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MacFawn I, Farris J, Pifer P, Margaryan NV, Akhter H, Wang L, Dziadowicz S, Denvir J, Hu G, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like-2, an epithelial master programmer, promotes interferon induction and suppresses breast cancer recurrence. Mol Immunol 2024; 170:156-169. [PMID: 38692097 PMCID: PMC11106721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Type-I and -III interferons play a central role in immune rejection of pathogens and tumors, thus promoting immunogenicity and suppressing tumor recurrence. Double strand RNA is an important ligand that stimulates tumor immunity via interferon responses. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to pluripotent epithelial cells activates the interferon response during development, raising the question of whether epithelial vs. mesenchymal gene signatures in cancer potentially regulate the interferon pathway as well. Here, using genomics and signaling approaches, we show that Grainyhead-like-2 (GRHL2), a master programmer of epithelial cell identity, promotes type-I and -III interferon responses to double-strand RNA. GRHL2 enhanced the activation of IRF3 and relA/NF-kB and the expression of IRF1; a functional GRHL2 binding site in the IFNL1 promoter was also identified. Moreover, time to recurrence in breast cancer correlated positively with GRHL2 protein expression, indicating that GRHL2 is a tumor recurrence suppressor, consistent with its enhancement of interferon responses. These observations demonstrate that epithelial cell identity supports interferon responses in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian MacFawn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Joshua Farris
- Wake Forest University, Department of Radiation Oncology, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Phillip Pifer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, WVU Cancer Institute, 1 Medical Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Halima Akhter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sebastian Dziadowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Byrd Biotechnology Center, Marshall University, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506.
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2
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Xiao ZX, Liang R, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Roles of IRF4 in various immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112077. [PMID: 38615379 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a member of IRF family of transcription factors which mainly regulates the transcription of IFN. IRF4 is restrictively expressed in immune cells such as T and B cells, macrophages, as well as DC. It is essential for the development and function of these cells. Since these cells take part in the homeostasis of the immune system and dysfunction of them contributes to the initiation and progress of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the roles of IRF4 in the SLE development becomes an important topic. Here we systemically discuss the biological characteristics of IRF4 in various immune cells and analyze the pathologic effects of IRF4 alteration in SLE and the potential targeting therapeutics of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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3
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Yeo SK, Haas M, Manupati K, Hao M, Yang F, Chen S, Guan JL. AZI2 mediates TBK1 activation at unresolved selective autophagy cargo receptor complexes with implications for CD8 T-cell infiltration in breast cancer. Autophagy 2024; 20:525-540. [PMID: 37733921 PMCID: PMC10936636 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancers do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and there is an urgent need to identify novel sensitization strategies. Herein, we uncovered that activation of the TBK-IFN pathway that is mediated by the TBK1 adapter protein AZI2 is a potent strategy for this purpose. Our initial observations showed that RB1CC1 depletion leads to accumulation of AZI2, in puncta along with selective macroautophagy/autophagy cargo receptors, which are both required for TBK1 activation. Specifically, disrupting the selective autophagy function of RB1CC1 was sufficient to sustain AZI2 puncta accumulation and TBK1 activation. AZI2 then mediates downstream activation of DDX3X, increasing its interaction with IRF3 for transcription of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Consequently, we performed a screen to identify inhibitors that can induce the AZI2-TBK1 pathway, and this revealed Lys05 as a pharmacological agent that induced pro-inflammatory chemokine expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors. Overall, we have identified a distinct AZI2-TBK1-IFN signaling pathway that is responsive to selective autophagy blockade and can be activated to make breast cancers more immunogenic.Abbreviations: AZI2/NAP1: 5-azacytidine induced 2; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; DDX3X: DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone; a protonophore that depolarizes the mitochondrial inner membrane; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; IFN: interferon; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Haas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kanakaraju Manupati
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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McCarty E, Yu J, Ninh VK, Calcagno DM, Lee J, King KR. Single cell transcriptomics of bone marrow derived macrophages reveals Ccl5 as a biomarker of direct IFNAR-independent responses to DNA sensing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199730. [PMID: 37275883 PMCID: PMC10232813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The type I interferon (IFN) response is an innate immune program that mediates anti-viral, anti-cancer, auto-immune, auto-inflammatory, and sterile injury responses. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) are commonly used to model macrophage type I IFN responses, but the use of bulk measurement techniques obscures underlying cellular heterogeneity. This is particularly important for the IFN response to immune stimulatory double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) because it elicits overlapping direct and indirect responses, the latter of which depend on type I IFN cytokines signaling via the IFN alpha receptor (IFNAR) to upregulate expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Single cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for revealing functional variability within cell populations. Methods Here, we use single cell RNA-Seq to examine BMDM heterogeneity at steady state and after immune-stimulatory DNA stimulation, with or without IFNAR-dependent amplification. Results We find that many macrophages express ISGs after DNA stimulation. We also find that a subset of macrophages express ISGs even if IFNAR is inhibited, suggesting that they are direct responders. Analysis of this subset reveals Ccl5 to be an IFNAR-independent marker gene of direct DNA sensing cells. Discussion Our studies provide a method for studying direct responders to IFN-inducing stimuli and demonstrate the importance of characterizing BMDM models of innate immune responses with single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McCarty
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Van K. Ninh
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David M. Calcagno
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jodi Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kevin R. King
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Stilp AC, Scherer M, König P, Fürstberger A, Kestler HA, Stamminger T. The chromatin remodeling protein ATRX positively regulates IRF3-dependent type I interferon production and interferon-induced gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010748. [PMID: 35939517 PMCID: PMC9387936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeling protein alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) is a component of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and thereby mediates intrinsic immunity against several viruses including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). As a consequence, viruses have evolved different mechanisms to antagonize ATRX, such as displacement from PML-NBs or degradation. Here, we show that depletion of ATRX results in an overall impaired antiviral state by decreasing transcription and subsequent secretion of type I IFNs, which is followed by reduced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ATRX interacts with the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and associates with the IFN-β promoter to facilitate transcription. Furthermore, whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that ATRX is required for efficient IFN-induced expression of a distinct set of ISGs. Mechanistically, we found that ATRX positively modulates chromatin accessibility specifically upon IFN signaling, thereby affecting promoter regions with recognition motifs for AP-1 family transcription factors. In summary, our study uncovers a novel co-activating function of the chromatin remodeling factor ATRX in innate immunity that regulates chromatin accessibility and subsequent transcription of interferons and ISGs. Consequently, ATRX antagonization by viral proteins and ATRX mutations in tumors represent important strategies to broadly compromise both intrinsic and innate immune responses. ATRX is a member of a family of chromatin remodeling proteins required for deposition of the histone variant H3.3 at specific genomic regions. This is important to maintain silencing at these sites. Furthermore, ATRX represents a component of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) which are considered as enigmatic nuclear protein accumulations exhibiting a tight link to cell-intrinsic restriction of viral infections. Previous studies demonstrated that many viruses target ATRX by either displacement or degradation. So far, it is believed that this serves to alleviate ATRX-instituted silencing of viral gene expression. Our results reveal a novel and unexpectedly broad function of ATRX as a co-activator of the innate immune response. We show that ATRX is required for both DNA and RNA sensing pathways to activate interferon (IFN) gene expression as well as for upregulation of a distinct set of interferon-stimulated genes. Assessment of chromatin accessibility detected that IFN acts as a switch to regulate the function of ATRX in heterochromatin remodeling. ATRX positively modulates chromatin accessibility specifically upon IFN signaling, thereby affecting promoter regions with recognition motifs for AP-1 family transcription factors. Loss of ATRX due to viral infection or due to tumor mutations may thus broadly compromise cellular innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Scherer
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick König
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Fürstberger
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Xu J, Wang P, Li Z, Li Z, Han D, Wen M, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Ma Y, Liu W, Jiang M, Zhang X, Cao X. IRF3-binding lncRNA-ISIR strengthens interferon production in viral infection and autoinflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109926. [PMID: 34731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is an essential transductor for initiation of many immune responses. Here, we show that lncRNA-ISIR directly binds IRF3 to promote its phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation, along with enhanced target gene productions. In vivo lncRNA-ISIR deficiency results in reduced IFN production, uncontrolled viral replication, and increased mortality. The human homolog, AK131315, also binds IRF3 and promotes its activation. More important, AK131315 expression is positively correlated with type I interferon (IFN-I) level and severity in patients with lupus. Mechanistically, in resting cells, IRF3 is bound to suppressor protein Flightless-1 (Fli-1), which keeps its inactive state. Upon infection, IFN-I-induced lncRNA-ISIR binds IRF3 at DNA-binding domain in cytoplasm and removes Fli-1's association from IRF3, consequently facilitating IRF3 activation. Our results demonstrate that IFN-I-inducible lncRNA-ISIR feedback strengthens IRF3 activation by removing suppressive Fli-1 in immune responses, revealing a method of lncRNA-mediated modulation of transcription factor (TF) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zemeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingyue Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qihang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Minghong Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
