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Song L, Wang R, Cao Y, Yu L. Mutual regulations between Toxoplasma gondii and type I interferon. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1428232. [PMID: 39040112 PMCID: PMC11260619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1428232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In the decades since the discovery, Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been intensively studied for their antiviral activity. However, increasing evidences suggest that it may also play an important role in the infection of Toxoplasma gondii, a model organism for intracellular parasites. Recent studies demonstrated that the induction of IFN-I by the parasite depends on cell type, strain genotype, and mouse strain. IFN-I can inhibit the proliferation of T. gondii, but few studies showed that it is beneficial to the growth of the parasite. Meanwhile, T. gondii also can secrete proteins that impact the pathway of IFN-I production and downstream induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) regulation, thereby escaping immune destruction by the host. This article reviews the major findings and progress in the production, function, and regulation of IFN-I during T. gondii infection, to thoroughly understand the innate immune mechanism of T. gondii infection, which provides a new target for subsequent intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Song
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- The Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Province Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wlassits R, Müller M, Fenzl KH, Lamprecht T, Erlacher L. JAK-Inhibitors - A Story of Success and Adverse Events. Open Access Rheumatol 2024; 16:43-53. [PMID: 38435420 PMCID: PMC10906274 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s436637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory condition. Treatments options encompass conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (TNFis) and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs) including Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKinibs). Orally administered JAKinibs have demonstrated comparable or, in specific cases, superior efficacy compared to bDMARDs in inflammatory conditions. However, the escalating clinical utilization has been accompanied by the emergence of serious adverse effects, including major adverse cardiac events (MACE), malignancies and venous thrombotic episodes (VTE), leading to regulatory restrictions imposed by health authorities in both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wlassits
- Karl Landsteiner Institut für Autoimmunerkrankungen und Rheumatologie, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Department für Biomedizinische Wissenschaften, Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl H Fenzl
- Karl Landsteiner Institut für Autoimmunerkrankungen und Rheumatologie, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lamprecht
- Ludwig Erlacher, Karl Landsteiner Institut für Autoimmunerkrankungen und Rheumatologie, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Erlacher
- Ludwig Erlacher, Karl Landsteiner Institut für Autoimmunerkrankungen und Rheumatologie, Vienna, Austria
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Maji L, Sengupta S, Purawarga Matada GS, Teli G, Biswas G, Das PK, Panduranga Mudgal M. Medicinal chemistry perspective of JAK inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, selectivity, and structure activity relationship. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5. [PMID: 38236444 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
JAK-STAT signalling pathway was discovered more than quarter century ago. The JAK-STAT pathway protein is considered as one of the crucial hubs for cytokine secretion which mediates activation of different inflammatory, cellular responses and hence involved in different etiological factors. The various etiological factors involved are haematopoiesis, immune fitness, tissue repair, inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. The presence of the active mutation V617K plays a significant role in the progression of the JAK-STAT pathway-related disease. Consequently, targeting the JAK-STAT pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing a range of causative factors. In this current review, we provided a comprehensive discussion for the in-detail study of anatomy and physiology of the JAK-STAT pathway which contributes structural domain rearrangement, activation, and negative regulation associated with the downstream signaling pathway, relationship between different cytokines and diseases. This review also discussed the recent development of clinical trial entities. Additionally, this review also provides updates on FDA-approved drugs. In the current investigation, we have classified recently developed small molecule inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway according to different chemical classes and we emphasized their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gourab Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Carter-Su C, Argetsinger LS, Svezhova N. 2022 Cannon lecture: an ode to signal transduction: how the growth hormone pathway revealed insight into height, malignancy, and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E425-E437. [PMID: 37672248 PMCID: PMC10874654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Walter Cannon was a highly regarded American neurologist and physiologist with extremely broad interests. In the tradition of Cannon and his broad interests, we discuss our laboratory's multifaceted work in signal transduction over the past 40+ years. We show how our questioning of how growth hormone (GH) in the blood communicates with cells throughout the body to promote body growth and regulate body metabolism led to insight into not only body height but also important regulators of malignancy and body weight. Highlights include finding that 1) A critical initiating step in GH signal transduction is GH activating the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2; 2) GH activation of JAK2 leads to activation of a number of signaling proteins, including STAT transcription factors; 3) JAK2 is autophosphorylated on multiple tyrosines that regulate the activity of JAK2 and recruit signaling proteins to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes; 4) Constitutively activated STAT proteins are associated with cancer; 5) GH activation of JAK2 recruits the adapter protein SH2B1 to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes where it facilitates GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and motility; and 6) SH2B1 is recruited to other receptors in the brain, where it enhances satiety, most likely in part by regulating leptin action and neuronal connections of appetite-regulating neurons. These findings have led to increased understanding of how GH functions, as well as therapeutic interventions for certain cancer and obese individuals, thereby reinforcing the great importance of supporting basic research since one never knows ahead of time what important insight it can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Carter-Su
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Henry SP, Jorgensen WL. Progress on the Pharmacological Targeting of Janus Pseudokinases. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10959-10990. [PMID: 37578217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are key components of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and are involved in myriad physiological processes. Though they are the molecular targets of many FDA-approved drugs, these drugs manifest adverse effects due in part to their inhibition of the requisite JAK kinase activity. However, the JAKs uniquely possess an integrated pseudokinase domain (JH2) that regulates the adjacent kinase domain (JH1). The therapeutic targeting of JH2 domains has been less thoroughly explored and may present an avenue to modulate the JAKs without the adverse effects associated with targeting the adjacent JH1 domain. The potential of this strategy was recently demonstrated with the FDA approval of the TYK2 JH2 ligand deucravacitinib for treating plaque psoriasis. In this light, the structure and targetability of the JAK pseudokinases are discussed, in conjunction with the state of development of ligands that bind to these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Law CCY, Kayal M, Mehandru S, Colombel JF. A critical review of upadacitinib for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:109-117. [PMID: 36681073 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2172399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upadacitinib is a selective janus kinase 1 inhibitor. In March 2022, upadacitinib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) in those who have had an inadequate response or intolerance of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. It is also approved for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this article is to review the mechanism of action of upadacitinib, clinical data regarding its efficacy in treating UC, and safety information. EXPERT OPINION Upadacitinib is superior to placebo in inducing and maintaining both clinical and endoscopic remission in moderately to severely active UC. Its strengths include once daily oral route of administration, low risk of immunogenicity, rapid onset, and efficacy in patients with previous failure of biologic therapy. The use of upadacitinib has been limited due to safety concerns surrounding JAK inhibitors. Phase 3 clinical trials recorded more cases of herpes zoster infection and venous thromboembolism in patients with UC treated with upadacitinib compared to placebo. Ongoing long-term safety studies will provide much needed clarity. Further research is also required to define the positioning of upadacitinib in treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Y Law
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maia Kayal
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frédéric Colombel
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Zhao MY, Zhang W, Rao GW. Targeting Janus Kinase (JAK) for Fighting Diseases: The Research of JAK Inhibitor Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5010-5040. [PMID: 35255783 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220307124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Janus Kinase (JAK), a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, has emerged as an excellent target through research and development since its discovery in the 1990s. As novel small-molecule targeted drugs, JAK inhibitor drugs have been successfully used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myofibrosis (MF) and ulcerative colitis (UC). With the gradual development of JAK targets in the market, JAK inhibitors have also received very considerable feedback in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), Crohn's disease (CD) and graft-versus host disease (GVHD). This article reviews the research progress of JAK inhibitor drugs: introducing the existing JAK inhibitors on the market and some JAK inhibitors in clinical trials currently. In addition, the synthesis of various types of JAK inhibitors were summarized, and the effects of different drug structures on drug inhibition and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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Fleischmann R. Recent issues in JAK inhibitor safety: perspective for the clinician. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:295-307. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2039122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Fleischmann
- Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Co-Medical Director, Metroplex Clinical Research Center, 8144 Walnut Hill Lane, Suite 810, Dallas 75231, Texas,USA
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Induced Mitochondrial Alteration and DNA Damage via IFNGR-JAK2-STAT1-PARP1 Pathway Facilitates Viral Hepatitis Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Aggressiveness and Stemness. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112755. [PMID: 34199353 PMCID: PMC8199505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatitis virus is a major risk factor for liver cancer. We analyzed possible synergism between momelotinib and sorafenib in hepatitis virus-associated liver cancer. The combined effect of momelotinib and sorafenib both at in vitro and in vivo synergistically sup-presses the proliferation of vHCC cells and effectively reduces the tumor burden. Our results showed that momelotinib effectively suppressed the expression of the IFNGR-JAK-STAT-PARP1 pathway, which results in the downregulation of cancer stem cell genes and enhances the antitumor efficacy of sorafenib by initiating the expression of apoptosis-related genes and inhibiting the DNA repair gene in vHCC cells, thus maximizing its therapeutic potential for patients with HCC. Abstract Background: Hepatitis virus is a major risk factor for liver cancer. The mitochondrial dysfunction IFN gamma-related pathways are activated after virus infection. Jak family-related protein is involved in the downstream of IFN gamma-related pathways. However, the effect of the IFNGR-JAK-STAT pathway acting as functional regulators of their related protein expression on virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Interestingly, the role of the DNA repair gene (PARP1) in therapy resistant cancers also has not been studied and explored well. In this study, we hypothesized that momelotinib could suppress the progression of HCC by targeting Jak family related and PARP1 DNA repair protein. Based on this observation, we link the relevant targets of the JAK family and the potential applications of targeted therapy inhibitors. Methods: We analyzed possible synergism between momelotinib and sorafenib in hepatitis virus-associated liver cancer. Immunostaining, colony formation assay, cell invasion, migration, and tumorsphere-formation assay were used for drug cytotoxicity, cell viability, and possible molecular mechanism. Result: We first demonstrated that the expression of Jak1 and 2 is significantly upregulated in vHCC than in nvHCC/normal liver tissues. In addition, the gene expression of IFN gamma-related pathways is activated after virus infection. Additionally, we found that momelotinib significantly inhibited the growth of HCC cells and reduces the expression of Jak2, which showed the importance of momelotinib in targeting Jak2 and reducing tumorigenesis in HCC. Meanwhile, momelotinib effectively inhibited the IFNGR-JAK-STAT pathway and reduced the migratory/invasive ability of vHCC cells through down-regulating EMT biomarkers (E-cadherin and vimentin), transcription factor (Slug), and significantly inhibits the DNA damage repair enzyme PARP1. It also induced cell apoptosis of vHCC cells. Furthermore, the combined effect of momelotinib and sorafenib both at in vitro and in vivo synergistically suppresses the proliferation of vHCC cells and effectively reduces the tumor burden. Conclusions: Our results showed that momelotinib effectively suppressed the expression of the IFNGR-JAK-STAT-PARP1 pathway, which results in the downregulation of cancer stem cell genes and enhances the antitumor efficacy of sorafenib by initiating the expression of apoptosis-related genes and inhibiting the DNA repair gene in vHCC cells, thus maximizing its therapeutic potential for patients with HCC.
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Wang Q, Xin Q, Shang W, Wan W, Xiao G, Zhang LK. Activation of the STAT3 Signaling Pathway by the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Protein of Arenavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060976. [PMID: 34070281 PMCID: PMC8225222 DOI: 10.3390/v13060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses cause chronic and asymptomatic infections in their natural host, rodents, and several arenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever that has a high mortality in infected humans, seriously threatening public health. There are currently no FDA-licensed drugs available against arenaviruses; therefore, it is important to develop novel antiviral strategies to combat them, which would be facilitated by a detailed understanding of the interactions between the viruses and their hosts. To this end, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on cells infected with arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a neglected human pathogen with clinical significance, and found that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was activated. A further investigation indicated that STAT3 could be activated by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein (Lp) of LCMV. Our functional analysis found that STAT3 cannot affect LCMV multiplication in A549 cells. We also found that STAT3 was activated by the Lp of Mopeia virus and Junin virus, suggesting that this activation may be conserved across certain arenaviruses. Our study explored the interactions between arenaviruses and STAT3, which may help us to better understand the molecular and cell biology of arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qilin Xin
- UMR754, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, CEDEX 07, 69366 Lyon, France;
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (L.-K.Z.)
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (L.-K.Z.)
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Fasouli ES, Katsantoni E. JAK-STAT in Early Hematopoiesis and Leukemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669363. [PMID: 34055801 PMCID: PMC8160090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce all the terminally differentiated blood cells and are controlled by extracellular signals from the microenvironment, the bone marrow (BM) niche, as well as intrinsic cell signals. Intrinsic signals include the tightly controlled action of signaling pathways, as the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Activation of JAK-STAT leads to phosphorylation of members of the STAT family to regulate proliferation, survival, and self-renewal of HSCs. Mutations in components of the JAK-STAT pathway are linked with defects in HSCs and hematologic malignancies. Accumulating mutations in HSCs and aging contribute to leukemia transformation. Here an overview of hematopoiesis, and the role of the JAK-STAT pathway in HSCs and in the promotion of leukemic transformation is presented. Therapeutic targeting of JAK-STAT and clinical implications of the existing research findings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Sofia Fasouli
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Katsantoni
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Frank SJ. Classical and novel GH receptor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110999. [PMID: 32835785 PMCID: PMC7799394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I summarize historical and recent features of the classical pathways activated by growth hormone (GH) through the cell surface GH receptor (GHR). GHR is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that signals by activating the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and members of the Src family kinases. Activation of the GHR engages STATs, PI3K, and ERK pathways, among others, and details of these now-classical pathways are presented. Modulating elements, including the SOCS proteins, phosphatases, and regulated GHR metalloproteolysis, are discussed. In addition, a novel physical and functional interaction of GHR with IGF-1R is summarized and discussed in terms of its mechanisms, consequences, and physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, BDB 485, AL, 35294-0012, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Sanpaolo ER, Rotondo C, Cici D, Corrado A, Cantatore FP. JAK/STAT pathway and molecular mechanism in bone remodeling. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9087-9096. [PMID: 33099760 PMCID: PMC7674338 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in many diseases, including autoimmune diseases, which are characterized by a close interconnection between immune and bone system. JAK/STAT pathway is involved in bone homeostasis and plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of some cell types, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Different molecules, such as cytokines, hormones, and growth factors are responsible for the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, which leads, at the nuclear level, to start DNA transcription of target genes. Bone cells and remodeling process are often influenced by many cytokines, which act as strong stimulators of bone formation and resorption. Our aim, through careful research in literature, has been to provide an overview of the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in bone remodeling and on bone cells, with a focus on cytokines involved in bone turnover through this signal cascade. The JAK/STAT pathway, through the signal cascade activation mediated by the interaction with many cytokines, acts on bone cells and appears to be involved in bone remodeling process. However, many other studies are needed to completely understand the molecular mechanism underlying these bone process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rita Sanpaolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rotondo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ada Corrado
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
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Genetic Susceptibility of the Host in Virus-Induced Diabetes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081133. [PMID: 32727064 PMCID: PMC7464158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B viruses, are among the candidate environmental factors causative of type 1 diabetes. Host genetic factors have an impact on the development of virus-induced diabetes (VID). Host background, in terms of whether the host is prone to autoimmunity, should also be considered when analyzing the role of target genes in VID. In this review, we describe the genetic susceptibility of the host based on studies in humans and VID animal models. Understanding the host genetic factors should contribute not only to revealing the mechanisms of VID development, but also in taking measures to prevent VID.
