuronal functions of SHARPIN and hence its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Ramsekhar N Menon
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India.
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4
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Landgraf K, Klöting N, Gericke M, Maixner N, Guiu-Jurado E, Scholz M, Witte AV, Beyer F, Schwartze JT, Lacher M, Villringer A, Kovacs P, Rudich A, Blüher M, Kiess W, Körner A. The Obesity-Susceptibility Gene TMEM18 Promotes Adipogenesis through Activation of PPARG. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108295. [PMID: 33086065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM18 is the strongest candidate for childhood obesity identified from GWASs, yet as for most GWAS-derived obesity-susceptibility genes, the functional mechanism remains elusive. We here investigate the relevance of TMEM18 for adipose tissue development and obesity. We demonstrate that adipocyte TMEM18 expression is downregulated in children with obesity. Functionally, downregulation of TMEM18 impairs adipocyte formation in zebrafish and in human preadipocytes, indicating that TMEM18 is important for adipocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro. On the molecular level, TMEM18 activates PPARG, particularly upregulating PPARG1 promoter activity, and this activation is repressed by inflammatory stimuli. The relationship between TMEM18 and PPARG1 is also evident in adipocytes of children and is clinically associated with obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Our findings indicate a role of TMEM18 as an upstream regulator of PPARG signaling driving healthy adipogenesis, which is dysregulated with adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Nitzan Maixner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Julian T Schwartze
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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5
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Lerche M, Elosegui-Artola A, Kechagia JZ, Guzmán C, Georgiadou M, Andreu I, Gullberg D, Roca-Cusachs P, Peuhu E, Ivaska J. Integrin Binding Dynamics Modulate Ligand-Specific Mechanosensing in Mammary Gland Fibroblasts. iScience 2020; 23:100907. [PMID: 32106057 PMCID: PMC7044518 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between integrin activity regulation and cellular mechanosensing of tissue rigidity, especially on different extracellular matrix ligands, remains poorly understood. Here, we find that primary mouse mammary gland stromal fibroblasts (MSFs) are able to spread efficiently, generate high forces, and display nuclear YAP on soft collagen-coated substrates, resembling the soft mammary gland tissue. We describe that loss of the integrin inhibitor, SHARPIN, impedes MSF spreading specifically on soft type I collagen but not on fibronectin. Through quantitative experiments and computational modeling, we find that SHARPIN-deficient MSFs display faster force-induced unbinding of adhesions from collagen-coated beads. Faster unbinding, in turn, impairs force transmission in these cells, particularly, at the stiffness optimum observed for wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we link the impaired mechanotransduction of SHARPIN-deficient cells on collagen to reduced levels of collagen-binding integrin α11β1. Thus integrin activity regulation and α11β1 play a role in collagen-specific mechanosensing in MSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lerche
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jenny Z Kechagia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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6
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Yao Q, Wang L, Mittal R, Yan D, Richmond MT, Denyer S, Requena T, Liu K, Varshney GK, Lu Z, Liu XZ. Transcriptomic Analyses of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Zebrafish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:527-543. [PMID: 31883312 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of gene expression has the potential to assist in the understanding of multiple cellular processes including proliferation, cell-fate specification, senesence, and activity in both healthy and disease states. Zebrafish model has been increasingly used to understand the process of hearing and the development of the vertebrate auditory system. Within the zebrafish inner ear, there are three otolith organs, each containing a sensory macula of hair cells. The saccular macula is primarily involved in hearing, the utricular macula is primarily involved in balance and the function of the lagenar macula is not completely understood. The goal of this study is to understand the transcriptional differences in the sensory macula associated with different otolith organs with the intention of understanding the genetic mechanisms responsible for the distinct role each organ plays in sensory perception. The sensory maculae of the saccule, utricle, and lagena were dissected out of adult Et(krt4:GFP)sqet4 zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein in hair cells for transcriptional analysis. The total RNAs of the maculae were isolated and analyzed by RNA GeneChip microarray. Several of the differentially expressed genes are known to be involved in deafness, otolith development and balance. Gene expression among these otolith organs was very well conserved with less than 10% of genes showing differential expression. Data from this study will help to elucidate which genes are involved in hearing and balance. Furthermore, the findings of this study will assist in the development of the zebrafish model for human hearing and balance disorders. Anat Rec, 303:527-543, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Steven Denyer
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Teresa Requena
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kaili Liu
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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7
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Tian Z, Tang J, Yang Q, Li X, Zhu J, Wu G. Atypical ubiquitin-binding protein SHARPIN promotes breast cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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8
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Clerc DG. Extending the drug discovery pipeline to simultaneously-applied chemical agents, and extending the study of evolution to simultaneous mutations, through an ab initio model that relates changes in phenotype to changes in molecular binding interactions. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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9