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7
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Blockade of Autocrine CCL5 Responses Inhibits Zika Virus Persistence and Spread in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0196221. [PMID: 34399621 PMCID: PMC8406327 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01962-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurovirulent flavivirus that uniquely causes fetal microcephaly, is sexually transmitted, and persists in patients for up to 6 months. ZIKV persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enables viral spread to neuronal compartments. We found that CCL5, a chemokine with prosurvival effects on immune cells, was highly secreted by ZIKV-infected hBMECs. Although roles for CCL5 in endothelial cell (EC) survival remain unknown, the presence of the CCL5 receptors CCR3 and CCR5 on ECs suggested that CCL5 could promote ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. We found that exogenous CCL5 induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in hBMECs and that ERK1/2 cell survival signaling was similarly activated by ZIKV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to CCL5, CCR3, or CCR5 inhibited persistent ZIKV infection of hBMECs. While knockout (KO) of CCL5 failed to prevent ZIKV infection of hBMECs, at 3 days postinfection (dpi), we observed a >90% reduction in ZIKV-infected CCL5-KO hBMECs and a multilog reduction in ZIKV titers. In contrast, the addition of CCL5 to CCL5-KO hBMECs dose-dependently rescued ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. Inhibiting CCL5 responses using CCR3 (UCB35625) and CCR5 (maraviroc) receptor antagonists reduced the number of ZIKV-infected hBMECs and ZIKV titers (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of 2.5 to 12 μM), without cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] of >80 μM). These findings demonstrate that ZIKV-induced CCL5 directs autocrine CCR3/CCR5 activation of ERK1/2 survival responses that are required for ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs. Our results establish roles for CCL5 in ZIKV persistence and suggest the potential for CCL5 receptor antagonists to therapeutically inhibit ZIKV spread and neurovirulence.
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8
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Thibaut R, Gage MC, Pineda-Torra I, Chabrier G, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Liver macrophages and inflammation in physiology and physiopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3024-3057. [PMID: 33860630 PMCID: PMC9290065 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, being a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and with important links to inflammation and insulin resistance. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from steatosis in the form of ectopic lipid storage, to inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Macrophages that populate the liver play important roles in maintaining liver homeostasis under normal physiology and in promoting inflammation and mediating fibrosis in the progression of NAFLD toward to NASH. Liver macrophages are a heterogenous group of innate immune cells, originating from the yolk sac or from circulating monocytes, that are required to maintain immune tolerance while being exposed portal and pancreatic blood flow rich in nutrients and hormones. Yet, liver macrophages retain a limited capacity to raise the alarm in response to danger signals. We now know that macrophages in the liver play both inflammatory and noninflammatory roles throughout the progression of NAFLD. Macrophage responses are mediated first at the level of cell surface receptors that integrate environmental stimuli, signals are transduced through multiple levels of regulation in the cell, and specific transcriptional programmes dictate effector functions. These effector functions play paramount roles in determining the course of disease in NAFLD and even more so in the progression towards NASH. The current review covers recent reports in the physiological and pathophysiological roles of liver macrophages in NAFLD. We emphasise the responses of liver macrophages to insulin resistance and the transcriptional machinery that dictates liver macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibaut
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Inès Pineda-Torra
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Gwladys Chabrier
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
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9
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Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:976-988. [PMID: 33558827 PMCID: PMC7859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, chemokines may be the direct cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome, a major complication leading to death in about 40% of severe cases. Several clinical investigations revealed that chemokines are directly involved in the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis to better understand the disease immunopathology which may aid in developing possible therapeutic targets for the infection.
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Key Words
- AECs, airway epithelial cells
- AP-1, Activator Protein 1
- ARDS
- ARDS, acute respiratory disease syndrome
- BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid
- CAP, community acquired pneumonia
- COVID-19
- CRS, cytokine releasing syndrome
- Chemokine Receptors
- Chemokines
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus
- IFN, interferon
- IMM, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages
- IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Immunity
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- RSV, rous sarcoma virus
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Zhu L, Yang H, Chao Y, Gu Y, Zhang J, Wang F, Yu W, Ye P, Chu P, Kong X, Chen S. Akt phosphorylation regulated by IKKε in response to low shear stress leads to endothelial inflammation via activating IRF3. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109900. [PMID: 33370582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low shear stress (LSS) plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and vascular inflammation. Previous studies have reported Akt phosphorylation induced by LSS. However, the mechanism and role of Akt activation remains unclear in LSS-induced endothelial dysfunction. In this study, our results demonstrated the increased phosphorylation of IKKε, TBK1 and Akt in HUVECs exposed to LSS. Furthermore, IKKε silencing using small interfering RNAs significantly reduced LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation. In contrast, silencing of TBK1 or inhibition of PI3K and mTORC2 had no effect on LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation. Notably, Akt inhibition markedly diminished LSS-induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1, as well as LSS-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, without affecting the activation of NF-κB and STAT1. Moreover, endothelial cell specific Akt overexpression mediated by adeno-associated virus markedly increased intimal ICAM-1 and IRF3 expression at LSS area of partially ligated carotid artery in mice. In brief, our findings suggest that LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation is positively regulated by IKKε and promotes IRF3 activation, leading to endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated People(')s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wande Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Sabnam S, Rizwan H, Pal S, Pal A. CEES-induced ROS accumulation regulates mitochondrial complications and inflammatory response in keratinocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 321:109031. [PMID: 32142722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is mainly produced as a by-product from electron transport chain (ETC) of mitochondria and effectively eliminated by cellular antioxidants. However, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) exposure to keratinocytes declined antioxidant capacity and increased accumulation of ROS triggered alteration of mitochondrial activity and apoptosis is lacking. Our findings demonstrated that the electron leakage from the impaired ETC, leading to the accumulation of ROS was gradually elevating with increasing concentration of CEES exposure, which decline the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), manganese SOD (MnSOD) and copper-zinc SOD (Cu-ZnSOD) in keratinocytes. Further, excess accumulation of ROS, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased the mitochondrial mass with increasing dose of CEES. CEES exposure provoked the decrease in expression of transcription factor A mitochondrial (TFAM), augmented mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and altered the mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits. Moreover, fragmented mtDNA translocated into cytosol, where it activated cGAS-STING and interferon regulatory factor3 (IRF3), coinciding with the increased expression of inflammatory mediators and alteration of cell-to-cell communication markers. Pre-treatment of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or L-Nω-nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME), hydralazine hydrochloride (Hyd·HCl) or ERK1/2 or phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt inhibitors in keratinocyte cells significantly restored the CEES effect. Our findings suggest that CEES-induced mitochondrial ROS production and accumulation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory response in keratinocytes. However, treatment of antioxidants or ERK1/2 or PI3-K/Akt inhibitors is a novel therapeutic option for the keratinocytes complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpa Sabnam
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Huma Rizwan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Sweta Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Arttatrana Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India; Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
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12
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Zhang Z, Wang D, Wang P, Zhao Y, You F. OTUD1 Negatively Regulates Type I IFN Induction by Disrupting Noncanonical Ubiquitination of IRF3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1904-1918. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Oral cancer-derived exosomal NAP1 enhances cytotoxicity of natural killer cells via the IRF-3 pathway. Oral Oncol 2019; 76:34-41. [PMID: 29290284 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of oral cancer-derived exosomes (OCEXs) on natural killer (NK) cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS OCEXs were isolated from the cell culture supernatant of oral cancer (OC) cells using ultrafiltration and affinity chromatography and were identified using electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and immunoblotting. The effects of OCEXs on NK cells were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy and several functional assays of NK cells. To explore the mechanism of their effects, antibody array, protein mass spectrometry and RNA interference were adopted. RESULTS The particles isolated from the OC cells were identified as exosomes with satisfactory morphology, concentration and purity. The OCEXs were internalized by NK cells and then promoted the biological functions of NK cells, including proliferation, release of perforin and granzyme M and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, OCEXs increased the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and its phosphorylation, which drove the expression of the type I interferon (IFN) gene and the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) genes, thereby promoting the functions of NK cells. In addition, NF-κB-activating kinase-associated protein 1 (NAP1), an upstream activator of IRF-3, was enriched in OCEXs, and treatment with OCEXs increased the expression of NAP1 in NK cells. Importantly, NAP1-depleted OCEXs obtained from OC cells had a dramatically weakened influence on NK cells. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of exosomal NAP1 derived from OC cells in enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells via the IRF-3 pathway.