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Metcalfe RD, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32765502 PMCID: PMC7378365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins that have central roles in inflammation and cell survival. In the half-century since the discovery of the first cytokines, the interferons, over fifty cytokines have been identified. Amongst these is interleukin (IL)-6, the first and prototypical member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, nearly all of which utilize the common signaling receptor, gp130. In the last decade, there have been numerous advances in our understanding of the structural mechanisms of IL-6 family signaling, particularly for IL-6 itself. However, our understanding of the detailed structural mechanisms underlying signaling by most IL-6 family members remains limited. With the emergence of new roles for IL-6 family cytokines in disease and, in particular, roles of IL-11 in cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and cancer, there is an emerging need to develop therapeutics that can progress to clinical use. Here we outline our current knowledge of the structural mechanism of signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines. We discuss how this knowledge allows us to understand the mechanism of action of currently available inhibitors targeting IL-6 family cytokine signaling, and most importantly how it allows for improved opportunities to pharmacologically disrupt cytokine signaling. We focus specifically on the need to develop and understand inhibitors that disrupt IL-11 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Eberl HC, Werner T, Reinhard FB, Lehmann S, Thomson D, Chen P, Zhang C, Rau C, Muelbaier M, Drewes G, Drewry D, Bantscheff M. Chemical proteomics reveals target selectivity of clinical Jak inhibitors in human primary cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14159. [PMID: 31578349 PMCID: PMC6775116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinobeads are a set of promiscuous kinase inhibitors immobilized on sepharose beads for the comprehensive enrichment of endogenously expressed protein kinases from cell lines and tissues. These beads enable chemoproteomics profiling of kinase inhibitors of interest in dose-dependent competition studies in combination with quantitative mass spectrometry. We present improved bead matrices that capture more than 350 protein kinases and 15 lipid kinases from human cell lysates, respectively. A multiplexing strategy is suggested that enables determination of apparent dissociation constants in a single mass spectrometry experiment. Miniaturization of the procedure enabled determining the target selectivity of the clinical BCR-ABL inhibitor dasatinib in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysates from individual donors. Profiling of a set of Jak kinase inhibitors revealed kinase off-targets from nearly all kinase families underpinning the need to profile kinase inhibitors against the kinome. Potently bound off-targets of clinical inhibitors suggest polypharmacology, e.g. through MRCK alpha and beta, which bind to decernotinib with nanomolar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Eberl
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thilo Werner
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich B Reinhard
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lehmann
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas Thomson
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peiling Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, 709 Swedeland Rd #1539, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, United States
| | - Cunyu Zhang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, 709 Swedeland Rd #1539, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, United States
| | - Christina Rau
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Muelbaier
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Drewry
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, 5 Moore Drive, North Carolina, 27709, United States.,UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Marcus Bantscheff
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Chen Q, Lv J, Yang W, Xu B, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wu J, Yang Y, Han Y. Targeted inhibition of STAT3 as a potential treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Theranostics 2019; 9:6424-6442. [PMID: 31588227 PMCID: PMC6771242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and has attracted more attention in recent years. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays essential roles in the process of atherosclerosis. Moreover, aberrant STAT3 activation has been shown to contribute to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the study of STAT3 inhibitors has gradually become a focal research topic. In this review, we describe the crucial roles of STAT3 in endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage polarization, inflammation, and immunity during atherosclerosis. STAT3 in mitochondria is mentioned as well. Then, we present a summary and classification of STAT3 inhibitors, which could offer potential treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we enumerate some of the problems that have interfered with the development of mature therapies utilizing STAT3 inhibitors to treat atherosclerosis. Finally, we propose ideas that may help to solve these problems to some extent. Collectively, this review may be useful for developing future STAT3 inhibitor therapies for atherosclerosis.
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18
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Morris R, Kershaw NJ, Babon JJ. The molecular details of cytokine signaling via the JAK/STAT pathway. Protein Sci 2019; 27:1984-2009. [PMID: 30267440 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 cytokines signal via the JAK/STAT pathway to orchestrate hematopoiesis, induce inflammation and control the immune response. Cytokines are secreted glycoproteins that act as intercellular messengers, inducing proliferation, differentiation, growth, or apoptosis of their target cells. They act by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and switching on a phosphotyrosine-based intracellular signaling cascade initiated by kinases then propagated and effected by SH2 domain-containing transcription factors. As cytokine signaling is proliferative and often inflammatory, it is tightly regulated in terms of both amplitude and duration. Here we review molecular details of the cytokine-induced signaling cascade and describe the architectures of the proteins involved, including the receptors, kinases, and transcription factors that initiate and propagate signaling and the regulatory proteins that control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Morris
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia J Kershaw
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Jiang L, Liu JY, Shi Y, Tang B, He T, Liu JJ, Fan JY, Wu B, Xu XH, Zhao YL, Qian F, Cui YH, Yu PW. MTMR2 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via inactivating IFNγ/STAT1 signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:206. [PMID: 31113461 PMCID: PMC6528261 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The aberrant expression of myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2) has been found in some cancers, but little is known about the roles and clinical relevance. The present study aimed to investigate the roles and clinical relevance of MTMR2 as well as the underlying mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC). Methods MTMR2 expression was examined in 295 GC samples by using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between MTMR2 expression and clinicopathological features and outcomes of the patients was analyzed. The roles of MTMR2 in regulating the invasive and metastatic capabilities of GC cells were observed using gain-and loss-of-function assays both in vitro and in vivo. The pathways involved in MTMR2-regulating invasion and metastasis were selected and identified by using mRNA expression profiling. Functions and underlying mechanisms of MTMR2-mediated invasion and metastasis were further investigated in a series of in vitro studies. Results MTMR2 was highly expressed in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and its expression levels were significantly correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. Patients with MTMR2high had significantly shorter lifespan than those with MTMR2low. Cox regression analysis showed that MTMR2 was an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients. Knockdown of MTMR2 significantly reduced migratory and invasive capabilities in vitro and metastases in vivo in GC cells, while overexpressing MTMR2 achieved the opposite results. MTMR2 knockdown and overexpression markedly inhibited and promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), respectively. MTMR2 mediated EMT through the IFNγ/STAT1/IRF1 pathway to promote GC invasion and metastasis. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and IRF1 was increased by MTMR2 knockdown and decreased by MTMR2 overexpression accompanying with ZEB1 down-regulation and up-regulation, respectively. Silencing IRF1 upregulated ZEB1, which induced EMT and consequently enhanced invasion and metastasis in GC cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MTMR2 is an important promoter in GC invasion and metastasis by inactivating IFNγ/STAT1 signaling and may act as a new prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1186-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Fan
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xian-Hui Xu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Pei-Wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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20
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Mevizou R, Sirvent A, Roche S. Control of Tyrosine Kinase Signalling by Small Adaptors in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050669. [PMID: 31091767 PMCID: PMC6562749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine residues as an intracellular signalling mechanism to coordinate intestinal epithelial cell communication and fate decision. Deregulation of their activity is ultimately connected with carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer (CRC), it is still unclear how aberrant TK activities contribute to tumour formation because TK-encoding genes are not frequently mutated in this cancer. In vertebrates, several TKs are under the control of small adaptor proteins with potential important physiopathological roles. For instance, they can exert tumour suppressor functions in human cancer by targeting several components of the oncogenic TK signalling cascades. Here, we review how the Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) and the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) adaptor proteins regulate the SRC and the Janus kinase (JAK) oncogenic pathways, respectively, and how their loss of function in the intestinal epithelium may influence tumour formation. We also discuss the potential therapeutic value of these adaptors in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Mevizou
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", F-34000 Montpellier, France.
| | - Audrey Sirvent
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", F-34000 Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge Roche
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", F-34000 Montpellier, France.