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Liang Y, Chen B, Liu F, Wang J, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Tan S. Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein expression is upregulated in entodermal and mesodermal cancer or downregulated in ectodermal malignancy. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:7180-7188. [PMID: 30546455 PMCID: PMC6256368 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is a type of linear ubiquitin chain-associated protein, which serves an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, organ development, immune and inflammatory reaction, initiation and development of malignant tumors. To evaluate SHARPIN expression in multiple malignant tumors derived from different germ layers, 14 types of cancer and their corresponding normal tissues were examined. Immunohistochemistry was performed to semi-quantify SHARPIN expression in multiple malignant tumors, and immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the subcellular localization of SHARPIN in various malignant tumors. All the recruited cancer and paracancer samples originated from entoderm and mesoderm showed an upregulated expression of SHARPIN, whereas the cancer types that originated from ectoderm exhibited a downregulated or loss of SHARPIN expression. SHARPIN was primarily localized in the cytoplasm of cells and exhibited a faint signal in the nucleus, with the exception for lung cancer and esophagus cancer, in which malignant cells had aberrantly large nuclei and limited cytoplasm, which produced a signal in the nucleus but not in the cytoplasm. Conclusively, SHARPIN expression was upregulated in entodermal and mesodermal cancer types, but downregulated in ectodermal cancer types, indicating SHARPIN could act as either oncogene or anti-oncogene in malignant tumors derived from different germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jiaman Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Shicui Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
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10
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A Firefly Luciferase Dual Color Bioluminescence Reporter Assay Using Two Substrates To Simultaneously Monitor Two Gene Expression Events. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5990. [PMID: 29662072 PMCID: PMC5902630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective methods for monitoring eukaryotic gene expression and regulation based on bioluminescence - the emission of light by living organisms - are well established. Typically, the expression of a gene of interest is reported on with high sensitivity and over a wide dynamic range by the emission of light from a variety of engineered luciferase genes from beetles and marine organisms. The luciferase reporter genes are expressed downstream of the target gene or promoter and detected after exogenous addition of luciferin substrates. We describe a novel bioluminescence reporter method for the simultaneous monitoring of two genes expressing engineered firefly luciferase variants that emit readily distinguishable green and red light signals. The key feature is the selectivity of the enzymes for two luciferin substrates that determine each emission color. To validate our method, we performed a complex promoter transactivation experiment side-by-side with the Dual-Luciferase Reporter protocol and obtained essentially identical results. Additional comparative experiments demonstrated that our assay system provided improvements in background, cell normalization, and detectability compared to representative available methods. With access to a luminometer equipped with two optical filters, this method is an excellent choice for genetic reporter assays that can be performed with a single reagent solution.
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11
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Khan MH, Salomaa SI, Jacquemet G, Butt U, Miihkinen M, Deguchi T, Kremneva E, Lappalainen P, Humphries MJ, Pouwels J. The Sharpin interactome reveals a role for Sharpin in lamellipodium formation via the Arp2/3 complex. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3094-3107. [PMID: 28775156 PMCID: PMC5612173 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharpin, a multifunctional adaptor protein, regulates several signalling pathways. For example, Sharpin enhances signal-induced NF-κB signalling as part of the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) and inhibits integrins, the T cell receptor, caspase 1 and PTEN. However, despite recent insights into Sharpin and LUBAC function, a systematic approach to identify the signalling pathways regulated by Sharpin has not been reported. Here, we present the first 'Sharpin interactome', which identifies a large number of novel potential Sharpin interactors in addition to several known ones. These data suggest that Sharpin and LUBAC might regulate a larger number of biological processes than previously identified, such as endosomal trafficking, RNA processing, metabolism and cytoskeleton regulation. Importantly, using the Sharpin interactome, we have identified a novel role for Sharpin in lamellipodium formation. We demonstrate that Sharpin interacts with Arp2/3, a protein complex that catalyses actin filament branching. We have identified the Arp2/3-binding site in Sharpin and demonstrate using a specific Arp2/3-binding deficient mutant that the Sharpin-Arp2/3 interaction promotes lamellipodium formation in a LUBAC-independent fashion.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraj H Khan
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Siiri I Salomaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Umar Butt
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mitro Miihkinen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Takahiro Deguchi
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Elena Kremneva
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jeroen Pouwels
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
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12
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Abstract
Renal anomalies are common birth defects that may manifest as a wide spectrum of anomalies from hydronephrosis (dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces) to renal aplasia (complete absence of the kidney(s)). Aneuploidies and mosaicisms are the most common syndromes associated with CAKUT. Syndromes with single gene and renal developmental defects are less common but have facilitated insight into the mechanism of renal and other organ development. Analysis of underlying genetic mutations with transgenic and mutant mice has also led to advances in our understanding of mechanisms of renal development.