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14
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Xu J, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Wang Q, Tian Z, Xuan L, Chen H, Wang Y. PP2A Facilitates Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Deactivating irf3 and Limiting Type I Interferon Production. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100948. [PMID: 31618847 PMCID: PMC6832233 DOI: 10.3390/v11100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine/threonine phosphatase in mammalian cells, is known to regulate the kinase-driven intracellular signaling pathways. Emerging evidences have shown that the PP2A phosphatase functions as a bona-fide therapeutic target for anticancer therapy, but it is unclear whether PP2A affects a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of PP2A activity by either inhibitor or small interfering RNA duplexes in target cells significantly reduced their susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Further analysis revealed that inhibition of PP2A function resulted in augmented production of type I interferon (IFN). The mechanism is that inhibition of PP2A activity enhances the levels of phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3, which activates the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes. Moreover, inhibition of PP2A activity mainly blocked PRRSV replication in the early stage of viral life cycle, after virus entry but before virus release. Using type I IFN receptor 2 specific siRNA in combination with PP2A inhibitor, we confirmed that the effect of PP2A on viral replication within target cells was an interferon-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PP2A serves as a negative regulator of host cells antiviral responses and provides a novel therapeutic target for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Junxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lv Xuan
- Department of public health policy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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15
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Luteijn RD, Zaver SA, Gowen BG, Wyman S, Garelis N, Onia L, McWhirter SM, Katibah GE, Corn JE, Woodward JJ, Raulet DH. SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides. Nature 2019; 573:434-438. [PMID: 31511694 PMCID: PMC6785039 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of DNA in the cytosol serves as a key immunostimulatory signal associated with infections, cancer and genomic damage1,2. Cytosolic DNA triggers immune responses by activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway3. The binding of DNA to cGAS activates its enzymatic activity, leading to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP)4-7. This cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) activates STING8, which in turn activates the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), promoting the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons and other cytokines and mediators that stimulate a broader immune response. Exogenous 2'3'-cGAMP produced by malignant cells9 and other CDNs, including those produced by bacteria10-12 and synthetic CDNs used in cancer immunotherapy13,14, must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. How these charged CDNs pass through the lipid bilayer is unknown. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPR-interference screen to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1, a folate-organic phosphate antiporter, as the major transporter of CDNs. Depleting SLC19A1 in human cells inhibits CDN uptake and functional responses, and overexpressing SLC19A1 increases both uptake and functional responses. In human cell lines and primary cells ex vivo, CDN uptake is inhibited by folates as well as two medications approved for treatment of inflammatory diseases, sulfasalazine and the antifolate methotrexate. The identification of SLC19A1 as the major transporter of CDNs into cells has implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer13, host responsiveness to CDN-producing pathogenic microorganisms11 and-potentially-for some inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger D. Luteijn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shivam A. Zaver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Gowen
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stacia Wyman
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nick Garelis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Liberty Onia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob E. Corn
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua J. Woodward
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David H. Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,correspondence: , tel: 510-642-9521
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16
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Lembo-Fazio L, Billod JM, Di Lorenzo F, Paciello I, Pallach M, Vaz-Francisco S, Holgado A, Beyaert R, Fresno M, Shimoyama A, Lanzetta R, Fukase K, Gully D, Giraud E, Martín-Santamaría S, Bernardini ML, Silipo A. Bradyrhizobium Lipid A: Immunological Properties and Molecular Basis of Its Binding to the Myeloid Differentiation Protein-2/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Complex. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1888. [PMID: 30154796 PMCID: PMC6102379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent activator of the innate immune response through the binding to the myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptor complexes. Although a variety of LPSs have been characterized so far, a detailed molecular description of the structure–activity relationship of the lipid A part has yet to be clarified. Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium strains, symbiont of Aeschynomene legumes, express distinctive LPSs bearing very long-chain fatty acids with a hopanoid moiety covalently linked to the lipid A region. Here, we investigated the immunological properties of LPSs isolated from Bradyrhizobium strains on both murine and human immune systems. We found that they exhibit a weak agonistic activity and, more interestingly, a potent inhibitory effect on MD-2/TLR4 activation exerted by toxic enterobacterial LPSs. By applying computational modeling techniques, we also furnished a plausible explanation for the Bradyrhizobium LPS inhibitory activity at atomic level, revealing that its uncommon lipid A chemical features could impair the proper formation of the receptorial complex, and/or has a destabilizing effect on the pre-assembled complex itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lembo-Fazio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Paciello
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mateusz Pallach
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Holgado
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Djamel Gully
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, TA-A82/J - Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, TA-A82/J - Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Lina Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Zheng Z, Yang J, Jiang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li M, Zhang M, Fu M, Hu K, Wang H, Luo MH, Gong P, Hu Q. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein NS5 Induces RANTES Expression Dependent on the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:53-68. [PMID: 29760190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the flaviviruses that targets the CNS and causes encephalitis in humans. The mechanism of TBEV that causes CNS destruction remains unclear. It has been reported that RANTES-mediated migration of human blood monocytes and T lymphocytes is specifically induced in the brain of mice infected with TBEV, which causes ensuing neuroinflammation and may contribute to brain destruction. However, the viral components responsible for RANTES induction and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully addressed. In this study, we demonstrate that the NS5, but not other viral proteins of TBEV, induces RANTES production in human glioblastoma cell lines and primary astrocytes. TBEV NS5 appears to activate the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling pathway in a manner dependent on RIG-I/MDA5, which leads to the nuclear translocation of IRF-3 to bind with RANTES promoter. Further studies reveal that the activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) but not the RNA cap methyltransferase is critical for TBEV NS5-induced RANTES expression, and this is likely due to RdRP-mediated synthesis of dsRNA. Additional data indicate that the residues at K359, D361, and D664 of TBEV NS5 are critical for RdRP activity and RANTES induction. Of note, NS5s from other flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, and dengue virus, can also induce RANTES expression, suggesting the significance of NS5-induced RANTES expression in flavivirus pathogenesis. Our findings provide a foundation for further understanding how flaviviruses cause neuroinflammation and a potential viral target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyu Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China; and
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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18
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Korneev KV, Kondakova AN, Sviriaeva EN, Mitkin NA, Palmigiano A, Kruglov AA, Telegin GB, Drutskaya MS, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Nedospasov SA, Knirel YA, Kuprash DV. Hypoacylated LPS from Foodborne Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni Induces Moderate TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:58. [PMID: 29535976 PMCID: PMC5835049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates immune response against Gram-negative bacteria upon specific recognition of lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of their cell wall. Some natural differences between LPS variants in their ability to interact with TLR4 may lead to either insufficient activation that may not prevent bacterial growth, or excessive activation which may lead to septic shock. In this study we evaluated the biological activity of LPS isolated from pathogenic strain of Campylobacter jejuni, the most widespread bacterial cause of foodborne diarrhea in humans. With the help of hydrophobic chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry we showed that LPS from a C. jejuni strain O2A consists of both hexaacyl and tetraacyl forms. Since such hypoacylation can result in a reduced immune response in humans, we assessed the activity of LPS from C. jejuni in mouse macrophages by measuring its capacity to activate TLR4-mediated proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, as well as NFκB-dependent reporter gene transcription. Our data support the hypothesis that LPS acylation correlates with its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N. Kondakova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Sviriaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Mitkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Angelo Palmigiano
- CNR Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrey A. Kruglov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgy B. Telegin
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina S. Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergei A. Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Extracts from Minke Whale ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Blubber. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3835851. [PMID: 29118465 PMCID: PMC5651123 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3835851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n3-PUFA) is commonly recognized to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD). In previous studies, cold-pressed whale oil (CWO) and cod liver oil (CLO) were given as a dietary supplement to healthy volunteers. Even though CWO contains less than half the amount of LC-n3-PUFA of CLO, CWO supplement resulted in beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory and CVD risk markers compared to CLO. In the present study, we prepared virtually lipid-free extracts from CWO and CLO and evaluated the antioxidative capacity (AOC) and anti-inflammatory effects. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to test the AOC, and the results indicated high levels of antioxidants present in all extracts. The anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were tested with lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated THP-1 cells, measuring its ability to reduce cytokine and chemokine secretion. Several CWO extracts displayed anti-inflammatory activity, and a butyl alcohol extract of CWO most effectively reduced TNF-α (50%, p < 0.05) and MCP-1 (85%, p < 0.001) secretion. This extract maintained a stable effect of reducing MCP-1 secretion (60%, p < 0.05) even after long-term storage. In conclusion, CWO has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may act in addition to its well-known LC-n3-PUFA effects.
