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Berve K, Michel J, Tietz S, Blatti C, Ivan D, Enzmann G, Lyck R, Deutsch U, Locatelli G, Engelhardt B. Junctional adhesion molecule-A deficient mice are protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350761. [PMID: 38566526 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), early pathological features include immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We investigated the role of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), a tight junction protein, in active EAE (aEAE) pathogenesis. Our study confirms JAM-A expression at the blood-brain barrier and its luminal redistribution during aEAE. JAM-A deficient (JAM-A-/-) C57BL/6J mice exhibited milder aEAE, unrelated to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4+ T-cell priming. While JAM-A absence influenced macrophage behavior on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under flow in vitro, it did not impact T-cell extravasation across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. At aEAE onset, we observed reduced lymphocyte and CCR2+ macrophage infiltration into the spinal cord of JAM-A-/- mice compared to control littermates. This correlated with increased CD3+ T-cell accumulation in spinal cord perivascular spaces and brain leptomeninges, suggesting JAM-A absence leads to T-cell trapping in central nervous system border compartments. In summary, JAM-A plays a role in immune cell infiltration and clinical disease progression in aEAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berve
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Michel
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Varden Gjerde K, Bartz-Johannessen C, Steen VM, Andreassen OA, Steen NE, Ueland T, Lekva T, Rettenbacher M, Joa I, Reitan SK, Johnsen E, Kroken RA. Cellular adhesion molecules in drug-naïve and previously medicated patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:223-229. [PMID: 38574562 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) on endothelial cells may facilitate leukocyte binding and transendothelial migration of cells and inflammatory factors. The aim of the present study was to assess levels of soluble cellular adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MADCAM), junctional adhesion molecule (JAM-A) and neural cadherin (N-CAD) in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. METHODS The study population consists of 138 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, of whom 54 were drug-naïve, compared to 317 general population controls. The potential confounders age, gender, smoking and body mass index (BMI) were adjusted for in linear regression models. RESULTS The total patient group showed significantly higher levels of ICAM-1 (p < 0.001) and VCAM-1 (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Previously medicated patients showed higher ICAM-1 levels compared to drug-naïve patients (p = 0.042) and controls (p < 0.001), and elevated VCAM-1 levels compared to controls (p < 0.001). Drug-naive patients had elevated levels of VCAM-1 (p = 0.031) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS In our study, patients with schizophrenia - including the drug-naïve - have higher levels of soluble CAMs compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest activation of the endothelial system as in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Varden Gjerde
- NKS Olaviken Gerontopsychiatric Hospital, Erdal, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Vidar Martin Steen
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Department of Clinical Science (K2), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, Thrombosis Research Center, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Rettenbacher
- Medical University of Innsbruck; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Inge Joa
- TIPS Center for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Solveig Klæbo Reitan
- St. Olav University Hospital, Nidelv community mental health centre, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Andreas Kroken
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Hernandez C, Gorska AM, Eugenin E. Mechanisms of HIV-mediated blood-brain barrier compromise and leukocyte transmigration under the current antiretroviral era. iScience 2024; 27:109236. [PMID: 38487019 PMCID: PMC10937838 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological compromise is observed in more than half of all people with HIV (PWH), even under antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mechanism has been associated with the early transmigration of HIV-infected monocytes across the BBB in a CCL2 and HIV replication-dependent manner. However, the mechanisms of chronic brain damage are unknown. We demonstrate that all PWH under ART have elevated circulating ATP levels that correlate with the onset of cognitive impairment even in the absence of a circulating virus. Serum ATP levels found in PWH with the most severe neurocognitive impairment trigger the transcellular migration of HIV-infected leukocytes across the BBB in a JAM-A and LFA-1-dependent manner. We propose that targeting transcellular leukocyte transmigration could reduce or prevent the devastating consequences of HIV within the brains of PWH under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Hernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anna Maria Gorska
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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Xie P, Kancherla K, Chandramohan S, Braidy N, Chan EKW, Xu YH, Chan DKY. Involvement of single nucleotide polymorphisms of junction adhesion molecule with small vessel vascular dementia. Aging Med (Milton) 2023; 6:347-352. [PMID: 38239713 PMCID: PMC10792332 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is now recognized that blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage occurs in cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of vascular dementia. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) (which may result in compromised structure of tight junction proteins that form the BBB) in combination with cerebrovascular risk factors hypertension, lipid disorders, and type 2 diabetes may result in BBB leakage and increase the individual's risk of CSVD-related dementia. Methods In this case-control study, 97 controls with a mean Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of 29 and 38 CSVD-related vascular dementia participants (mean MMSE score of 19) were recruited. Bloods were collected for the analysis of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the JAM-A genotypes rs790056 and rs2481084 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was collected for all participants. Results Polymorphisms of genotype JAM-A SNP rs790056 showed statistically significant result when the subgroup with hyperlipidemia was analyzed (OR = 3.130, p = 0.042 for TC + CC genotypes with hyperlipidaemia vs controls). Similar result was found with diabetes (OR = 4.670, p = 0.031 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls). No significant result was found with hypertension. Borderline results of statistical significance were found for JAM-A SNP rs2481084 with hyperlipidemia (OR = 3.210, p = 0.054 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) and with diabetes (OR = 3.620, p = 0.069 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) but not for hypertension. The borderline results might have been due to lack of statistical power because of small sample size. Conclusions These results lend further support that cerebrovascular risk factors interact with genetic polymorphisms of BBB proteins to increase the risk of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Xie
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kiran Kancherla
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Nady Braidy
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ingham InstituteLiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Ying Hua Xu
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ingham InstituteLiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Aged Care and RehabilitationBankstown HospitalBankstownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniel K. Y. Chan
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ingham InstituteLiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Aged Care and RehabilitationBankstown HospitalBankstownNew South WalesAustralia
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Bednarek R, Wojkowska DW, Braun M, Watala C, Salifu MO, Swiatkowska M, Babinska A. Triple negative breast cancer metastasis is hindered by a peptide antagonist of F11R/JAM‑A protein. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:160. [PMID: 37563645 PMCID: PMC10416405 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The F11R/JAM-A cell adhesion protein was examined as the therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with the use of the peptide antagonist to F11R/JAM-A, that previously inhibited the early stages of breast cancer metastasis in vitro. METHODS The online in silico analysis was performed by TNMPlot, UALCAN, and KM plotter. The in vitro experiments were performed to verify the effect of peptide 4D (P4D) on human endothelial cell lines EA.hy926 and HMEC-1 as well as on human TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231. The cell morphology upon P4D treatment was verified by light microscopy, while the cell functions were assessed by colony forming assay, MTT cell viability assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay, and Transepithelial/Endothelial Electrical Resistance measurements. The in vivo experiments on 4T1 murine breast cancer model were followed by histopathological analysis and a series of quantitative analyses of murine tissues. RESULTS By in silico analysis we have found the elevated gene expression in breast cancer with particular emphasis on TNBC. The elevated F11R expression in TNBC was related with poorer survival prognosis. Peptide 4D has altered the morphology and increased the permeability of endothelial monolayers. The colony formation, viability, and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells were decreased. P4D inhibited the metastasis in 4T1 breast cancer murine model in a statistically significant manner that was demonstrated by the resampling bootstrap technique. CONCLUSIONS The P4D peptide antagonist to F11R/JAM-A is able to hinder the metastasis in TNBC. This assumption needs to be confirmed by additional 4T1 mouse model study performed on larger group size, before making the decision on human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Bednarek
- Department of Cytobiology and Proteomics, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dagmara W Wojkowska
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Moro O Salifu
- Department of Medicine, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Maria Swiatkowska
- Department of Cytobiology and Proteomics, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Babinska