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13
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Peuhu E, Kaukonen R, Lerche M, Saari M, Guzmán C, Rantakari P, De Franceschi N, Wärri A, Georgiadou M, Jacquemet G, Mattila E, Virtakoivu R, Liu Y, Attieh Y, Silva KA, Betz T, Sundberg JP, Salmi M, Deugnier MA, Eliceiri KW, Ivaska J. SHARPIN regulates collagen architecture and ductal outgrowth in the developing mouse mammary gland. EMBO J 2016; 36:165-182. [PMID: 27974362 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN is a widely expressed multifunctional protein implicated in cancer, inflammation, linear ubiquitination and integrin activity inhibition; however, its contribution to epithelial homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of SHARPIN in mammary gland development, a process strongly regulated by epithelial-stromal interactions. Mice lacking SHARPIN expression in all cells (Sharpincpdm), and mice with a stromal (S100a4-Cre) deletion of Sharpin, have reduced mammary ductal outgrowth during puberty. In contrast, Sharpincpdm mammary epithelial cells transplanted in vivo into wild-type stroma, fully repopulate the mammary gland fat pad, undergo unperturbed ductal outgrowth and terminal differentiation. Thus, SHARPIN is required in mammary gland stroma during development. Accordingly, stroma adjacent to invading mammary ducts of Sharpincpdm mice displayed reduced collagen arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Moreover, Sharpincpdm mammary gland stromal fibroblasts demonstrated defects in collagen fibre assembly, collagen contraction and degradation in vitro Together, these data imply that SHARPIN regulates the normal invasive mammary gland branching morphogenesis in an epithelial cell extrinsic manner by controlling the organisation of the stromal ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peuhu
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anni Wärri
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Elina Mattila
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Yuming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Timo Betz
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, Institute of Cell Biology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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14
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Sharpin promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via transactivation of Versican expression. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e277. [PMID: 27941932 PMCID: PMC5177774 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharpin (Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein, also known as SIPL1) is a multifunctional molecule that participates in various biological settings, including nuclear factor-κB signaling activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition. Sharpin is upregulated in various types of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is implicated in tumor progression. However, the exact roles of Sharpin in tumorigenesis and tumor progression remain largely unknown. Here we report novel mechanisms of HCC progression through Sharpin overexpression. In our study, Sharpin was upregulated in human HCC tissues. Increased Sharpin expression enhanced hepatoma cell invasion, whereas decrease in Sharpin expression by RNA interference inhibited invasion. Microarray analysis identified that Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that plays crucial roles in tumor progression and invasion, was also upregulated in Sharpin-expressing stable cells. Versican expression increased in the majority of HCC tissues and knocking down of Versican greatly attenuated hepatoma cell invasion. Sharpin expression resulted in a significant induction of Versican transcription synergistically with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Furthermore, Sharpin-overexpressing cells had high tumorigenic properties in vivo. These results demonstrate that Sharpin promotes Versican expression synergistically with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, potentially contributing to HCC development. A Sharpin/Versican axis could be an attractive therapeutic target for this currently untreatable cancer.