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20
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Chistiakov DA, Myasoedova VA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. The impact of interferon-regulatory factors to macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 and M2. Immunobiology 2017; 223:101-111. [PMID: 29032836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytes control the body homeostasis through the involvement in resolving tissue injury and further wound healing. Indeed, local tissue microenvironmental changes can significantly influence the functional behavior of monocytes and macrophages. Such microenvironmental changes for example occur in an atherosclerotic plaque during all progression stages. In response to exogenous stimuli, macrophages show a great phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity. Exposure of monocytes to inflammatory or anti-inflammatory conditions also induces predominant differentiation to proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage subsets and phenotype switch between macrophage subsets. The phenotype transition is accompanied with great changes in the macrophage transcriptome and regulatory networks. Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) play a key role in hematopoietic development of monocytes, their differentiation to macrophages, and regulating macrophage maturation, phenotypic polarization, phenotypic switch, and function. Of 9 IRFs, at least 3 (IRF-1, IRF-5, and IRF-8) are involved in the commitment of proinflammatory M1 whereas IRF-3 and IRF-4 control M2 polarization. The role of IRF-2 is context-dependent. The IRF impact on macrophage phenotype plasticity and heterogeneity is complex and involves activating and repressive function in triggering transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Revin
- Biological Faculty, N.P. Ogaryov Mordovian State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
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Hsu MC, Liu SH, Wang CW, Hu NY, Wu ES, Shih YC, Chiu PJ. JKB-122 is effective, alone or in combination with prednisolone in Con A-induced hepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kumthip K, Yang D, Li NL, Zhang Y, Fan M, Sethuraman A, Li K. Pivotal role for the ESCRT-II complex subunit EAP30/SNF8 in IRF3-dependent innate antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006713. [PMID: 29084253 PMCID: PMC5679654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor-3 (IRF3), characterized by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the latent transcription factor, is central to initiating innate antiviral responses. Whereas much has been learned about the upstream pathways and signaling mechanisms leading to IRF3 activation, how activated IRF3 operates in the nucleus to control transcription of IFNs remains obscure. Here we identify EAP30 (a.k.a, SNF8/VPS22), an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-II subunit, as an essential factor controlling IRF3-dependent antiviral defense. Depletion of EAP30, but not other ESCRT-II subunits, compromised IRF3-dependent induction of type I and III IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and chemokines by double-stranded RNA or viruses. EAP30, however, was dispensable for the induction of inflammatory mediators of strict NF-κB target. Significantly, knockdown of EAP30 also impaired the establishment of an antiviral state against vesicular stomatitis virus and hepatitis C virus, which are of distinct viral families. Mechanistically, EAP30 was not required for IRF3 activation but rather acted at a downstream step. Specifically, a fraction of EAP30 localized within the nucleus, where it formed a complex with IRF3 and its transcriptional co-activator, CREB-binding protein (CBP), in a virus-inducible manner. These interactions promoted IRF3 binding to target gene promoters such as IFN-β, IFN-λ1 and ISG56. Together, our data describe an unappreciated role for EAP30 in IRF3-dependent innate antiviral response in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Darong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan L. Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aarti Sethuraman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Induces Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Microglia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8292-8308. [PMID: 28747383 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0725-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke)-induced injury and recovery. Several lines of evidence support a central role for microglia in these processes. Recent work has identified Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in both ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection. To determine the effects of "ischemia/reperfusion-like" conditions on microglia, we performed genomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and TLR4-/- cultured microglia after sequential exposure to hypoxia/hypoglycemia and normoxia/normoglycemia (H/H-N/N). We observed increased expression of type 1 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant transcriptomal feature of H/H-N/N-exposed WT, but not TLR4-/-, microglia. Microarray analysis on ex vivo sorted microglia from ipsilateral male mouse cortex after a transient in vivo ischemic pulse also demonstrated robust expression of ISGs. Type 1 IFNs, including the IFN-αs and IFN-β, activate the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) complex. We confirmed both in vitro H/H-N/N- and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial ISG responses by quantitative real-time PCR and demonstrated that both were dependent on IFNAR1. We characterized the effects of hypoxia/hypoglycemia on phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), release of type 1 IFNs, and surface expression of IFNAR1 in microglia. We demonstrated that IFN-β induces dose-dependent secretion of ISG chemokines in cultured microglia and robust ISG expression in microglia both in vitro and in vivo Finally, we demonstrated that the microglial ISG chemokine responses to TLR4 agonists were dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR1. Together, these data suggest novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced pathways for both TLR4-dependent and -independent, IFNAR1-dependent, type 1 IFN signaling in microglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of serious long-term disability worldwide. Innate immune responses are critical in stroke pathophysiology, and microglia are key cellular effectors in the CNS response to ischemia/reperfusion. Using a transcriptional analysis approach, we identified a robust interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene response within microglia exposed to ischemia/reperfusion in both in vitro and in vivo experimental paradigms. Using a number of complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that these responses are dependent on innate immune signaling components including Toll-like receptor-4 and type I IFNs. We have also elucidated several novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial signaling mechanisms.