- Department of Medicine, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Shipman KE, Long KR, Cowan IA, Rbaibi Y, Baty CJ, Weisz OA. An Adaptable Physiological Model of Endocytic Megalin Trafficking in Opossum Kidney Cells and Mouse Kidney Proximal Tubule. FUNCTION 2022; 3:zqac046. [PMID: 36325513 PMCID: PMC9614980 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells that comprise the proximal tubule (PT) are specialized for high-capacity apical endocytosis necessary to maintain a protein-free urine. Filtered proteins are reclaimed via receptor-mediated endocytosis facilitated by the multiligand receptors megalin and cubilin. Despite the importance of this pathway, we lack a detailed understanding of megalin trafficking kinetics and how they are regulated. Here, we utilized biochemical and quantitative imaging methods in a highly differentiated model of opossum kidney (OK) cells and in mouse kidney in vivo to develop mathematical models of megalin traffic. A preliminary model based on biochemically quantified kinetic parameters was refined by colocalization of megalin with individual apical endocytic compartment markers. Our model predicts that megalin is rapidly internalized, resulting in primarily intracellular distribution of the receptor at steady state. Moreover, our data show that early endosomes mature rapidly in PT cells and suggest that Rab11 is the primary mediator of apical recycling of megalin from maturing endocytic compartments. Apical recycling represents the rate-limiting component of endocytic traffic, suggesting that this step has the largest impact in determining the endocytic capacity of PT cells. Adaptation of our model to the S1 segment of mouse PT using colocalization data obtained in kidney sections confirms basic aspects of our model and suggests that our OK cell model largely recapitulates in vivo membrane trafficking kinetics. We provide a downloadable application that can be used to adapt our working parameters to further study how endocytic capacity of PT cells may be altered under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shipman
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kimberly R Long
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Isabella A Cowan
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Catherine J Baty
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Situ M, Citalan-Madrid AF, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Transcriptomic Profile of Blood–Brain Barrier Remodeling in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:931247. [PMID: 35813502 PMCID: PMC9257207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.931247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a small vessel disease characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) peptide deposition within the walls of medium to small-caliber blood vessels, cerebral microhemorrhage, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage. It is commonly associated with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease. BBB dysfunction is indicated as a pathological substrate for CAA progression with hyperpermeability, enhancing the extravasation of plasma components and inducing neuroinflammation, further worsening BBB injury and contributing to cognitive decline. Although significant effort has been made in defining the gene mutations and risk factors involved in microvascular alterations with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, the intra- and intercellular pathogenic mechanisms responsible for vascular hyperpermeability are still largely unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional profile of the cerebral microvessels (BBB) in a murine model with CAA vasculopathy to define potential causes and underlying mechanisms of BBB injury. A comprehensive RNA sequencing analysis was performed of CAA vasculopathy in Tg-SwDI mice at 6 and 18 months in comparison to age-matched wildtype controls to examine how age and amyloid accumulation impact the transcriptional signature of the BBB. Results indicate that Aβ has a critical role in triggering brain endothelial cell and BBB dysfunction in CAA vasculopathy, causing an intense proinflammatory response, impairing oxidative metabolism, altering the coagulation status of brain endothelial cells, and remodeling barrier properties. The proinflammatory response includes both adaptive and innate immunity, with pronounced induction of genes that regulate macrophage/microglial activation and chemokines/adhesion molecules that support T and B cell transmigration. Age has an important impact on the effects of Aβ, increasing the BBB injury in CAA vasculopathy. However, early inflammation, particularly microglia/macrophage activation and the mediators of B lymphocytes’ activities are underlying processes of BBB hyperpermeability and cerebral microbleeds in the early stage of CAA vasculopathy. These findings reveal a specific profile of the CAA-associated BBB injury that leads to a full progression of CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Situ
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Svetlana M. Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anuska V. Andjelkovic,
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Wang J, Liu H. The Roles of Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs) in Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843671. [PMID: 35356274 PMCID: PMC8959349 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The review briefly summarizes the role of the family of adhesion molecules, JAMs (junctional adhesion molecules), in various cell migration, covering germ cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, several leukocytes, and different cancer cells. These functions affect multiple diseases, including reproductive diseases, inflammation-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. JAMs bind to both similar and dissimilar proteins and take both similar and dissimilar effects on different cells. Concluding relevant results provides a reference to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Han Liu,
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Amatruda M, Chapouly C, Woo V, Safavi F, Zhang J, Dai D, Therattil A, Moon C, Villavicencio J, Gordon A, Parkos C, Horng S. Astrocytic junctional adhesion molecule-A regulates T cell entry past the glia limitans to promote central nervous system autoimmune attack. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac044. [PMID: 35265839 PMCID: PMC8899531 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact-mediated interactions between the astrocytic endfeet and infiltrating immune cells within the perivascular space are underexplored, yet represent potential regulatory check-points against CNS autoimmune disease and disability. Reactive astrocytes upregulate junctional adhesion molecule-A, an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor that binds to T cells via its ligand, the integrin, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Here, we tested the role of astrocytic junctional adhesion molecule-A in regulating CNS autoinflammatory disease. In cell co-cultures, we found that junctional adhesion molecule-A-mediated signalling between astrocytes and T cells increases levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pro-inflammatory factors driving lymphocyte entry and pathogenicity in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of CNS autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice with astrocyte-specific JAM-A deletion (mGFAP:CreJAM-Afl/fl) exhibit decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, reduced ability of T cells to infiltrate the CNS parenchyma from the perivascular spaces and a milder histopathological and clinical course of disease compared with wild-type controls (JAM-Afl/fl). Treatment of wild-type mice with intraperitoneal injection of soluble junctional adhesion molecule-A blocking peptide decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, highlighting the potential of contact-mediated astrocyte–immune cell signalling as a novel translational target against neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viola Woo
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joy Zhang
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Dai
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Chang Moon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Villavicencio
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Gordon
- Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Horng
- Correspondence to: Sam Horng, MD, PhD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Icahn 10-20A, 1468 Madison Avenue New York NY, 10029, USA E-mail:
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Chen S, Shao L, Ma L. Cerebral Edema Formation After Stroke: Emphasis on Blood-Brain Barrier and the Lymphatic Drainage System of the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716825. [PMID: 34483842 PMCID: PMC8415457 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a severe stroke complication that is associated with prolonged hospitalization and poor outcomes. Swollen tissues in the brain compromise cerebral perfusion and may also result in transtentorial herniation. As a physical and biochemical barrier between the peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the stable microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the dysfunction of the BBB results in increased paracellular permeability, directly contributing to the extravasation of blood components into the brain and causing cerebral vasogenic edema. Recent studies have led to the discovery of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, which provide a channel for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to enter the brain and drain to nearby lymph nodes and communicate with the peripheral immune system, modulating immune surveillance and brain responses. A deeper understanding of the function of the cerebral lymphatic system calls into question the known mechanisms of cerebral edema after stroke. In this review, we first discuss how BBB disruption after stroke can cause or contribute to cerebral edema from the perspective of molecular and cellular pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss how the cerebral lymphatic system participates in the formation of cerebral edema after stroke and summarize the pathophysiological process of cerebral edema formation after stroke from the two directions of the BBB and cerebral lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqian Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Matrine treatment induced an A2 astrocyte phenotype and protected the blood-brain barrier in CNS autoimmunity. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102004. [PMID: 34280490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 astrocytes (A1), which are highly proinflammatory and neurotoxic, are prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), immune cells must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrate into the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) in order to induce neurological deficits. We have previously reported that treatment of EAE with matrine (MAT), a quinazine alkaloid derived from Sophorae Flavescens, effectively inhibited CNS inflammation and promoted neuroregeneration. However, the impact of MAT treatment on astrocyte phenotype is not known. In the present study, we showed that MAT treatment inhibited the generation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and promoted neuroprotective A2 astrocytes in the CNS of EAE, most likely by inhibiting production of the A1-inducing cytokine cocktail. MAT also downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and upregulated tight junction proteins Claudin 5 and Occludin, thus protecting the BBB from CNS inflammation-induced damage. Moreover, MAT treatment promotes the formation of astrocyte tight junctions at glia limitans, thereby limiting parenchymal invasion of the CNS by immune cells. Taken together, the inhibition of A1 astrogliogenesis, and the dual effects on the BBB and astrocytic glia limitans, may be the mechanisms whereby MAT significantly improves EAE clinical scores and neuroprotection.