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15
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Landgraf K, Strobach A, Kiess W, Körner A. Loss of mtch2 function impairs early development of liver, intestine and visceral adipocytes in zebrafish larvae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2852-61. [PMID: 27468124 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carrier homologue 2 (MTCH2) has been shown to be essential for embryogenesis in mice, and variants in the MTCH2 locus have been linked to obesity in humans. Here, we investigated the importance of mtch2 for embryogenesis and adipocyte formation in zebrafish in vivo. We show that mtch2 is conserved in zebrafish and broadly expressed during embryogenesis. Knock-down of mtch2 results in impaired development of liver and intestine, and is associated with a reduced number of adipocytes and impaired postembryonic growth. The findings indicate an essential role for mtch2 during organ development and adipogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Center AdiposityDiseases (IFB), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ariane Strobach
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Center AdiposityDiseases (IFB), University of Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Elton L, Carpentier I, Verhelst K, Staal J, Beyaert R. The multifaceted role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIL-1: beyond linear ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:208-21. [PMID: 26085217 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination controls and fine-tunes many signaling processes driving immunity, inflammation, and cancer. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIL-1 (heme-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase-1) is increasingly implicated in different signaling pathways and plays a vital role in immune regulation. HOIL-1 co operates with the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIP (HOIL-1 interacting protein) to modify specific nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling proteins with linear M1-linked polyubiquitin chains. In addition, through its ability to also add K48-linked polyubiquitin chains to specific substrates, HOIL-1 has been linked with antiviral signaling, iron and xenobiotic metabolism, cell death, and cancer. HOIL-1 deficiency in humans leads to myopathy, amylopectinosis, auto-inflammation, and immunodeficiency associated with an increased frequency of bacterial infections. HOIL-1-deficient mice exhibit amylopectin-like deposits in the myocardium, pathogen-specific immunodeficiency, but minimal signs of hyper-inflammation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanism of action of HOIL-1 and highlights recent advances regarding its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Elton
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Carpentier
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Verhelst
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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18
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Mutually Exclusive Roles of SHARPIN in Integrin Inactivation and NF-κB Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143423. [PMID: 26600301 PMCID: PMC4658161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SHANK-associated RH domain interactor (SHARPIN) inhibits integrins through interaction with the integrin α-subunit. In addition, SHARPIN enhances nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity as a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). However, it is currently unclear how regulation of these seemingly different roles is coordinated. Here, we show that SHARPIN binds integrin and LUBAC in a mutually exclusive manner. We map the integrin binding site on SHARPIN to the ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain, the same domain implicated in SHARPIN interaction with LUBAC component RNF31 (ring finger protein 31), and identify two SHARPIN residues (V267, L276) required for both integrin and RNF31 regulation. Accordingly, the integrin α-tail is capable of competing with RNF31 for SHARPIN binding in vitro. Importantly, the full SHARPIN RNF31-binding site contains residues (F263A/I272A) that are dispensable for SHARPIN-integrin interaction. Importantly, disrupting SHARPIN interaction with integrin or RNF31 abolishes SHARPIN-mediated regulation of integrin or NF-κB activity, respectively. Altogether these data suggest that the roles of SHARPIN in inhibiting integrin activity and supporting linear ubiquitination are (molecularly) distinct.
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19
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Dantas VG, Freitas EL, Della-Rosa VA, Lezirovitz K, de Moraes AMS, Ramos SB, Oiticica J, Alves LU, Pearson PL, Rosenberg C, Mingroni-Netto RC. Novel partial duplication ofEYA1causes branchiootic syndrome in a large Brazilian family. Int J Audiol 2015; 54:593-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2015.1030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Nilsson J, Schoser B, Laforet P, Kalev O, Lindberg C, Romero NB, Dávila López M, Akman HO, Wahbi K, Iglseder S, Eggers C, Engel AG, Dimauro S, Oldfors A. Polyglucosan body myopathy caused by defective ubiquitin ligase RBCK1. Ann Neurol 2014; 74:914-9. [PMID: 23798481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases are important causes of myopathy and cardiomyopathy. We describe 10 patients from 8 families with childhood or juvenile onset of myopathy, 8 of whom also had rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy, requiring heart transplant in 4. The patients were homozygous or compound heterozygous for missense or truncating mutations in RBCK1, which encodes for a ubiquitin ligase, and had extensive polyglucosan accumulation in skeletal muscle and in the heart in cases of cardiomyopathy. We conclude that RBCK1 deficiency is a frequent cause of polyglucosan storage myopathy associated with progressive muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Musharraf A, Kruspe D, Tomasch J, Besenbeck B, Englert C, Landgraf K. BOR-syndrome-associated Eya1 mutations lead to enhanced proteasomal degradation of Eya1 protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87407. [PMID: 24489909 PMCID: PMC3906160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human EYA1 