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21
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Virzì A, Roca Suarez AA, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Oncogenic Signaling Induced by HCV Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100538. [PMID: 30279347 PMCID: PMC6212953 DOI: 10.3390/v10100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is frequently exposed to toxins, metabolites, and oxidative stress, which can challenge organ function and genomic stability. Liver regeneration is therefore a highly regulated process involving several sequential signaling events. It is thus not surprising that individual oncogenic mutations in hepatocytes do not necessarily lead to cancer and that the genetic profiles of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are highly heterogeneous. Long-term infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) creates an oncogenic environment by a combination of viral protein expression, persistent liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronically deregulated signaling events that cumulate as a tipping point for genetic stability. Although novel direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-based treatments efficiently eradicate HCV, the associated HCC risk cannot be fully eliminated by viral cure in patients with advanced liver disease. This suggests that HCV may persistently deregulate signaling pathways beyond viral cure and thereby continue to perturb cancer-relevant gene function. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about oncogenic signaling pathways derailed by chronic HCV infection. This will not only help to understand the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis but will also highlight potential chemopreventive strategies to help patients with a high-risk profile of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Virzì
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Sorgen PL, Trease AJ, Spagnol G, Delmar M, Nielsen MS. Protein⁻Protein Interactions with Connexin 43: Regulation and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1428. [PMID: 29748463 PMCID: PMC5983787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are integral membrane building blocks that form gap junctions, enabling direct cytoplasmic exchange of ions and low-molecular-mass metabolites between adjacent cells. In the heart, gap junctions mediate the propagation of cardiac action potentials and the maintenance of a regular beating rhythm. A number of connexin interacting proteins have been described and are known gap junction regulators either through direct effects (e.g., kinases) or the formation of larger multifunctional complexes (e.g., cytoskeleton scaffold proteins). Most connexin partners can be categorized as either proteins promoting coupling by stimulating forward trafficking and channel opening or inhibiting coupling by inducing channel closure, internalization, and degradation. While some interactions have only been implied through co-localization using immunohistochemistry, others have been confirmed by biophysical methods that allow detection of a direct interaction. Our understanding of these interactions is, by far, most well developed for connexin 43 (Cx43) and the scope of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of their functional and regulatory roles. The significance of these interactions is further exemplified by demonstrating their importance at the intercalated disc, a major hub for Cx43 regulation and Cx43 mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Andrew J Trease
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Are Janus Kinase Inhibitors Superior over Classic Biologic Agents in RA Patients? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7492904. [PMID: 29862290 PMCID: PMC5971265 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7492904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Janus Kinases (JAKs) are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that provide transmission signals from cytokine, interferons, and many hormones receptors to the nucleus resulting in synthesis of many biologically active compounds and changing cell metabolism and function. That was theoretical background to synthetize the JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs). In recent years a substantial battery of evidence has been collected indicating the potential role of Jakinibs to interact with the specific elements of the immune system, therefore changing the inflammatory response. JAK kinase blockade offers a unique opportunity to block most of the key cytokines enabling the deep interaction into immune system functioning. Following discovery first Jakinibs were intensively studied in various forms of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, and finally two Jakinibs tofacitinib and Baricitinib have been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Some clinical data indicated that under special circumstances Jakinibs may be even superior to biologics in the treatment of RA; however this suggestion should be verified in large clinical and observational studies.
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24
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Yu Q, Qian W, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhang J, Chen W. An indel polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of JAK1 confers risk for hepatocellular carcinoma possibly by regulating JAK1 transcriptional activity in a Chinese population. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8088-8094. [PMID: 29731916 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess whether the rs112395617 polymorphism located in the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) was associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to explore the potential mechanism of action. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 290 patients with HCC and 320 controls. A polymerase chain reaction-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay was used to genotype the rs112395617 polymorphism. Quantitative (q)PCR was used to detect the genotype-phenotype association between HCC tissues and different genotypes. Vectors containing the insertion (ins)/ins or deletion (del)/del genotype of the rs112395617 polymorphism were constructed, and the luciferase assay was used to detect the JAK1 transcriptional activity affected by the rs112395617 polymorphism. It was identified that, when compared with the ins/ins genotype, the del/del and del/ins genotypes of rs112395617 were significantly associated with a decreased risk of HCC. The qPCR results demonstrated that the JAK1 mRNA expression level with ins/ins and ins/del genotypes was increased by 3.36 and 1.75-fold compared with the del/del genotype in human HCC tissue samples. In addition, the 'AATT' insertion allele of rs112395617 disrupted the binding site for microRNA (miR)-431-5p, thereby increasing JAK1 transcription in vitro. These data suggest that the rs112395617 polymorphism may contribute to HCC susceptibility, in full or at least partially through an effect on JAK1 transcriptional activity by disrupting its binding with miR-431-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Yejiao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Jinkun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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25
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Roca Suarez AA, Van Renne N, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Viral manipulation of STAT3: Evade, exploit, and injure. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006839. [PMID: 29543893 PMCID: PMC5854428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key regulator of numerous physiological functions, including the immune response. As pathogens elicit an acute phase response with concerted activation of STAT3, they are confronted with two evolutionary options: either curtail it or employ it. This has important consequences for the host, since abnormal STAT3 function is associated with cancer development and other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive outline of how human viruses cope with STAT3-mediated inflammation and how this affects the host. Finally, we discuss STAT3 as a potential target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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De Vries L, Wildenberg M, De Jonge W, D’Haens G. The Future of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:885-893. [PMID: 28158411 PMCID: PMC5881740 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are disabling conditions characterised by chronic, relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Current treatments are not universally effective or, in the case of therapeutic antibodies, are hampered by immune responses. Janus kinase inhibitors are orally delivered small molecules that target cytokine signalling by preventing phosphorylation of Janus kinases associated with the cytokine receptor. Subsequently, phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription that relay Janus kinase signalling and transcription of cytokines in the nucleus will be diminished. Key cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases are targeted by Janus kinase inhibitors. Several Janus kinase inhibitors are in development for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Tofacitinib, inhibiting signalling via all Janus kinase family members, was effective in phase 2 and 3 trials in moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. GSK2586184, a Janus kinase 1 selective inhibitor, induced clinical and endoscopic response in ulcerative colitis; however, the study was discontinued at an early stage due to liver toxicity observed in systemic lupus patients receiving the drug. Filgotinib, a Janus kinase 1 selective inhibitor investigated in treatment of Crohn's disease, was superior to placebo. As adverse events associated with the broad immunological effect of these agents have been reported, the future application of these drugs is potentially limited. We will discuss the treatment efficacy of Janus kinase inhibition in inflammatory bowel diseases, how current Janus kinase inhibitors available target immune responses relevant in inflammatory bowel disease, and whether more specific kinase inhibition could be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C.S. De Vries