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Solimando AG, Da Vià MC, Leone P, Borrelli P, Croci GA, Tabares P, Brandl A, Di Lernia G, Bianchi FP, Tafuri S, Steinbrunn T, Balduini A, Melaccio A, De Summa S, Argentiero A, Rauert-Wunderlich H, Frassanito MA, Ditonno P, Henke E, Klapper W, Ria R, Terragna C, Rasche L, Rosenwald A, Kortüm MK, Cavo M, Ribatti D, Racanelli V, Einsele H, Vacca A, Beilhack A. Halting the vicious cycle within the multiple myeloma ecosystem: blocking JAM-A on bone marrow endothelial cells restores angiogenic homeostasis and suppresses tumor progression. Haematologica 2021; 106:1943-1956. [PMID: 32354870 PMCID: PMC8252928 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.239913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of malignant multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells with the microenvironment control MM plasma-cell growth, survival, drug-resistance and dissemination. As microvascular density increases in the bone marrow in MM, we investigated whether bone marrow MM endothelial cells control disease progression via the junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A). Membrane and cytoplasmic JAM-A levels were upregulated in MM endothelial cells in 111 patients with newly diagnosed MM and in 201 with relapsed/refractory MM compared to the levels in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and healthy controls. Elevated membrane expression of JAM-A on MM endothelial cells predicted poor clinical outcome. Mechanistically, addition of recombinant JAM-A to MM endothelial cells increased angiogenesis, whereas inhibition of this adhesion molecule impaired angiogenesis and MM growth in two-dimensional and three-dimensional in vitro cell cultures and chorioallantoic membrane assays. To corroborate these findings, we treated MM-bearing mice with a JAM-A-blocking monoclonal antibody and demonstrated impaired MM progression, corresponding to decreased MM-related vascularity. These findings support the concept that JAM-A is an important mediator of MM progression through facilitating MM-associated angiogenesis. Elevated JAM-A expression on bone marrow endothelial cells is an independent prognostic factor for the survival of both patients with newly diagnosed MM and those with relapsed/refractory MM. Blocking JAM-A restricts angiogenesis in vitro, in utero and in vivo and represents a suitable druggable molecule to halt neo-angiogenesis and MM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Solimando
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 2IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II of Bari, Italy; 3University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo C Da Vià
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Leone
- University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Borrelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio A Croci
- Department of Pathology, University of Kiel/University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS, Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Paula Tabares
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 7Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 7Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Francesco P Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Torsten Steinbrunn
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 10Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Erik Henke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, University of Kiel/University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roberto Ria
- University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Leo Rasche
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin K Kortüm
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michele Cavo
- Institute of Hematology L. and A. Seràgnoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Vacca
- University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 7Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Anti-CD321 antibody immunotherapy protects liver against ischemia and reperfusion-induced injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6312. [PMID: 33737554 PMCID: PMC7973783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of the liver transplant patients was frequently deteriorated by ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver. Infiltration of inflammatory cells is reported to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of hepatic IRI. Although T lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes infiltrated into the liver underwent IRI, we found that neutrophil depletion significantly attenuated the injury and serum liver enzyme levels in a murine model. Interestingly, the expression of CD321/JAM-A/F11R, one of essential molecules for transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflammatory tissues, was significantly augmented on hepatic sinusoid endothelium at 1 h after ischemia and maintained until 45 min after reperfusion. The intraportal administration of anti-CD321 monoclonal antibody (90G4) significantly inhibited the leukocytes infiltration after reperfusion and diminished the damage responses by hepatic IRI (serum liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte cell death). Taken together, presented results demonstrated that blockade of CD321 by 90G4 antibody significantly attenuated hepatic IRI accompanied with substantial inhibition of leukocytes infiltration, particularly inhibition of neutrophil infiltration in the early phase of reperfusion. Thus, our work offers a potent therapeutic target, CD321, for preventing liver IRI.
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14
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Ashby JW, Mack JJ. Endothelial Control of Cerebral Blood Flow. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1906-1916. [PMID: 33713686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since constant perfusion of blood throughout the brain is critical for neuronal health, the regulation of cerebral blood flow is complex and highly controlled. This regulation is controlled, in part, by the cerebral endothelium. In this review, multiple modes of endothelium-derived blood flow regulation is discussed, including chemical control of vascular tone, heterotypic and homotypic cell-cell interactions, second messenger signaling, and cellular response to physical forces and inflammatory mediators. Because cerebral small vessel disease is often associated with endothelial dysfunction and a compromised blood-brain barrier, understanding the endothelial factors that regulate vessel function to maintain cerebral blood flow and prevent vascular permeability may provide insights into disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne W Ashby
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia J Mack
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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15
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Rossin D, Barbosa-Pereira L, Iaia N, Sottero B, Danzero AC, Poli G, Zeppa G, Biasi F. Protective Effect of Cocoa Bean Shell against Intestinal Damage: An Example of Byproduct Valorization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020280. [PMID: 33673085 PMCID: PMC7918452 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocoa bean shell (CBS), a main byproduct of cocoa processing, represents a source of components such as polyphenols and methylxanthines, which have been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases. Therefore, CBS has potential application as a food ingredient. Intestinal mucosa is exposed to immune and inflammatory responses triggered by dietary agents, such as oxysterols, which derive from cholesterol oxidation and are pro-oxidant compounds able to affect intestinal function. We aimed at investigating the capability of the Forastero cultivar CBS, added or not added to ice cream, to protect against the intestinal barrier damage induced by a dietary oxysterol mixture. METHODS Composition and antioxidant capacity of in vitro digested CBS and CBS-enriched ice cream were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical-scavenging assay, respectively. CaCo-2 cells differentiated into enterocyte-like monolayer were incubated with 60 µM oxysterol mixture in the presence of CBS formulations. RESULTS The oxysterol mixture induced tight junction impairment, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 cell release, and oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 response Nrf2. Both CBSs protected cells from these adverse effects, probably thanks to their high phenolic content. CBS-enriched ice cream showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Theobromine, which is in high concentrations of CBS, was also tested. Although theobromine exerted no effect on Nrf2 expression, its anti-inflammatory cooperating activity in CBS effect cannot be excluded. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CBS-enriched ice cream may be effective in the prevention of gut integrity damage associated with oxidative/inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Letricia Barbosa-Pereira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Noemi Iaia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Alice Costanza Danzero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Zeppa
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (D.R.); (N.I.); (B.S.); (A.C.D.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5420
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16
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Xiao M, Xiao ZJ, Yang B, Lan Z, Fang F. Blood-Brain Barrier: More Contributor to Disruption of Central Nervous System Homeostasis Than Victim in Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:764. [PMID: 32903669 PMCID: PMC7438939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating the exchange of materials between the circulation and the brain and protects the neural tissue from neurotoxic components as well as pathogens. Here, we discuss the development of the BBB in physiological conditions and then focus on the role of the BBB in cerebrovascular disease, including acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Finally, we summarize recent advancements in the development of therapies targeting the BBB and outline future directions and outstanding questions in the field. We propose that BBB dysfunction not only results from, but is causal in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders; the BBB is more a contributor to the disruption of CNS homeostasis than a victim in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Jie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Andjelkovic AV, Stamatovic SM, Phillips CM, Martinez-Revollar G, Keep RF. Modeling blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebrovascular disease in vitro: current and future paradigms. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:44. [PMID: 32677965 PMCID: PMC7367394 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU) was and still is a challenge to bridge. A highly selective, restrictive and dynamic barrier, formed at the interface of blood and brain, the BBB is a "gatekeeper" and guardian of brain homeostasis and it also acts as a "sensor" of pathological events in blood and brain. The majority of brain and cerebrovascular pathologies are associated with BBB dysfunction, where changes at the BBB can lead to or support disease development. Thus, an ultimate goal of BBB research is to develop competent and highly translational models to understand mechanisms of BBB/NVU pathology and enable discovery and development of therapeutic strategies to improve vascular health and for the efficient delivery of drugs. This review article focuses on the progress being made to model BBB injury in cerebrovascular diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA.
| | - Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Chelsea M Phillips
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriela Martinez-Revollar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Neuronal regulation of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:416-432. [PMID: 32636528 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To continuously process neural activity underlying sensation, movement and cognition, the CNS requires a homeostatic microenvironment that is not only enriched in nutrients to meet its high metabolic demands but that is also devoid of toxins that might harm the sensitive neural tissues. This highly regulated microenvironment is made possible by two unique features of CNS vasculature absent in the peripheral organs. First, the blood-blood barrier, which partitions the circulating blood from the CNS, acts as a gatekeeper to facilitate the selective trafficking of substances between the blood and the parenchyma. Second, neurovascular coupling ensures that, following local neural activation, regional blood flow is increased to quickly supply more nutrients and remove metabolic waste. Here, we review how neural and vascular activity act on one another with regard to these two properties.
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19
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Masgrau-Alsina S, Sperandio M, Rohwedder I. Neutrophil recruitment and intracellular vesicle transport: A short overview. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13237. [PMID: 32289185 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of neutrophils from the intravascular compartment into injured tissue is an essential component of the inflammatory response. It involves intracellular trafficking of vesicles within neutrophils and endothelial cells, both containing numerous proteins that have to be distributed in a tightly controlled and precise spatiotemporal fashion during the recruitment process. Rab proteins, a family of small GTPases, together with their effectors, are the key players in guiding and regulating the intracellular vesicle trafficking machinery during neutrophil recruitment. This review will provide a short overview on this process and highlight new findings as well as current controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Masgrau-Alsina
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Rohwedder
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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21
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Costea L, Mészáros Á, Bauer H, Bauer HC, Traweger A, Wilhelm I, Farkas AE, Krizbai IA. The Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Intercellular Junctions in Age-Related Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215472. [PMID: 31684130 PMCID: PMC6862160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With age, our cognitive skills and abilities decline. Maybe starting as an annoyance, this decline can become a major impediment to normal daily life. Recent research shows that the neurodegenerative disorders responsible for age associated cognitive dysfunction are mechanistically linked to the state of the microvasculature in the brain. When the microvasculature does not function properly, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress and related pathologic processes ensue, further damaging vascular and neural function. One of the most important and specialized functions of the brain microvasculature is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which controls the movement of molecules between blood circulation and the brain parenchyma. In this review, we are focusing on tight junctions (TJs), the multiprotein complexes that play an important role in establishing and maintaining barrier function. After a short introduction of the cell types that modulate barrier function via intercellular communication, we examine how age, age related pathologies and the aging of the immune system affects TJs. Then, we review how the TJs are affected in age associated neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we summarize the TJ aspects of Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Barrier dysfunction appears to be a common denominator in neurological disorders, warranting detailed research into the molecular mechanisms behind it. Learning the commonalities and differences in the pathomechanism of the BBB injury in different neurological disorders will predictably lead to development of new therapeutics that improve our life as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costea
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
| | - Ádám Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hannelore Bauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila E Farkas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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22
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Survivin Overexpression Has a Negative Effect on Feline Calicivirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110996. [PMID: 31671627 PMCID: PMC6893618 DOI: 10.3390/v11110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that levels of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin are reduced during Murine norovirus MNV-1 and Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection as part of the apoptosis establishment required for virus release and propagation in the host. Recently, our group has reported that overexpression of survivin causes a reduction of FCV protein synthesis and viral progeny production, suggesting that survivin may affect early steps of the replicative cycle. Using immunofluorescence assays, we observed that overexpression of survivin, resulted in the reduction of FCV infection not only in transfected but also in the neighboring nontransfected CrFK cells, thus suggesting autocrine and paracrine protective effects. Cells treated with the supernatants collected from CrFK cells overexpressing survivin showed a reduction in FCV but not MNV-1 protein production and viral yield, suggesting that FCV binding and/or entry were specifically altered. The reduced ability of FCV to bind to the surface of the cells overexpressing survivin, or treated with the supernatants collected from these cells, correlate with the reduction in the cell surface of the FCV receptor, the feline junctional adhesion molecule (fJAM) 1, while no effect was observed in the cells transfected with the pAm-Cyan vector or in cells treated with the corresponding supernatants. Moreover, the overexpression of survivin affects neither Vaccinia virus (VACV) production in CrFK cells nor MNV-1 virus production in RAW 267.4 cells, indicating that the effect is specific for FCV. All of these results taken together indicate that cells that overexpress survivin, or cell treatment with the conditioned medium from these cells, results in the reduction of the fJAM-1 molecule and, therefore, a specific reduction in FCV entry and infection.