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Bugge M, Bergstrom B, Eide OK, Solli H, Kjønstad IF, Stenvik J, Espevik T, Nilsen NJ. Surface Toll-like receptor 3 expression in metastatic intestinal epithelial cells induces inflammatory cytokine production and promotes invasiveness. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15408-15425. [PMID: 28717003 PMCID: PMC5602399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors for sensing microbial molecules and damage-associated molecular patterns released from host cells. Double-stranded RNA and the synthetic analog polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) bind and activate TLR3. This stimulation leads to recruitment of the adaptor molecule TRIF (Toll/IL-1 resistance (TIR) domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β) and activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), classically inducing IFNβ production. Here we report that, unlike non-metastatic intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), metastatic IECs express TLR3 and that TLR3 promotes invasiveness of these cells. In response to poly(I:C) addition, the metastatic IECs also induced the chemokine CXCL10 in a TLR3-, TRIF-, and IRF3-dependent manner but failed to produce IFNβ. This was in contrast to healthy and non-metastatic IECs, which did not respond to poly(I:C) stimulation. Endolysosomal acidification and the endosomal transporter protein UNC93B1 was required for poly(I:C)-induced CXCL10 production. However, TLR3-induced CXCL10 was triggered by immobilized poly(I:C), was only modestly affected by inhibition of endocytosis, and could be blocked with an anti-TLR3 antibody, indicating that TLR3 can still signal from the cell surface of these cells. Furthermore, plasma membrane fractions from metastatic IECs contained both full-length and cleaved TLR3, demonstrating surface expression of both forms of TLR3. Our results imply that metastatic IECs express surface TLR3, allowing it to sense extracellular stimuli that trigger chemokine responses and promote invasiveness in these cells. We conclude that altered TLR3 expression and localization may have implications for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Bugge
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and.,the Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarte Bergstrom
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Oda K Eide
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Helene Solli
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Ingrid F Kjønstad
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Terje Espevik
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and
| | - Nadra J Nilsen
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway and .,the Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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25
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Liu H, Cheng WL, Jiang X, Wang PX, Fang C, Zhu XY, Huang Z, She ZG, Li H. Ablation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2017; 69:510-520. [PMID: 28115514 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells, as well as the subsequent infiltration of macrophages, determines the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) is required for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and for endothelial cell proliferation. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of IRF3 on atherogenesis remain unknown. Our results demonstrated a moderate-to-strong immunoreactivity effect associated with IRF3 in the endothelium and macrophages of the atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary heart disease and in hyperlipidemic mice. IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice showed significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesions in the whole aorta, aortic sinus, and brachiocephalic arteries. The bone marrow transplantation further suggested that the amelioration of atherosclerosis might be attributed to the effects of IRF3 deficiency mainly in endothelial cells, as well as in macrophages. The enhanced stability of atherosclerotic plaques in IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice was characterized by the reduction of necrotic core size, macrophage infiltration, and lipids, which was accompanied by increased collagen and smooth muscle cell content. Furthermore, multiple proinflammatory cytokines showed a marked decrease in IRF3-/-ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistically, IRF3 deficiency suppresses the secretion of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and the expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) by directly binding to the ICAM-1 promoter, which subsequently attenuates macrophage infiltration. Thus, our study suggests that IRF3 might be a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Wen-Lin Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Chun Fang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Zan Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li); and The Institute of Model Animals (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Collaborative Innovation Center of Model Animal (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), Cardiovascular Research Institute (H. Liu, W.-L.C., X.J., P.-X.W., C.F., X.-Y.Z., Z.-G.S., H. Li), and College of Life Science (Z.H.), Wuhan University, China.
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Manghera M, Magnusson A, Douville RN. The sense behind retroviral anti-sense transcription. Virol J 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28088235 PMCID: PMC5237517 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are known to rely extensively on the expression of viral proteins from the sense proviral genomic strand. Yet, the production of regulatory retroviral proteins from antisense-encoded viral genes is gaining research attention, due to their clinical significance. This report will discuss what is known about antisense transcription in Retroviridae, and provide new information about antisense transcriptional regulation through a comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-1) and endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) long terminal repeats (LTRs). We will attempt to demonstrate that the potential for antisense transcription is more widespread within retroviruses than has been previously appreciated, with this feature being the rule, rather than the exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamneet Manghera
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alycia Magnusson
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Renée N Douville
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Athari SS, Athari SM, Beyzay F, Movassaghi M, Mortaz E, Taghavi M. Critical role of Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:21-27. [PMID: 27894811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an airway disease, characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation of the airway, and thickness of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. Asthma is orchestrated by an excessive Th2-adaptive immune response, in which innate immunity plays a key role. Recently TLRs have received more and more attention as they are central to orchestrate the innate immune responses. TLRs are localized as integral membrane or intracellular glycoproteins with those on the cell surface sensing microbial antigens and the ones, localized in intracellular vesicles, sensing microbial nucleic acid species. Having recognized microbial antigens, TLRs conduct the immune response towards a pro- or anti-allergy response. As a double-edged sword, they could initiate either harmful or helpful responses by the immune system in case of allergic asthma. In the current review, we will describe the role of TLRs and their signaling pathways in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Health policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Beyzay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Taghavi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis-triggered Hippo pathway orchestrates CXCL1/2 expression to modulate host immune responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37695. [PMID: 27883091 PMCID: PMC5121601 DOI: 10.1038/srep37695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis encompasses a plethora of finely regulated alterations within the host which eventually coin the outcome of infection. Chemokines are important components in directing immune cell recruitment to the site of infection, and shaping the disease progression. Here, we demonstrate that Hippo (mammalian sterile 20-like 1 and 2 kinases, MST1/2, in mammals), is activated during mycobacterial infection in a toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-interleukin receptor-1 associated kinases (IRAK1/4)-dependent manner. Mtb-triggered Hippo signaling modulates the expression and secretion of chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2); as silencing MST1/2 compromised the ability of Mtb to furnish the same. Further insight into the mechanism of Hippo-mediated regulation of chemokines revealed the role for a non-canonical Hippo effector interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) 3 in the process and marked the effect to be independent of LATS1. Alongside their ability to guide directed recruitment of immune cells, we have uncovered a paracrine role for Hippo-mediated secretion of CXCL1 and CXCL2 in the production of anti-microbial peptides (beta-defensins), iNOS, NOX2 and pro-inflammatory molecules during mycobacterial infection of the host. This study highlights the involvement of TLR2-IRAK1/4-MST1/2-IRF3 axis in Mtb-triggered modulation of chemokines and identifies Hippo signaling as a novel regulator of host-mycobacterial interactions.
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Chen Y, Deng X, Deng J, Zhou J, Ren Y, Liu S, Prusak DJ, Wood TG, Bao X. Functional motifs responsible for human metapneumovirus M2-2-mediated innate immune evasion. Virology 2016; 499:361-368. [PMID: 27743962 PMCID: PMC5102771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of lower respiratory infection in young children. Repeated infections occur throughout life, but its immune evasion mechanisms are largely unknown. We recently found that hMPV M2-2 protein elicits immune evasion by targeting mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), an antiviral signaling molecule. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such inhibition are not known. Our mutagenesis studies revealed that PDZ-binding motifs, 29-DEMI-32 and 39-KEALSDGI-46, located in an immune inhibitory region of M2-2, are responsible for M2-2-mediated immune evasion. We also found both motifs prevent TRAF5 and TRAF6, the MAVS downstream adaptors, to be recruited to MAVS, while the motif 39-KEALSDGI-46 also blocks TRAF3 migrating to MAVS. In parallel, these TRAFs are important in activating transcription factors NF-kB and/or IRF-3 by hMPV. Our findings collectively demonstrate that M2-2 uses its PDZ motifs to launch the hMPV immune evasion through blocking the interaction of MAVS and its downstream TRAFs. This manuscript describes a molecular mechanism underlying the immune evasion of hMPV. Results create the design basis for safer and more effective hMPV vaccines/therapeutic molecules. We demonstrate the contribution of TRAFs in antiviral responses to hMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Junfang Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shengxuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Deborah J Prusak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; The Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; The Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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Hirai-Yuki A, Hensley L, McGivern DR, González-López O, Das A, Feng H, Sun L, Wilson JE, Hu F, Feng Z, Lovell W, Misumi I, Ting JPY, Montgomery S, Cullen J, Whitmire JK, Lemon SM. MAVS-dependent host species range and pathogenicity of human hepatitis A virus. Science 2016; 353:1541-1545. [PMID: 27633528 PMCID: PMC5068972 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotropic viruses are important causes of human disease, but the intrahepatic immune response to hepatitis viruses is poorly understood because of a lack of tractable small- animal models. We describe a murine model of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection that recapitulates critical features of type A hepatitis in humans. We demonstrate that the capacity of HAV to evade MAVS-mediated type I interferon responses defines its host species range. HAV-induced liver injury was associated with interferon-independent intrinsic hepatocellular apoptosis and hepatic inflammation that unexpectedly resulted from MAVS and IRF3/7 signaling. This murine model thus reveals a previously undefined link between innate immune responses to virus infection and acute liver injury, providing a new paradigm for viral pathogenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Lucinda Hensley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - David R McGivern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Anshuman Das