gene have been associated with several human diseases including branchio-oto (BO) and branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, as well as congenital cataracts and ocular anterior segment anomalies. BOR patients suffer from severe malformations of the ears, branchial arches and kidneys. The phenotype of Eya1-heterozygous mice resembles the symptoms of human patients suffering from BOR syndrome. The Eya1 gene encodes a multifunctional protein that acts as a protein tyrosine phosphatase and a transcriptional coactivator. It has been shown that Eya1 interacts with Six transcription factors, which are also required for nuclear translocation of the Eya1 protein. We investigated the effects of seven disease-causing Eya1 missense mutations on Eya1 protein function, in particular cellular localization, ability to interact with Six proteins, and protein stability. We show here that the BOR-associated Eya1 missense mutations S454P, L472R, and L550P lead to enhanced proteasomal degradation of the Eya1 protein in mammalian cells. Moreover, Six proteins lead to a significant stabilization of Eya1, which is caused by Six-mediated protection from proteasomal degradation. In case of the mutant L550P, loss of interaction with Six proteins leads to rapid protein degradation. Our observations suggest that protein destabilization constitutes a novel disease causing mechanism for Eya1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Musharraf
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kruspe
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Besenbeck
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Englert
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e. V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Tokunaga F. Linear ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB regulation and its related disorders. J Biochem 2013; 154:313-23. [PMID: 23969028 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in the regulation of a broad variety of cellular functions, such as protein degradation and signal transduction, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. NF-κB is crucial for inflammatory and immune responses, and aberrant NF-κB signalling is implicated in multiple disorders. We found that linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of HOIL-1L, HOIP and SHARPIN, generates a novel type of Met1 (M1)-linked linear polyubiquitin chain and specifically regulates the canonical NF-κB pathway. Moreover, specific deubiquitinases, such as CYLD, A20 (TNFAIP3) and OTULIN/gumby, inhibit LUBAC-induced NF-κB activation by different molecular mechanisms, and several M1-linked ubiquitin-specific binding domains have been structurally defined. LUBAC and these linear ubiquitination-regulating factors contribute to immune and inflammatory processes and apoptosis. Functional impairments of these factors are correlated with multiple disorders, including autoinflammation, immunodeficiencies, dermatitis, B-cell lymphomas and Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes the molecular basis and the pathophysiological implications of the linear ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB activation pathway regulation by LUBAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8912, Japan
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23
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Donley C, McClelland K, McKeen HD, Nelson L, Yakkundi A, Jithesh PV, Burrows J, McClements L, Valentine A, Prise KM, McCarthy HO, Robson T. Identification of RBCK1 as a novel regulator of FKBPL: implications for tumor growth and response to tamoxifen. Oncogene 2013; 33:3441-50. [PMID: 23912458 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
FKBPL has been implicated in processes associated with cancer, including regulation of tumor growth and angiogenesis with high levels of FKBPL prognosticating for improved patient survival. Understanding how FKBPL levels are controlled within the cell is therefore critical. We have identified a novel role for RBCK1 as an FKBPL-interacting protein, which regulates FKBPL stability at the post-translational level via ubiquitination. Both RBCK1 and FKBPL are upregulated by 17-β-estradiol and interact within heat shock protein 90 chaperone complexes, together with estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Furthermore, FKBPL and RBCK1 associate with ERα at the promoter of the estrogen responsive gene, pS2, and regulate pS2 levels. MCF-7 clones stably overexpressing RBCK1 were shown to have reduced proliferation and increased levels of FKBPL and p21. Furthermore, these clones were resistant to tamoxifen therapy, suggesting that RBCK1 could be a predictive marker of response to endocrine therapy. RBCK1 knockdown using targeted small interfering RNA resulted in increased proliferation and increased sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. Moreover, in support of our in vitro data, analysis of mRNA microarray data sets demonstrated that high levels of FKBPL and RBCK1 correlated with increased patient survival, whereas high RBCK1 predicted for a poor response to tamoxifen. Our findings support a role for RBCK1 in the regulation of FKBPL with important implications for estrogen receptor signaling, cell proliferation and response to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Donley
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - K McClelland
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - H D McKeen
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L Nelson
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A Yakkundi
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - P V Jithesh
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Burrows
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L McClements
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A Valentine
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - K M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - H O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - T Robson
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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24