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M.E. Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W.J. De Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G.R. D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Ferrao R, Lupardus PJ. The Janus Kinase (JAK) FERM and SH2 Domains: Bringing Specificity to JAK-Receptor Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28458652 PMCID: PMC5394478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases essential for signaling in response to cytokines and interferons and thereby control many essential functions in growth, development, and immune regulation. JAKs are unique among tyrosine kinases for their constitutive yet non-covalent association with class I and II cytokine receptors, which upon cytokine binding bring together two JAKs to create an active signaling complex. JAK association with cytokine receptors is facilitated by N-terminal FERM and SH2 domains, both of which are classical mediators of peptide interactions. Together, the JAK FERM and SH2 domains mediate a bipartite interaction with two distinct receptor peptide motifs, the proline-rich "Box1" and hydrophobic "Box2," which are present in the intracellular domain of cytokine receptors. While the general sidechain chemistry of Box1 and Box2 peptides is conserved between receptors, they share very weak primary sequence homology, making it impossible to posit why certain JAKs preferentially interact with and signal through specific subsets of cytokine receptors. Here, we review the structure and function of the JAK FERM and SH2 domains in light of several recent studies that reveal their atomic structure and elucidate interaction mechanisms with both the Box1 and Box2 receptor motifs. These crystal structures demonstrate how evolution has repurposed the JAK FERM and SH2 domains into a receptor-binding module that facilitates interactions with multiple receptors possessing diverse primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ferrao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Lupardus,
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28
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Sakamoto K, Wehde BL, Rädler PD, Triplett AA, Wagner KU. Generation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) conditional knockout mice. Genesis 2016; 54:582-588. [PMID: 27671227 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) are suggested to be pleiotropic since this signal transducer is ubiquitously expressed and coupled to a variety of cytokine receptors. Consequently, mice that are deficient in this tyrosine kinase were reported to die shortly after birth. To facilitate studies that address the biological and molecular functions of JAK1 during postnatal development, we performed gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and generated a Cre/lox-based conditional knockout mouse model. Expression of Cre recombinase in the germline converted the Jak1 conditional knockout allele (Jak1fl ) into a null allele (Jak1- ) that when subsequently crossed into homozygosity led to a complete absence of the JAK1 protein in developing embryos. JAK1 deficient embryos were visibly smaller starting at E15.5. Newborn pups exhibited signs of apnea and died within hours after birth. The examination of fibroblasts from conditional knockout embryos and their littermate wildtype controls expressing JAK1 showed that lack of this Janus kinase resulted in an impaired tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the downstream Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) 1, 3, and 6. JAK1 conditional knockout mice will be an invaluable tool to study cytokine signaling during normal development and disease progression in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Sakamoto
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5950, USA
| | - Barbara L Wehde
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5950, USA
| | - Patrick D Rädler
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5950, USA
| | - Aleata A Triplett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5950, USA
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5950, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-6805, USA
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29
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Zhang D, Wlodawer A, Lubkowski J. Crystal Structure of a Complex of the Intracellular Domain of Interferon λ Receptor 1 (IFNLR1) and the FERM/SH2 Domains of Human JAK1. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4651-4668. [PMID: 27725180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a construct consisting of the FERM and SH2-like domains of the human Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) bound to a fragment of the intracellular domain of the interferon-λ receptor 1 (IFNLR1) has been determined at the nominal resolution of 2.1Å. In this structure, the receptor peptide forms an 85-Å-long extended chain, in which both the previously identified box1 and box2 regions bind simultaneously to the FERM and SH2-like domains of JAK1. Both domains of JAK1 are generally well ordered, with regions not seen in the crystal structure limited to loops located away from the receptor-binding regions. The structure provides a much more complete and accurate picture of the interactions between JAK1 and IFNLR1 than those given in earlier reports, illuminating the molecular basis of the JAK-cytokine receptor association. A glutamate residue adjacent to the box2 region in IFNLR1 mimics the mode of binding of a phosphotyrosine in classical SH2 domains. It was shown here that a deletion of residues within the box1 region of the receptor abolishes stable interactions with JAK1, although it was previously shown that box2 alone is sufficient to stabilize a similar complex of the interferon-α receptor and TYK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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30
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Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL, Lian N, Kesari S. Molecular mechanisms of OLIG2 transcription factor in brain cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53074-53101. [PMID: 27447975 PMCID: PMC5288170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) plays a pivotal role in glioma development. Here we conducted a comprehensive study of the critical gene regulatory networks involving OLIG2. These include the networks responsible for OLIG2 expression, its translocation to nucleus, cell cycle, epigenetic regulation, and Rho-pathway interactions. We described positive feedback loops including OLIG2: loops of epigenetic regulation and loops involving receptor tyrosine kinases. These loops may be responsible for the prolonged oncogenic activity of OLIG2. The proposed schemes for epigenetic regulation of the gene networks involving OLIG2 are confirmed by patient survival (Kaplan-Meier) curves based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) datasets. Finally, we elucidate the Coherent-Gene Modules (CGMs) networks-framework of OLIG2 involvement in cancer. We showed that genes interacting with OLIG2 formed eight CGMs having a set of intermodular connections. We showed also that among the genes involved in these modules the most connected hub is EGFR, then, on lower level, HSP90 and CALM1, followed by three lower levels including epigenetic genes KDM1A and NCOR1. The genes on the six upper levels of the hierarchy are involved in interconnections of all eight CGMs and organize functionally defined gene-signaling subnetworks having specific functions. For example, CGM1 is involved in epigenetic control. CGM2 is significantly related to cell proliferation and differentiation. CGM3 includes a number of interconnected helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH) including OLIG2. Many of these TFs are partially controlled by OLIG2. The CGM4 is involved in PDGF-related: angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. These analyses provide testable hypotheses and approaches to inhibit OLIG2 pathway and relevant feed-forward and feedback loops to be interrogated. This broad approach can be applied to other TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F. Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0752, CA, USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L. Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Lian
- REHS, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, 90404, CA, USA
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, 90404, CA, USA
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Pencik J, Pham HTT, Schmoellerl J, Javaheri T, Schlederer M, Culig Z, Merkel O, Moriggl R, Grebien F, Kenner L. JAK-STAT signaling in cancer: From cytokines to non-coding genome. Cytokine 2016; 87:26-36. [PMID: 27349799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, studies of the Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) signaling have uncovered highly conserved programs linking cytokine signaling to the regulation of essential cellular mechanisms such as proliferation, invasion, survival, inflammation and immunity. Inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway are used for treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. Aberrant JAK/STAT signaling has been identified to contribute to cancer progression and metastatic development. Targeting of JAK/STAT pathway is currently one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer (PCa), hematopoietic malignancies and sarcomas. Notably, newly identified regulators of JAK/STAT signaling, the non-coding RNAs transcripts and their role as important targets and potential clinical biomarkers are highlighted in this review. In addition to the established role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in traditional cytokine signaling the non-coding RNAs add yet another layer of hidden regulation and function. Understanding the crosstalk of non-coding RNA with JAK/STAT signaling in cancer is of critical importance and may result in better patient stratification not only in terms of prognosis but also in the context of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pencik
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Pham