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - William Lovell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - John Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
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Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Shu B, Mao P, Bai B, Hu Q, Luo M, Ma X, Cui Z, Wang H. Tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine RANTES expression via activation of IRF-3 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:209. [PMID: 27576490 PMCID: PMC5004318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (CNS) and causes encephalitides in humans. Although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in TBEV-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. Methods BALB/c mice were intracerebrally injected with TBEV, followed by evaluation of chemokine and cytokine profiles using protein array analysis. The virus-infected mice were treated with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES or anti-RANTES mAb to determine the role of RANTES in affecting TBEV-induced neurological disease. The underlying signaling mechanisms were delineated using RANTES promoter luciferase reporter assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in human brain-derived cell culture models. Results In a mouse model, pathological features including marked inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in brain sections, which correlated with a robust up-regulation of RANTES within the brain but not in peripheral tissues and sera. Antagonizing RANTES within CNS extended the survival of mice and reduced accumulation of infiltrating cells in the brain after TBEV infection. Through in vitro studies, we show that virus infection up-regulated RANTES production at both mRNA and protein levels in human brain-derived cell lines and primary progenitor-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, IRF-3 pathway appeared to be essential for TBEV-induced RANTES production. Site mutation of an IRF-3-binding motif abrogated the RANTES promoter activity in virus-infected brain cells. Moreover, IRF-3 was activated upon TBEV infection as evidenced by phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3, while blockade of IRF-3 activation drastically reduced virus-induced RANTES expression. Conclusions Our findings together provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RANTES production induced by TBEV, highlighting its potential importance in the process of neuroinflammatory responses to TBEV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Zhou M, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhu J, Du M, Zhou L, Zhang L, Wang W, Sun G. PTEN-Foxo1 signaling triggers HMGB1-mediated innate immune responses in acute lung injury. Immunol Res 2016; 62:95-105. [PMID: 25759027 PMCID: PMC4424276 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a multifunctional phosphatase that regulates immune responses through a PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. HMGB1 plays an important role in the initiation of innate immune responses to induce acute lung injury (ALI). This study was designed to investigate the role of PTEN/Foxo1 signaling in the regulation of in vivo and in vitro innate immune responses in ALI. Using a mouse model of ALI, wild-type (WT) and myeloid-specific PTEN knockout (PTEN(M-KO)) mice were instilled with a recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) or PBS. In some experiments, Foxo1 siRNA or non-specific siRNA was injected into mice 6 h prior to rHMGB1 instillation into lung. We found that rHMGB1 treatment in WT mice increased the expression of PTEN, Foxo1, TLR4, and NF-κB in alveolar macrophages from WT mice. However, macrophage-specific PTEN ablation resulted in reduced Foxo1 and TLR4 while increasing β-catenin (Ser552) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation in these cells. Knockdown of Foxo1 with siRNA administration in WT mice ameliorated lung injury and inhibited myeloperoxidase activity followed by rHMGB1 treatment, which was accompanied by decreased mRNA expression coding for TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP2, and IP-10. Moreover, Foxo1 knockdown inhibited the expression of TLR4-dependent IRF3 and IFN-β both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that PTEN/Foxo1 signaling is critical for triggering HMGB1-mediated innate TLR4 activation during ALI. By identifying the molecular signaling pathways within innate immune system, our studies provide the potential therapeutic targets for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, JiXi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Cheng XY, He S, Liang XF, Song Y, Yuan XC, Li L, Wen ZY, Cai WJ, Tao YX. Molecular cloning, expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi ). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 189:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Gu GJ, Ahn SI, Kim JS, Hong CY, Lee SC, Chang YT, Choi TH, Kim BS, Youn HS. Suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptor by CDr10b in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Role of hydrogen sulfide in paramyxovirus infections. J Virol 2015; 89:5557-68. [PMID: 25740991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00264-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator that has gained increasing recognition as an important player in modulating acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its role in virus-induced lung inflammation is currently unknown. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children for which no vaccine or effective treatment is available. Using the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY4137 and propargylglycin (PAG), an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), a key enzyme that produces intracellular H2S, we found that RSV infection led to a reduced ability to generate and maintain intracellular H2S levels in airway epithelial cells (AECs). Inhibition of CSE with PAG resulted in increased viral replication and chemokine secretion. On the other hand, treatment of AECs with the H2S donor GYY4137 reduced proinflammatory mediator production and significantly reduced viral replication, even when administered several hours after viral absorption. GYY4137 also significantly reduced replication and inflammatory chemokine production induced by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Nipah virus (NiV), suggesting a broad inhibitory effect of H2S on paramyxovirus infections. GYY4137 treatment had no effect on RSV genome replication or viral mRNA and protein synthesis, but it inhibited syncytium formation and virus assembly/release. GYY4137 inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression occurred by modulation of the activation of the key transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) at a step subsequent to their nuclear translocation. H2S antiviral and immunoregulatory properties could represent a novel treatment strategy for paramyxovirus infections. IMPORTANCE RSV is a global health concern, causing significant morbidity and economic losses as well as mortality in developing countries. After decades of intensive research, no vaccine or effective treatment, with the exception of immunoprophylaxis, is available for this infection as well as for other important respiratory mucosal viruses. This study identifies hydrogen sulfide as a novel cellular mediator that can modulate viral replication and proinflammatory gene expression, both important determinants of lung injury in respiratory viral infections, with potential for rapid translation of such findings into novel therapeutic approaches for viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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Nilsen NJ, Vladimer GI, Stenvik J, Orning MPA, Zeid-Kilani MV, Bugge M, Bergstroem B, Conlon J, Husebye H, Hise AG, Fitzgerald KA, Espevik T, Lien E. A role for the adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF in toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3209-22. [PMID: 25505250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in sensing invading microbes by host innate immunity. TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins/lipopeptides, and lipopolysaccharide activates TLR4. TLR2 and TLR4 signal via the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor adaptors MyD88 and MAL, leading to NF-κB activation. TLR4 also utilizes the adaptors TRAM and TRIF, resulting in activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3. Here, we report a new role for TRAM and TRIF in TLR2 regulation and signaling. Interestingly, we observed that TLR2-mediated induction of the chemokine Ccl5 was impaired in TRAM or TRIF deficient macrophages. Inhibition of endocytosis reduced Ccl5 release, and the data also suggested that TRAM and TLR2 co-localize in early endosomes, supporting the hypothesis that signaling may occur from an intracellular compartment. Ccl5 release following lipoprotein challenge additionally involved the kinase Tbk-1 and Irf3, as well as MyD88 and Irf1. Induction of Interferon-β and Ccl4 by lipoproteins was also partially impaired in cells lacking TRIF cells. Our results show a novel function of TRAM and TRIF in TLR2-mediated signal transduction, and the findings broaden our understanding of how Toll/interleukin-1 receptor adaptor proteins may participate in signaling downstream from TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra J Nilsen
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and the KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway,
| | - Gregory I Vladimer
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - M Pontus A Orning
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and
| | - Maria V Zeid-Kilani
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Marit Bugge
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Bjarte Bergstroem
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Joseph Conlon
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and
| | - Harald Husebye
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Amy G Hise
- the Center for Global Health and Diseases and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and
| | - Terje Espevik
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and the KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- From the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and