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Brophy PD, Alasti F, Darbro BW, Clarke J, Nishimura C, Cobb B, Smith RJ, Manak JR. Genome-wide copy number variation analysis of a Branchio-oto-renal syndrome cohort identifies a recombination hotspot and implicates new candidate genes. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1339-50. [PMID: 23851940 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by branchial arch anomalies, hearing loss and renal dysmorphology. Although haploinsufficiency of EYA1 and SIX1 are known to cause BOR, copy number variation analysis has only been performed on a limited number of BOR patients. In this study, we used high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization on 32 BOR probands negative for coding-sequence and splice-site mutations in known BOR-causing genes to identify potential disease-causing genomic rearrangements. Of the >1,000 rare and novel copy number variants we identified, four were heterozygous deletions of EYA1 and several downstream genes that had nearly identical breakpoints associated with retroviral sequence blocks, suggesting that non-allelic homologous recombination seeded by this recombination hotspot is important in the pathogenesis of BOR. A different heterozygous deletion removing the last exon of EYA1 was identified in an additional proband. Thus, in total five probands (14 %) had deletions of all or part of EYA1. Using a novel disease-gene prioritization strategy that includes network analysis of genes associated with other deletions suggests that SHARPIN (Sipl1), FGF3 and the HOXA gene cluster may contribute to the pathogenesis of BOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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25
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Xu PX. The EYA-SO/SIX complex in development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:843-54. [PMID: 22806561 PMCID: PMC6592036 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eyes absent (EYA) and Sine oculis (SO/SIX) proteins function as transcriptional activation complexes and play essential roles in organogenesis during embryonic development in regulating cell proliferation and survival and coordination of particular differentiation programs. Mutations of the Eya and So/Six genes cause profound developmental defects in organisms as diverse as flies, frogs, fish, mice, and humans. EYA proteins also possess an intrinsic phosphatase activity, which is essential for normal development. Here, we review crucial roles of EYA and SO/SIX in development and disease in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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26
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Ma D, Wei Y, Liu F. Regulatory mechanisms of thymus and T cell development. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:91-102. [PMID: 22227346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a central hematopoietic organ which produces mature T lymphocytes with diverse antigen specificity. During development, the thymus primordium is derived from the third pharyngeal endodermal pouch, and then differentiates into cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (TECs). TECs represent the primary functional cell type that forms the unique thymic epithelial microenvironment which is essential for intrathymic T-cell development, including positive selection, negative selection and emigration out of the thymus. Our understanding of thymopoiesis has been greatly advanced by using several important animal models. This review will describe progress on the molecular mechanisms involved in thymus and T cell development with particular focus on the signaling and transcription factors involved in this process in mouse and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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Schüler S, Hauptmann J, Perner B, Kessels MM, Englert C, Qualmann B. Ciliated sensory hair cell formation and function require the F-BAR protein syndapin I and the WH2 domain-based actin nucleator Cobl. J Cell Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, general body plan information must be translated into distinct morphologies of individual cells. Shaping cells is thought to involve cortical cytoskeletal components and Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs167 (BAR) superfamily proteins. We therefore conducted comprehensive side-by-side loss-of-function studies of zebrafish orthologs of the F-BAR protein syndapin I and the actin nucleator Cobl. Zebrafish syndapin I associates with Cobl. The loss-of-function phenotypes of these proteins were remarkably similar and suggested a common function. Both cobl- and syndapin I-morphant fish showed severe swimming and balance-keeping defects, reflecting an impaired organization and function of the lateral line organ. Their lateral line organs lacked several neuromasts and showed an impaired functionality of the sensory hair cells within the neuromasts. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that sensory hair cells of both cobl- and syndapin I-morphant animals showed defects in the formation of both microtubule-dependent kinocilia and F-actin-rich stereocilia. Consistent with the kinocilia defects in sensory hair cells, body length was shortened and the development of body laterality, a process depending on motile cilia, was also impaired. Interestingly, Cobl and syndapin I both localized to the base of forming cilia. Rescue experiments demonstrated that proper formation of ciliated sensory hair cell rosettes relied on Cobl's syndapin I-binding Cobl homology domain, the actin-nucleating C-terminus of Cobl and the membrane curvature-inducing F-BAR domain of syndapin I. Our data thus suggest that the formation of distinct types of ciliary structures relies on membrane topology-modulating mechanisms that are based on F-BAR domain functions and on complex formation of syndapin I with the actin nucleator Cobl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schüler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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29
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Wong EYM, Ahmed M, Xu PX. EYA1-SIX1 complex in neurosensory cell fate induction in the mammalian inner ear. Hear Res 2012; 297:13-9. [PMID: 23104013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase-transactivator EYA1 interacts with the homeodomain protein SIX1 to form transcriptional activation complexes, which play essential roles in regulating cell proliferation, survival and induction of sensory and neuronal differentiation programs during inner ear development. Mutations of the Eya1 and Six1 genes cause profound developmental auditory defects in mice and humans. The molecular mechanisms and developmental processes controlled by the EYA1 and SIX1 complex in inner ear development and neurosensory fate induction are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y M Wong