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23
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Castro Dias M, Mapunda JA, Vladymyrov M, Engelhardt B. Structure and Junctional Complexes of Endothelial, Epithelial and Glial Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5372. [PMID: 31671721 PMCID: PMC6862204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) is ensured by the endothelial, epithelial, mesothelial and glial brain barriers, which strictly control the passage of molecules, solutes and immune cells. While the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been extensively investigated, less is known about the epithelial and mesothelial arachnoid barrier and the glia limitans. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the cellular composition of the brain barriers with a specific focus on describing the molecular constituents of their junctional complexes. We propose that the brain barriers maintain CNS immune privilege by dividing the CNS into compartments that differ with regard to their role in immune surveillance of the CNS. We close by providing a brief overview on experimental tools allowing for reliable in vivo visualization of the brain barriers and their junctional complexes and thus the respective CNS compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Functional inhibition of F11 receptor (F11R/junctional adhesion molecule-A/JAM-A) activity by a F11R-derived peptide in breast cancer and its microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:325-335. [PMID: 31650345 PMCID: PMC6987052 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the involvement of the F11R/JAM-A protein in breast cancer metastasis, we utilized the F11R/JAM-A antagonistic peptide 4D (P4D) in experiments of transendothelial migration (TEM) of breast cancer cells. Methods Experiments were conducted in the mouse 4T1 breast cancer model utilizing the human mammary epithelial cell and endothelial cell lines. The levels of soluble F11R/JAM-A (sJAM-A) in the murine plasmas were measured by ELISA. Levels of F11R/JAM-A mRNA and protein in cell lines were assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell surface expression of F11R/JAM-A was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Functional tests included the TEM of breast cancer cells and adhesion of breast cancer cells to the endothelium. The endothelial permeability was studied by fluorescent tracer assay and by the Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA). Results The tumor inducers Tβ4 and TGF-β1 reduced the levels of sJAM-A in murine plasma, and reduced the F11R/JAM-A protein levels in the human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1. The adhesion and TEM measured between breast cancer cells and inflamed or Tβ4-treated endothelium were inhibited by P4D. The presence of P4D did not destabilize the pre-existing tight junctions in the endothelial monolayer. The barrier-protecting effect of P4D was stronger than that of forskolin, when a booster dose of P4D was applied to the inflamed endothelium. Conclusions F11R/JAM-A protein can be considered as a novel target in the treatment of breast cancer metastasis. In vivo and clinical studies are needed to further investigate the effectiveness of F11R/JAM-A-derived peptide as a possible anti-metastatic drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05471-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Andjelkovic AV, Xiang J, Stamatovic SM, Hua Y, Xi G, Wang MM, Keep RF. Endothelial Targets in Stroke: Translating Animal Models to Human. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2240-2247. [PMID: 31510792 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (stroke) induces injury to the cerebral endothelium that may contribute to parenchymal injury and worsen outcome. This review focuses on current preclinical studies examining how to prevent ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. It particularly focuses on targets at the endothelium itself. Those include endothelial tight junctions, transcytosis, endothelial cell death, and adhesion molecule expression. It also examines how such studies are being translated to the clinic, especially as adjunct therapies for preventing intracerebral hemorrhage during reperfusion of the ischemic brain. Identification of endothelial targets may prove valuable in a search for combination therapies that would specifically protect different cell types in ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuska V Andjelkovic
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Pathology (A.V.A., S.M.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Jianming Xiang
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Pathology (A.V.A., S.M.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Michael M Wang
- Neurology (M.M.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.M.W., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.M.W., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
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TRPV1 Contributes to Cerebral Malaria Severity and Mortality by Regulating Brain Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9451671. [PMID: 31223430 PMCID: PMC6541938 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9451671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca+2-permeable channel expressed on neuronal and nonneuronal cells, known as an oxidative stress sensor. It plays a protective role in bacterial infection, and recent findings indicate that this receptor modulates monocyte populations in mice with malaria; however, its role in cerebral malaria progression and outcome is unclear. By using TRPV1 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice, the importance of TRPV1 to this cerebral syndrome was investigated. Infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA decreased TRPV1 expression in the brain. Mice lacking TRPV1 were protected against Plasmodium-induced mortality and morbidity, a response that was associated with less cerebral swelling, modulation of the brain expression of endothelial tight-junction markers (junctional adhesion molecule A and claudin-5), increased oxidative stress (via inhibition of catalase activity and increased levels of H2O2, nitrotyrosine, and carbonyl residues), and diminished production of cytokines. Plasmodium load was not significantly affected by TRPV1 ablation. Repeated subcutaneous administration of the selective TRPV1 antagonist SB366791 after malaria induction increased TRPV1 expression in the brain tissue and enhanced mouse survival. These data indicate that TRPV1 channels contribute to the development and outcome of cerebral malaria.
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Kunze R, Marti HH. Angioneurins - Key regulators of blood-brain barrier integrity during hypoxic and ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101611. [PMID: 30970273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity leading to vasogenic edema and brain swelling is a common feature of hypoxic/ischemic brain diseases such as stroke, but is also central to the etiology of other CNS disorders. In the past decades, numerous proteins, belonging to the family of angioneurins, have gained increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke, but also other CNS diseases attributed to BBB dysfunction. Angioneurins encompass mediators that affect both neuronal and vascular function. Recently, increasing evidence has been accumulated that certain angioneurins critically determine disease progression and outcome in stroke among others through multifaceted effects on the compromised BBB. Here, we will give a concise overview about the family of angioneurins. We further describe the most important cellular and molecular components that contribute to structural integrity and low permeability of the BBB under steady-state conditions. We then discuss BBB alterations in ischemic stroke, and highlight underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. For the most prominent angioneurin family members including vascular endothelial growth factors, angiopoietins, platelet-derived growth factors and erythropoietin, we will summarize current scientific literature from experimental studies in animal models, and if available from clinical trials, on the following points: (i) spatiotemporal expression of these factors in the healthy and hypoxic/ischemic CNS, (ii) impact of loss- or gain-of-function during cerebral hypoxia/ischemia for BBB integrity and beyond, and (iii) potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we will highlight novel therapeutic strategies based on the activation of endogenous angioneurins that might improve BBB dysfuntion during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Hugo H Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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28
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Iwai M, Hamatani T, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Kanai S, Kang W, Yoshii N, Odawara Y, Yamada M, Miyamoto Y, Saito T, Saito H, Miyado M, Umezawa A, Miyado K, Tanaka M. Membrane protein CD9 is repositioned and released to enhance uterine function. J Transl Med 2019; 99:200-209. [PMID: 30401958 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD9 is essential for sperm-egg fusion and also contributes to uterine repair through microexosome formation. Microexosomes share CD9 with exosomes and are released from eggs and uterine epithelial cells. However, the mechanism for the formation of microexosomes remains unknown. To address this issue, we examined membrane localization and extracellular release of CD9 proteins using uterine epithelial cells and secretions in mice and humans. In mice, CD9 localized predominantly on the basal region of the plasma membrane and relocated to the apical region upon embryo implantation. Furthermore, extracellular CD9 proteins were detected in uterine secretions of mice and women undergoing infertility treatment, but were below detectable levels in supernatants of pluripotent stem cells. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that membrane projections were shortened and the number of mitochondria was reduced in uterine epithelial cells lacking Cd9 genes. Our results suggest that CD9 repositioning and release affect both membrane structures and mitochondrial state in the uterus, and contribute to female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Seiya Kanai
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshii
- Tokyo Adventist Hospital Megumi Clinic, 3-5-2 Amanuma, Suginami, Tokyo, 167-0032, Japan
| | - Yasushi Odawara
- Fertility Clinic Tokyo, 3-13-11 Higashi, Shibuya, Tokyo, 150-0011, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takakazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV, Xiang J, Stamatovic SM, Antonetti DA, Hua Y, Xi G. Brain endothelial cell junctions after cerebral hemorrhage: Changes, mechanisms and therapeutic targets. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1255-1275. [PMID: 29737222 PMCID: PMC6092767 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18774666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disruption is the underlying cause of cerebral hemorrhage, including intracerebral, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The disease etiology also involves cerebral hemorrhage-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which contributes an important component to brain injury after the initial cerebral hemorrhage. BBB loss drives vasogenic edema, allows leukocyte extravasation and may lead to the entry of potentially neurotoxic and vasoactive compounds into brain. This review summarizes current information on changes in brain endothelial junction proteins in response to cerebral hemorrhage (and clot-related factors), the mechanisms underlying junction modification and potential therapeutic targets to limit BBB disruption and, potentially, hemorrhage occurrence. It also addresses advances in the tools that are now available for assessing changes in junctions after cerebral hemorrhage and the potential importance of such junction changes. Recent studies suggest post-translational modification, conformational change and intracellular trafficking of junctional proteins may alter barrier properties. Understanding how cerebral hemorrhage alters BBB properties beyond changes in tight junction protein loss may provide important therapeutic insights to prevent BBB dysfunction and restore normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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30
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Expression of periaxin (PRX) specifically in the human cerebrovascular system: PDZ domain-mediated strengthening of endothelial barrier function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10042. [PMID: 29968755 PMCID: PMC6030167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cerebral endothelial cell function plays an essential role in changes in blood-brain barrier permeability. Proteins that are important for establishment of endothelial tight junctions have emerged as critical molecules, and PDZ domain containing-molecules are among the most important. We have discovered that the PDZ-domain containing protein periaxin (PRX) is expressed in human cerebral endothelial cells. Surprisingly, PRX protein is not detected in brain endothelium in other mammalian species, suggesting that it could confer human-specific vascular properties. In endothelial cells, PRX is predominantly localized to the nucleus and not tight junctions. Transcriptome analysis shows that PRX expression suppresses, by at least 50%, a panel of inflammatory markers, of which 70% are Type I interferon response genes; only four genes were significantly activated by PRX expression. When expressed in mouse endothelial cells, PRX strengthens barrier function, significantly increases transendothelial electrical resistance (~35%; p < 0.05), and reduces the permeability of a wide range of molecules. The PDZ domain of PRX is necessary and sufficient for its barrier enhancing properties, since a splice variant (S-PRX) that contains only the PDZ domain, also increases barrier function. PRX also attenuates the permeability enhancing effects of lipopolysaccharide. Collectively, these studies suggest that PRX could potentially regulate endothelial homeostasis in human cerebral endothelial cells by modulating inflammatory gene programs.