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Functional transcriptome analysis of the postnatal brain of the Ts1Cje mouse model for Down syndrome reveals global disruption of interferon-related molecular networks. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:624. [PMID: 25052193 PMCID: PMC4124147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ts1Cje mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) has partial triplication of mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16), which is partially homologous to human chromosome 21. These mice develop various neuropathological features identified in DS individuals. We analysed the effect of partial triplication of the MMU16 segment on global gene expression in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of Ts1Cje mice at 4 time-points: postnatal day (P)1, P15, P30 and P84. Results Gene expression profiling identified a total of 317 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), selected from various spatiotemporal comparisons, between Ts1Cje and disomic mice. A total of 201 DEGs were identified from the cerebellum, 129 from the hippocampus and 40 from the cerebral cortex. Of these, only 18 DEGs were identified as common to all three brain regions and 15 were located in the triplicated segment. We validated 8 selected DEGs from the cerebral cortex (Brwd1, Donson, Erdr1, Ifnar1, Itgb8, Itsn1, Mrps6 and Tmem50b), 18 DEGs from the cerebellum (Atp5o, Brwd1, Donson, Dopey2, Erdr1, Hmgn1, Ifnar1, Ifnar2, Ifngr2, Itgb8, Itsn1, Mrps6, Paxbp1, Son, Stat1, Tbata, Tmem50b and Wrb) and 11 DEGs from the hippocampus (Atp5o, Brwd1, Cbr1, Donson, Erdr1, Itgb8, Itsn1, Morc3, Son, Tmem50b and Wrb). Functional clustering analysis of the 317 DEGs identified interferon-related signal transduction as the most significantly dysregulated pathway in Ts1Cje postnatal brain development. RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis showed both Ifnar1 and Stat1 were over-expressed in P84 Ts1Cje cerebral cortex and cerebellum as compared to wild type littermates. Conclusions These findings suggest over-expression of interferon receptor may lead to over-stimulation of Jak-Stat signaling pathway which may contribute to the neuropathology in Ts1Cje or DS brain. The role of interferon mediated activation or inhibition of signal transduction including Jak-Stat signaling pathway has been well characterized in various biological processes and disease models including DS but information pertaining to the role of this pathway in the development and function of the Ts1Cje or DS brain remains scarce and warrants further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-624) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kwa MQ, Nguyen T, Huynh J, Ramnath D, De Nardo D, Lam PY, Reynolds EC, Hamilton JA, Sweet MJ, Scholz GM. Interferon regulatory factor 6 differentially regulates Toll-like receptor 2-dependent chemokine gene expression in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19758-68. [PMID: 24872416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.584540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal and mucosal epithelial cells are integral to host defense. They not only act as a physical barrier but also utilize pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), to detect and respond to pathogens. Members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors are key components of TLR signaling as they impart specificity to downstream responses. Although IRF6 is a critical regulator of epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, its role in TLR signaling has not previously been addressed. We show here that IRF6 is activated by IRAK1 as well as by MyD88 but not by TRIF or TBK1. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further demonstrated that IRF6 can interact with IRAK1. Gene silencing in epithelial cells along with gene promoter reporter assays showed that IRAK1 mediates TLR2-inducible CCL5 gene expression at least in part by promoting IRF6 activation. Conversely, IRAK1 regulated CXCL8 gene expression independently of IRF6, thus identifying a molecular mechanism by which TLR2 signaling differentially regulates the expression of specific chemokines in epithelial cells. Bioinformatics analysis and mutagenesis-based experiments identified Ser-413 and Ser-424 as key regulatory sites in IRF6. Phosphomimetic mutation of these residues resulted in greatly enhanced IRF6 dimerization and trans-activator function. Collectively, our findings suggest that, in addition to its importance for epithelial barrier function, IRF6 also contributes to host defense by providing specificity to the regulation of inflammatory chemokine expression by TLR2 in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qi Kwa
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Divya Ramnath
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Pui Yeng Lam
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Glen M Scholz
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
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Human osteoarthritic cartilage shows reduced in vivo expression of IL-4, a chondroprotective cytokine that differentially modulates IL-1β-stimulated production of chemokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96925. [PMID: 24819779 PMCID: PMC4018406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis (OA), an inflammatory environment is responsible for the imbalance between the anabolic and catabolic activity of chondrocytes and, thus, for articular cartilage derangement. This study was aimed at providing further insight into the impairment of the anabolic cytokine IL-4 and its receptors in human OA cartilage, as well as the potential ability of IL-4 to antagonize the catabolic phenotype induced by IL-1β. Methodology/Principal Findings The in vivo expression of IL-4 and IL-4 receptor subunits (IL-4R, IL-2Rγ, IL-13Rα1) was investigated on full thickness OA or normal knee cartilage. IL-4 expression was found to be significantly lower in OA, both in terms of the percentage of positive cells and the amount of signal per cell. IL-4 receptor type I and II were mostly expressed in mid-deep cartilage layers. No significant difference for each IL-4 receptor subunit was noted. IL-4 anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic activity was assessed in vitro in the presence of IL-1β and/or IL-4 for 24 hours using differentiated high density primary OA chondrocyte also exhibiting the three IL-4 R subunits found in vivo. Chemokines, extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and their inhibitors were evaluated at mRNA (real time PCR) and protein (ELISA or western blot) levels. IL-4 did not affect IL-1β-induced mRNA expression of GRO-α/CXCL1, IL-8/CXCL8, ADAMTS-5, TIMP-1 or TIMP-3. Conversely, IL-4 significantly inhibited RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4. These results were confirmed at protein level for RANTES/CCL5 and MMP-13. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate for the first time that OA cartilage has a significantly lower expression of IL-4. Furthermore, we found differences in the spectrum of biological effects of IL-4. The findings that IL-4 has the ability to hamper the IL-1β-induced release of both MMP-13 and CCL5/RANTES, both markers of OA chondrocytes, strongly indicates IL-4 as a pivotal anabolic cytokine in cartilage whose impairment impacts on OA pathogenesis.
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Gu GJ, Ahn SI, Lim SJ, Paek JH, Kim S, Lim SS, Youn HS. Eupatorium japonicum extract regulates inflammation through suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of toll-like receptors. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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41
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Harikumar KB, Yester JW, Surace MJ, Oyeniran C, Price MM, Huang WC, Hait NC, Allegood JC, Yamada A, Kong X, Lazear HM, Bhardwaj R, Takabe K, Diamond MS, Luo C, Milstien S, Spiegel S, Kordula T. K63-linked polyubiquitination of transcription factor IRF1 is essential for IL-1-induced production of chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:231-8. [PMID: 24464131 PMCID: PMC3976678 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces expression of the transcription factor IRF1 (interferon-regulatory factor 1), the roles of IRF1 in immune and inflammatory responses and mechanisms of its activation remain elusive. Here we found that IRF1 was essential for IL-1-induced expression of the chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5, which recruit mononuclear cells into sites of sterile inflammation. Newly synthesized IRF1 acquired Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination mediated by the apoptosis inhibitor cIAP2 that was enhanced by the bioactive lipid S1P. In response to IL-1, cIAP2 and the sphingosine kinase SphK1 (the enzyme that generates S1P) formed a complex with IRF1, which led to its activation. Thus, IL-1 triggered a hitherto unknown signaling cascade that controlled the induction of IRF1-dependent genes that encode molecules important for sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuzhuvelil B. Harikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jessie W. Yester
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Michael J. Surace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Clement Oyeniran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Megan M. Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Wei-Ching Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nitai C. Hait
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Surgery, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reetika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Surgery, and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Rustagi A, Gale M. Innate antiviral immune signaling, viral evasion and modulation by HIV-1. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1161-77. [PMID: 24326250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular innate antiviral response in human cells is an essential component of immunity against virus infection. As obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses must evade the actions of the host cell's innate immune response in order to replicate and persist. Innate immunity is induced when pathogen recognition receptors of the host cell sense viral products including nucleic acid as "non-self". This process induces downstream signaling through adaptor proteins to activate latent transcription factors that drive the expression of genes encoding antiviral and immune modulatory effector proteins that restrict virus replication and regulate adaptive immunity. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors that play major roles in innate immunity. In particular, IRF3 is activated in response to infection by a range of viruses including RNA viruses, DNA viruses and retroviruses. Among these viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a major global health problem mediating chronic infection in millions of people wherein recent studies show that viral persistence is linked with the ability of the virus to dysregulate and evade the innate immune response. In this review, we discuss viral pathogen sensing, innate immune signaling pathways and effectors that respond to viral infection, the role of IRF3 in these processes and how it is regulated by pathogenic viruses. We present a contemporary overview of the interplay between HIV-1 and innate immunity, with a focus on understanding how innate immune control impacts infection outcome and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rustagi
- Departments of Immunology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-8059, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Departments of Immunology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-8059, USA.