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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30
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Tadjuidje E, Hegde RS. The Eyes Absent proteins in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1897-913. [PMID: 22971774 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Eyes Absent (EYA) proteins, first described in the context of fly eye development, are now implicated in processes as disparate as organ development, innate immunity, DNA damage repair, photoperiodism, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. These functions are associated with an unusual combination of biochemical activities: tyrosine phosphatase and threonine phosphatase activities in separate domains, and transactivation potential when associated with a DNA-binding partner. EYA mutations are linked to multiorgan developmental disorders, as well as to adult diseases ranging from dilated cardiomyopathy to late-onset sensorineural hearing loss. With the growing understanding of EYA biochemical and cellular activity, biological function, and association with disease, comes the possibility that the EYA proteins are amenable to the design of targeted therapeutics. The availability of structural information, direct links to disease states, available animal models, and the fact that they utilize unconventional reaction mechanisms that could allow specificity, suggest that EYAs are well-positioned for drug discovery efforts. This review provides a summary of EYA structure, activity, and function, as they relate to development and disease, with particular emphasis on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Pouwels J, Nevo J, Pellinen T, Ylänne J, Ivaska J. Negative regulators of integrin activity. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3271-80. [PMID: 22822081 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane adhesion receptors composed of α- and β-subunits. They are ubiquitously expressed and have key roles in a number of important biological processes, such as development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and immunological responses. The activity of integrins, which indicates their affinity towards their ligands, is tightly regulated such that signals inside the cell cruicially regulate the switching between active and inactive states. An impaired ability to activate integrins is associated with many human diseases, including bleeding disorders and immune deficiencies, whereas inappropriate integrin activation has been linked to inflammatory disorders and cancer. In recent years, the molecular details of integrin 'inside-out' activation have been actively investigated. Binding of cytoplasmic proteins, such as talins and kindlins, to the cytoplasmic tail of β-integrins is widely accepted as being the crucial step in integrin activation. By contrast, much less is known with regard to the counteracting mechanism involved in switching integrins into an inactive conformation. In this Commentary, we aim to discuss the known mechanisms of integrin inactivation and the molecules involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Pouwels
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Tokunaga F, Iwai K. LUBAC, a novel ubiquitin ligase for linear ubiquitination, is crucial for inflammation and immune responses. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lleras-Forero L, Streit A. Development of the sensory nervous system in the vertebrate head: the importance of being on time. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:315-22. [PMID: 22726669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia are functionally diverse, yet share a common developmental origin. They arise from a pool of multipotent progenitors and local signals gradually restrict their development potential to specify the inner ear, olfactory epithelium, lens and sensory neurons. This process requires the temporal integration of multiple signalling pathways, cross-repressive transcription factor interactions and tight coordination of cell fate specification and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lleras-Forero
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Stieglitz B, Haire LF, Dikic I, Rittinger K. Structural analysis of SHARPIN, a subunit of a large multi-protein E3 ubiquitin ligase, reveals a novel dimerization function for the pleckstrin homology superfold. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20823-9. [PMID: 22549881 PMCID: PMC3375506 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.359547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN (SHANK-associated RH domain interacting protein) is part of a large multi-protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex called LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex), which catalyzes the formation of linear ubiquitin chains and regulates immune and apoptopic signaling pathways. The C-terminal half of SHARPIN contains ubiquitin-like domain and Npl4-zinc finger domains that mediate the interaction with the LUBAC subunit HOIP and ubiquitin, respectively. In contrast, the N-terminal region does not show any homology with known protein interaction domains but has been suggested to be responsible for self-association of SHARPIN, presumably via a coiled-coil region. We have determined the crystal structure of the N-terminal portion of SHARPIN, which adopts the highly conserved pleckstrin homology superfold that is often used as a scaffold to create protein interaction modules. We show that in SHARPIN, this domain does not appear to be used as a ligand recognition domain because it lacks many of the surface properties that are present in other pleckstrin homology fold-based interaction modules. Instead, it acts as a dimerization module extending the functional applications of this superfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stieglitz
- From the Division of Molecular Structure, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom and
| | - Lesley F. Haire