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Schmoellerl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tahereh Javaheri
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Argetsinger LS. Growth hormone signaling pathways. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:11-15. [PMID: 26421979 PMCID: PMC7644140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over 20years ago, our laboratory showed that growth hormone (GH) signals through the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. We showed that GH binding to its membrane-bound receptor enhances binding of JAK2 to the GHR, activates JAK2, and stimulates tyrosyl phosphorylation of both JAK2 and GHR. The activated JAK2/GHR complex recruits a variety of signaling proteins, thereby initiating multiple signaling pathways and cellular responses. These proteins and pathways include: 1) Stat transcription factors implicated in the expression of multiple genes, including the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1; 2) Shc adapter proteins that lead to activation of the grb2-SOS-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1,2 pathway; 3) insulin receptor substrate proteins implicated in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Akt pathway; 4) signal regulatory protein α, a transmembrane scaffold protein that recruits proteins including the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2; and 5) SH2B1, a scaffold protein that can activate JAK2 and enhance GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Our recent work has focused on the function of SH2B1. We have shown that SH2B1β is recruited to and phosphorylated by JAK2 in response to GH. SH2B1 localizes to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and focal adhesions; it also cycles through the nucleus. SH2B1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton and promotes GH-dependent motility of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mutations in SH2B1 have been found in humans exhibiting severe early-onset childhood obesity and insulin resistance. These mutations impair SH2B1 enhancement of GH-induced macrophage motility. As SH2B1 is expressed ubiquitously and is also recruited to a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases, our results raise the possibility that effects of SH2B1 on the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types, including neurons, may play a role in regulating body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Carter-Su
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Jessica Schwartz
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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33
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Iyengar SK, Sedor JR, Freedman BI, Kao WHL, Kretzler M, Keller BJ, Abboud HE, Adler SG, Best LG, Bowden DW, Burlock A, Chen YDI, Cole SA, Comeau ME, Curtis JM, Divers J, Drechsler C, Duggirala R, Elston RC, Guo X, Huang H, Hoffmann MM, Howard BV, Ipp E, Kimmel PL, Klag MJ, Knowler WC, Kohn OF, Leak TS, Leehey DJ, Li M, Malhotra A, März W, Nair V, Nelson RG, Nicholas SB, O’Brien SJ, Pahl MV, Parekh RS, Pezzolesi MG, Rasooly RS, Rotimi CN, Rotter JI, Schelling JR, Seldin MF, Shah VO, Smiles AM, Smith MW, Taylor KD, Thameem F, Thornley-Brown DP, Truitt BJ, Wanner C, Weil EJ, Winkler CA, Zager PG, Igo RP, Hanson RL, Langefeld CD. Genome-Wide Association and Trans-ethnic Meta-Analysis for Advanced Diabetic Kidney Disease: Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND). PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005352. [PMID: 26305897 PMCID: PMC4549309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the industrialized world and accounts for much of the excess mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Approximately 45% of U.S. patients with incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have DKD. Independent of glycemic control, DKD aggregates in families and has higher incidence rates in African, Mexican, and American Indian ancestral groups relative to European populations. The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND) performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) contrasting 6,197 unrelated individuals with advanced DKD with healthy and diabetic individuals lacking nephropathy of European American, African American, Mexican American, or American Indian ancestry. A large-scale replication and trans-ethnic meta-analysis included 7,539 additional European American, African American and American Indian DKD cases and non-nephropathy controls. Within ethnic group meta-analysis of discovery GWAS and replication set results identified genome-wide significant evidence for association between DKD and rs12523822 on chromosome 6q25.2 in American Indians (P = 5.74x10-9). The strongest signal of association in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis was with a SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs12523822 (rs955333; P = 1.31x10-8), with directionally consistent results across ethnic groups. These 6q25.2 SNPs are located between the SCAF8 and CNKSR3 genes, a region with DKD relevant changes in gene expression and an eQTL with IPCEF1, a gene co-translated with CNKSR3. Several other SNPs demonstrated suggestive evidence of association with DKD, within and across populations. These data identify a novel DKD susceptibility locus with consistent directions of effect across diverse ancestral groups and provide insight into the genetic architecture of DKD. Type 2 diabetes is the most common cause of severe kidney disease worldwide and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) associates with premature death. Individuals of non-European ancestry have the highest burden of type 2 DKD; hence understanding the causes of DKD remains critical to reducing health disparities. Family studies demonstrate that genes regulate the onset and progression of DKD; however, identifying these genes has proven to be challenging. The Family Investigation of Diabetes and Nephropathy consortium (FIND) recruited a large multi-ethnic collection of individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without kidney disease in order to detect genes associated with DKD. FIND discovered and replicated a DKD-associated genetic locus on human chromosome 6q25.2 (rs955333) between the SCAF8 and CNKSR genes. Findings were supported by significantly different expression of genes in this region from kidney tissue of subjects with, versus without DKD. The present findings identify a novel kidney disease susceptibility locus in individuals with type 2 diabetes which is consistent across subjects of differing ancestries. In addition, FIND results provide a rich catalogue of genetic variation in DKD patients for future research on the genetic architecture regulating this common and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKI); (JRS); (BIF)
| | - John R. Sedor
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKI); (JRS); (BIF)
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKI); (JRS); (BIF)
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Keller
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sharon G. Adler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Lyle G. Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Timber Lake, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison Burlock
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Curtis
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States of America
| | - Christiane Drechsler
- University Hospital Würzburg, Renal Division and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Elston
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Huateng Huang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Barbara V. Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eli Ipp
- Department of Medicine, Section of Diabetes and Metabolism, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Kimmel
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Klag
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William C. Knowler
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Orly F. Kohn
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tennille S. Leak
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David J. Leehey
- Department of Medicine, Loyola School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alka Malhotra
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Winfried März
- Heidelberg University and Synlab Academy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viji Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Nelson
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg, Russia, and Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Madeleine V. Pahl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rulan S. Parekh
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Department of Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebekah S. Rasooly
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles N. Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Schelling
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Seldin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vallabh O. Shah
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Smiles
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Smith
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Farook Thameem
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Barbara J. Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E. Jennifer Weil
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip G. Zager
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
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Goedken ER, Argiriadi MA, Banach DL, Fiamengo BA, Foley SE, Frank KE, George JS, Harris CM, Hobson AD, Ihle DC, Marcotte D, Merta PJ, Michalak ME, Murdock SE, Tomlinson MJ, Voss JW. Tricyclic covalent inhibitors selectively target Jak3 through an active site thiol. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4573-4589. [PMID: 25552479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The action of Janus kinases (JAKs) is required for multiple cytokine signaling pathways, and as such, JAK inhibitors hold promise for treatment of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. However, due to high similarity in the active sites of the four members (Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2), developing selective inhibitors within this family is challenging. We have designed and characterized substituted, tricyclic Jak3 inhibitors that selectively avoid inhibition of the other JAKs. This is accomplished through a covalent interaction between an inhibitor containing a terminal electrophile and an active site cysteine (Cys-909). We found that these ATP competitive compounds are irreversible inhibitors of Jak3 enzyme activity in vitro. They possess high selectivity against other kinases and can potently (IC50 < 100 nm) inhibit Jak3 activity in cell-based assays. These results suggest irreversible inhibitors of this class may be useful selective agents, both as tools to probe Jak3 biology and potentially as therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Goedken