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31
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Dragoni S, Turowski P. Polarised VEGFA Signalling at Vascular Blood–Neural Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051378. [PMID: 29734754 PMCID: PMC5983809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At blood–neural barriers, endothelial VEGFA signalling is highly polarised, with entirely different responses being triggered by luminal or abluminal stimulation. These recent findings were made in a field which is still in its mechanistic infancy. For a long time, endothelial polarity has intuitively been presumed, and likened to that of epithelial cells, but rarely demonstrated. In the cerebral and the retinal microvasculature, the uneven distribution of VEGF receptors 1 and 2, with the former predominant on the luminal and the latter on the abluminal face of the endothelium, leads to a completely polarised signalling response to VEGFA. Luminal VEGFA activates VEGFR1 homodimers and AKT, leading to a cytoprotective response, whilst abluminal VEGFA induces vascular leakage via VEGFR2 homodimers and p38. Whilst these findings do not provide a complete picture of VEGFA signalling in the microvasculature—there are still unclear roles for heterodimeric receptor complexes as well as co-receptors—they provide essential insight into the adaptation of vascular systems to environmental cues that are naturally different, depending on whether they are present on the blood or tissue side. Importantly, sided responses are not only restricted to VEGFA, but exist for other important vasoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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32
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Steinbacher T, Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional adhesion molecule-A: functional diversity through molecular promiscuity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1393-1409. [PMID: 29238845 PMCID: PMC11105642 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) regulate important processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. This activity is primarily due to their ability to initiate intracellular signaling cascades at cell-cell contact sites. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an IgSF-CAM with a short cytoplasmic tail that has no catalytic activity. Nevertheless, JAM-A is involved in a variety of biological processes. The functional diversity of JAM-A resides to a large part in a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif which directly interacts with nine different PDZ domain-containing proteins. The molecular promiscuity of its PDZ domain motif allows JAM-A to recruit protein scaffolds to specific sites of cell-cell adhesion and to assemble signaling complexes at those sites. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of JAM-A, including its dimerization, its interaction with scaffolding proteins, and the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain, and we describe how these characteristics translate into diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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33
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Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs): The JAM-Integrin Connection. Cells 2018; 7:cells7040025. [PMID: 29587442 PMCID: PMC5946102 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are cell surface adhesion receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. JAMs are involved in a variety of biological processes both in the adult organism but also during development. These include processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, hemostasis, or epithelial barrier formation, but also developmental processes such as hematopoiesis, germ cell development, and development of the nervous system. Several of these functions of JAMs depend on a physical and functional interaction with integrins. The JAM – integrin interactions in trans regulate cell-cell adhesion, their interactions in cis regulate signaling processes originating at the cell surface. The JAM – integrin interaction can regulate the function of the JAM as well as the function of the integrin. Beyond the physical interaction with integrins, JAMs can regulate integrin function through intracellular signaling indicating an additional level of JAM – integrin cross-talk. In this review, we describe the various levels of the functional interplay between JAMs and integrins and the role of this interplay during different physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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34
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Chattopadhyay R, Mani AM, Singh NK, Rao GN. Resolvin D1 blocks H 2O 2-mediated inhibitory crosstalk between SHP2 and PP2A and suppresses endothelial-monocyte interactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:119-131. [PMID: 29408202 PMCID: PMC5845835 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various studies have demonstrated a role for endogenously derived specialized proresolving mediators such as resolvins in the resolution of inflammation. In exploring the signaling mechanisms, in the present study we show that Resolvin D1 (RvD1) reduces LPS-induced endothelial cell (EC)-monocyte interactions via blocking H2O2-mediated PP2A inactivation, NFκB activation and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression. In addition, we found that H2O2-mediated SHP2 inhibition leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and inactivation of PP2A by LPS, which in turn, accounts for increased NFκB activation and ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression facilitating EC-monocyte interactions and all these LPS-mediated responses were reduced by RvD1. Furthermore, the suppression of NFκB activation, ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression and EC and monocyte interactions by RvD1 involved its receptors ALX/FPR2 and GPR32 as inhibition or neutralization of these receptors negated its effects. Besides, pertussis toxin completely prevented the effects of RvD1 on inhibition of LPS-induced H2O2 production, SHP2 and PP2A inactivation, NFκB activation, ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression and EC and monocyte interactions. Together, these observations suggest that RvD1 via activation of Gi-coupled ALX/FPR2 and GPR32 receptors blocks LPS-induced H2O2-mediated SHP2 and PP2A inactivation, NFκB activation, ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression and EC-monocyte interactions, which could be one of the several possible mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of this specialized proresolving mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Arul M Mani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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A novel immunotoxin reveals a new role for CD321 in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181502. [PMID: 29028806 PMCID: PMC5640210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently several antibody therapies that directly target tumors, and antibody-drug conjugates represent a novel moiety as next generation therapeutics. Here, we used a unique screening probe, DT3C, to identify functional antibodies that recognized surface molecules and functional epitopes, and which provided toxin delivery capability. Accordingly, we generated the 90G4 antibody, which induced DT3C-dependent cytotoxicity in endothelial cells. Molecular analysis revealed that 90G4 recognized CD321, a protein localized at tight junctions. Although CD321 plays a pivotal role in inflammation and lymphocyte trans-endothelial migration, little is known about its mechanism of action in endothelial cells. Targeting of CD321 by the 90G4 immunotoxin induced cell death. Moreover, 90G4 immunotoxin caused cytotoxicity primarily in migratory endothelial cells, but not in those forming sheets, suggesting a critical role for CD321 in tumor angiogenesis. We also found that hypoxia triggered redistribution of CD321 to a punctate localization on the basal side of cells, resulting in functional impairment of tight junctions and increased motility. Thus, our findings raise the intriguing possibility that endothelial CD321 presented cellular localization in tight junction as well as multifunctional dynamics in several conditions, leading to illuminate the importance of widely-expressed CD321 as a potential target for antitumor therapy.