- From the Division of Molecular Structure, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom and
| | - Ivan Dikic
- the Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- From the Division of Molecular Structure, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom and
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Luquetti DV, Heike CL, Hing AV, Cunningham ML, Cox TC. Microtia: epidemiology and genetics. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:124-39. [PMID: 22106030 PMCID: PMC3482263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the ear that ranges in severity from mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear, and can occur as an isolated birth defect or as part of a spectrum of anomalies or a syndrome. Microtia is often associated with hearing loss and patients typically require treatment for hearing impairment and surgical ear reconstruction. The reported prevalence varies among regions, from 0.83 to 17.4 per 10,000 births, and the prevalence is considered to be higher in Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and Andeans. The etiology of microtia and the cause of this wide variability in prevalence are poorly understood. Strong evidence supports the role of environmental and genetic causes for microtia. Although some studies have identified candidate genetic variants for microtia, no causal genetic mutation has been confirmed. The application of novel strategies in developmental biology and genetics has facilitated elucidation of mechanisms controlling craniofacial development. In this paper we review current knowledge of the epidemiology and genetics of microtia, including potential candidate genes supported by evidence from human syndromes and animal models. We also discuss the possible etiopathogenesis in light of the hypotheses formulated to date: Neural crest cells disturbance, vascular disruption, and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Luquetti
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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SHARPIN is an endogenous inhibitor of β1-integrin activation. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:1315-24. [PMID: 21947080 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulated activation of integrins is critical for cell adhesion, motility and tissue homeostasis. Talin and kindlins activate β1-integrins, but the counteracting inhibiting mechanisms are poorly defined. We identified SHARPIN as an important inactivator of β1-integrins in an RNAi screen. SHARPIN inhibited β1-integrin functions in human cancer cells and primary leukocytes. Fibroblasts, leukocytes and keratinocytes from SHARPIN-deficient mice exhibited increased β1-integrin activity, which was fully rescued by re-expression of SHARPIN. We found that SHARPIN directly binds to a conserved cytoplasmic region of integrin α-subunits and inhibits recruitment of talin and kindlin to the integrin. Therefore, SHARPIN inhibits the critical switching of β1-integrins from inactive to active conformations.
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Balancing cell numbers during organogenesis: Six1a differentially affects neurons and sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Dev Biol 2011; 357:191-201. [PMID: 21745464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While genes involved in the differentiation of the mechanosensory hair cells and the neurons innervating them have been identified, genes involved in balancing their relative numbers remain unknown. Six1a plays a dual role by promoting hair cell fate while inhibiting neuronal fate in these two lineages. Genes homologous to six1a act as either transcriptional activators or repressors, depending on the partners with which they interact. By assaying the in vivo and in vitro effects of mutations in presumptive protein-protein interacting and DNA-binding domains of Six1a, we show that, in the developing zebrafish inner ear, Six1a promotes hair cell fate by acting as a transcriptional activator and inhibits neuronal fate by acting as a transcriptional repressor. We also identify several potential partners for Six1a that differ between these two lineages. The dual role of Six1a in the developing otocyst provides a mechanism for balancing the relative number of hair cells and neurons during organogenesis of the inner ear.
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Systems analysis identifies an essential role for SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) in macrophage Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11536-41. [PMID: 21709223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107577108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the innate immune response is essential to ensure host defense against infection while avoiding inflammatory disease. Systems-level analyses of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated macrophages suggested that SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) might play a role in the TLR pathway. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that macrophages derived from chronic proliferative dermatitis mutation (cpdm) mice, which harbor a spontaneous null mutation in the Sharpin gene, exhibited impaired IL-12 production in response to TLR activation. Systems biology approaches were used to define the SHARPIN-regulated networks. Promoter analysis identified NF-κB and AP-1 as candidate transcription factors downstream of SHARPIN, and network analysis suggested selective attenuation of these pathways. We found that the effects of SHARPIN deficiency on the TLR2-induced transcriptome were strikingly correlated with the effects of the recently described hypomorphic L153P/panr2 point mutation in Ikbkg [NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO)], suggesting that SHARPIN and NEMO interact. We confirmed this interaction by co-immunoprecipitation analysis and furthermore found it to be abrogated by panr2. NEMO-dependent signaling was affected by SHARPIN deficiency in a manner similar to the panr2 mutation, including impaired p105 and ERK phosphorylation and p65 nuclear localization. Interestingly, SHARPIN deficiency had no effect on IκBα degradation and on p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SHARPIN is an essential adaptor downstream of the branch point defined by the panr2 mutation in NEMO.
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