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
| | | | - David L Banach
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Bryan A Fiamengo
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sage E Foley
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Kristine E Frank
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | | | - Adrian D Hobson
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - David C Ihle
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Douglas Marcotte
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Philip J Merta
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Mark E Michalak
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sara E Murdock
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | - Jeffrey W Voss
- From the AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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35
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Abstract
The JAK (Janus kinase) family members serve essential roles as the intracellular signalling effectors of cytokine receptors. This family, comprising JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2), was first described more than 20 years ago, but the complexities underlying their activation, regulation and pleiotropic signalling functions are still being explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of their physiological functions and the causative role of activating and inactivating JAK mutations in human diseases, including haemopoietic malignancies, immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases. At the molecular level, recent studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of the structures and organization of the component FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)-SH2 (Src homology 2), pseudokinase and kinase domains within the JAKs, the mechanism of JAK activation and, in particular, the role of the pseudokinase domain as a suppressor of the adjacent tyrosine kinase domain's catalytic activity. We also review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of negative regulation exerted by the SH2 domain-containing proteins, SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) proteins and LNK. These recent studies highlight the diversity of regulatory mechanisms utilized by the JAK family to maintain signalling fidelity, and suggest alternative therapeutic strategies to complement existing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
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36
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Abstract
In cardiac and many other systems, chronic stress activates avfamily of structurally and functionally conserved receptors and their downstream signaling molecules that entail tyrosine, serine or threonine phosphorylation to transfer the messages to the genetic machinery. However, the activation of the Janus kinases (JAKs) and their downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) proteins is both characteristic of and unique to cytokine and growth factor signaling which plays a central role in heart physiology. Dysregulation of JAK-STAT signaling is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. The molecular signaling and specificity of the JAK-STAT pathway are modulated at many levels by distinct regulatory proteins. Here, we review recent studies on the regulation of the STAT signaling pathway that will enhance our ability to design rational therapeutic strategies for stress-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishore
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
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37
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Wunderlich CM, Hövelmeyer N, Wunderlich FT. Mechanisms of chronic JAK-STAT3-SOCS3 signaling in obesity. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23878. [PMID: 24058813 PMCID: PMC3710326 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways are critical for the maintenance of homeostatic and developmental processes; however, deregulation and chronic activation of JAK-STAT3 results in numerous diseases. Among others, obesity is currently being intensively studied. In obesity, chronic JAK-STAT3 is activated by the CNS by increased circulating leptin levels leading to the development of leptin resistance, whereas in the peripheral organs chronic IL-6-induced JAK-STAT3 impairs insulin action. We report the consequences of chronic JAK-STAT3 induced signaling as present under obese conditions in the main metabolic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research; Institute for Genetics; University of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); Cologne, Germany
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38
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The spectrum of STAT functions in mammary gland development. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:151-8. [PMID: 24058764 PMCID: PMC3670238 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors have a spectrum of functions in mammary gland development. In some cases these roles parallel those of STATs in other organ systems, while in other instances the function of individual STATs in the mammary gland is specific to this tissue. In the immune system, STAT6 is associated with differentiation of T helper cells, while in the mammary gland, it has a fundamental role in the commitment of luminal epithelial cells to the alveolar lineage. STAT5A is required for the production of luminal progenitor cells from mammary stem cells and is essential for the differentiation of milk producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. By contrast, the initiation of regression following weaning heralds a dramatic and specific activation of STAT3, reflecting its pivotal role in the regulation of cell death and tissue remodeling during mammary involution. Although it has been demonstrated that STAT1 is regulated during a mammary developmental cycle, it is not yet determined whether it has a specific, non-redundant function. Thus, the mammary gland constitutes an unusual example of an adult organ in which different STATs are sequentially activated to orchestrate the processes of functional differentiation, cell death and tissue remodeling.
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39
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Waters MJ, Brooks AJ, Chhabra Y. A new mechanism for growth hormone receptor activation of JAK2, and implications for related cytokine receptors. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e29569. [PMID: 25101218 PMCID: PMC4119067 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.29569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor was the first cytokine receptor to be cloned and crystallized, and provides a valuable exemplar for activation of its cognate kinase, JAK2. We review progress in understanding its activation mechanism, in particular the molecular movements made by this constitutively dimerized receptor in response to ligand binding, and how these lead to a separation of JAK-binding Box1 motifs. Such a separation leads to removal of the pseudokinase inhibitory domain from the kinase domain of a partner JAK2 bound to the receptor, and vice versa, leading to apposition of the kinase domains and transactivation. This may be a general mechanism for class I cytokine receptor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia, QLD Australia
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40
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Structure of the pseudokinase-kinase domains from protein kinase TYK2 reveals a mechanism for Janus kinase (JAK) autoinhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8025-30. [PMID: 24843152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are receptor-associated multidomain tyrosine kinases that act downstream of many cytokines and interferons. JAK kinase activity is regulated by the adjacent pseudokinase domain via an unknown mechanism. Here, we report the 2.8-Å structure of the two-domain pseudokinase-kinase module from the JAK family member TYK2 in its autoinhibited form. We find that the pseudokinase and kinase interact near the kinase active site and that most reported mutations in cancer-associated JAK alleles cluster in or near this interface. Mutation of residues near the TYK2 interface that are analogous to those in cancer-associated JAK alleles, including the V617F and "exon 12" JAK2 mutations, results in increased kinase activity in vitro. These data indicate that JAK pseudokinases are autoinhibitory domains that hold the kinase domain inactive until receptor dimerization stimulates transition to an active state.
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41
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Abstract
JAK3 inhibition with the CP-690,550 compound has an immunosuppressive potency in murine models, nonhuman primates and humans. This drug blocks STAT5 activation in most T-cell subpopulations but less effectively in T-regulator cells. In low to moderate risk human kidney transplant recipients, combined with mycophenolate mofetil, steroids and an induction with basiliximab, CP-690,550 proved as effective as calcineurin inhibitors with regard to prevention of acute rejection but better than calcineurin inhibitors with regard to preservation of kidney function and histology. However, at the same time, an increased incidence of overimmunosuppression consequences (cytomegalovirus, BK virus and lymphoproliferation) was observed and led to discontinuation of this specific drug development in kidney transplantation.