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36
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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37
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Rosager AM, Sørensen MD, Dahlrot RH, Boldt HB, Hansen S, Lathia JD, Kristensen BW. Expression and prognostic value of JAM-A in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:107-117. [PMID: 28677106 PMCID: PMC5658466 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most lethal cancers, being highly resistant to both chemo- and radiotherapy. The expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) was recently identified on the surface of stem cell-like brain tumor-initiating cells and suggested to function as a unique glioblastoma niche adhesion factor influencing the tumorigenic potential of brain tumor-initiating cells. We have recently identified high JAM-A expression to be associated with poor outcome in glioblastomas, and our aim was to further investigate the expression of JAM-A in gliomas focusing especially on the prognostic value in WHO grade II and III gliomas. JAM-A protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and advanced quantitative image analysis with continuous estimates of staining intensity. The JAM-A antibody stained tumor cell membranes and cytoplasm to various extent in different glioma subtypes, and the intensity was higher in glioblastomas than low-grade gliomas. We could not detect an association with overall survival in patients with grade II and III tumors. Double-immunofluorescence stainings in glioblastomas revealed co-expression of JAM-A with CD133, SOX2, nestin, and GFAP in tumor cells as well as some co-expression with the microglial/macrophage marker IBA-1. In conclusion, JAM-A expression was higher in glioblastomas compared to low-grade gliomas and co-localized with recognized stem cell markers suggesting an association of JAM-A with glioma aggressiveness. No significant association between JAM-A expression and overall survival was found in grade II and III gliomas. Further research is needed to determine the function and clinical impact of JAM-A in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mari Rosager
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mia D Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Rikke H Dahlrot
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henning B Boldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steinbjørn Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, 3rd floor, 5000, Odense, Denmark
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38
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Horng S, Therattil A, Moyon S, Gordon A, Kim K, Argaw AT, Hara Y, Mariani JN, Sawai S, Flodby P, Crandall ED, Borok Z, Sofroniew MV, Chapouly C, John GR. Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3136-3151. [PMID: 28737509 DOI: 10.1172/jci91301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesions and neurologic disability in inflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result from the translocation of leukocytes and humoral factors from the vasculature, first across the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and then across the astrocytic glia limitans (GL). Factors secreted by reactive astrocytes open the BBB by disrupting endothelial tight junctions (TJs), but the mechanisms that control access across the GL are unknown. Here, we report that in inflammatory lesions, a second barrier composed of reactive astrocyte TJs of claudin 1 (CLDN1), CLDN4, and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) subunits is induced at the GL. In a human coculture model, CLDN4-deficient astrocytes were unable to control lymphocyte segregation. In models of CNS inflammation and MS, mice with astrocyte-specific Cldn4 deletion displayed exacerbated leukocyte and humoral infiltration, neuropathology, motor disability, and mortality. These findings identify a second inducible barrier to CNS entry at the GL. This barrier may be therapeutically targetable in inflammatory CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Horng
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Anthony Therattil
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Sarah Moyon
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Gordon
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Karla Kim
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Azeb Tadesse Argaw
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Yuko Hara
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John N Mariani
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Setsu Sawai
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Per Flodby
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward D Crandall
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Candice Chapouly
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - Gareth R John
- Friedman Brain Institute.,Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis.,Department of Neurology, and
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39
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Stamatovic SM, Johnson AM, Sladojevic N, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Endocytosis of tight junction proteins and the regulation of degradation and recycling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:54-65. [PMID: 28415156 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of tight junction (TJ) proteins from the plasma membrane is a pivotal mechanism regulating TJ plasticity and function in both epithelial and endothelial barrier tissues. Once internalized, the TJ proteins enter complex vesicular machinery, where further trafficking is directly dependent on the initiating stimulus and downstream signaling pathways that regulate the sorting and destiny of TJ proteins, as well as on cell and barrier responses. The destiny of internalized TJ proteins is recycling to the plasma membrane or sorting to late endosomes and degradation. This review highlights recent advances in our knowledge of endocytosis and vesicular trafficking of TJ proteins in both epithelial and endothelial cells. A greater understanding of these processes may allow for the development of methods to modulate barrier permeability for drug delivery or prevent barrier dysfunction in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard F Keep
- Neurosurgery.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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40
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Reglero-Real N, Colom B, Bodkin JV, Nourshargh S. Endothelial Cell Junctional Adhesion Molecules: Role and Regulation of Expression in Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2048-2057. [PMID: 27515379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the lumen of all blood vessels and play a critical role in maintaining the barrier function of the vasculature. Sealing of the vessel wall between adjacent endothelial cells is facilitated by interactions involving junctionally expressed transmembrane proteins, including tight junctional molecules, such as members of the junctional adhesion molecule family, components of adherence junctions, such as VE-Cadherin, and other molecules, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Of importance, a growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of these molecules is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during inflammation: responses that have significant implications for the barrier function of blood vessels against blood-borne macromolecules and transmigrating leukocytes. This review summarizes key aspects of our current understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that regulate the expression of endothelial cells junctional molecules during inflammation and discusses the associated functional implications of such events in acute and chronic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reglero-Real
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Victoria Bodkin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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41
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Stamatovic SM, Johnson AM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Junctional proteins of the blood-brain barrier: New insights into function and dysfunction. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1154641. [PMID: 27141427 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1154641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly complex and dynamic barrier. It is formed by an interdependent network of brain capillary endothelial cells, endowed with barrier properties, and perivascular cells (astrocytes and pericytes) responsible for inducing and maintaining those properties. One of the primary properties of the BBB is a strict regulation of paracellular permeability due to the presence of junctional complexes (tight, adherens and gap junctions) between the endothelial cells. Alterations in junction assembly and function significantly affect BBB properties, particularly barrier permeability. However, such alterations are also involved in remodeling the brain endothelial cell surface and regulating brain endothelial cell phenotype. This review summarizes the characteristics of brain endothelial tight, adherens and gap junctions and highlights structural and functional alterations in junctional proteins that may contribute to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison M Johnson
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA; Department of Neurosurgery; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
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42
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De Bock M, Van Haver V, Vandenbroucke RE, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L. Into rather unexplored terrain-transcellular transport across the blood-brain barrier. Glia 2016; 64:1097-123. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Haver
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Elke Decrock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Nan Wang
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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43
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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44
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Sadowska GB, Ahmedli N, Chen X, Stonestreet BS. Ontogeny of tight junction protein expression in the ovine cerebral cortex during development. Neuroscience 2015; 310:422-9. [PMID: 26424381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier are composed of transmembrane and associated cytoplasmic proteins. The transmembrane claudin proteins form the primary seal between endothelial cells and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) regulate tight junction formation. We have previously shown that claudin-1, claudin-5, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and ZO-2 exhibit differential developmental regulation from 60% of gestation up to maturity in adult sheep. The purpose of the current study was to examine developmental changes in claudin-3, -12, and JAM-A protein expression in cerebral cortices of fetuses at 60%, 80%, and 90% gestation, and in newborn and adult sheep. We also examined correlations between changes in endogenous cortisol levels and tight junction protein expression in cerebral cortices of the fetuses. Claudin-3, -12 and JAM-A expressions were determined by Western immunoblot. Claudin-3 and -12 were lower (P<0.01) at 60%, 80%, 90% and in newborns than in adults, and JAM-A was lower in adults than in fetuses at 80% and 90% gestation. Claudin-3 expression demonstrated a direct correlation with increasing plasma cortisol levels (r=0.60, n=15, P<0.02) in the fetuses. We conclude that: claudin-3, -12 and JAM-A are expressed as early as 60% of gestation in ovine cerebral cortices, exhibit differential developmental regulation, and that increasing endogenous glucocorticoids modulate claudin-3 expression in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Sadowska
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - N Ahmedli
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - X Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - B S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States.