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Van Acker T, Eyckerman S, Vande Walle L, Gerlo S, Goethals M, Lamkanfi M, Bovijn C, Tavernier J, Peelman F. The small GTPase Arf6 is essential for the Tram/Trif pathway in TLR4 signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1364-76. [PMID: 24297182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) at the plasma membrane triggers NF-κB activation through recruitment of the adaptor proteins Mal and MyD88. Endocytosis of the activated TLR4 allows recruitment of the adaptors Tram and Trif, leading to activation of the transcription factor IRF3 and interferon production. The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) was shown to regulate the plasma membrane association of Mal. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of Arf6 also markedly reduced LPS-induced cytokine production in Mal(-/-) mouse macrophages. In this article, we focus on a novel role for Arf6 in the MyD88-independent TLR4 pathway. MyD88-independent IRF3 activation and IRF3-dependent gene transcription were strictly dependent on Arf6. Arf6 was involved in transport of Tram to the endocytic recycling compartment and internalization of LPS, possibly explaining its requirement for LPS-induced IRF3 activation. Together, these results show a critical role for Arf6 in regulating Tram/Trif-dependent TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Acker
- From the Department of Medical Protein Research, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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Interferon-regulatory factors determine macrophage phenotype polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:731023. [PMID: 24379524 PMCID: PMC3863528 DOI: 10.1155/2013/731023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system regulates tissue homeostasis as well as all phases of tissue injury and repair. To do so changing tissue environments alter the phenotype of tissue macrophages to assure their support for sustaining and amplifying their respective surrounding environment. Interferon-regulatory factors are intracellular signaling elements that determine the maturation and gene transcription of leukocytes. Here we discuss how several among the 9 interferon-regulatory factors contribute to macrophage polarization.
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45
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Shin HJ, Youn HS. TBK1-targeted suppression of TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors by helenalin. Life Sci 2013; 93:847-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Nousiainen L, Sillanpää M, Jiang M, Thompson J, Taipale J, Julkunen I. Human kinome analysis reveals novel kinases contributing to virus infection and retinoic-acid inducible gene I-induced type I and type III IFN gene expression. Innate Immun 2013; 19:516-30. [PMID: 23405030 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912473345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of host innate antiviral responses are mediated by retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9, recognising different types of viral nucleic acids. The major components of the RIG-I- and TLR pathways have putatively been identified, but previously unrecognised kinases may contribute to virus infection-induced activation of the IFN response. Here, we screened a human kinase cDNA library, termed the kinome, using an IFN-λ1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay in HEK293 cells during Sendai virus infection. Of the 568 kinases analysed, nearly 50 enhanced IFN-λ1 gene expression at least twofold in response to Sendai virus infection. The best activators were FYN (FYN oncogene related to SRC, FGR, YES), serine/threonine kinase 24, activin A receptor type 1 and SRPK1 (SFRS protein kinase 1). These kinases enhanced RIG-I-dependent IFN-λ1 promoter activation via IFN-stimulated response and NF-κB elements, as confirmed using mutant IFN-λ1 promoter constructs. FYN and SRPK1 enhanced IFN-λ1 and CXCL10 protein production via the RIG-I pathway, and stimulated RIG-I and MyD88-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 and IRF7 transcription factors, respectively. We conclude that several previously unrecognised kinases, particularly FYN and SRPK1, positively regulate IFN-λ1 and similarly regulated cytokine and chemokine genes during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nousiainen
- 1Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Ovalbumin induces nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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48
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Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Huang N, Gibson FC. Inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis partially requires interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3. Innate Immun 2013; 20:312-9. [PMID: 23803413 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913492180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation with expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α is a hallmark of the chronic inflammation associated with periodontal disease (PD). Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium associated with PD, engages TLRs and activates MyD88-dependent and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathways. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 is activated in a TRIF-dependent manner and participates in production of cytokines such as TNF-α; however, little is known regarding IRF3 and the host response to PD pathogens. We speculated that IRF3 participates in the host inflammatory response to P. gingivalis. Our results show that bone marrow macrophages (MØ) from WT mice respond to P. gingivalis with activation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Compared with WT, MØ from IRF3(-/-), TRIF(-/-), and TLR4(-/-) mice responded with reduced levels of TNF-α on P. gingivalis challenge. In addition, full expression of IL-6 and RANTES by MØ to P. gingivalis was dependent on IRF3. Lastly, employing MØ from IRF3(-/-) and IRF7(-/-) mice we observed a significant role for IRF3 and a modest role for IRF7 in the P. gingivalis-elicited TNF-α response. These studies identify a role for IRF3 in the inflammatory response by MØ to the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis.
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Guo R, Li Y, Ning J, Sun D, Lin L, Liu X. HnRNP A1/A2 and SF2/ASF regulate alternative splicing of interferon regulatory factor-3 and affect immunomodulatory functions in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62729. [PMID: 23658645 PMCID: PMC3639176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoparticule A1/A2 (hnRNP A1/A2) and splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor (SF2/ASF) are pivotal for precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) plays critical roles in host defense against viral and microbial infection. Truncated IRF-3 proteins resulting from alternative splicing have been identified and characterized as functional antagonists to full-length IRF-3. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism for splicing regulation of IRF-3 pre-mRNA and first reported the regulatory effect of hnRNP A1/A2 and SF2/ASF on IRF-3 splicing and activation. RNA interference-mediated depletion of hnRNP A1/A2 or SF2/ASF in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells increased exclusion of exons 2 and 3 of IRF-3 gene and reduced expression levels of IRF-3 protein and IRF-3 downstream effector molecules interferon-beta and CXCL10/IP-10. In addition, direct binding of hnRNP A1 and SF2/ASF to specific binding motifs in IRF-3 intron 1 was confirmed by RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Subsequent minigene splicing assay showed that IRF-3 minigenes with mutated hnRNPA 1/A2 or SF2/ASF binding motifs increased exclusion of exons 2 and 3. Moreover, knockdown of hnRNP A1/A2 or SF2/ASF in NSCLC cells reinforced phytohemagglutinin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but suppressed that of interleukin-10 in NSCLC/PBMC co-cultures. Taken together, our results suggest that specific knockdown for hnRNP A1/A2 or SF2/ASF increase exclusion of exons 2 and 3 of IRF-3 pre-mRNA and influence immunomodulatory functions of human NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Animal, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying Ning
- Department of Cell Biology, Crown Bioscience Incorporation (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Bao X, Kolli D, Ren J, Liu T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus glycoprotein G disrupts mitochondrial signaling in airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62568. [PMID: 23626834 PMCID: PMC3633857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It is a common cause of respiratory tract infections in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, for which no specific treatment or vaccine is available. Recent investigations in our lab identified hMPV glycoprotein G as an important virulence factor, as a recombinant virus lacking the G protein (rhMPV-ΔG) exhibited enhanced production of important immune and antiviral mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and type I interferon (IFN) in airway epithelial cells, and expression of G protein alone inhibits cellular signaling dependent on retinoic induced gene (RIG)-I, a RNA helicase with a fundamental role in initiating hMPV-induced cellular responses. In this study, we have further investigated the mechanism underlying the inhibitory role of hMPV G protein on RIG-I-dependent signaling. We found that the interaction of hMPV G with RIG-I occurs primarily through the CARD domains of RIG-I N-terminus, preventing RIG-I association with the adaptor protein MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), recruitment of RIG-I to mitochondria, as well as the interaction between mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which contains STINGS, an important part of the viral-induced RIG-I/MAVS signaling pathway, leading in the end to the inhibition of cytokine, chemokine and type I IFN expression. Mutagenesis analysis showed that hMPV G protein cytoplasmic domain played a major role in the observed inhibitory activity, and recombinant viruses expressing a G protein with amino acid substitution in position 2 and 3 recapitulated most of the phenotype observed with rhMPV-ΔG mutant upon infection of airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XB); (AC)
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianshuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XB); (AC)
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