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42
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Ramalingam L, Oh E, Thurmond DC. Novel roles for insulin receptor (IR) in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells via new and unexpected substrates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2815-34. [PMID: 23052216 PMCID: PMC3556358 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The insulin signaling pathway regulates whole-body glucose homeostasis by transducing extracellular signals from the insulin receptor (IR) to downstream intracellular targets, thus coordinating a multitude of biological functions. Dysregulation of IR or its signal transduction is associated with insulin resistance, which may culminate in type 2 diabetes. Following initial stimulation of IR, insulin signaling diverges into different pathways, activating multiple substrates that have roles in various metabolic and cellular processes. The integration of multiple pathways arising from IR activation continues to expand as new IR substrates are identified and characterized. Accordingly, our review will focus on roles for IR substrates as they pertain to three primary areas: metabolism/glucose uptake, mitogenesis/growth, and aging/longevity. While IR functions in a seemingly pleiotropic manner in many cell types, through these three main roles in fat and skeletal muscle cells, IR multi-tasks to regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis to impact healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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43
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Gäbler K, Behrmann I, Haan C. JAK2 mutants (e.g., JAK2V617F) and their importance as drug targets in myeloproliferative neoplasms. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25025. [PMID: 24069563 PMCID: PMC3772115 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutant V617F and other JAK mutants are found in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemias. Due to their involvement in neoplasia and inflammatory disorders, Janus kinases are promising targets for kinase inhibitor therapy. Several small-molecule compounds are evaluated in clinical trials for myelofibrosis, and ruxolitinib (INCB018424, Jakafi®) was the first Janus kinase inhibitor to receive clinical approval. In this review we provide an overview of JAK2V617F signaling and its inhibition by small-molecule kinase inhibitors. In addition, myeloproliferative neoplasms are discussed regarding the role of JAK2V617F and other mutant proteins of possible relevance. We further give an overview about treatment options with special emphasis on possible combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Gäbler
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
| | - Iris Behrmann
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
| | - Claude Haan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
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44
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Chen X, Du Y, Nan J, Zhang X, Qin X, Wang Y, Hou J, Wang Q, Yang J. Brevilin A, a novel natural product, inhibits janus kinase activity and blocks STAT3 signaling in cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63697. [PMID: 23704931 PMCID: PMC3660600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal abnormalities in human cells usually cause unexpected consequences for individual health. We focus on these kinds of events involved in JAK-STAT signal pathways, especially the ones triggered by aberrant activated STAT3, an oncoprotein which participates in essential processes of cell survival, growth and proliferation in many types of tumors, as well as immune diseases. By establishing a STAT3 signal based high-throughput drug screening system in human lung cancer A549 cells, we have screened a library from natural products which contained purified compounds from medicinal herbs. One compound, named Brevilin A, exhibited both strong STAT3 signal inhibition and STAT3 signal dependent cell growth inhibition. Further investigations revealed that Brevilin A not only inhibits STAT3 signaling but also STAT1 signaling for cytokines induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT1 as well as the expression of their target genes. In addition, we found Brevilin A could attenuate the JAKs activity by blocking the JAKs tyrosine kinase domain JH1. The levels of cytokine induced phosphorylation of STATs and other substrates were dramatically reduced by treatment of Brevilin A. The roles of Brevilin A targeting on JAKs activity indicate that Brevilin A may not only be used as a STAT3 inhibitor but also a compound blocking other JAK-STAT hyperactivation. Thus, these findings provided a strong impetus for the development of selective JAK-STAT inhibitors and therapeutic drugs in order to improve survival of patients with hyperactivated JAKs and STATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuping Du
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Nan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Abstract
In this Reflections, I review a few early and very lucky events that gave me a running start for the rest of a long and wonderfully enjoyable career. For the main part, a discussion is provided of what I recall as the main illuminating results that my many dozens of students and postdoctoral fellows (approximately 140 in all) provided to our biochemical/molecular biological world.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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46
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Santos FPS, Verstovsek S. Therapy with JAK2 inhibitors for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26:1083-99. [PMID: 23009939 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of JAK2 inhibitors followed the discovery of activating mutation of JAK2 (JAK2V617F) in patients with classic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-negative MPN). It is now known that mutations activating the JAK-STAT pathway are ubiquitous in Ph-negative MPN, and that the deregulated JAK-STAT pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. JAK2 inhibitors thus are effective in patients both with and without the JAK2V617F mutation. This article reviews the rationale for using JAK2 inhibitors in Ph-negative MPN, and the results of more recent clinical trials with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio P S Santos
- Hematology and Oncology Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, Building A, Sao Paulo, SP 05651-901, Brazil
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47
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Chen K, Min H, Wu X, Zhu X, Li Z, Li H, Liu Y. JAK1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection, but not with α interferon therapy response in a Han Chinese population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1206-10. [PMID: 22901011 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a key member in the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Recent studies suggested single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFN pathway genes are associated with outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and response to IFNα therapy. The aim of the study is to investigate whether SNPs in JAK1 were associated with outcomes of HBV infection and response to IFNα therapy. METHODS We enrolled 395 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 251 subjects with the inactive carrier state, and 256 CHB patients who received IFNα treatment, with therapy efficacy evaluated. Twelve SNPs: rs310227, rs7531799, rs7546545, rs17127174, rs3790541, rs10493373, rs2780898, rs310247, rs310196, rs2780895, rs4244165, and rs17127024 in JAK1, which could represent all SNPs with minor allele frequency >0.2 recorded in the HapMap database were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol and the TaqMan method. RESULTS SNP rs17127024 was associated with outcomes of HBV infection in an allele frequency (p=0.014) and genotype distributions (p=0.031), while SNP rs4244165 was associated with outcomes of HBV infection only in genotype distributions (p=0.008). There were no significant differences in allele frequencies and genotype distributions of these SNPs between the response group and the nonresponse group to IFNα therapy. CONCLUSIONS SNPs rs4244165 and rs17127024 in JAK1 were associated with outcomes of HBV infection, but not with response to IFNα therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmei Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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48
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Andraos R, Qian Z, Bonenfant D, Rubert J, Vangrevelinghe E, Scheufler C, Marque F, Régnier CH, De Pover A, Ryckelynck H, Bhagwat N, Koppikar P, Goel A, Wyder L, Tavares G, Baffert F, Pissot-Soldermann C, Manley PW, Gaul C, Voshol H, Levine RL, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Radimerski T. Modulation of activation-loop phosphorylation by JAK inhibitors is binding mode dependent. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:512-523. [PMID: 22684457 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are being developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and leukemias. Most of these drugs target the ATP-binding pocket and stabilize the active conformation of the JAK kinases. This type I binding mode can lead to an increase in JAK activation loop phosphorylation, despite blockade of kinase function. Here we report that stabilizing the inactive state via type II inhibition acts in the opposite manner, leading to a loss of activation loop phosphorylation. We used X-ray crystallography to corroborate the binding mode and report for the first time the crystal structure of the JAK2 kinase domain in an inactive conformation. Importantly, JAK inhibitor-induced activation loop phosphorylation requires receptor interaction, as well as intact kinase and pseudokinase domains. Hence, depending on the respective conformation stabilized by a JAK inhibitor, hyperphosphorylation of the activation loop may or may not be elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Andraos
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyan Qian
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Débora Bonenfant
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rubert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vangrevelinghe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Scheufler
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Marque
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Régnier
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alain De Pover
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Ryckelynck
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neha Bhagwat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Priya Koppikar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Aviva Goel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Lorenza Wyder
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gisele Tavares
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Baffert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul W Manley
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gaul
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - William R Sellers
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Abstract
We look back on the discoveries that the tyrosine kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and the transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 are required for the cellular response to type I interferons. This initial description of the JAK-STAT pathway led quickly to additional discoveries that type II interferons and many other cytokines signal through similar mechanisms. This well-understood pathway now serves as a paradigm showing how information from protein-protein contacts at the cell surface can be conveyed directly to genes in the nucleus. We also review recent work on the STAT proteins showing the importance of several different posttranslational modifications, including serine phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and sumoylation. These remarkably proficient proteins also provide noncanonical functions in transcriptional regulation and they also function in mitochondrial respiration and chromatin organization in ways that may not involve transcription at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James E. Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
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50
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Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by numerous cytokines and growth factors has resulted in it becoming one of the most well-studied intracellular signalling networks. The field has progressed from the identification of the individual components to high-resolution crystal structures of both JAK and STAT, and an understanding of the complexities of the molecular activation and deactivation cycle which results in a diverse, yet highly specific and regulated pattern of transcriptional responses. While there is still more to learn, we now appreciate how disruption and deregulation of this pathway can result in clinical disease and look forward to adoption of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in routine clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Kiu
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
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