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45
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Ginkgolide B Inhibits JAM-A, Cx43, and VE-Cadherin Expression and Reduces Monocyte Transmigration in Oxidized LDL-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:907926. [PMID: 26246869 PMCID: PMC4515296 DOI: 10.1155/2015/907926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To investigate the effect of ginkgolide B on junction proteins and the reduction of monocyte migration in oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (ox-LDL-) treated endothelial cells. Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the present study. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to determine the expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), connexin 43 (Cx43), and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). Monocyte migration was detected by the Transwell assay. Results. ox-LDL stimulation increased JAM-A expression by 35%, Cx43 expression by 24%, and VE-cadherin expression by 37% in HUVECs. Ginkgolide B (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/mL) dose-dependently abolished the expression of these junction proteins. The monocyte transmigration experiments showed that the level of monocyte migration was sixfold higher in the ox-LDL-treated group than in the control group. Ginkgolide B (0.6 mg/mL) nearly completely abolished monocyte migration. Both ginkgolide B and LY294002 suppressed Akt phosphorylation and the expression of these junction proteins in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells. These results suggest that the ginkgolide B-induced inhibition of junction protein expression is associated with blockade of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Conclusion. Ginkgolide B suppressed junction protein expression and reduced monocyte transmigration that was induced by ox-LDL. Ginkgolide B may improve vascular permeability in atherosclerosis.
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46
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Yang J, Yao W, Qian G, Wei Z, Wu G, Wang G. Rab5-mediated VE-cadherin internalization regulates the barrier function of the lung microvascular endothelium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4849-66. [PMID: 26112597 PMCID: PMC4827161 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab5 has been well defined to control the vesicle-mediated plasma membrane protein transport to the endosomal compartment. However, its function in the internalization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an important component of adherens junctions, and as a result regulating the endothelial cell polarity and barrier function remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simulation markedly enhanced the activation and expression of Rab5 in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs), which is accompanied by VE-cadherin internalization. In parallel, LPS challenge also induced abnormal cell polarity and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier in HPMECs. LPS stimulation promoted the translocation of VE-cadherin from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments, and intracellularly expressed VE-cadherin was extensively colocalized with Rab5. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of Rab5a expression attenuated the disruption of LPS-induced internalization of VE-cadherin and the disorder of cell polarity. Furthermore, knockdown of Rab5 inhibited the vascular endothelial hyperpermeability and protected endothelial barrier function from LPS injury, both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that Rab5 is a critical mediator of LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, which is likely mediated through regulating VE-cadherin internalization. These findings provide evidence, implicating that Rab5a is a potential therapeutic target for preventing endothelial barrier disruption and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Yang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Care, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Care, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Guisheng Qian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Care, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhenghua Wei
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Care, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Guansong Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Care, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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47
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Volle R, Archimbaud C, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Mirand A, Pereira B, Henquell C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bailly JL. Differential permissivity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells to enterovirus infection and specificities of serotype EV-A71 in crossing an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1682-95. [PMID: 25711966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) form a steady polarized barrier when cultured in vitro on a permeable membrane. Their susceptibility to enterovirus (EV) strains was analysed to investigate how these viruses may cross the blood-brain barrier. A sample of 88 virus strains was selected on phylogenetic features amongst 43 epidemiologically relevant types of the four EV species A-D. The EV-A71 genome was replicated at substantial rates, whilst the infectious virus was released at extremely low but sustained rates at both barrier sides for at least 4 days. EV-A71 antigens were detected in a limited number of cells. The properties of the endothelial barrier (structure and permeability) remained intact throughout infection. The chronic EV-A71 infection was in sharp contrast to the productive infection of cytolytic EVs (e.g. echoviruses E-6 and E-30). The hCMEC/D3 barriers infected with the latter EVs exhibited elevated proportions of apoptotic and necrotic cells, which resulted in major injuries to the endothelial barriers with a dramatic increase of paracellular permeability and virus crossing to the abluminal side. The following intracellular rearrangements were also seen: early destruction of the actin cytoskeleton, remodelling of intracellular membranes and reorganization of the mitochondrion network in a small cluster near the perinuclear space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Ignacio A Romero
- 5Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Audrey Mirand
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- 3CHU Clermont-Ferrand, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- 1Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France 2CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Marjoram RJ, Lessey EC, Burridge K. Regulation of RhoA activity by adhesion molecules and mechanotransduction. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:199-208. [PMID: 24467208 PMCID: PMC3929014 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140128104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The low molecular weight GTP-binding protein RhoA regulates many cellular events, including cell migration, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, progress through the cell cycle and gene expression. Physical forces influence these cellular processes in part by regulating RhoA activity through mechanotransduction of cell adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins, cadherins, Ig superfamily molecules). RhoA activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) that are themselves regulated by many different signaling pathways. Significantly, the engagement of many cell adhesion molecules can affect RhoA activity in both positive and negative ways. In this brief review, we consider how RhoA activity is regulated downstream from cell adhesion molecules and mechanical force. Finally, we highlight the importance of mechanotransduction signaling to RhoA in normal cell biology as well as in certain pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Morganti JM, Jopson TD, Liu S, Gupta N, Rosi S. Cranial irradiation alters the brain's microenvironment and permits CCR2+ macrophage infiltration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93650. [PMID: 24695541 PMCID: PMC3973545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation is commonly used to treat primary or metastatic central nervous system tumors. It is believed that activation of neuroinflammatory signaling pathways contributes to the development of common adverse effects, which may ultimately contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies identified the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR2), constitutively expressed by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, as a mediator of cognitive impairments induced by irradiation. In the present study we utilized a unique reporter mouse (CCR2RFP/+CX3CR1GFP/+) to accurately delineate the resident (CX3CR1+) versus peripheral (CCR2+) innate immune response in the brain following cranial irradiation. Our results demonstrate that a single dose of 10Gy cranial γ-irradiation induced a significant decrease in the percentage of resident microglia, while inducing an increase in the infiltration of peripherally derived CCR2+ macrophages. Although reduced in percentage, there was a significant increase in F4/80+ activated macrophages in irradiated animals compared to sham. Moreover, we found that there were altered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors in the hippocampi of wild type irradiated mice as compared to sham. All of these molecules are implicated in the recruitment, adhesion, and migration of peripheral monocytes to injured tissue. Importantly, there were no measureable changes in the expression of multiple markers associated with blood-brain barrier integrity; implicating the infiltration of peripheral CCR2+ macrophages may be due to inflammatory induced chemotactic signaling. Cumulatively, these data provide evidence that therapeutic levels of cranial radiation are sufficient to alter the brain’s homeostatic balance and permit the influx of peripherally-derived CCR2+ macrophages as well as the regional susceptibility of the hippocampal formation to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M. Morganti
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Liu
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sladojevic N, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Grailer JJ, Sarma JV, Ward PA, Andjelkovic AV. Inhibition of junctional adhesion molecule-A/LFA interaction attenuates leukocyte trafficking and inflammation in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 67:57-70. [PMID: 24657919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory mediators trigger intensive postischemic inflammatory remodeling of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) including extensive brain endothelial cell surface and junctional complex changes. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a component of the brain endothelial junctional complex with dual roles: paracellular route occlusion and regulating leukocyte docking and migration. The current study examined the contribution of JAM-A to the regulation of leukocyte (neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) infiltration and the postischemic inflammatory response in brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R injury). Brain I/R injury was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 30min in mice followed by reperfusion for 0-5days, during which time JAM-A antagonist peptide (JAM-Ap) was administered. The peptide, which inhibits JAM-A/leukocyte interaction by blocking the interaction of the C2 domain of JAM-A with LFA on neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, attenuated I/R-induced neutrophil and monocyte infiltration into brain parenchyma. Consequently, mice treated with JAM-A peptide during reperfusion had reduced expression (~3-fold) of inflammatory mediators in the ischemic penumbra, reduced infarct size (94±39 vs 211±38mm3) and significantly improved neurological score. BBB hyperpermeability was also reduced. Collectively, these results indicate that JAM-A has a prominent role in regulating leukocyte infiltration after brain I/R injury and could be a new target in limiting post-ischemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sladojevic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jamison J Grailer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Vidya Sarma
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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